PLANNING PROCESS

I.INTRODUCTION

Planning is a deliberative, systematic phase of the nursing process that involves

decision making and problem solving. In planning the nurse refers to the client’s
assessment data and diagnostic statements for direction and formulating client goals
and designing the nursing strategies required to prevent, reduce or eliminate the
client’s health problem.

II.DEFINITION OF PLANNING

Planning is a continuous process of making entrepreneurial decisions systematically

and with the best possible knowledge for their future, organizing systematically the
effort needed to carry out these decisions and measuring the results of the decisions
against expectations through systematic feedback.

-Drucker

Planning is a process of determining the objectives of administrative effort and

devising the means calculated to achieve them.

-Millet

III.NATURE OF PLAN
1. Planning is goal -oriented

Planning is not an end in itself. Rather it is a means towards the accomplishments of

objectives. Planning has no meaning unless it contributes in some positive way to the
achievement of desired goals. All plans emanate from objectives. The goal may be
implicit or explicit but well-defined goals are essential from efficient planning.

2. Planning is a primary function

Planning is the basis or foundation of the management process. All other functions of
management are designed to attain the goals set under planning. Planning provides the
basis for efficient organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. It precedes the

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execution of all other functions. Without planning there is nothing to organize, no one
to actuate and no need to control.

3.Planning is all-pervasive

Planning is the limitation of each and every manager irrespective of the level and area
of his/her operation. It is the job of all mangers in all types of organizations. Planning
is an essential ingredient in management at all executive levels.

4. Planning is an intellectual and rational process

Planning is a mental exercise involving imagination, foresight and sound judgment .It
is not guesswork or wishful thinking. It require a mental disposition of thinking before
doing or acting in the light of fats rather than guess.

5.Planning is a continuous process

Planning is an ongoing and dynamic exercise. As the assumptions and events on

which plans are based change, old plans have to be revised and new one has to be
prepared. As manager arrives out functions, he continuous to plan, revising old plan,
and choosing alternative plans as desired.

6.Planning is forward looking:

All planning is done with an eye on future. Planning involves anticipating future
course of events. Therefore forecasting is the essence of planning, which involves
assessing the uncertain future and making provision for it.

7.Planning involves choice

Planning is essentially decision making or choosing among alternative course of

action.

8.Planning is an integrated process

Planning not just happened, it has to be initiated. Planning is a structured process and
different plans constitute a hierarchy. Different plans are independent and interrelated.

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Every lower plans serves as a means towards an end of higher plans. This is known as
end-means chain”.

9.Planning is directed towards efficiency: Planning has no relevance if it is not

facilitate the achievement of objective economically and efficiently. It is a deliberate
and conscious process. The efficiency of plans measured by how much they contribute
to the objective economically and efficiently.

IV.MISSION OF PLANNING

i) It forces the members of the organization not to get lost in the maze of routine
activities and lose sight of the broad objectives for which the organization was
established. Planning concentrates attention on the dominant goals of the
organization.
ii) With the help of planning, an organization can predict future events and make due
provision for them. Instead of leaving future events to chance, they can be made to
occur in a desired manner. Planning seeks to minimize risk while taking
advantages of opportunities.
iii) Planning saves an organization from drifting and avoids aimless activities. It
directs human efforts into endeavors that contribute to the accomplishment of
goals. Planning makes work more meaningful and activities more orderly. It
bridges the gap between where we are and where we want to go.
iv) Planning is the best stage for the integration of diverse forces to work. Sound
planning interrelates all the activities and resources of an organization. It also
helps to relate internal conditions and process to external events and forces.
Planning seeks to achieve a co-ordinate structure of operations.
v) Planning helps in the delegation of authority to lower level of management. Well
established plans serves as guides to subordinate and reduce the risk involved in
delegation of authority.

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V.PHILOSOPHY OF PLANNING

i) The planning process sets guidelines and constraints for the behaviour of the
firm
ii) Planning requires flexibility, energy and specificity. It should be simple,
realistic, a guide for action in reaching the goal, and must be able to overcome
barriers that impede planning
iii) Planning must be done by hierarchical order and must be congruent in its flow.

VI.OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING

The following are the major objectives of planning:

1) To Set the Objectives.

Planning actually starts with the formulation of Objectives and planning action to
achieve those objectives. The objectives are defined in a meaningful and technical
terms so that managerial actions could be possible. Action plan is drafted keeping in
mind all the facilitating and constraining factors.

