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In general, a finite element solution may be broken into the following three stages. This is a general guideline
that can be used for setting up any finite element analysis.
1. Preprocessing: defining the problem; the major steps in preprocessing are given below:
{ Define keypoints/lines/areas/volumes
{ Define element type and material/geometric properties
{ Mesh lines/areas/volumes as required
The amount of detail required will depend on the dimensionality of the analysis (i.e. 1D, 2D, axi-
symmetric, 3D).
2. Solution: assigning loads, constraints and solving; here we specify the loads (point or pressure),
contraints (translational and rotational) and finally solve the resulting set of equations.
3. Postprocessing: further processing and viewing of the results; in this stage one may wish to see:
{ Lists of nodal displacements
{ Element forces and moments
{ Deflection plots
{ Stress contour diagrams
Starting up ANSYS
Starting up ANSYS
Large File Sizes
ANSYS can create rather large files when running and saving; be sure that your local drive has space for it.
In the Mec E 3-3 lab, there are two ways that you can start up ANSYS:
1. Windows NT application
2. Unix X-Windows application
Windows NT Start Up
z Start Menu
z Programs
z ANSYS 5.7
z Run Interactive Now
z in the task bar at the bottom of the screen, you should see something labeled X-Win32. If you don't see
this minimized program, you can may want to reboot the computer, as it automatically starts this
application when booting.
z right click on this menu and selection Sessions and then select Mece.
z you will now be prompted to login to GPU... do this.
z once the Xwindows emulator has started, you will see an icon at the bottom of the screen that looks like a
paper and pencil; don't select this icon, but rather, click on the up arrow above it and select Terminal
z a terminal command window will now start up
z in that window, type xansys57
z at the UNIX prompt and a small launcher menu will appear.
z select the Run Interactive Now menu item.
ANSYS 7.0 Environment
The ANSYS Environment for ANSYS 7.0 contains 2 windows: the Main Window and an Output Window.
Note that this is somewhat different from the previous version of ANSYS which made use of 6 different
windows.
1. Main Window
a. Utility Menu
The Utility Menu contains functions that are available throughout the ANSYS session, such as file
controls, selections, graphic controls and parameters.
b. Input Lindow
The Input Line shows program prompt messages and allows you to type in commands directly.
c. Toolbar
The Toolbar contains push buttons that execute commonly used ANSYS commands. More push
buttons can be added if desired.
d. Main Menu
The Main Menu contains the primary ANSYS functions, organized by preprocessor, solution,
general postprocessor, design optimizer. It is from this menu that the vast majority of modelling
commands are issued. This is where you will note the greatest change between previous versions of
ANSYS and version 7.0. However, while the versions appear different, the menu structure has not
changed.
e. Graphics Window
The Graphic Window is where graphics are shown and graphical picking can be made. It is here
where you will graphically view the model in its various stages of construction and the ensuing
results from the analysis.
2. Output Window
The Output Window shows text output from the program, such as listing of data etc. It is usually
positioned behind the main window and can de put to the front if necessary.
ANSYS Interface
Graphical Interface vs. Command File Coding
There are two methods to use ANSYS. The first is by means of the graphical user interface or GUI. This
method follows the conventions of popular Windows and X-Windows based programs.
The second is by means of command files. The command file approach has a steeper learning curve for many,
but it has the advantage that an entire analysis can be described in a small text file, typically in less than 50 lines
of commands. This approach enables easy model modifications and minimal file space requirements.
The tutorials in this website are designed to teach both the GUI and the command file approach, however, many
of you will find the command file simple and more efficient to use once you have invested a small amount of
time into learning the code.
For information and details on the full ANSYS command language, consult:
Introduction
A fundamental premise of using the finite element procedure is that the body is sub-divided up into small
discrete regions known as finite elements. These elements defined by nodes and interpolation functions.
Governing equations are written for each element and these elements are assembled into a global matrix. Loads
and constraints are applied and the solution is then determined.
The Problem
The question that always arises is: How small do I need to make the elements before I can trust the solution?
In general there are no real firm answers on this. It will be necessary to conduct convergence tests! By this we
mean that you begin with a mesh discretization and then observe and record the solution. Now repeat the
problem with a finer mesh (i.e. more elements) and then compare the results with the previous test. If the results
are nearly similar, then the first mesh is probably good enough for that particular geometry, loading and
constraints. If the results differ by a large amount however, it will be necessary to try a finer mesh yet.
The Consequences
Finer meshes come with a cost however: more calculational time and large memory requirements (both disk and
RAM)! It is desired to find the minimum number of elements that give you a converged solution.
Beam Models
For beam models, we actually only need to define a single element per line unless we are applying a distributed
load on a given frame member. When point loads are used, specifying more that one element per line will not
change the solution, it will only slow the calculations down. For simple models it is of no concern, but for a
larger model, it is desired to minimize the number of elements, and thus calculation time and still obtain the
desired accuracy.
General Models
In general however, it is necessary to conduct convergence tests on your finite element model to confirm that a
fine enough element discretization has been used. In a solid mechanics problem, this would be done by creating
several models with different mesh sizes and comparing the resulting deflections and stresses, for example. In
general, the stresses will converge more slowly than the displacement, so it is not sufficient to examine the
displacement convergence.
ANSYS: Saving and Restoring Jobs
It is good practice to save your model at various points during its creation. Very often you will get to a point in
the modeling where things have gone well and you like to save it at the point. In that way, if you make some
mistakes later on, you will at least be able to come back to this point.
To save your model, select Utility Menu Bar -> File -> Save As Jobname.db. Your model will be saved
in a file called jobname.db, where jobname is the name that you specified in the Launcher when you first
started ANSYS.
It is a good idea to save your job at different times throughout the building and analysis of the model to backup
your work incase of a system crash or other unforseen problems.
Frequently you want to start up ANSYS and recall and continue a previous job. There are two methods to do
this:
Introduction
A large number of files are created when you run ANSYS. If you started ANSYS without specifying a jobname,
the name of all the files created will be FILE.* where the * represents various extensions described below. If
you specified a jobname, say Frame, then the created files will all have the file prefix, Frame again with various
extensions:
frame.db
Database file (binary). This file stores the geometry, boundary conditions and any solutions.
frame.dbb
Backup of the database file (binary).
frame.err
Error file (text). Listing of all error and warning messages.
frame.out
Output of all ANSYS operations (text). This is what normally scrolls in the output window during an
ANSYS session.
frame.log
Logfile or listing of ANSYS commands (text). Listing of all equivalent ANSYS command line
commands used during the current session.
etc...
Depending on the operations carried out, other files may have been written. These files may contain
results, etc.
What to save?
When you want to clean up your directory, or move things from the /scratch directory, what files do you need
to save?
z If you will always be using the GUI, then you only require the .db file. This file stores the geometry,
boundary conditions and any solutions. Once the ANSYS has started, and the jobname has been
specified, you need only activate the resume command to proceed from where you last left off (see
Saving and Restoring Jobs).
z If you plan on using ANSYS command files, then you need only store your command file and/or the log
file. This file contains a complete listing of the ANSYS commands used to get you model to its current
point. That file may be rerun as is, or edited and rerun as desired (Command File Creation and
Execution).
If you plan to use the command mode of operation, starting with an existing log file, rename it first so
that it does not get over-written or added to, from another ANSYS run.
Printing and Plotting ANSYS Results to a File
1. Stresses: instead of using 'Plot Results' to plot the stresses, choose 'List Results'. Select 'Elem Table Data',
and choose what you want to list from the menu. You can pick multiple items. When the list appears on
the screen in its own window, Select 'File'/'Save As...' and give a file name to store the results.
2. Any other solutions can be done in the same way. For example select 'Nodal Solution' from the 'List
Results' menu, to get displacements.
3. Preprocessing and Solution data can be listed and saved from the 'List' menu in the 'Utility Menu bar'.
Save the resulting list in the same way described above.
Plotting of Figures
There are two major routes to get hardcopies from ANSYS. The first is a quick a raster-based screen dump,
while the second is a scalable vector plot.
When you want to quickly save an image of the entire screen or the current 'Graphics window', select:
This raster image file may now be printed on a PostScript printer or included in a document.
The second method of saving a plot is much more flexible, but takes a lot more work to set up as you'll see...
Redirection
Normally all ANSYS plots are directed to the plot window on the screen. To save some plots to a file, to be
later printed or included in a document or what have you, you must first 'redirect' the plots to a file by issuing:
The plot file that has been saved is stored in a proprietary file format that must be converted into a more
common graphic file format like PostScript, or HPGL for example. This is performed by running a separate
program called display. To do this, you have a couple of options:
1. select display from the ANSYS launcher menu (if you started ANSYS that way)
2. shut down ANSYS or open up a new terminal window and then type display at the Unix prompt.
Either way, a large graphics window will appear. Decrease the size of this window, because it most likely
covers the window in which you will enter the display plotting commands. Load your plot file with the
following command:
file,frame,pic
if your plot file is 'plots.pic'. Note that although the file is 'plots.pic' (with a period), Display wants
'plots,pic'(with a comma). You can display your plots to the graphics window by issuing the command like
plot,n
where n is plot number. If you plotted 5 images to this file in ANSYS, then n could be any number from 1 to 5.
Now that the plots have been read in, they may be saved to printer files of various formats:
1. Colour PostScript: To save the images to a colour postscript file, enter the following commands in
display:
pscr,color,2
/show,pscr
plot,n
where n is the plot number, as above. You can plot as many images as you want to postscript files in this
manner. For subsequent plots, you only require the plot,n command as the other options have now been
set. Each image is plotted to a postscript file such as pscrxx.grph, where xx is a number, starting at 00.
Note: when you import a postscript file into a word processor, the postscript image will appear as blank
box. The printer information is still present, but it can only be viewed when it's printed out to a postscript
printer.
Printing it out: Now that you've got your color postscript file, what are you going to do with it? Take a
look here for instructions on colour postscript printing at a couple of sites on campus where you can have
your beautiful stress plot plotted to paper, overheads or even posters!
2. Black & White PostScript: The above mentioned colour postscript files can get very large in size and
may not even print out on the postscript printer in the lab because it takes so long to transfer the files to
the printer and process them. A way around this is to print them out in a black and white postscript format
instead of colour; besides the colour specifications don't do any good for the black and white lab printer
anyways. To do this, you set the postscript color option to '3', i.e. and then issue the other commands as
before
pscr,color,3
/show,pscr
plot,n
Note: when you import a postscript file into a word processor, the postscript image will appear as blank
box. The printer information is still present, but it can only be viewed when it's printed out to a postscript
printer.
3. HPGL: The third commonly used printer format is HPGL, which stands for Hewlett Packard Graphics
Language. This is a compact vector format that has the advantage that when you import a file of this type
into a word processor, you can actually see the image in the word processor! To use the HPGL format,
issue the following commands:
/show,hpgl
plot,n
Final Steps
It is wise to rename these plot files as soon as you leave display, for display will overwrite the files the
next time it is run. You may want to rename the postscript files with an '.eps' extension to indicate that
they are encapsulated postscript images. In a similar way, the HPGL printer files could be given an '.hpgl'
extension. This renaming is done at the Unix commmand line (the 'mv' command).
A list of all available display commands and their options may be obtained by typing:
help
finish
Finite Element Method using Pro/ENGINEER and ANSYS
Notes by R.W. Toogood
The transfer of a model from Pro/ENGINEER to ANSYS will be demonstrated here for a simple solid model. Model idealizations
such as shells and beams will not be treated. Also, many modeling options for constraints, loads, mesh control, analysis types will not
be covered. These are fairly easy to figure out once you know the general procedures presented here.
The figure above shows the original model for this demonstration. This is a model of a short cantilevered bracket that bolts to the wall
via the thick plate on the left end. Model units are inches. A load is applied at the hole in the right end. Some cosmetic features are
located on the top surface and the two sides. Several edges are rounded. For this model, the interest is in the stress distribution around
the vertical slot. So, the plate and the loading hole are removed, as are the cosmetic features and rounds resulting in the "de-featured"
geometry shown below. The model will be constrained on the left face and a uniform load will be applied to the right face.
Step 2. Create the FEM model
In the pull-down menu at the top of the Pro/E window, select
An information window opens up to remind you about the units you are using. Press Continue
In the MECHANICA menu at the right, check the box beside FEM Mode and select the command Structure.
A new toolbar appears on the right of the screen that contains icons for creating all the common modeling entities (constraints, loads,
idealizations). All these commands are also available using the command windows that will open on the right side of the screen or in
dialog windows that will open when appropriate.
Notice that a small green coordinate system WCS has appeared. This is how you will specify the directions of constraints and forces.
Other coordinate systems (eg cylindrical) can be created as required and used for the same purpose.
