Review of Related Literature

Development and validation of the student accommodation preferences

instrument (SAPI)

This study believes that one of the most ignored areas in studies pertaining to

issues involving college and university students is their preferences toward their

accommodation. The lack of scholarly works in this area of study might be due to

paucity of theoretical foundation, relevant research instruments, as well as the

unidentified underlying factors. The current study is an attempt to fill some part of this

vacuum. It developed and examined the reliability and validity of the student

accommodation preferences instrument (SAPI). The focus of the study was on

campus accommodation at Universiti Sains Malaysia, and the SAPI was

conceptualized on the basis of residence hall and home similarities in relation to eight

main factors, namely visual, facility, amenity, location, personalization and flexibility in

the room, social contact, security and privacy. To assess the construct validity of the

instrument, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted using principal components

analysis with varimax rotation, by which six factors were extracted. The privacy factor

was deleted because of high cross-loading with other factors, whereas the facility and

amenity factors were combined. In addition, the combination of personalization and

flexibility with some other items formed a new factor, which was labeled convenience

of student room. Consequently, the SAPI was formed with the following factors: facility

and amenity, visual, convenience of student's room, location, social contact and

security. The total variance explained was 46.55 per cent of the total variance,

whereas the internal correlation consistency of measures that was assessed using

Cronbach's α yielded a high reliability coefficient for factors from 0.73 to 0.92.
(Fatemeh Khozaei, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, and Nordin Abd Razak, May 05, 2011

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jba.2011.7 )

Café

Café, also spelled cafe, small eating and drinking establishment, historically

a coffeehouse, usually featuring a limited menu; originally these establishments served

only coffee. The English term café, borrowed from the French, derives ultimately from

the Turkish kahve, meaning coffee. (The Editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica,

https://www.britannica.com/topic/cafe-eating-and-drinking-establishment )

Sleep cafés

Sleep cafés have been popping up in various neighborhoods in Seoul and

they’re helping students and salarymen catch up on sleep before returning to their

hectic lives. With the growing presence of smartphones, tablets, and other mobile

devices, work has become accessible 24 hours a day, and sleep has become a rare

and difficult commodity for everyone from students to businessmen. Fortunately,

sleep businesses called sleep cafés have been popping up in Gangnam and Yeouido,

Seoul, in order to give hard-working Koreans some well-deserved shut-eye, if only for

a few hours. Sleeping cafés have provided a much-needed safe, quiet, comfortable,

and affordable space for people to catch some Zs before resuming their work day.

Some cinemas have even decided to transform their rooms into sleeping rooms

during lunch time. Like PC rooms, customers pay an hourly rate of approximately

₩5,500 KRW ($4.84 USD) and are provided with a reclining chair, privacy, and
complete silence. The “Siesta” service at CGV cinemas is priced at ₩10,000 KRW

($8.80 USD) as drinks, blankets, and slippers are included. (April 14, 2017,

https://www.koreaboo.com/stories/korean-cafe-best-place-take-peaceful-nap/ )

Understanding the Customer Experiences from the Perspective of Guests and

Hotel Managers: Empirical Findings from Luxury Hotels in Istanbul, Turkey

Customer experience has been acknowledged as an important factor affecting

positive customer behaviors such as loyalty and recommendation. The hospitality

industry is also considered to be among the experience-intensive services. This study

aims to explore hospitality experiences from guests’ and managers’ perspectives

through a qualitative study. A total of 33 luxury hotel guests and 14 hospitality managers

in Istanbul, Turkey, were interviewed to determine factors affecting guest experiences.

The content was then analyzed according to two major factors—physical environment

and social interactions—under which eight major categories were grouped. The findings

imply that ambiance, space/function/amenities, design, and signs/symbols/artifacts may

be considered main themes under the physical environment factor, whereas under the

social interactions factor, the guests’ experiences can be grouped under interactions

with staff (professionalism, attentiveness/customization, attitude) and interactions with

other guests. The results offer valuable insights to managers regarding dimensions of

guest experiences and possible misperceptions. The study also suggests various

implications and directions for future research. (Gurel Cetin & Andrew Walls, Sep 16,

2015

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19368623.2015.1034395?src=recsys )
Relationship Marketing and Customer Loyalty: Evidence From the Ghanaian

Luxury Hotel Industry

Descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and multiple regression were

used to test the impact of six key relationship marketing practices, namely competence,

commitment, conflict handling, trust, communication, and relational bonds on customer

loyalty. The findings suggest that all six relationship-marketing practices have a

significant and positive effect on customer loyalty in the hotel industry in Ghana.

(Bedman Narteh, George Cudjoe, Agbemabiese, Prince Kodua, & Mahama Braimah,

Mar 25, 2013

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19368623.2012.660564?src=recsys )