2) To Focus on Meaningful Activities

Effective planning lays down various courses of action, which are useful to
accomplish the objectives. The chances of unproductive activities are reduced to a
great extent. Planning makes it clear for the nursing personnel working at different
levels as to how their operations can contribute to the nursing organizational
objectives that are in consistent with the objectives of the hospital.
3) To Economizes the Time and Effort and Other Resources
Planning at all levels keeps the whole process in order. Money, men, machines and
materials are properly utilized and wastages are minimized. Time and efforts of the
staff working is saved if they know ahead that what is expected from them.
4) To Maintain Coordination
Planning is the basis of coordination. With the help of plans, the departments work m
harmony and achieve their respective goals without any failure.

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 5) To Reduce Risk and Uncertainty
Proper planning is made considering various environmental factors including the
human and other factors, since there is diversity in these factors. There is always a
scope of flexibility or alternatives in good planning that reduces the risk and
uncertainty arising of them.
6) To Ensure Proper Control
In planning there is a scope to lay down the methods of performance evaluation,
against the laid down standards and targets. When these are actually measured and
compared with standards, gives good control to assure the accomplishment objectives
as set by the plans.
VII.ELEMENTS OF PLANNING

1. Objectives :-Planning has no meaning if it is not related to certain objectives. The

objectives should be kept carefully.
2. Policies :-A policy is devised to guide the organization members to deal with a
particular situation in a particular manner. Policies are general statements or
understandings. Policies are those theoretical statements which guide the manager
for achievement of objectives.
3. Procedures :-A procedure is a systematic way of handling regular events. A
procedure is a guide to rational rather than to thinking. They help the management
by system of well-conceived procedures, effective delegation and decentralization
of authority without loss of control and co-ordination.
4. Purpose :-The purpose highlights the nature of planning. It shows what is the
future plan and its outcome.
5. Projects :-A project may be defined as a complex cluster of related activities with
a definite objectives and a definite objectives and a definite completion time
period.
6. Administrative Rules and Regulation:-Every organization attempts to operate in
an orderly way by laying down certain rules. Rules are the simplest and the most
specific type of standing plans. They are used for guiding what may or may not be
done.
7. Strategies :-These are plans made in the light of plan of the competitors.
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The purpose of strategies is to determine and communicate through a system of major
objectives and policies. They evaluate its appropriateness and requires certain criteria.
These are (1)Internal consistency (2)consistency with environment(3)Appropraiteness
in the light of available resources (4)acceptable degree of risk(5)Appropriate time
horizon (6)workability.

8. Budget :-It is prepared in every organization. It is pre-estimation of income,

expenditure and material resources.
9. Schedule :-Time scheduled should not be ignored in organization. It affects all the
management function.
10. Standards :-the standards are required to control the scheme such as time
standard, expenditure standard etc.

VIII.IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING

i) Focuses attention on objectives and results

Every organization exists to achieve certain objectives. Planning concentrates

attention on the dominant goals of the organization. It forces the members of the
organization not to get lost in the maze of routine activities and lose sight of the broad
objectives for which the organization was established. Planning makes objectives
concrete and tangible. Managerial planning seeks to achieve a consistent coordinated
structure of operations focused on desired ends.

ii) Reduces uncertainty and risk

Uncertainty and change are inevitable and planning cannot eliminate them. But
planning enables an organization to cope with uncertainty and change. With the help
of planning, an enterprise can predict future events and make due provision for them.
Instead of leaving future events to chance, they can be made to occur in a desired
manner. Flaming seeks to minimize risk while taking advantage of opportunities.
Flaming helps to identify potential threats and opportunities. It also keeps
management alert to the changing environment of business.