The MEC STRUCT menu appears on the right. Basically, to define the model we proceed down this menu in a top-down manner.
Model is already selected for you which opens the STRC MODEL menu. This is where we specify modeling information. We proceed
in a top-down manner. The Features command allows you to create additional simulation features like datum points, curves, surface
regions, and so on. Idealizations lets you create special modeling entities like shells and beams. The Current CSYS command lets you
create or select an alternate coordinate system for specifying directions of constraints and loads.
Defining Constraints
For our simple model, all we need are constraints, loads, and a specified material. Select
We can specify constraints on four entity types (basically points, edges, and surfaces). Constraints are organized into constraint sets.
Each constraint set has a unique name (default of the first one is ConstraintSet1) and can contain any number of individual constraints
of different types. Each individual constraint also has a unique name (default of the first one is Constraint1). In the final computed
model, only one set can be included, but this can contain numerous individual constraints.
Select Surface. We are going to fully constrain the left face of the cantilever. A dialog window opens as shown above. Here you can
give a name to the constraint and identify which constraint set it belongs to. Since we elected to create a surface constraint, we now
select the surface we want constrained (push the Surface selection button in the window and then click on the desired surface of the
model). The constraints to be applied are selected using the buttons at the bottom of the window. In general we specify constraints on
translation and rotation for any mesh node that will appear on the selected entity. For each direction X, Y, and Z, we can select one of
the four buttons (Free, Fixed, Prescribed, and Function of Coordinates). For our solid model, the rotation constraints are irrelevant
(since nodes of solid elements do not have this degree of freedom anyway). For beams and shells, rotational constraints are active if
specified.
For our model, leave all the translation constraints as FIXED, and select the OK button. You should now see some orange symbols on
the left face of the model, along with some text labels that summarize the constraint settings.
Defining Loads
Click on the Surfaces button, then select the right face of the model and middle click to return to this dialog. Leave the defaults for the
load distribution. Enter the force components at the bottom. Note these are relative to the WCS. Then select OK. The load should be
displayed symbolically as shown in the figure below.
Note that constraint and load sets appear in the model tree. You can select and edit these in the usual way using the right mouse
button.
Assigning Materials
Our last job to define the model is to specify the part material. In the STRC MODEL menu, select
In the library dialog window, select a material and move it to the right pane using the triple arrow button in the center of the window.
In an assembly, you could now assign this material to individual parts. If you select the Edit button, you will see the properties of the
chosen material.
At this point, our model has the necessary information for solution (constraints, loads, material).
Specify a name for the analysis, like "ansystest". Select the type (Structural or Modal). Enter a short description. Now select the Add
buttons beside the Constraints and Loads panes to add ConstraintSet1 and LoadSet1 to the analysis. Now select OK.
We are going to use defaults for all operations here. The MEC STRUCT window, select
Accept the default for the global minimum. The mesh is created and another dialog window opens (Element Quality Checks).
This indicates some aspects of mesh quality that may be specified and then, by selecting the Check button at the bottom, evaluated for
the model. The results are indicated in columns on the right. If the mesh does not pass these quality checks, you may want to go back
to specify mesh controls (discussed below). Select Close. Here is an image of the default mesh, shown in wire frame.
In the mesh command, you can select the Controls option. This will allow you to select points, edges, and surfaces where you want to
specify mesh geometry such as hard points, maximum mesh size, and so on. Beware that excessively tight mesh controls can result in
meshes with many elements.
For example, setting a maximum mesh size along the curved ends of the slot results in the following mesh. Notice the better
representation of the curved edges than in the previous figure. This is at the expense of more than double the number of elements.
Note that mesh controls are also added to the model tree.
Run
This opens the Run FEM Analysis dialog window shown here. In the Solver pull-down list at the top, select ANSYS. In the Analysis
list, select Structural. You pick either Linear or Parabolic elements. The analysis we defined (containing constraints, loads, mesh, and
material) is listed. Select the Output to File radio button at the bottom and specify the output file name (default is the analysis name
with extension .ans). Select OK and read the message window.
We are now finished with Pro/E. Go to the top pull-down menus and select
Copy the .ans file from your Pro/E working directory to the directory you will use for running ANSYS.
Select the .ans file you created previously. This will read in the entire model. You can display the model using (in the pull down
menus) Plot > Elements.
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu
Pick the Von Mises stress values, and select Apply. You should now have a color fringe plot of the Von Mises stress displayed on the
model.
This example file does not do anything really useful in itself besides generate keypoints
along a line, but it does illustrate some of the "programming features" of the ANSYS
command language.
!
/PREP7 ! preprocessor phase
!
x1 = 5 ! define some parameters
x2 = 10
*ask,ndivs,Enter number of divisions (default 5),5
!
! the above command prompts the user for input to be entered into the
! variable "ndivs"; if only is entered, a default of "5" is used
!
*IF,ndivs,GT,1,THEN ! if "ndivs" is greater than "1"
dx = (x2-x1)/ndivs
*DO,i,1,ndivs+1,1 ! do i = 1, ndivs + 1 (in steps of one)
x = x1 + dx*(i-1)
k,i,x,0,0
*ENDDO
*ELSE
k,1,x1,0,0
k,2,x2,0,0
*ENDIF
!
/pnum,kp,1 ! turn keypoint numbering on
kplot ! plot keypoints
klist,all,,,coord ! list all keypoints with coordinates
ANSYS Command File Creation and
Execution
Generating the Command File
There are two choices to generate the command file:
1. Directly type in the commands into a text file from scratch. This assumes a good
knowledge of the ANSYS command language and the associated options.
If you know what some of the commands and are unsure of others,
execute the desired operation from the GUI and then go to File -> List -> Log
File. This will then open up a new window showing the command line
equivialent of all commands entered to this point. You may directly cut and
paste from here to a text editor, or if you'd like to save the whole file, see
the next item in this list.
2. Setup and solve the problem as you normally would using the ANSYS graphic
user interface (GUI). Then before you are finished, enter the command File ->
Save DB Log File This saves the equivalent ANSYS commands that you entered in
the GUI mode, to a text file. You can now edit this file with a text editor to clean
it up, delete errors from your GUI use and make changes as desired.
To run this command file from the GUI, you would do the following:
• From the File menu, select Read Input from.... Change to the appropriate directory
where the file (frame.cmd) is stored and select it.
• Now ANSYS will execute the commands from that file. The output window
shows the progress of this procedure. Any errors and warnings will be listed in
this window.
• When it is complete, you may not have a full view of your structure in the graphic
window. You may need to select Plot -> Elements or Plot -> Lines or what have you.
• Assuming that the analysis worked properly, you can now use the post-processor
to view element deflections, stress, etc.
• If you want to fix some errors or make some changes to the command file, make
those changes in a separate window in a text editor. Save those changes to disk.
• To rerun the command file, you should first of all clear the current model from
ANSYS. Select File -> Clear & Start New.
• Then read in the file as before File -> Read Input from...
Alternatively, you can also read in the command file right from the ANSYS command
line. Assuming that you started ANSYS using the commands...
/ansys52/bin/ansysu52
and then entered
/show,x11c
This has now started ANSYS in the text mode and has told it what graphic device to use
(in this case an X Windows, X11c, mode). At this point you could type in /menu,on, but
you might not want to turn on the full graphic mode if working on a slow machine or if
you are executing the program remotely. Let's assume that we don't turn the menu mode
on...
If the command file is in the current directory for ANSYS, then from the ANSYS
input window, type
/input,frame,cmd
and yes that is a comma (,) between frame and cmd. If ANSYS can not find the file in the
current directory, you may need to point it to the proper directory. If the file was in the
directory, /myfiles/ansys/frame for example, you would use the following syntax
/input,frame,cmd,/myfiles/ansys/frame
If you want to rerun a new or modified file, it is necessary to clear the current model in
memory with the command
/clear,start
This full procedure of loading in command files and clearing jobs and starting over again
can be completed as many times as desired.
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to familiarize the user with
the ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL). This will be a very basic introduction to APDL,
covering things like variable definition and simple looping. Users familiar with basic programming
languages will probably find the APDL very easy to use. To learn more about APDL and see more
complex examples, please see the APDL Programmer's Guide located in the help file.
This tutorial will cover the preprocessing stage of constructing a truss geometry. Variables including
length, height and number of divisions of the truss will be requested and the APDL code will construct
the geometry.
finish
/clear
/prep7
DELTA_L = (LENGTH/(DIVISION/2))/2
NUM_K = DIVISION + 1
COUNT = -1
X_COORD = 0
*do,i,1,NUM_K,1
COUNT = COUNT + 1
OSCILATE = (-1)**COUNT
*else
k,i,X_COORD,HEIGHT
*endif
*enddo
KEYP = 0
*do,j,1,DIVISION,1
KEYP = KEYP + 1
L,KEYP,(KEYP+1)
*if,KEYP,LE,(DIVISION-1),THEN
L,KEYP,(KEYP+2)
*endif
*enddo
et,1,link1
r,1,100
mp,ex,1,200000
mp,prxy,1,0.3
esize,,1
lmesh,all
finish
1. *ASK Command
The *ASK command prompts the user to input data for a variable. In this case,
*ask,LENGTH,How long is the truss,100 prompts the user for a value describing the
length of the truss. This value is stored under the variable LENGTH. Thus in later parts of
the code, LENGTH can be used in other commands rather than typing in 200 m. The 100
value at the end of the string is the default value if the user were to enter no value and just
hit the enter key.
3. *DO Loops
Do-loops are useful when you want to repeat a command a known number of times. The
syntax for the expression is *DO, Par, IVAL, FVAL, INC, where Par is the parameter that
will be incremented by the loop, IVAL is the initial value the parameter starts as, FVAL is
the final value the parameter will reach, and INC is the increment value that the parameter
will be increased by during each iteration of the loop. For example, *do,i,1,10_K,1 is a
do-loop which increases the parameter "i" from 1 to 10 in steps of 1, (ie 1,2,3...8,9,10). It is
necessary to use a *ENDDO command at the end of the loop to locate where ANSYS
should look for the next command once the loop has finished. In between the *DO and
*ENDDO, the user can place code that will utilize the repetative characteristics of the loop.
4. *IF Statement
If-statements can be used as decision makers, determining if a certain case has occured. For
example, in the code above there is a statement: *if,OSCILATE,GT,0,THEN. This translates
to "if the variable, OSCILATE, is greater than zero, then...". Any code directly following
the *if command will be carried out if the statement is true. If it is not true it will skip to the
*else command. This command is only used in conjunction with the *if command. Any
code directly following the *else command will be carried out when the original statement
is false. An *endif command is necessary after all code in the *if and *else sections to
define an ending.
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 to solve a simple 2D Truss problem. This is the first of four
introductory ANSYS tutorials.
Problem Description
Determine the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress for the truss system shown below (E = 200GPa, A =
3250mm2).
(Modified from Chandrupatla & Belegunda, Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, p.123)
Enter the title and click 'OK'. This title will appear in the bottom left corner of the 'Graphics' Window
once you begin. Note: to get the title to appear immediately, select Utility Menu > Plot > Replot
2. Enter Keypoints
The overall geometry is defined in ANSYS using keypoints which specify various principal coordinates
to define the body. For this example, these keypoints are the ends of each truss.
{ We are going to define 7 keypoints for the simplified structure as given in the following table
coordinate
keypoint
x y
1 0 0
2 1800 3118
3 3600 0
4 5400 3118
5 7200 0
6 9000 3118
7 10800 0
(these keypoints are depicted by numbers in the above figure)
Note: When entering the final data point, click on 'OK' to indicate that you are finished entering
keypoints. If you first press 'Apply' and then 'OK' for the final keypoint, you will have defined it
twice!
If you did press 'Apply' for the final point, simply press 'Cancel' to close this dialog box.
Units
Note the units of measure (ie mm) were not specified. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that a
consistent set of units are used for the problem; thus making any conversions where necessary.
Correcting Mistakes
When defining keypoints, lines, areas, volumes, elements, constraints and loads you are bound to make
mistakes. Fortunately these are easily corrected so that you don't need to begin from scratch every time an
error is made! Every 'Create' menu for generating these various entities also has a corresponding 'Delete'
menu for fixing things up.
3. Form Lines
We will use the mouse to select the keypoints to form the lines.
{ In the main menu select: Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord.
The following window will then appear:
{ Use the mouse to pick keypoint #1 (i.e. click on it). It will now be marked by a small yellow box.
{ Now move the mouse toward keypoint #2. A line will now show on the screen joining these two
points. Left click and a permanent line will appear.
{ When you're done, click on 'OK' in the 'Lines in Active Coord' window, minimize the 'Lines' menu
and the 'Create' menu. Your ANSYS Graphics window should look similar to the following figure.
