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Service life
• The actual life of a bearing in service before it fails
Load between the shaft and the housing is transmitted through the
small contacts of the rolling elements and the rings
Elastic contact ellipse
Hertzian contact theory
Hertzian
compressive stresses
Subsurface shear z
stresses
Reversing orthogonal shear stress
τ0 ~ 0.5·σmax
τzy
τyz z0 ~ 0.5·b
~ +0.25·σmax
~ -0.25·σmax z
Sub surface fatigue
Rolling Sliding
Lundberg-Palmgren life model (1947)
1 τ 0c
ln = C1 ⋅ N ⋅ h ⋅V
e Adopted by ISO in 1962
(V = a ⋅l ⋅ z0 )
S z0 Lundberg-Palmgren
Fatigue Model
C1 = "operating conditions" constant
S = probability of survival
N = number of stress cycles
τ0 = maximum orthogonal shear stress amplitude
z0 = depth to τ0 (stressed volume)
a = major contact ellipse half width
l = length of over rolled perimeter
31 10 7
Constants were empirically determined: c = 3 e = 9 h = 3
Simplified L-P model
C = f i ×l
c
( eff
cos α )
7 /9
Z 3 / 4D
w
29 / 27
P=X Fr+Y Fa
• Fr - actual radial load
• Fa - actual axial load
• X - radial load factor for
the bearing
• Y - axial load factor for the
bearing
Radial load ratings based on simple 180
degree distribution of load among
balls/rollers effected by nominal clearance.
Reliability factor
Reliability Ln a1
90 L10 1.00
p
⎛C ⎞ 95 L5 0.62
Ln = a1 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
⎝P⎠ 96 L4 0.53
97 L3 0.44
98 L2 0.33
99 L1 0.21
Modern life model
Ioannides-Harris (1985)
1
n
1
n ⎛ τ − τ c ΔV ⎞
ln =
S
∑ ln
ΔS i
≈ N e
∑ ⎜ i
⎜
u
zih
i ⎟
⎟
1 i ⎝ ⎠
Discrete analysis of the stress field
Fatigue Limit => Volume at risk
Fatigue Stress Criterion
Mathematical formulation comparison
1 N τ0 V e c
ln ≈ h
S z0
1 c ΔV
ln ≈ N (σ − σ u )
e
ΔS z0h
New ISO 281:2007
Subsurface stress region
1 n 1 n
ln = ∑ ln ≈ N ∑ τ i −τ u ΔVi
e c
S 1 ΔSi i
Subsurface
stress
EHL pressures and stresses
SKF rating life
p
⎛C ⎞
L n m = a 1 a S K F L1 0 = a 1 a S K F ⎜ ⎟
⎝ P ⎠
50
20
10
κ = 4
5
1
0.6
2
a SKF 0.45
1
0.30
0.5
0.15
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5
η c P u /P
Current life calculation approach
Matrix Material
Inclusions
response
Historical evolution
ECS
BEAST
Research
Orpheus
Galaxy
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Engineering DIMSTAB
Catalog
Application
Engineering
What is SKF Bearing Beacon?
What is SKF Bearing Beacon?
Available components:
• Shafts
• Bearings
• Gears
• Springs / Dampers
• Mass / Inertia bodies
• Customer housings
Available boundaries:
• Forces
• Displacements
• Rotation speeds
• Wheel loads
SKF Bearing Beacon example
Example – excavator final drive bearing analysis
• Spindle shaft
• Two bearings
Angular Contact Ball Bearings (ACBB)
Taper Roller Bearings (TRB)
• Sprocket
Excavator final drive bearing analysis
ACBB
(misalignment effect on edge stresses) Basic Rating DIN ISO SKF Afc
• Lubrication effects
Application evaluation
120000
80000
• Bearing preload
40000
20000
• Etc.. 0
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Temperature [C]
Analyses animation
Housing deformations
System performance
Problem solving
Product design/optimization
Lubrication analysis
Bearings 101
Selection/Application
Application Review
SKF Bearing Beacon
Damage Analysis – SKF Bearing
Inspector
• Excessive Noise
• Excessive Vibration
• Lubrication leakage
• Equipment shutdown
Bearings 101 – Damage Analysis
• Moisture Contamination
• Inadequate Lubrication
Bearings 101 – Damage Analysis
• Show Video