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iii) Provides sense of direction

Planning saves an organization from drifting and avoids aimless activities. It directs
human efforts into endeavours that contribute to the accomplishment of goals. “ If you
don’t know where you are going, any road will get you there.” Flaming makes work
more meaningful and activities more orderly. It bridges the gap between where we are
and where we want to go. Without planning action is likely to become random
activity. Producing nothing but chaos.

iv) Encourages innovation and-creativity

Innovation and creativity are prerequisites to continuous growth and steady prosperity
of business. Planning is forward looking and it enables an enterprise to cope with
technological and other developments. Planning requires continuous monitoring of
environment for new ideas and developments. As a result the enterprise becomes
dynamic. Being anticipatory in nature, planning improves the adaptability of an
organization to the changing environment.

v) Helps in coordination

Planning is the best stage for the integration of diverse forces at work. Sound planning
interrelates all the activities and resources of an organization. It also helps to relate
internal conditions and process to external events and forces. The activities and efforts
of various departments and divisions can be harmonized with the help of an overall
plan. Planning seeks to achieve a co-ordinated structure of operations. It provides a
unifying framework.

vi) Guides decision-making

Planned targets serve as the criteria for the evaluation of different alternatives so that
the best course of action may be chosen. By predicting future, planning helps in taking
future-oriented decisions. Sound plans prevent hasty judgment and haphazard action.
Without planning, business decisions would become random ad hoc choices, as
though a pilot set out without knowing whether he wished to fly to London, Hong
Kong or Johannesburg.” When plans covering future exist, decisions consistent with

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the future plans are made. Therefore, decisions automatically get a future orientation.
Provides a basis for decentralization
Planning helps in the delegation of authority to lower levels of management.
Well-established plans serve as guides to subordinate and reduce the risk
involved in delegation of authority. Planning also helps to improve the
motivation and morale of employees by providing targets or performance.
vii) Provide efficiency in operations
Planning facilitates optimum utilization of available resources. It helps to
reduce cost and to increase economy. It makes it possible for things to occur
which would not otherwise happen. It improves the competitive strength of an
organization by helping it to discover and exploit opportunities. As a rational
solution to problems, planning results in the use of most efficient methods of
work. A good plan not only optimizes productivity but provides satisfaction to
those implement it. Planned effort is always more efficient than unplanned
action. Thus, planning improves organizational effectiveness. It saves time,
effort and money.
viii) Facilitates control
Planning provides the basis for control. Plans serve as standard for the
evaluation of performance. Sound planning enables management to control the
events rather than be controlled by them. It permits control by exception.
Control cannot be exercised without plans because the function of control is to
ensure that the activities conform to the plans. Any attempt to control without
plans is meaningless as there are no gauges for performance.
IX.CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANNING

1. Primacy
Planning is an important element in the administration that usually precedes
other elements or functions of administration. without setting the goals, to be reached
and lines of action to be followed ,there is nothing to organize ,to direct or to control
in the enterprises.

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 2. Continuity
Planning is a continuous and never ending activity of an administration or
managers. one plans begets another plan to be followed by a series of other plans in
quick secession.

3. Flexibility
Planning leads to the adoption of a specific course of action and the
rejection of other possibilities. when the future cannot be modulated to conform to the
course of action, flexibility is to be in grained in planning for adapting course of action
to demands of current situation.

4. Unity
Planning is made by different administrators or managers at different times.
maintenance of consistency or unity of planning is one of the essential requirements.
objectives provide the common focuses or unifying managerial/administrative action
in planning.

5. Precision
Planning must be precise as to its meaning, scope and nature. According to the
capacities and facility of the company/institution/hospital, planning must be realized
in scope rather than desire.

6. Pervasiveness
Planning is a pervasive activity covering the entire enterprise with all its segments
and every level of management. planning is not the exclusive responsibility of
management only ,but it extends to middle and lower management as well. planning is
of equal necessity to every manager.
X.PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING

1.Principle of contribution to objectives

Every major and derivative plan should contribute positively towards the
accomplishment of enterprise objectives.

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2.Principle of efficiency of plans
The efficiency of a plan is measured by the amount it contributes to objectives minus
the costs and other undesirable consequences involved in the formulation and
operation of the plans. This principle stresses upon economical use of individual effort
to achieve group goals.
3.Principle of primacy of planning
This principle emphasizes that a manager can hardly perform other managerial
functions without a road map of plans to guide him. Flaming is the primary requisite
of other management functions because these functions are designed to support the
accomplishment of enterprise objectives.
4.Principle of planning premises
Perhaps the main deficiency of planning arises from poorly structured plans. A
coordinated structure of plans can be developed only when mangers throughout the
organization understand and agree to utilize consistent planning premises.
5.Principle of policy framework
A consistent and effective framework of enterprise plans can be developed if the
basic policies that guide thinking in decisions are expressed clearly and are understood
by manager who prepare the plans. The decisions which lead to plans cannot be
accurately focused on enterprise objectives without a framework of polices.
6.Principle of timing
When the plans are structured to provide an appropriately limited, intermeshed
network of derivative and supporting programmes, the plans can contribute effectively
and efficiently towards the attainment of enterprise objectives. Both premises and
policies are useless without proper timing.
7.Principle of alternatives
In choosing from among alternatives, the best alternative will be that which
contributes most effectively to the accomplishment of a desired goal.
8.Principle of limiting factor
While choosing from among alternatives, the planner should focus on those factors
which are critical to the attainment of the desired goal. This will help in selecting the
most favorable alternative.