Disappearing Lines
Please note that any lines you have created may 'disappear' throughout your analysis. However, they have
most likely NOT been deleted. If this occurs at any time from the Utility Menu select:
Plot > Lines
It is now necessary to create elements. This is called 'meshing'. ANSYS first needs to know what kind of
elements to use for our problem:
{ From the Preprocessor Menu, select: Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete. The following window
will then appear:
{ Click on the 'Add...' button. The following window will appear:
{ For this example, we will use the 2D spar element as selected in the above figure. Select the
element shown and click 'OK'. You should see 'Type 1 LINK1' in the 'Element Types' window.
We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following field:
EX 200000
{ Set these properties and click on 'OK'. Note: You may obtain the note 'PRXY will be set to 0.0'.
This is poisson's ratio and is not required for this element type. Click 'OK' on the window to
continue. Close the "Define Material Model Behavior" by clicking on the 'X' box in the upper right
hand corner.
7. Mesh Size
The last step before meshing is to tell ANSYS what size the elements should be. There are a variety of
ways to do this but we will just deal with one method for now.
{ In the Preprocessor menu select Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines
{ In the size 'NDIV' field, enter the desired number of divisions per line. For this example we want
only 1 division per line, therefore, enter '1' and then click 'OK'. Note that we have not yet meshed
the geometry, we have simply defined the element sizes.
8. Mesh
Plot Numbering
To show the line numbers, keypoint numbers, node numbers...
z From the Utility Menu (top of screen) select PlotCtrls > Numbering...
Save the model at this time, so if you make some mistakes later on, you will at least be able to come back to this
point. To do this, on the Utility Menu select File > Save as.... Select the name and location where you want to
save your file.
It is a good idea to save your job at different times throughout the building and analysis of the model to backup
your work in case of a system crash or what have you.
Open up the 'Solution' menu (from the same 'ANSYS Main Menu').
First you must tell ANSYS how you want it to solve this problem:
{ From the Solution Menu, select Analysis Type > New Analysis.
{ Ensure that 'Static' is selected; i.e. you are going to do a static analysis on the truss as opposed to a
dynamic analysis, for example.
{ Click 'OK'.
2. Apply Constraints
It is necessary to apply constraints to the model otherwise the model is not tied down or grounded and a
singular solution will result. In mechanical structures, these constraints will typically be fixed, pinned and
roller-type connections. As shown above, the left end of the truss bridge is pinned while the right end has
a roller connection.
{ In the Solution menu, select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On
Keypoints
{ Select the left end of the bridge (Keypoint 1) by clicking on it in the Graphics Window and click on
'OK' in the 'Apply U,ROT on KPs' window.
{ This location is fixed which means that all translational and rotational degrees of freedom (DOFs)
are constrained. Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter '0' in the Value field and
click 'OK'.
You will see some blue triangles in the graphics window indicating the displacement contraints.
{ Using the same method, apply the roller connection to the right end (UY constrained). Note that
more than one DOF constraint can be selected at a time in the "Apply U,ROT on KPs" window.
Therefore, you may need to 'deselect' the 'All DOF' option to select just the 'UY' option.
3. Apply Loads
As shown in the diagram, there are four downward loads of 280kN, 210kN, 280kN, and 360kN at
keypoints 1, 3, 5, and 7 respectively.
{ Select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > on Keypoints.
{ Select the first Keypoint (left end of the truss) and click 'OK' in the 'Apply F/M on KPs' window.
{ Select FY in the 'Direction of force/mom'. This indicate that we will be applying the load in the 'y'
direction
{ Enter a value of -280000 in the 'Force/moment value' box and click 'OK'. Note that we are using
units of N here, this is consistent with the previous values input.
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.
{ In the 'Solution' menu select Solve > Current LS. This indicates that we desire the solution under
the current Load Step (LS).
{ The above windows will appear. Ensure that your solution options are the same as shown above
and click 'OK'.
{ Once the solution is done the following window will pop up. Click 'Close' and close the /STATUS
Command Window..
We will first calculate the forces and stress in element 1 (as labeled in the problem description).
Reaction Forces
A list of the resulting reaction forces can be obtained for this element
{ from the Main Menu select General Postproc > List Results > Reaction Solu.
{ Select 'All struc forc F' as shown above and click 'OK'
These values agree with the reaction forces claculated by hand above.
Deformation
{ In the General Postproc menu, select Plot Results > Deformed Shape. The following window will
appear.
{ Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the undeformed object.
{ Observe the value of the maximum deflection in the upper left hand corner (DMX=7.409). One
should also observe that the constrained degrees of freedom appear to have a deflection of 0 (as
expected!)
Deflection
{ From the 'General Postproc' menu select Plot results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution. The
following window will appear.
{ Select 'DOF solution' and 'USUM' as shown in the above window. Leave the other selections as the
default values. Click 'OK'.
{ Looking at the scale, you may want to use more useful intervals. From the Utility Menu select Plot
Controls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours...
{ The deflection can also be obtained as a list as shown below. General Postproc > List Results >
Nodal Solution select 'DOF Solution' and 'ALL DOFs' from the lists in the 'List Nodal Solution'
window and click 'OK'. This means that we want to see a listing of all degrees of freedom from the
solution.
{ Are these results what you expected? Note that all the degrees of freedom were constrained to zero
at node 1, while UY was constrained to zero at node 7.
{ If you wanted to save these results to a file, select 'File' within the results window (at the upper left-
hand corner of this list window) and select 'Save as'.
Axial Stress
For line elements (ie links, beams, spars, and pipes) you will often need to use the Element Table to gain
access to derived data (ie stresses, strains). For this example we should obtain axial stress to compare
with the hand calculations. The Element Table is different for each element, therefore, we need to look at
the help file for LINK1 (Type help link1 into the Input Line). From Table 1.2 in the Help file, we can
see that SAXL can be obtained through the ETABLE, using the item 'LS,1'
{ From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define Table
{ Click on 'Add...'
{ As shown above, enter 'SAXL' in the 'Lab' box. This specifies the name of the item you are
defining. Next, in the 'Item,Comp' boxes, select 'By sequence number' and 'LS,'. Then enter 1 after
LS, in the selection box
{ The following window will appear. Ensure that 'SAXL' is selected and click 'OK'
{ Because you changed the contour intervals for the Displacement plot to "User Specified" - you
need to switch this back to "Auto calculated" to obtain new values for VMIN/VMAX.
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours ...
Again, you may wish to select more appropriate intervals for the contour plot
Quitting ANSYS
To quit ANSYS, select 'QUIT' from the ANSYS Toolbar or select Utility Menu/File/Exit.... In the dialog box
that appears, click on 'Save Everything' (assuming that you want to) and then click on 'OK'.
! ANSYS command file to perform 2D Truss Tutorial (Chandrupatla p.123)
!
/title, Bridge Truss Tutorial
/PREP7 ! preprocessor phase
!
! define parameters (mm)
height = 3118
width = 3600
!
! define keypoints
!
K,1, 0, 0 ! keypoint, #, x, y
K,2, width/2,height
K,3, width, 0
K,4, 3*width/2, height
K,5, 2*width, 0
K,6, 5*width/2, height
K,7, 3*width, 0
!
! define lines
!
L,1,2 ! line connecting kpoint 1 and 2
L,1,3
L,2,3
L,2,4
L,3,4
L,3,5
L,4,5
L,4,6
L,5,6
L,5,7
L,6,7
!
! element definition
!
ET,1,LINK1 ! element type #1; spring element
R,1,3250 ! real constant #1; Xsect area: 3200 mm^2
MP,EX,1,200e3 ! material property #1; Young's modulus: 200 GPa
LESIZE,ALL, , ,1,1,1 ! specify divisions on unmeshed lines
LMESH,all ! mesh all lines
!
FINISH ! finish pre-processor
!
/SOLU ! enter solution phase
!
! apply some constraints
DK,1,ALL,0 ! define a DOF constraint at a keypoint
DK,7,UY,0
!
! apply loads
!
FK,1,FY,-280e3 ! define a force load to a keypoint
FK,3,FY,-210e3
FK,5,FY,-280e3
FK,7,FY,-360e3
!
SOLVE ! solve the resulting system of equations
FINISH ! finish solution
/POST1
PRRSOL,F ! List Reaction Forces
PLDISP,2 ! Plot Deformed shape
PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1 ! Contour Plot of deflection
ETABLE,SAXL,LS, 1 ! Axial Stress
PRETAB,SAXL ! List Element Table
PLETAB,SAXL,NOAV ! Plot Axial Stress
Space Frame Example
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 to solve a simple 3D space frame problem.
Problem Description
The problem to be solved in this example is the analysis of a bicycle frame. The problem to be modeled in this
example is a simple bicycle frame shown in the following figure. The frame is to be built of hollow aluminum
tubing having an outside diameter of 25mm and a wall thickness of 2mm.
Verification
The first step is to simplify the problem. Whenever you are trying out a new analysis type, you need something
(ie analytical solution or experimental data) to compare the results to. This way you can be sure that you've
gotten the correct analysis type, units, scale factors, etc.
The simplified version that will be used for this problem is that of a cantilever beam shown in the following
figure:
Preprocessing: Defining the Problem
2. Enter Keypoints
For this simple example, these keypoints are the ends of the beam.
{ We are going to define 2 keypoints for the simplified structure as given in the following table
coordinate
keypoint
x y z
1 0 0 0
2 500 0 0
3. Form Lines
The two keypoints must now be connected to form a bar using a straight line.
{ Select: Preprocessor > Modeling> Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line.
{ Pick keypoint #1 (i.e. click on it). It will now be marked by a small yellow box.
{ When you're done, click on 'OK' in the 'Create Straight Line' window.
{ For this example, we will use the 3D elastic straight pipe element as selected in the above figure.
Select the element shown and click 'OK'. You should see 'Type 1 PIPE16' in the 'Element Types'
window.
{ Click on the 'Options...' button in the 'Element Types' dialog box. The following window will
appear:
{ Click and hold the K6 button (second from the bottom), and select 'Include Output' and click 'OK'.
This gives us extra force and moment output.
{ Click on 'Close' in the 'Element Types' dialog box and close the 'Element Type' menu.
This defines an outside pipe diameter of 25mm and a wall thickness of 2mm.
{ Click on 'OK'.
{ 'Set 1' now appears in the dialog box. Click on 'Close' in the 'Real Constants' window.
{ Double click Structural > Linear > Elastic and select 'Isotropic' (double click on it)
We are going to give the properties of Aluminum. Enter the following field:
EX 70000
PRXY 0.33
7. Mesh Size
{ In the Preprocessor menu select Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines
{ In the size 'SIZE' field, enter the desired element length. For this example we want an element
length of 2cm, therefore, enter '20' (i.e 20mm) and then click 'OK'. Note that we have not yet
meshed the geometry, we have simply defined the element sizes.
(Alternatively, we could enter the number of divisions we want in the line. For an element length of
2cm, we would enter 25 [ie 25 divisions]).
NOTE
It is not necessary to mesh beam elements to obtain the correct solution. However, meshing is done in this
case so that we can obtain results (ie stress, displacement) at intermediate positions on the beam.
8. Mesh
Utility Menu > File > Save as.... Select the name and location where you want to save your file.
Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving
{ From the Solution Menu, select 'Analysis Type > New Analysis'.
2. Apply Constraints
{ In the Solution menu, select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On
Keypoints
{ Select the left end of the rod (Keypoint 1) by clicking on it in the Graphics Window and click on
'OK' in the 'Apply U,ROT on KPs' window.
{ This location is fixed which means that all translational and rotational degrees of freedom (DOFs)
are constrained. Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter '0' in the Value field and
click 'OK'.
3. Apply Loads
As shown in the diagram, there is a vertically downward load of 100N at the end of the bar
{ Select the second Keypoint (right end of bar) and click 'OK' in the 'Apply F/M' window.
{ Enter a value of -100 in the 'Force/moment value' box and click 'OK'.
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.
4. Solving the System
1. Hand Calculations
Now, since the purpose of this exercise was to verify the results - we need to calculate what we should
find.
Deflection:
The maximum deflection occurs at the end of the rod and was found to be 6.2mm as shown above.
Stress:
The maximum stress occurs at the base of the rod and was found to be 64.9MPa as shown above (pure
bending stress).
2.Results Using ANSYS
Deformation
{ from the Main Menu select General Postproc from the 'ANSYS Main Menu'. In this menu you
will find a variety of options, the two which we will deal with now are 'Plot Results' and 'List
Results'
{ Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the undeformed object.
{ Observe the value of the maximum deflection in the upper left hand corner (shown here surrounded
by a blue border for emphasis). This is identical to that obtained via hand calculations.
Deflection
{ From the 'General Postproc' menu select Plot results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution.