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9.Principle of commitment
Logical planning should cover a time period necessary to forecast the fulfilment of
commitment involved in a decision. This is necessary to make reasonable sure of
meeting commitments.
10.Principle of flexibility
This principle deals with the ability to change which is built into the plans. The risk of
loss due to unexpected events can be reduced by building flexibility into the plans.
However, the cost of flexibility should be weighted against the dangers of future
commitments made.
11.Principle of navigational change
The manager should periodically check on events and expectations and redraw plans
to maintain a course toward the desired goal. Unless plans have in-built flexibility,
navigational change is difficult or costly. But in-built flexibility should not be an
excuse form periodic revision of plans, if circumstances so warrant.
12.Principle of competitive strategies
While formulating plans, a manager should take into account the plans of rivals or
competitors. The plans should be chosen in the light of what a competitor will do in
the same situation.
XI.TYPES OF PLANNING

1. Physical planning:-It aims at guiding and controlling the development of cities in

orderly fashion instead of leading them to grow in a haphazard manner.
2. Economic and social planning:- It involves advance determination by state
agencies of the needs of the institution for the more essential economic goods and
services ,over a given period ,arranging them into a scheme of priorities and
controlling both production and consumption with a view to their fulfilment with
that period.
3. Administrative planning:-It is a phase of management and involves drawing up a
programme of operations in advance and the provision of the requisite
oqganisation ,personnel,material and procedure for carrying it out.
4. Comprehensive planning:-It connects planning for the of the economy.It takes
into account the aggregate targets to be reached by the economy as a whole.

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5. Strategic planning: is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or
direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy,
including its capital and people.In order to determine where it is going, the
organization needs to know exactly where it stands, then determine where it wants
to go and how it will get there. The resulting document is called the "strategic
plan."While strategic planning may be used to effectively plot a company's longer-
term direction, one cannot use it to reliably forecast how the market will evolve
and what issues will surface in the immediate future. Therefore, strategic
innovation and tinkering with the "strategic plan" have to be a cornerstone strategy
for an organization to survive the turbulent business climate. Strategic planning is
the formal consideration of an organization's future course.

6. financial planning: In general usage, a financial plan is a series of steps which

are carried out, or goals that are accomplished, which relate to an individual's or a
business's financial affairs. This often includes a budget which organizes an
individual's finances and sometimes includes a series of steps or specific goals for
spending and saving future income. This plan allocates future income to various
types of expenses, such as rent or utilities, and also reserves some income for
short-term and long-term savings. A financial plan sometimes refers to
an investment plan, which allocates savings to various assets or projects expected
to produce future income, such as a new business or product line, shares in an
existing business, or real estate.
7. standing plan An identified set of more generic activities to arrive at broad rather
general goals or objectives, not having a specific budget and without a determined
time period. Standing plans ( essential parts of a "management system") are used
to reach strategic objectives. Rather than being directed at particular issues or
problems, these standing plans are intended to both prevent specific issues through
risk or (potential) problem identification as well as uncover those at an early stage
of development. These plans are not limited in time and will normally exist during
the life time of the related activity or organization and beyond that as applicable.
They will be adapted over time depending on results obtained as well as due to
changes in industrial, social, political and environmental conditions

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 XII.STEPS IN PLANNING

STEP1:Formulation or Setting of Objectives

Based on the availability of opportunities and resources, the objectives are framed.
Objectives specify the results expected and indicate the end point of what is to be
done, where the preliminary emphasis is to be placed and what is to be accomplished.
As a matter of fact, objectives provide the nucleus to the planning process. They help
the staff in understanding what is expected from them. Objectives are the end points
of any organization that are translated into departmental objectives. These
departmental objectives then serve as the means of accomplishing the overall
objective of the organization.

STEP 2: Developing Premises or Conditions (Forecast Future)

These are the expected environmental or external and internal conditions under which,
planning activities will be undertaken. These can be viewed as asset of forecasts
regarding these conditions or factors and the success of planning depends upon the
accuracy of these forecasts. The nature of planning premises differs at different levels
of planning. At the top level, it is mostly externally focused. As one moves down the

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organizational hierarchy, the composition of planning premises changes from external
to internal.

STEP3: Identification of Alternatives

After determining the various planning assumptions, the next, step is to work onto
find out maximum alternatives empirical evidences or experiences or intuitions. Then
a short listing of the alternatives is done for detailed analysis.
STEP 4: Evaluation of Alternatives
In this step, an attempt has been made to evaluate the selected alternatives as per the
criteria required for achieving particular objectives. All the merits and demerits of the
alternatives are listed.
STEP 5:Selecting from alternatives

After evaluating all the short-listed alternatives, the most appropriate is taken up. This
is the actual stage of decision making in the process of planning.

STEP 6:Implementation

It is the key step in planning process. Here the special attention is needed to use of
strategy. Strategy means a set of decisions taken to achieve the objectives. Strategy
implies an approach to implementation of plan where by all resistance and reactions of
workers are encountered .Strategy dictates some adjustments and adaptation of plan in
accordance with changing situation or events.

STEP 7: Follow up action

After the plan has been put into practice, it is essential to follow it up so as to remove
difficulties in its implementation. Since all pertinent facts are not available in most
planning activities and some guesswork is inevitable ,there should be a prior provision
for following up the proposed programme when it is put into action. For this one
should have regular feedback both the way of written records and reports and by direct
observations. This is called control or monitoring.

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XIII.APPROACHES TO PLANNING

Planning can be viewed by applying various approaches. These approaches are :a

rational approach, open system approach, and pervasiveness approach.

i) Planning: A rational approach

The concept of rationality denotes the choice of appropriate means for achieving
stated objectives. Planning as a rational approach tries to fill the gap between actual
status and desired status. The actual and desired status is usually expressed in terms of
objectives that can be achieved by an action or set of actions. To carry out various
actions, human and other resources are required. The most appropriate use of these
resources is the focus in the rational approach of planning.

ii) Planning: Open System Approach

The open system approach of planning indicates that the identification of gap between
current status and desired status in future and the actions required to bridge the gap is
influenced by environmental factors-political, legal, technical and other organizational
factors. These factors are dynamic and change with the time. So while planning, nurse
managers have to take into account all the external and internal environmental
factors.

iii)Planning: Pervasiveness Approach

Planning being pervasive extends throughout the organization. In hospital setting,

planning is required at all levels of nursing management, that is at top level, middle

and operational level. Nurse Managers at every level has a planning function to
perform as shown in Figure below. Top management is responsible for overall
objectives and actions of nursing organization. They need to develop the objectives,
policies. Plans, procedures and programmes for the nursing service called
organizational plans. Similarly the block level nurse managers need to devise the
objectives of her block within the organizational objectives and also the methods of

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achieving those objectives; a ward/nursing unit supervisor has to devise the objectives
of her unit and also how to achieve these, whereas an Operational level nurse is
supposed to frame the objectives and develop a plan for rendering the nursing care
plan based on the need of the individual patient/client under her charge. Thus each
level of nurse manager contributes towards the organizational goal, i.e. to ensure the

best possible patient care.

Nursing organizational plan

Block wise plan

Nursing unit/ward wise plan

client based nursing care plan

Fig: planning at various levels of management in the nursing department

XIV.ADVANTAGES OF PLANNING

1. Purposeful and orderly activities :- all efforts are pointed towards desired results
and an effective sequence of efforts is accomplished,unprotective work is
minimised.
2. Visualize future change:Planning helps to visualise future possibilities and to
appraise new key future fields for possible participation.
3. Removal of doubt : Answers permit a planner to see through a complexity of
variables that affect what action one decides to take.