{ Select 'DOF solution' and 'USUM'. Leave the other selections as the default values. Click 'OK'.
{ You may want to have a more useful scale, which can be accomplished by going to the Utility
Menu and selecting Plot Controls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours
{ The deflection can also be obtained as a list as shown below. General Postproc > List Results >
Nodal Solution ... select 'DOF Solution' and 'ALL DOFs' from the lists in the 'List Nodal Solution'
window and click 'OK'. This means that we want to see a listing of all translational and rotational
degrees of freedom from the solution. If we had only wanted to see the displacements for example,
we would have chosen 'ALL Us' instead of 'ALL DOFs'.
{ Are these results what you expected? Again, the maximum deflection occurs at node 2, the right
end of the rod. Also note that all the rotational and translational degrees of freedom were
constrained to zero at node 1.
{ If you wanted to save these results to a file, use the mouse to go to the 'File' menu (at the upper left-
hand corner of this list window) and select 'Save as'.
Stresses
For line elements (ie beams, spars, and pipes) you will need to use the Element Table to gain access to
derived data (ie stresses, strains).
{ From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define Table...
{ Click on 'Add...'
{ As shown above, in the 'Item,Comp' boxes in the above window, select 'Stress' and 'von Mises
SEQV'
{ Plot the Stresses by selecting Plot Elem Table in the Element Table Menu
{ The following window will appear. Ensure that 'SEQV' is selected and click 'OK'
{ If you changed the contour intervals for the Displacement plot to "User Specified" you may need to
switch this back to "Auto calculated" to obtain new values for VMIN/VMAX.
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours ...
Again, select more appropriate intervals for the contour plot
Note that a maximum stress of 64.914 MPa occurs at the fixed end of the beam as predicted
analytically.
To further verify the simplified model, a bending moment diagram can be created. First, let's look at how
ANSYS defines each element. Pipe 16 has 2 nodes; I and J, as shown in the following image.
To obtain the bending moment for this element, the Element Table must be used. The Element Table
contains most of the data for the element including the bending moment data for each element at Node I
and Node J. First, we need to obtain obtain the bending moment data.
{ General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table... . Click 'Add...'.
{ In the window,
A. Enter IMoment as the 'User label for item' - this will give a name to the data
B. Select 'By sequence num' in the Item box
C. Select 'SMISC' in the first Comp box
D. Enter SMISC,6 in the second Comp box
E. Click 'OK'
This will save all of the bending moment data at the left hand side (I side) of each element. Now we
need to find the bending moment data at the right hand side (J side) of each element.
{ Click 'Close' in the 'Element Table Data' window and close the 'Element Table' Menu. Select Plot
Results > Contour Plot > Line Elem Res...
{ From the 'Plot Line-Element Results' window, select 'IMOMENT' from the pull down menu for
LabI, and 'JMOMENT' from the pull down menu for LabJ. Click 'OK'. Note again that you can
modify the intervals for the contour plot.
Now, you can double check these solutions analytically. Note that the line between the I and J point
is a linear interpolation.
{ Before the explanation of the above steps, enter help pipe16 in the command line as shown
below and then hit enter.
{ Briefly read the ANSYS documentation which appears, pay particular attention to the Tables near
the end of the document (shown below).
Table 1. PIPE16 Item, Sequence Numbers, and Definitions for the ETABLE Commands
node I
The above example was solved using the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) of ANSYS. This problem can also
been solved using the ANSYS command language interface. To see the benefits of the command line clear your
current file:
z From the Utility menu select: File > Clear and Start New
z Ensure that 'Read File' is selected then click 'OK'
z select 'yes' in the following window.
Copy the following code into the command line, then hit enter. Note that the text following the "!" are
comments.
/PREP7 ! Preprocessor
K,1,0,0,0, ! Keypoint, 1, x, y, z
K,2,500,0,0, ! Keypoint, 2, x, y, z
L,1,2 ! Line from keypoint 1 to 2
!*
ET,1,PIPE16 ! Element Type = pipe 16
KEYOPT,1,6,1 ! This is the changed option to give the extra force and moment ou
!*
R,1,25,2, ! Real Constant, Material 1, Outside Diameter, Wall thickness
!*
MP,EX,1,70000 ! Material Properties, Young's Modulus, Material 1, 70000 MPa
MP,PRXY,1,0.33 ! Material Properties, Major Poisson's Ratio, Material 1, 0.33
!*
LESIZE,ALL,20 ! Element sizes, all of the lines, 20 mm
LMESH,1 ! Mesh the lines
FINISH ! Exit preprocessor
/SOLU ! Solution
ANTYPE,0 ! The type of analysis (static)
!*
DK,1, ,0, ,0,ALL ! Apply a Displacement to Keypoint 1 to all DOF
FK,2,FY,-100 ! Apply a Force to Keypoint 2 of -100 N in the y direction
/STATUS,SOLU
SOLVE ! Solve the problem
FINISH
Note that you have now finished Postprocessing and the Solution Phase with just these few lines of code. There
are codes to complete the Postprocessing but we will review these later.
Bicycle Example
Now we will return to the analysis of the bike frame. The steps which you completed in the verification
example will not be explained in great detail, therefore use the verification example as a reference as required.
We will be combining the use of the Graphic User Interface (GUI) with the use of command lines.
We are going to define the vertices of the frame using variables. These variables represent the various
lengths of the bicycle members. Notice that by using variables like this, it is very easy to set up a
parametric description of your model. This will enable us to quickly redefine the frame should changes be
necessary. The quickest way to enter these variables is via the 'ANSYS Input' window which was used
above to input the command line codes for the verification model. Type in each of the following lines
followed by Enter.
x1 = 500
x2 = 825
y1 = 325
y2 = 400
z1 = 50
4. Enter Keypoints
For this space frame example, these keypoints are the frame vertices.
{ We are going to define 6 keypoints for this structure as given in the following table (these
keypoints are depicted by the circled numbers in the above figure):
coordinate
keypoint
x y z
1 0 y1 0
2 0 y2 0
3 x1 y2 0
4 x1 0 0
5 x2 0 z1
6 x2 0 -z1
{ Now instead of using the GUI window we are going to enter code into the 'command line'. First,
open the 'Preprocessor Menu' from the 'ANSYS Main Menu'. The preprocessor menu has to be
open in order for the preprocessor commands to be recognized. Alternatively, you can type /PREP7
into the command line. The command line format required to enter a keypoint is as follows:
K, NPT, X, Y, Z
For a more detailed explanation, type help k into the command line
K,1,0,y1,0
As with any programming language, you may need to add comments. The exclamation mark
indicates that anything following it is commented out. ie - for the second keypoint you might type:
{ Enter the 4 remaining keypoints (listed in the table above) using the command line
{ Now you may want to check to ensure that you entered all of the keypoints correctly:
Utility Menu > List > Keypoints > Coordinates only
(Alternatively, type 'KLIST' into the command line)
{ If there are any keypoints which need to be re-entered, simply re-enter the code. A previously
defined keypoint of the same number will be redefined. However, if there is one that needs to be
deleted simply enter the following code:
KDELE,#
In this example, we defined the keypoints by making use of previously defined variables like y1 = 325.
This was simply used for convenience. To define keypoint #1, for example, we could have alternatively
used the coordinates x = 0, y = 325, z = 0.
{ To get a better view of our view of our model, we'll view it in an isometric view:
{ Select Utility menu bar > PlotCtrls > Pan, Zoom, Rotate...'
6. Create Lines
keypoint
line Again, we will use the command line to create the lines. The command format to crea
1st 2nd straight line looks like:
1 1 2 L, P1, P2
Line, Keypoint at the beginning of the line, Keypoint at the end o
2 2 3
3 3 4 For example, to obtain the first line, I would write: ' L,1,2 '
1 4 Note: unlike 'Keypoints', 'Lines' will automatically assign themselves the next availab
4
reference number.
5 3 5
6 4 5
7 3 6
8 4 6
{ Enter the remaining lines until you get a picture like that shown below.
{ Again, check to ensure that you entered all of the lines correctly: type ' LLIST ' into the command
line
{ If there are any lines which need to be changed, delete the line by typing the following code: '
LDELE,# ' where # corresponds to the reference number of the line. (This can be obtained from the
list of lines). And then re-enter the line (note: a new reference number will be assigned)
As in the verification model, define the type of element (pipe16). As in the verification model, don't
forget to change Option K6 'Include Output' to obtain extra force and moment output.
To set Young's Modulus and Poisson's ratio, we will again use the command line. (ensure that the
preprocessor menu is still open - if not open it by clicking Preprocessor in the Main Menu)
{ To enter the Elastic Modulus (LAB = EX) of 70000 MPa, type: ' MP,EX,1,70000 '
11. Mesh
2. Apply Constraints
Once again, we will use the command line. We are going to pin (translational DOFs will be fixed) the
first keypoint and constrain the keypoints corresponding to the rear wheel attachment locations in both
the y and z directions. The following is the command line format to apply constraints at keypoints.
DK, KPOI, Lab, VALUE, VALUE2, KEXPND, Lab2, Lab3, Lab4, Lab5, Lab6
Displacement on K, K #, DOF label, value, value2, Expansion key, other DOF la
Not all of the fields are required for this example, therefore when entering the code certain fields will be
empty. For example, to pin the first keypoint enter:
DK,1,UX,0,,,UY,UZ
The DOF labels for translation motion are: UX, UY, UZ. Note that the 5th and 6th fields are empty. These
correspond to 'value2' and 'the Expansion key' which are not required for this constraint. Also note that all
three of the translational DOFs were constrained to 0. The DOFs can only be contrained in 1 command
line if the value is the same.
DK,5,UY,0,,,UZ
Note that only UY and UZ are contrained to 0. UX is not constrained. Again, note that the 5th and 6th
fields are empty because they are not required.
{ Apply the constraints to the other rear wheel location (Keypoint 6 - UY and UZ).
{ Now list the constraints ('DKLIST') and verify them against the following:
If you need to delete any of the constraints use the following command: 'DKDELE, K, Lab' (ie
'DKDELE,1,UZ' would delete the constraint in the 'z' direction for Keypoint 1)
3. Apply Loads
We will apply vertical downward loads of 600N at the seat post location (keypoint 3) and 200N at the
pedal crank location (keypoint 4). We will use the command line to define these loading conditions.
To apply a force of 600N downward at keypoint 3, the code should look like this: ' FK,3,FY,-600 '
Apply both the forces and list the forces to ensure they were inputted correctly (FKLIST).
If you need to delete one of the forces, the code looks like this: 'FKDELE, K, Lab' (ie 'FKDELE,3,FY'
would delete the force in the 'y' direction for Keypoint 3)
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.
4. Solving the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
1. Deformation
Plot Results > Deformed Shape... 'Def + undef edge'
{ You may want to try plotting this from different angles to get a better idea what's going on by using
the 'Pan-Zoom-Rotate' menu that was earlier outlined.
{ Try the 'Front' view button (Note that the views of 'Front', 'Left', 'Back', etc depend on how the
object was first defined).
{ Your screen should look like the plot below:
2. Deflections
Now let's take a look at some actual deflections in the frame. The deflections have been calculated at the
nodes of the model, so the first thing we'll do is plot out the nodes and node numbers, so we know what
node(s) we're after.
{ Go to Utility menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering... and turn on 'Node numbers'. Turn everything else
off.
{ Note the node numbers of interest. Of particular interest are those nodes where the constraints were
applied to see if their displacements/rotations were indeed fixed to zero. Also note the node
numbers of the seat and crank locations.
{ List the Nodal Deflections (Main Menu > General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution...').
Are the displacements and rotations as you expected?
3. Element Forces
We could also take a look at the forces in the elements in much the same way:
4. Stresses
As shown in the cantilever beam example, use the Element Table to gain access to derived stresses.
Select Element Table > Define Table... to define the table (remember SMISC,6 and SMISC,12)
And, Plot Results > Line Elem Res... to plot the data from the Element Table
Command File Mode of Solution
The above example was solved using a mixture of the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) and the command
language interface of ANSYS. This problem has also been solved using the ANSYS command language
interface that you may want to browse. Open the file and save it to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read
input from...' and select the file.
Quitting ANSYS
To quit ANSYS, select 'QUIT' from the ANSYS Toolbar or select 'Utility Menu'/'File'/'Exit...'. In the dialog box
that appears, click on 'Save Everything' (assuming that you want to) and then click on 'OK'.
! Command File mode of 3D Bicycle Space Frame
/title,3D Bicycle Space Frame
/prep7 ! Enter the pre-processor
! Define Some Parameters
x1 = 500 ! These parameters are not required; i.e. one could
x2 = 825 ! directly enter in the coordinates into the keypoint
y1 = 325 ! definition below.
y2 = 400 ! However, using parameters makes it very easy to
z1 = 50 ! quickly make changes to your model!