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4. Provision of basis for control :The standard of planning make sure that the
planning is bringing about the results as earlier sought.
5. Encouragement to achievement: The act of putting thoughts down on papers and
evolving a plan provides the planner with guidance and a drive to achieve.
6. Planning provides direction : It provides direction and a sense of purpose for the
organization.
7. Planning provides a unifying frame work : It forces people to continually
address their efforts to the most important works ,rather than the least important.
8. Planning is economical : Effective plan co-ordinates organizational works and
eliminate unproductive effort.
9. Planning enhances the behavior climate : Planning provides a basis for team
work. It educate and orient the people.
10. Planning facilitate control : Planning and control function are inseperable. There
is nothing to control without planning and without proper control planning
process.
11. Visualization to entirety : The overall comprehension is valuable.It enables the
manager to gain a fuller understanding of each activity.
12. Balancing of utilisation of facilities : Many managers point out that planning
provides for a greater utilization of available facilities of an enterprise.
13. Helping management status : Planning helps management to adopt and adjust to
changing environments.Proper planning helps a manager to provide confident and
effective leadership.

XV. DISADVANTAGES OF PLANNING

1. Limitations of accurate informations:-The usefulness of a plan is affected by

both the current and subsequent correctness of the premises used.
2. Addition in costs:-Some argue that the cost of planning work adds cost to
actual one.
3. Limitations in achievements by psychological barriers:-A prevalent barriers
is that people have more regard for the present than the future.

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 4. Restraints on initiative :-Some feel that planning forces managers into a rigid
mode of executing their work.
5. Delayed actions:-Emergencies and sudden uprisings of unusual situations
demand on the spot decisions.
6. Overdoing tendencies:-Some critics state that those performing planning tend
to over do their contributions.
7. Limitations of practical value:-Some contend that planning is not only too
theoretical ,but other means are more practical.

XVI.SUMMARY

Till now we discussed about planning, its definition is Planning is a process of

determining the objectives of administrative effort and devising the means calculated
to achieve them. Nature of plan, characteristics of plan include primacy, continuity,
flexibility etc. Mission of planning, philosophy of planning, types of planning, steps
used in planning , approaches of planning, advantages and disadvantages of planning.

XVII.CONCLUSION

Planning means to decide in advance what is to be done. It charts a course of actions

for the future. It is an intellectual process and it aims to achieve a coordinated and
consistent set of operations aimed at desired objectives. In this defining goals,
establishing strategies to achieve goals, developing plans to integrate and coordinate
activities.
XVIII.RESEARCH ABSTRACT

Effective succession planning in nursing: a review of the literature

Aim This review summarizes and evaluates succession planning initiatives in nursing
and proposes a new, comprehensive succession planning model for nursing.

Background A major challenge facing nursing is maintaining leadership capital. In

the USA and elsewhere, this challenge is complicated by current and projected
nursing shortages and uncertainty associated with political, economic and social
factors affecting health‐care delivery.

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 Evaluation Databases and the Internet contributed information to this review.
Because the problems of identifying, recruiting, developing and retaining nursing
leaders are related to the global nursing shortage, sources from several countries and
international organizations were used.

Key issues The current and projected global nursing shortage and economic, political
and social factors affecting health‐care delivery world‐wide make effective succession
planning an absolute necessity for the nursing profession.

Conclusions Nursing leaders must plan for succession at all management levels. To
validate benefits of this planning, three topics for future research are suggested.

Implications for nursing management Succession planning should incorporate the

identification, recruitment, retention, development, coaching and mentoring of
potential nurse leaders as early as high school. Communication, cooperation and
coordination between academia and practice that complements the academic
preparation of new nurses is essential.

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publication, page no.99-120
2. Neelam Kmari.A text book of Management of Nursing Service and Education. Isted.
S.Vikas publishers;2003.p.26-56,124-56.
3. R.K. Sapru ,Development administration,2nd edition:2002,Newdelhi:sterling
publishers;page no:166-177
4. L M Prasad, Principles and practice of management,7 th edition:2007,Newdelhi:Sultan
chand and sons publication, page no:185-193
5. I Clement, Management of nursing services and education, Haryana: Elsevier publication,
page no:31-38
6. Jogindra Vati. Principles and practice of nursing management and administration.I
edition. Newdelhi: Jaypee brothers medical publications;2003.page no:153-161
7. Basavanthappa B T.Nursing Education.1sted.New Delhi:Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers;2003.P.545-67.
8. Anbu .T etal.(2010).Management of nursing service and education. First Edition.

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 Emmess Medical Publishers.Bangalore.Page No:40-53

http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/business/gettingstarted/keystosuccessfulplanning.htm

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