! Define Keypoints
K,1, 0,y1, 0 ! k,key-point number,x-coord,y-coord,z-coord
K,2, 0,y2, 0
K,3,x1,y2, 0
K,4,x1, 0, 0
K,5,x2, 0, z1
K,6,x2, 0,-z1
! Define Lines Linking Keypoints
L,1,2 ! l,keypoint1,keypoint2
L,2,3
L,3,4
L,4,1
L,4,6
L,4,5
L,3,5 ! these last two line are for the rear forks
L,3,6
! Define Element Type
ET,1,pipe16
KEYOPT,1,6,1
! Define Real Constants
! (Note: the inside diameter must be positive)
R,1,25,2 ! r,real set number,outside diameter,wall thickness
R,2,12,1 ! second set of real constants - for rear forks
! Define Material Properties
MP,EX,1,70000 ! mp,Young's modulus,material number,value
MP,PRXY,1,0.33 ! mp,Poisson's ratio,material number,value
! Define the number of elements each line is to be divided into
LESIZE,ALL,20 ! lesize,line number(all lines),size of element
! Line Meshing
REAL,1 ! turn on real property set #1
LMESH,1,6,1 ! mesh those lines which have that property set
! mesh lines 1 through 6 in steps of 1
REAL,2 ! activate real property set #2
LMESH,7,8 ! mesh the rear forks
FINISH ! Finish pre-processing
/SOLU ! Enter the solution processor
ANTYPE,0 ! Analysis type,static
! Define Displacement Constraints on Keypoints (dk command)
DK,1,UX,0,,,UY,UZ !
dk,keypoint,direction,displacement,,,direction,direction
DK,5,UY,0,,,UZ
DK,6,UY,0,,,UZ
! Define Forces on Keypoints (fk command)
FK,3,FY,-600 !fk,keypoint,direction,force
FK,4,FY,-200
SOLVE ! Solve the problem
FINISH ! Finish the solution processor
SAVE ! Save your work to the database
/post1 ! Enter the general post processor
/WIND,ALL,OFF
/WIND,1,LTOP
/WIND,2,RTOP
/WIND,3,LBOT
/WIND,4,RBOT
GPLOT
/GCMD,1, PLDISP,2 !Plot the deformed and undeformed edge
/GCMD,2, PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1
! Set up Element Table information
! Element tables are tables of information regarding the solution data
! You must tell Ansys what pieces of information you want by using the
! etable command:
! etable,arbitrary name,item name,data code number
! The arbitrary name is a name that you give the data in the table
! It serves as a reference name to retrieve the data later
! Use a name that describes the data and is easily remembered.
! The item name and data code number come off of the tables provided.
! Examples:
! For the VonMises (or equivalent) stresses at angle 0 at both ends of
the
! element (node i and node j);
etable,vonmi0,nmisc,5
etable,vonmj0,nmisc,45
! For the Axial stresses at angle 0
etable,axii0,ls,1
etable,axij0,ls,33
! For the Direct axial stress component due to axial load (no bending)
! Note it is independent of angular location.
etable,diri,smisc,13
etable,dirj,smisc,15
! ADD OTHERS THAT YOU NEED IN HERE...
! To plot the data, simply type
! plls, name for node i, name for node j
! for example,
/GCMD,3, PLLS,vonmi0,vonmj0
/GCMD,4, PLLS,axii0,axij0
/CONT,2,9,0,,0.27
/CONT,3,9,0,,18
/CONT,4,9,-18,,18
/FOC,ALL,-0.340000,,,1
/replot
PRNSOL,DOF,
Plane Stress Bracket
Introduction
This tutorial is the second of three basic tutorials created to illustrate commom features in ANSYS. The plane
stress bracket tutorial builds upon techniques covered in the first tutorial (3D Bicycle Space Frame), it is
therefore essential that you have completed that tutorial prior to beginning this one.
The 2D Plane Stress Bracket will introduce boolean operations, plane stress, and uniform pressure loading.
Problem Description
The problem to be modeled in this example is a simple bracket shown in the following figure. This bracket is to
be built from a 20 mm thick steel plate. A figure of the plate is shown below.
This plate will be fixed at the two small holes on the left and have a load applied to the larger hole on the right.
Verification Example
The first step is to simplify the problem. Whenever you are trying out a new analysis type, you need something
(ie analytical solution or experimental data) to compare the results to. This way you can be sure that you've
gotten the correct analysis type, units, scale factors, etc.
The simplified version that will be used for this problem is that of a flat rectangular plate with a hole shown in
the following figure:
Preprocessing: Defining the Problem
2. Form Geometry
Boolean operations provide a means to create complicated solid models. These procedures make it easy to
combine simple geometric entities to create more complex bodies. Subtraction will used to create this
model, however, many other Boolean operations can be used in ANSYS.
Instead of creating the geometry using keypoints, we will create an area (using GUI)
Preprocessor > Create > (-Areas-) Rectangle > By 2 Corners
Fill in the window as shown above. This will create a rectangle where the bottom left corner
has the coordinates 0,0,0 and the top right corner has the coordinates 200,100,0.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above command is BLC4,0,0,200,100)
Fill in the window as shown above. This will create a circle where the center has the
coordinates 100,50,0 (the center of the rectangle) and the radius of the circle is 20 mm.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above command is CYL4,100,50,20 )
c. Subtraction
Now we want to subtract the circle from the rectangle. Prior to this operation, your image
should resemble the following:
At this point a 'Subtract Areas' window will pop up and the ANSYS Input window will
display the following message: [ASBA] Pick or enter base areas from which to
subtract (as shown below)
Therefore, select the base area (the rectangle) by clicking on it. Note: The selected area will
turn pink once it is selected.
The following window may appear because there are 2 areas at the location you clicked.
Ensure that the entire rectangular area is selected (otherwise click 'Next') and then click 'OK'.
Now you will be prompted to select the areas to be subtracted, select the circle by clicking on
it and then click 'OK'.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ASBA,1,2)
It is now necessary to define the type of element to use for our problem:
{ Add the following type of element: Solid (under the Structural heading) and the Quad 82 element,
as shown in the above figure.
PLANE82 is a higher order version of the two-dimensional, four-node element (PLANE42).
PLANE82 is an eight noded quadrilateral element which is better suited to model curved
boundaries.
For this example, we need a plane stress element with thickness, therefore
{ Click on the 'Options...' button. Click and hold the K3 button, and select 'Plane strs w/thk', as
shown below.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ET,1,PLANE82 followed by
KEYOPT,1,3,3)
{ Enter a thickness of 20 as shown in the figure below. This defines a plate thickness of 20mm)
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is R,1,20)
We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following when prompted:
EX 200000
PRXY 0.3
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is MP,EX,1,200000 followed by
MP,PRXY,1,0.3)
6. Mesh Size
To tell ANSYS how big the elements should be, Preprocessor > (-Meshing-) Size Cntrls > (-Areas-)
All Areas
{ Select an element edge length of 25. We will return later to determine if this was adequate for the
problem.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AESIZE,ALL,25,)
7. Mesh
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AMESH,ALL)
You have now defined your model. It is now time to apply the load(s) and constraint(s) and solve the the
resulting system of equations.
{ Ensure that a Static Analysis will be performed (Solution > New Analysis).
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ANTYPE,0)
2. Apply Constraints
{ Select the left end of the plate and click on 'Apply' in the 'Apply U,ROT on Lines' window.
You will see some blue triangles in the graphics window indicating the displacement contraints.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is DL,4,,ALL,0)
3. Apply Loads
{ As shown in the diagram, there is a load of 20N/mm distributed on the right hand side of the plate.
To apply this load:
Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) Pressure > On Lines
{ When the window appears, select the line along the right hand edge of the plate and click 'OK'
{ Calculate the pressure on the plate end by dividing the distributed load by the thickness of the plate
(1 MPa).
1. Hand Calculations
Now, since the purpose of this exercise was to verify the results - we need to calculate what we should
find.
Deflection: The maximum deflection occurs on the right hand side of the plate and was calculated to be
0.001 mm - neglecting the effects of the hole in the plate (ie - just a flat plate). The actual deflection of
the plate is therefore expected to be greater but in the same range of magnitude.
Stress: The maximum stress occurs at the top and bottom of the hole in the plate and was found to be 3.9
MPa.
At this point we need to find whether or not the final result has converged. We will do this by looking at
the deflection and stress at particular nodes while changing the size of the meshing element.
Since we have an analytical solution for the maximum stress point, we will check the stress at this
point. First we need to find the node corresponding to the top of the hole in the plate. First plot and
number the nodes
Utility Menu > Plot > Nodes
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering...
{ The plot should look similar to the one shown below. Make a note of the node closest to the top of
the circle (ie. #49)
{ List the stresses (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution > Stress, Principals SPRIN)
and check the SEQV (Equivalent Stress / von Mises Stress) for the node in question. (as shown
below in red)
The equivalent stress was found to be 2.9141 MPa at this point. We will use smaller elements to try
to get a more accurate solution.
{ Resize Elements
b. Now remesh the model (Preprocessor > Mesh > (-Areas-) Free). Once you have selected
the area and clicked 'OK' the following window will appear:
c. Click 'OK'. This will remesh the model using the new element edge length.
d. Solve the system again (note that the constraints need not be reapplied). ( Solution Menu >
Current LS )
{ Repeat steps 'a' through 'd' until the model has converged. (note - the number of the node at the top
of the hole has most likely changed. It is essential that you plot the nodes again to select the
appropriate node). Plot the stress/deflection at varying mesh sizes as shown below to confirm that
convergence has occured.
Note the shapes of both the deflection and stress curves. As the number of elements in the mesh increases
(ie - the element edge length decreases), the values converge towards a final solution.
The von Mises stress at the top of the hole in the plate was found to be approximatly 3.8 MPa. This is a
mere 2.5% difference between the analytical solution and the solution found using ANSYS.
The approximate maximum displacement was found to be 0.0012 mm, this is 20% greater than the
analytical solution. However, the analytical solution does not account for the large hole in the center of
the plate which was expected to significantly increase the deflection at the end of the plate.
Therefore, the results using ANSYS were determined to be appropriate for the verification model.
3. Deformation
{ General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape > Def + undeformd to view both the
deformed and the undeformed object.
{ Observe the locations of deflection.
4. Deflection
{ General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select DOF solution, USUM in the
window.
{ Alternatively, obtain these results as a list. (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution...)
{ Are these results what you expected? Note that all translational degrees of freedom were
constrained to zero at the left end of the plate.
5. Stresses
{ General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select Stress, von Mises in the
window.
{ You can list the von Mises stresses to verify the results at certain nodes
General Postproc > List Results. Select Stress, Principals SPRIN
The above example was solved using the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) of ANSYS. This problem has also
been solved using the ANSYS command language interface that you may want to browse. Open the file and
save it to your computer. Now go to File > Read input from... and select the file.
Bracket Example
Now we will return to the analysis of the bracket. A combination of GUI and the Command line will be used for
this example.
The problem to be modeled in this example is a simple bracket shown in the following figure. This bracket is to
be built from a 20 mm thick steel plate. A figure of the plate is shown below.
This plate will be fixed at the two small holes on the left and have a load applied to the larger hole on the right.
2. Form Geometry
Again, Boolean operations will be used to create the basic geometry of the Bracket.
The main rectangular shape has a width of 80 mm, a height of 100mm and the bottom left corner is
located at coordinates (0,0)
Ensure that the Preprocessor menu is open. (Alternatively type /PREP7 into the command
line window)
Now instead of using the GUI window we are going to enter code into the 'command line'.
Now I will explain the line required to create a rectangle:
c. Now create a second and third circle for the left hand side using the following dimensions:
d. Create a rectangle on the left hand end to fill the gap between the two small circles.
XCORNER -20
YCORNER 20
WIDTH 20
HEIGHT 60
We now want to add these five discrete areas together to form one area.
To perform the Boolean operation, from the Preprocessor menu select:
Operate > -Booleans- Add > Areas >
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AADD,ALL)
Now select
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Operate > (-Booleans-) Subtract > Areas
.
Select the base areas from which to subract (the large plate that was created)
Next select the three circles that we just created. Click on the three circles that you just
created and click 'OK'.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ASBA,6,ALL)
{ Use the 'Options...' button to get a plane stress element with thickness
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ET,1,PLANE82 followed by
KEYOPT,1,3,3)
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is R,1,20)
We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following when prompted:
EX 200000
PRXY 0.3
(The command line code for the above step is MP,EX,1,200000 followed by MP,PRXY,1,0.3)
6. Mesh Size
{ Select an element edge length of 5. Again, we will need to make sure the model has converged.
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AESIZE,ALL,5,)
7. Mesh
{ 'Preprocessor' > 'Mesh' > (-Areas-) 'Free' and select the area when prompted
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is AMESH,ALL)
(Alternatively, the command line code for the above step is ANTYPE,0)
2. Apply Constraints
As illustrated, the plate is fixed at both of the smaller holes on the left hand side.
{ Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) Displacement > On Nodes
{ Instead of selecting one node at a time, you have the option of creating a box, polygon, or circle of
which all the nodes in that area will be selected. For this case, select 'circle' as shown in the window
below. (You may want to zoom in to select the points Utilty Menu / PlotCtrls / Pan, Zoom,
Rotate...) Click at the center of the bolt hole and drag the circle out so that it touches all of the
nodes on the border of the hole.
{ Click on 'Apply' in the 'Apply U,ROT on Lines' window and constrain all DOF's in the 'Apply
U,ROT on Nodes' window.
3. Apply Loads
As shown in the diagram, there is a single vertical load of 1000N, at the bottom of the large bolt hole.
Apply this force to the respective keypoint ( Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-)
Force/Moment > On Keypoints Select a force in the y direction of -1000)
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.
At this point we need to find whether or not the final result has converged. Because we cannot
solve for a solution analytically, we must try to
2. Deformation
{ General Postproc > Plot Results > Def + undeformed to view both the deformed and the
undeformed object.
3. Deflection
{ Alternatively, obtain these results as a list. (General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution...)
{ Are these results what you expected? Note that all translational degrees of freedom were
constrained to zero at the bolt holes.
4. Stresses
{ General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solution... Then select von Mises Stress in the window.
{ You can list the von Mises stresses to verify the results at certain nodes
General Postproc > List Results. Select Stress, Principals SPRIN
Quitting ANSYS
To quit ANSYS, click 'QUIT' on the ANSYS Toolbar or select Utility Menu > File > Exit... In the window that
appears, select 'Save Everything' (assuming that you want to) and then click 'OK'.
Solid Model Creation
Introduction
This tutorial is the last of three basic tutorials devised to illustrate commom features in ANSYS. Each tutorial
builds upon techniques covered in previous tutorials, it is therefore essential that you complete the tutorials in
order.
The Solid Modelling Tutorial will introduce various techniques which can be used in ANSYS to create solid
models. Filleting, extrusion/sweeping, copying, and working plane orientation will be covered in detail.
Problem Description A
We will be creating a solid model of the pulley shown in the following figure.
Geometry Generation
We will create this model by first tracing out the cross section of the pulley and then sweeping this area about
the y axis.
1. Create 3 Rectangles
Main Menu > Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Rectangle > By 2 Corners
BLC4, XCORNER, YCORNER, WIDTH, HEIGHT
ANSYS will label the united area as AREA 4 and the previous three areas will be deleted.
5. Copy the smaller circle for the rounded edges at the top
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Copy > Areas
{ The following window will appear. It asks for the x,y and z offset of the copied area. Enter the y
offset as 4.6 and then click OK.
{ The following window will appear prompting for the fillet radius. Enter 0.1
{ Follow the same procedure and create a fillet with the same radius between the following lines
{ As shown below, zoom into the fillet radius and plot and number the lines.
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > (-Areas-) Arbitrary > By Lines
Now we need to sweep the area around a y axis at x=0 and z=0 to create the pulley.
2. By default the graphics will now show all keypoints. Plot Areas
{ You will first be prompted to select the areas to be swept so click on the area.
{ Then you will be asked to enter or pick two keypoints defining the axis.
{ Plot the Keypoints (Utility Menu > Plot > Keypoints. Then select the following two keypoints
{ The following window will appear prompting for sweeping angles. Click on OK.
By default, the working plane in ANSYS is located on the global Cartesian X-Y plane. However, for us to
define the bolt holes, we need to use a different working plane. There are several ways to define a
working plane, one of which is to define it by three keypoints.
X Y Z
#2001 0 3 0
#2002 1 3 0
#2003 0 3 1
{ Select Keypoints 2001 then 2002 then 2003 IN THAT ORDER. The first keypoint (2001) defines
the origin of the working plane coordinate system, the second keypoint (2002) defines the x-axis
orientation, while the third (2003) defines the orientation of the working plane. The following
warning will appear when selecting the keypoint at the origin as there are more than one in this
location.
Just click on 'Next' until the one selected is 2001.
{ Once you have selected the 3 keypoints and clicked 'OK' the WP symbol (green) should appear in
the Graphics window. Another way to make sure the active WP has moves is:
Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Show WP Status
note the origin of the working plane. By default those values would be 0,0,0.
3. Create a Cylinder (solid cylinder) with x=5.5 y=0 r=0.5 depth=1 You should see the following in the
graphics screen
We will now copy this volume so that we repeat it every 45 degrees. Note that you must copy the cylinder
before you use boolean operations to subtract it because you cannot copy an empty space.
{ Select the cylinder volume and click on OK. The following window will appear; fill in the blanks
as shown,
Youi should obtain the following model,
{ Subtract the cylinders from the pulley hub (Boolean operations) to create the boltholes. This will
result in the following completed structure:
Command File Mode of Solution
The above example was solved using a mixture of the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) and the command
language interface of ANSYS. This problem has also been solved using the ANSYS command language
interface that you may want to browse. Open the file and save it to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read
input from...' and select the file.
Problem Description B
We will be creating a solid model of the Spindle Base shown in the following figure.
Geometry Generation
We will create this model by creating the base and the back and then the rib.
Select keypoints 4 and 5 (either click on them or type 4,5 into the command line) when
prompted.
Enter the radius of the arc (20) in the 'Arc by End KPs & Radius' window
We will make use of the 'copy' feature in ANSYS to create all 4 holes
The following window will appear once you select the area
{ Fill in the window as shown (length of extrusion = 26mm). Note, to extrude the area in the negative
z direction you would simply enter -26.
As in the previous example, we need to change the working plane. You may have observed that geometry
can only be created in the X-Y plane. Therefore, in order to create the back of the Spindle Base, we need
to create a new working plane where the X-Y plane is parallel to the back. Again, we will define the
working plane by aligning it to 3 Keypoints.
Recall when defining the working plane; the first keypoint defines the origin, the second keypoint
defines the x-axis orientation, while the third defines the orientation of the working plane.
(Alternatively, type KWPLAN,1,100,101,102 into the command line)
Note that the planar areas between the two volumes were not added together.
{ Add the planar areas together (don't forget the other side!)
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Operate > (-Booleans-) Add > Areas
AADD, Area 1, Area 2, Area 3
{ First change the active coordinate system back to the global coordinate system (this will make it
easier to align to the new coordinate system)
Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Align WP with > Global Cartesian
X Y Z
#200 -20 61 26
#201 0 61 26
#202 -20 61 30
Recall when defining the working plane; the first keypoint defines the origin, the second keypoint
defines the x-axis orientation, while the third defines the orientation of the working plane.
(Alternatively, type KWPLAN,1,200,201,202 into the command line)
We now need to update the coordiante system to follow the working plane changes (ie make the new
Work Plane origin the active coordinate)
Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Change Active CS to > Working Plane
CSYS,4
X Y Z
#203 129-(0.57735*26) 0 0
#204 129-(0.57735*26) + 38 sqrt(3)/2*76 0
Quitting ANSYS
To quit ANSYS, select 'QUIT' from the ANSYS Toolbar or select 'Utility Menu'/'File'/'Exit...'. In the dialog box
that appears, click on 'Save Everything' (assuming that you want to) and then click on 'OK'.
! Solid Modelling PART-A
/PREP7
BLC4,2,0,1,5.5 ! Create rectangles
BLC4,3,2,5,1
BLC4,8,0,0.5,5
AADD,ALL ! Add the areas together
CYL4,3,5.5,0.5 ! Create circles
CYL4,8.5,0.2,0.2
ASBA,4,1 ! Subtract an area
AGEN,2,2,,,,4.6 ! Mirrors an area
AGEN,2,1,,,-0.5
AADD,ALL ! Adds all areas
LFILLT,22,7,0.1,, !Create a fillet radius of 0.1mm between lines 30
LFILLT,26,7,0.1,,
AL,3,6,9 ! Creates fillet area (arbitrary area using lines
AL,10,11,14
AADD,ALL
! Sweep
K,1001,0,0,0 ! Keypoints
K,1002,0,5,0
VROTAT,3, , , , , ,1001,1002,360, , ! Sweep area 4 about axis formed by
keypoints 1001
K,2001,0,3,0
K,2002,1,3,0
K,2003,0,3,1
KWPLAN,1,2001,2002,2003 !Align WorkPlane with keypoints
CSYS,5 ! Change Active CS to Global Cartesian Y
CYL4,5.5,0,0.5, , , ,1 ! Create circle
VGEN,8,5, , , ,45, , ,0 ! Pattern the circle every 45 degrees
!Subtract areas
vsbv,all,5
vsbv,13,6
vsbv,all,7
vsbv,4,8
vsbv,all,9
vsbv,2,10
vsbv,all,11
vsbv,2,12
! Solid Modelling PART-B
/PREP7
BLC4,0,0,109,102 ! Create rectangle
K,5,-20,82 ! Keypoints
K,6,-20,20
K,7,0,82
K,8,0,20
LARC,4,5,7,20 ! Line arcs
LARC,1,6,8,20
L,5,6
AL,4,5,6,7 ! Creates area from 4 lines
AADD,1,2 ! Now called area 3
CYL4,0,20,10 ! Area 1
AGEN,2,1, , ,69 ! Mirrors area 1
AGEN,2,1,2, , ,62 ! Mirrors again
ASBA,3,ALL ! Subtracts areas
VOFFST,6,26 ! Creates volume from area
K,100,109,102,0 ! Keypoints
K,101,109,2,0
K,102,159,102,sqrt(3)/0.02
KWPLAN,-1,100,101,102 ! Defines working plane
BLC4,0,0,102,180 ! Create rectangle
CYL4,51,180,51 ! Create circle
AADD,25,26 ! Add them together
VOFFST,27,26 ! Volume from area
VADD,1,2 ! Add volumes
AADD,33,34,38 ! Add areas
AADD,32,36,37
CYL4,51,180,32, , , ,60 ! Create cylinder
VADD,1,3 ! Add volumes
CYL4,51,180,18.5, , , ,60 ! Another cylinder
VSBV,2,1 ! Subtract it
WPCSYS,-1,0 ! This re-aligns the WP with the global coordinate system
K,200,-20,61,26 ! Keypoints
K,201,0,61,26
K,202,-20,61,30
KWPLAN,-1,200,201,202 ! Shift working plane
CSYS,4 ! Change active coordinate system
K,203,129-(0.57735*26),0,0 ! Keypoints
K,204, 129-(0.57735*26) + 38, sqrt(3)/2*76,0
A,200,203,204 ! Create area from keypoints
VOFFST,7,20, ! Volume from area
VADD, ALL ! Add it together
Solid Model Creation
Introduction
This tutorial is the last of three basic tutorials devised to illustrate commom features in ANSYS. Each tutorial
builds upon techniques covered in previous tutorials, it is therefore essential that you complete the tutorials in
order.
The Solid Modelling Tutorial will introduce various techniques which can be used in ANSYS to create solid
models. Filleting, extrusion/sweeping, copying, and working plane orientation will be covered in detail.
Problem Description A
We will be creating a solid model of the pulley shown in the following figure.
Geometry Generation
We will create this model by first tracing out the cross section of the pulley and then sweeping this area about
the y axis.
1. Create 3 Rectangles
Main Menu > Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Rectangle > By 2 Corners
BLC4, XCORNER, YCORNER, WIDTH, HEIGHT
ANSYS will label the united area as AREA 4 and the previous three areas will be deleted.
5. Copy the smaller circle for the rounded edges at the top
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Copy > Areas
{ The following window will appear. It asks for the x,y and z offset of the copied area. Enter the y
offset as 4.6 and then click OK.
{ The following window will appear prompting for the fillet radius. Enter 0.1
{ Follow the same procedure and create a fillet with the same radius between the following lines
{ As shown below, zoom into the fillet radius and plot and number the lines.
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > (-Areas-) Arbitrary > By Lines
Now we need to sweep the area around a y axis at x=0 and z=0 to create the pulley.
2. By default the graphics will now show all keypoints. Plot Areas
{ You will first be prompted to select the areas to be swept so click on the area.
{ Then you will be asked to enter or pick two keypoints defining the axis.
{ Plot the Keypoints (Utility Menu > Plot > Keypoints. Then select the following two keypoints
{ The following window will appear prompting for sweeping angles. Click on OK.
By default, the working plane in ANSYS is located on the global Cartesian X-Y plane. However, for us to
define the bolt holes, we need to use a different working plane. There are several ways to define a
working plane, one of which is to define it by three keypoints.
X Y Z
#2001 0 3 0
#2002 1 3 0
#2003 0 3 1
{ Select Keypoints 2001 then 2002 then 2003 IN THAT ORDER. The first keypoint (2001) defines
the origin of the working plane coordinate system, the second keypoint (2002) defines the x-axis
orientation, while the third (2003) defines the orientation of the working plane. The following
warning will appear when selecting the keypoint at the origin as there are more than one in this
location.
Just click on 'Next' until the one selected is 2001.
{ Once you have selected the 3 keypoints and clicked 'OK' the WP symbol (green) should appear in
the Graphics window. Another way to make sure the active WP has moves is:
Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Show WP Status
note the origin of the working plane. By default those values would be 0,0,0.
3. Create a Cylinder (solid cylinder) with x=5.5 y=0 r=0.5 depth=1 You should see the following in the
graphics screen
We will now copy this volume so that we repeat it every 45 degrees. Note that you must copy the cylinder
before you use boolean operations to subtract it because you cannot copy an empty space.
{ Select the cylinder volume and click on OK. The following window will appear; fill in the blanks
as shown,
Youi should obtain the following model,
{ Subtract the cylinders from the pulley hub (Boolean operations) to create the boltholes. This will
result in the following completed structure:
Command File Mode of Solution
The above example was solved using a mixture of the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) and the command
language interface of ANSYS. This problem has also been solved using the ANSYS command language
interface that you may want to browse. Open the file and save it to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read
input from...' and select the file.
Problem Description B
We will be creating a solid model of the Spindle Base shown in the following figure.
Geometry Generation
We will create this model by creating the base and the back and then the rib.
Select keypoints 4 and 5 (either click on them or type 4,5 into the command line) when
prompted.
Enter the radius of the arc (20) in the 'Arc by End KPs & Radius' window
We will make use of the 'copy' feature in ANSYS to create all 4 holes
The following window will appear once you select the area
{ Fill in the window as shown (length of extrusion = 26mm). Note, to extrude the area in the negative
z direction you would simply enter -26.
As in the previous example, we need to change the working plane. You may have observed that geometry
can only be created in the X-Y plane. Therefore, in order to create the back of the Spindle Base, we need
to create a new working plane where the X-Y plane is parallel to the back. Again, we will define the
working plane by aligning it to 3 Keypoints.
Recall when defining the working plane; the first keypoint defines the origin, the second keypoint
defines the x-axis orientation, while the third defines the orientation of the working plane.
(Alternatively, type KWPLAN,1,100,101,102 into the command line)
Note that the planar areas between the two volumes were not added together.
{ Add the planar areas together (don't forget the other side!)
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Operate > (-Booleans-) Add > Areas
AADD, Area 1, Area 2, Area 3
{ First change the active coordinate system back to the global coordinate system (this will make it
easier to align to the new coordinate system)
Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Align WP with > Global Cartesian
X Y Z
#200 -20 61 26
#201 0 61 26
#202 -20 61 30
Recall when defining the working plane; the first keypoint defines the origin, the second keypoint
defines the x-axis orientation, while the third defines the orientation of the working plane.
(Alternatively, type KWPLAN,1,200,201,202 into the command line)
We now need to update the coordiante system to follow the working plane changes (ie make the new
Work Plane origin the active coordinate)
Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Change Active CS to > Working Plane
CSYS,4
X Y Z
#203 129-(0.57735*26) 0 0
#204 129-(0.57735*26) + 38 sqrt(3)/2*76 0
Quitting ANSYS
To quit ANSYS, select 'QUIT' from the ANSYS Toolbar or select 'Utility Menu'/'File'/'Exit...'. In the dialog box
that appears, click on 'Save Everything' (assuming that you want to) and then click on 'OK'.
! Solid Modelling PART-A
/PREP7
BLC4,2,0,1,5.5 ! Create rectangles
BLC4,3,2,5,1
BLC4,8,0,0.5,5
AADD,ALL ! Add the areas together
CYL4,3,5.5,0.5 ! Create circles
CYL4,8.5,0.2,0.2
ASBA,4,1 ! Subtract an area
AGEN,2,2,,,,4.6 ! Mirrors an area
AGEN,2,1,,,-0.5
AADD,ALL ! Adds all areas
LFILLT,22,7,0.1,, !Create a fillet radius of 0.1mm between lines 30
LFILLT,26,7,0.1,,
AL,3,6,9 ! Creates fillet area (arbitrary area using lines
AL,10,11,14
AADD,ALL
! Sweep
K,1001,0,0,0 ! Keypoints
K,1002,0,5,0
VROTAT,3, , , , , ,1001,1002,360, , ! Sweep area 4 about axis formed by
keypoints 1001
K,2001,0,3,0
K,2002,1,3,0
K,2003,0,3,1
KWPLAN,1,2001,2002,2003 !Align WorkPlane with keypoints
CSYS,5 ! Change Active CS to Global Cartesian Y
CYL4,5.5,0,0.5, , , ,1 ! Create circle
VGEN,8,5, , , ,45, , ,0 ! Pattern the circle every 45 degrees
!Subtract areas
vsbv,all,5
vsbv,13,6
vsbv,all,7
vsbv,4,8
vsbv,all,9
vsbv,2,10
vsbv,all,11
vsbv,2,12
! Solid Modelling PART-B
/PREP7
BLC4,0,0,109,102 ! Create rectangle
K,5,-20,82 ! Keypoints
K,6,-20,20
K,7,0,82
K,8,0,20
LARC,4,5,7,20 ! Line arcs
LARC,1,6,8,20
L,5,6
AL,4,5,6,7 ! Creates area from 4 lines
AADD,1,2 ! Now called area 3
CYL4,0,20,10 ! Area 1
AGEN,2,1, , ,69 ! Mirrors area 1
AGEN,2,1,2, , ,62 ! Mirrors again
ASBA,3,ALL ! Subtracts areas
VOFFST,6,26 ! Creates volume from area
K,100,109,102,0 ! Keypoints
K,101,109,2,0
K,102,159,102,sqrt(3)/0.02
KWPLAN,-1,100,101,102 ! Defines working plane
BLC4,0,0,102,180 ! Create rectangle
CYL4,51,180,51 ! Create circle
AADD,25,26 ! Add them together
VOFFST,27,26 ! Volume from area
VADD,1,2 ! Add volumes
AADD,33,34,38 ! Add areas
AADD,32,36,37
CYL4,51,180,32, , , ,60 ! Create cylinder
VADD,1,3 ! Add volumes
CYL4,51,180,18.5, , , ,60 ! Another cylinder
VSBV,2,1 ! Subtract it
WPCSYS,-1,0 ! This re-aligns the WP with the global coordinate system
K,200,-20,61,26 ! Keypoints
K,201,0,61,26
K,202,-20,61,30
KWPLAN,-1,200,201,202 ! Shift working plane
CSYS,4 ! Change active coordinate system
K,203,129-(0.57735*26),0,0 ! Keypoints
K,204, 129-(0.57735*26) + 38, sqrt(3)/2*76,0
A,200,203,204 ! Create area from keypoints
VOFFST,7,20, ! Volume from area
VADD, ALL ! Add it together
Intermediate Tutorials
The majority of these examples are simple verification problems to show you how to use
the intermediate techniques in ANSYS. You may be using a different version of ANSYS
than what was used to create these tutorials, therefore, make note of small changes in the
menu structure. These tutorials can be completed in any order, however, it is expected
that you have completed the Basic Tutorials before attempting these.
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of the tutorial is to show the required steps to
account for the weight of an object in ANSYS.
Loads will not be applied to the beam shown below in order to observe the deflection caused by the weight of
the beam itself. The beam is to be made of steel with a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa.
3. Define Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
K,#,x,y,z
We are going to define 2 keypoints for this beam as given in the following table:
4. Create Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
L,1,2
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3 degrees of
freedom (translation along the X and Y axes, and rotation about the Z axis).
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 500
ii. Area moment of inertia IZZ: 4166.67
iii. Total beam height: 10
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 200000
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
In the window that appears, enter the following density for steel:
i. Density DENS: 7.86e-6
3. Define Gravity
It is necessary to define the direction and magnitude of gravity for this problem.
{ Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Inertia > Gravity...
{ The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to define an acceleration of 9.81m/s2 in the y
direction.
Note: Acceleration is defined in terms of meters (not 'mm' as used throughout the problem). This is
because the units of acceleration and mass must be consistent to give the product of force units
(Newtons in this case). Also note that a positive acceleration in the y direction stimulates gravity in
the negative Y direction.
There should now be a red arrow pointing in the positive y direction. This indicates that an
acceleration has been defined in the y direction.
DK,1,ALL,0,
ACEL,,9.8
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
4. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
Hand calculations were performed to verify the solution found using ANSYS:
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0. The purpose of this tutorial is to explain how to apply
distributed loads and use element tables to extract data. Please note that this material was also covered in the
'Bicycle Space Frame' tutorial under 'Basic Tutorials'.
A distributed load of 1000 N/m (1 N/mm) will be applied to a solid steel beam with a rectangular cross section
as shown in the figure below. The cross-section of the beam is 10mm x 10mm while the modulus of elasticity of
the steel is 200GPa.
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure as given in the following
table:
4. Define Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
L,K#,K#
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 element. This element has 3 degrees of freedom
(translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis). With only 3 degrees of
freedom, the BEAM3 element can only be used in 2D analysis.
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 100
ii. Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 833.333
iii. Total beam height HEIGHT: 10
This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 10mm x 10mm.
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 200000
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
You may also wish to turn on element numbering and turn off keypoint numbering
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering ...
2. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
Pin Keypoint 1 (ie UX and UY constrained) and fix Keypoint 2 in the y direction (UY constrained).
3. Apply Loads
We will apply a distributed load, of 1000 N/m or 1 N/mm, over the entire length of the beam.
{ Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Beams
{ Click 'Pick All' in the 'Apply F/M' window.
{ As shown in the following figure, enter a value of 1 in the field 'VALI Pressure value at node I'
then click 'OK'.
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
Note:
To have the constraints and loads appear each time you select 'Replot' you must change some
settings. Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Symbols.... In the window that appears, select
'Pressures' in the pull down menu of the 'Surface Load Symbols' section.
As shown previously, we need to use element tables to obtain principle stresses for line elements.
2. Click 'Add...'
4. click 'Apply'
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 but change 'SMAXI' to 'SMAXJ' in step 3a and change '1' to '3' in step 3d.
6. Click 'OK'. The 'Element Table Data' window should now have two variables in it.
8. Select: General Postproc > Plot Results > Line Elem Res...
9. Select 'SMAXI' from the 'LabI' pull down menu and 'SMAXJ' from the 'LabJ' pull down menu
Note:
{ ANSYS can only calculate the stress at a single location on the element. For this example, we
decided to extract the stresses from the I and J nodes of each element. These are the nodes that are
at the ends of each element.
{ For this problem, we wanted the principal stresses for the elements. For the BEAM3 element this is
categorized as NMISC, 1 for the 'I' nodes and NMISC, 3 for the 'J' nodes. A list of available codes
for each element can be found in the ANSYS help files. (ie. type help BEAM3 in the ANSYS Input
window).
As shown in the plot below, the maximum stress occurs in the middle of the beam with a value of 750
MPa.
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to outline the steps required to do a
simple nonlinear analysis of the beam shown below.
There are several causes for nonlinear behaviour such as Changing Status (ex. contact elements), Material
Nonlinearities and Geometric Nonlinearities (change in response due to large deformations). This tutorial will
deal specifically with Geometric Nonlinearities .
To solve this problem, the load will added incrementally. After each increment, the stiffness matrix will be
adjusted before increasing the load.
The solution will be compared to the equivalent solution using a linear response.
2. Create Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure to create a beam with a
length of 5 inches:
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3 degrees of
freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis). With only 3 degrees
of freedom, the BEAM3 element can only be used in 2D analysis.
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 0.03125
ii. Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 4.069e-5
iii. Total beam height HEIGHT: 0.125
This defines an element with a solid rectangular cross section 0.25 x 0.125 inches.
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 30e6
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
If you are wondering why a 'Linear' model was chosen when this is a non-linear example, it is
because this example is for non-linear geometry, not non-linear material properties. If we were
considering a block of wood, for example, we would have to consider non-linear material
properties.
For this example we will specify an element edge length of 0.1 " (50 element divisions along the
line).
A. Ensure Large Static Displacements are permitted (this will include the effects of large
deflection in the results)
B. Ensure Automatic time stepping is on. Automatic time stepping allows ANSYS to determine
appropriate sizes to break the load steps into. Decreasing the step size usually ensures better
accuracy, however, this takes time. The Automatic Time Step feature will determine an
appropriate balance. This feature also activates the ANSYS bisection feature which will
allow recovery if convergence fails.
C. Enter 5 as the number of substeps. This will set the initial substep to 1/5 th of the total load.
The following example explains this: Assume that the applied load is 100 lb*in. If the
Automatic Time Stepping was off, there would be 5 load steps (each increasing by 1/5 th of
the total load):
20 lb*in
40 lb*in
60 lb*in
80 lb*in
100 lb*in
Now, with the Automatic Time Stepping is on, the first step size will still be 20 lb*in.
However, the remaining substeps will be determined based on the response of the material
due to the previous load increment.
D. Enter a maximum number of substeps of 1000. This stops the program if the solution does
not converge after 1000 steps.
NOTE
There are several options which have not been changed from their default values. For more
information about these commands, type help followed by the command into the command line.
3. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
4. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
Place a -100 lb*in moment in the MZ direction at the right end of the beam (Keypoint 2)
Command File
For each parameter, there are two curves plotted. For ease of explanation, we will look at the force
curves.
The F CRIT curve refers to the convergence criteria force value. This value is equal to the
product of VALUE x TOLER. The default value of VALUE is the square root of the sum of the
squares (SRSS) of the applied loads, or MINREF (which defaults to 0.001), which ever is
greater. This value can be changed using the CNVTOL command, which is discussed in the
help file. The value of TOLER defaults to 0.5% for loads.
One may inquire why the F CRIT value increases as the number of iterations increases. This
is because the analysis is made up of a number of substeps. In the case of a structural
example, such as this, these substeps are basically portions of the total load being applied
over time. For instance, a 100N load broken up with 20 substeps means 20, 5N loads will be
applied consequtively until the entire 100N is applied. Thus, the F CRIT value at the start
will be 1/20th of the final F CRIT value.
The F L2 curve refers to the L2 Vector Norm of the forces. The L2 norm is the SRSS of the
force imbalances for all DOF's. In simpler terms, this is the SRSS of the difference between
the calculated internal force at a particular DOF and the external force in that direction.
For each substep, ANSYS iterates until the F L2 value is below the F CRIT value. Once this
occurs, it is deemed the solution is within tolerance of the correct solution and it moves on to the
next substep. Generally, when the curves peak this is the start of a new substep. As can be seen in
the graph above, a peak follow everytime the L2 value drops below the CRIT value, as expected.
Graphical Solution Tracking
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 This will act as an explanation of what the Graphical Solution
Tracking plot is acutally describing. An example of such a plot is shown below and will be used throughout the
explanation.
The x-axis is labelled Cumulative Iteration Number. As ANSYS steps through non-linear
analysis, it uses a solver (Newton-Raphson, etc) that iterates to find a solution. If the problem is
relatively linear, very few iterations will be required and thus the length of the graph will be small.
However, if the solution is highly non-linear, or is not converging, many iterations will be required.
The length of the graph in these cases can be quite long. Again, for more information about
changing iteration settings, you can see Chapter 8.5 in the help file.
The y-axis is labelled Absolute Convergence Norm. In the case of a structural analysis, which
this graph is taken from, this absolute convergence norm refers to non-normalized values (ie there
are units associated with these values). Some analyses use normalized values. In reality it doesn't
really matter because it is only a comparison that is going on. This is what will be explained next.
Buckling
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 to solve a simple buckling problem.
It is recommended that you complete the NonLinear Tutorial prior to beginning this tutorial
Buckling loads are critical loads where certain types of structures become unstable. Each load has an associated
buckled mode shape; this is the shape that the structure assumes in a buckled condition. There are two primary
means to perform a buckling analysis:
1. Eigenvalue
Eigenvalue buckling analysis predicts the theoretical buckling strength of an ideal elastic structure. It
computes the structural eigenvalues for the given system loading and constraints. This is known as
classical Euler buckling analysis. Buckling loads for several configurations are readily available from
tabulated solutions. However, in real-life, structural imperfections and nonlinearities prevent most real-
world structures from reaching their eigenvalue predicted buckling strength; ie. it over-predicts the
expected buckling loads. This method is not recommended for accurate, real-world buckling prediction
analysis.
2. Nonlinear
Nonlinear buckling analysis is more accurate than eigenvalue analysis because it employs non-linear,
large-deflection, static analysis to predict buckling loads. Its mode of operation is very simple: it
gradually increases the applied load until a load level is found whereby the structure becomes unstable
(ie. suddenly a very small increase in the load will cause very large deflections). The true non-linear
nature of this analysis thus permits the modeling of geometric imperfections, load perterbations, material
nonlinearities and gaps. For this type of analysis, note that small off-axis loads are necessary to initiate
the desired buckling mode.
This tutorial will use a steel beam with a 10 mm X 10 mm cross section, rigidly constrained at the bottom. The
required load to cause buckling, applied at the top-center of the beam, will be calculated.
3. Define Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS ...
K,#,X,Y
We are going to define 2 Keypoints for this beam as given in the following table:
4. Create Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
L,1,2
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3 degrees of
freedom (translation along the X and Y axes, and rotation about the Z axis).
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 100
ii. Area moment of inertia IZZ: 833.333
iii. Total Beam Height HEIGHT: 10
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 200000
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
For this example we will specify an element edge length of 10 mm (10 element divisions along the
line).
{ You must first ensure that you are looking at the unabridged solution menu so that you can select
Analysis Options in the Analysis Type submenu. The last option in the solution menu will either
be 'Unabridged menu' (which means you are currently looking at the abridged version) or 'Abriged
Menu' (which means you are looking at the unabridged menu). If you are looking at the abridged
menu, select the unabridged version.
{ In the following window, change the [SSTIF][PSTRES] item to 'Prestress ON', which ensures the
stress stiffness matrix is calculated. This is required in eigenvalue buckling analysis.
3. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
4. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
The eignenvalue solver uses a unit force to determine the necessary buckling load. Applying a load
other than 1 will scale the answer by a factor of the load.
Apply a vertical (FY) point load of -1 N to the top of the beam (keypoint 2).
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
Normally at this point you enter the postprocessing phase. However, with a buckling analysis you must
re-enter the solution phase and specify the buckling analysis. Be sure to close the solution menu and re-
enter it or the buckling analysis may not function properly.
{ Complete the window which appears, as shown below. Select 'Block Lanczos' as an extraction
method and extract 1 mode. The 'Block Lanczos' method is used for large symmetric eigenvalue
problems and uses the sparse matrix solver. The 'Subspace' method could also be used, however it
tends to converge slower as it is a more robust solver. In more complex analyses the Block Lanczos
method may not be adequate and the Subspace method would have to be used.
9. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
Again it is necessary to exit and re-enter the solution phase. This time, however, is for an expansion pass.
An expansion pass is necessary if you want to review the buckled mode shape(s).
{ Select Solution > Analysis Type > Expansion Pass... and ensure that it is on. You may have to
select the 'Unabridged Menu' again to make this option visible.
{ Select Solution > Load Step Opts > ExpansionPass > Single Expand > Expand Modes ...
To display the minimum load required to buckle the beam select General Postproc > List Results
> Detailed Summary. The value listed under 'TIME/FREQ' is the load (41,123), which is in
Newtons for this example. If more than one mode was selected in the steps above, the
corresponding loads would be listed here as well.
/POST1
SET,LIST
{ Select General Postproc > Read Results > Last Set to bring up the data for the last mode
calculated.
The above example was solved using a mixture of the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) and the command
language interface of ANSYS. This problem has also been solved using the ANSYS command language
interface that you may want to browse. Open the file and save it to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read
input from...' and select the file.
Non-Linear Buckling Analysis
Ensure that you have completed the NonLinear Tutorial prior to beginning this portion of the tutorial
3. Create Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
K,#,X,Y
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure to create a beam with a
length of 100 millimeters:
4. Define Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3 degrees of
freedom (translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis). With only 3 degrees
of freedom, the BEAM3 element can only be used in 2D analysis.
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 100
ii. Area Moment of Inertia IZZ: 833.333
iii. Total beam height HEIGHT: 10
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 200e3
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
For this example we will specify an element edge length of 1 mm (100 element divisions along the
line).
ESIZE,1
Ensure the following selections are made under the 'Basic' tab (as shown above)
A. Ensure Large Static Displacements are permitted (this will include the effects of large
deflection in the results)
B. Ensure Automatic time stepping is on. Automatic time stepping allows ANSYS to determine
appropriate sizes to break the load steps into. Decreasing the step size usually ensures better
accuracy, however, this takes time. The Automatic Time Step feature will determine an
appropriate balance. This feature also activates the ANSYS bisection feature which will
allow recovery if convergence fails.
C. Enter 20 as the number of substeps. This will set the initial substep to 1/20 th of the total
load.
D. Enter a maximum number of substeps of 1000. This stops the program if the solution does
not converge after 1000 steps.
Ensure the following selection is made under the 'Nonlinear' tab (as shown below)
A. Ensure Line Search is 'On'. This option is used to help the Newton-Raphson solver converge.
NOTE
There are several options which have not been changed from their default values. For more
information about these commands, type help followed by the command into the command line.
3. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
4. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
Place a -50,000 N load in the FY direction on the top of the beam (Keypoint 2). Also apply a -250
N load in the FX direction on Keypoint 2. This horizontal load will persuade the beam to buckle at
the minimum buckling load.
The model should now look like the window shown below.
{ To view the element in 2D rather than a line: Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Size and Shape
and turn 'Display of element' ON (as shown below).
{ General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape... > Def + undeformed
PLDISP,1
{ View the deflection contour plot
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu... > DOF solution, UY
PLNSOL,U,Y,0,1
1. Define Variables
{ Select: Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro. The following window should open automatically.
If it does not open automatically, select Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro > Variable Viewer
{ Click the add button in the upper left corner of the window to add a variable.
{ Double-click Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Y-Component of displacement (as shown
below) and click OK. Pick the uppermost node on the beam and click OK in the 'Node for Data'
window.
{ To add another variable, click the add button again. This time select Reaction Forces > Structural
Forces > Y-Component of Force. Pick the lowermost node on the beam and click OK.
{ On the Time History Variable window, click the circle in the 'X-Axis' column for FY_3. This will
make the reaction force the x-variable. The Time History Variables window should now look like
this:
The plot shows how the beam became unstable and buckled with a load of approximately 40,000 N,
the point where a large deflection occured due to a small increase in force. This is slightly less than
the eigen-value solution of 41,123 N, which was expected due to non-linear geometry issues
discussed above.
The above example was solved using a mixture of the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) and the command
language interface of ANSYS. This problem has also been solved using the ANSYS command language
interface that you may want to browse. Open the file and save it to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read
input from...' and select the file.
FINISH ! These two commands clear current data
/CLEAR
/TITLE,Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis
/PREP7 ! Enter the preprocessor
ET,1,BEAM3 ! Define the element of the beam to be buckled
R,1,100,833.333,10 ! Real Consts: type 1, area (mm^2), I (mm^4), height
(mm)
MP,EX,1,200000 ! Young's modulus (in MPa)
MP,PRXY,1,0.3 ! Poisson's ratio
K,1,0,0 ! Define the geometry of beam (100 mm high)
K,2,0,100
L,1,2 ! Draw the line
ESIZE,10 ! Set element size to 1 mm
LMESH,ALL,ALL ! Mesh the line
FINISH
/SOLU ! Enter the solution mode
ANTYPE,STATIC ! Before you can do a buckling analysis, ANSYS
! needs the info from a static analysis
PSTRES,ON ! Prestress can be accounted for - required
! during buckling analysis
DK,1,ALL ! Constrain the bottom of beam
FK,2,FY,-1 ! Load the top vertically with a unit load.
! This is done so the eigenvalue calculated
! will be the actual buckling load, since
! all loads are scaled during the analysis.
SOLVE
FINISH
/SOLU ! Enter the solution mode again to solve buckling
ANTYPE,BUCKLE ! Buckling analysis
BUCOPT,LANB,1 ! Buckling options - subspace, one mode
SOLVE
FINISH
/SOLU ! Re-enter solution mode to expand info - necessary
EXPASS,ON ! An expantion pass will be performed
MXPAND,1 ! Specifies the number of modes to expand
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1 ! Enter post-processor
SET,LIST ! List eigenvalue solution - Time/Freq listing is the
! force required for buckling (in N for this case).
SET,LAST ! Read in data for the desired mode
PLDISP ! Plots the deflected shape
NonLinear Materials
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of the tutorial is to describe how to include material
nonlinearities in an ANSYS model. For instance, the case when a large force is applied resulting in a stresses
greater than yield strength. In such a case, a multilinear stress-strain relationship can be included which follows
the stress-strain curve of the material being used. This will allow ANSYS to more accurately model the plastic
deformation of the material.
For this analysis, a simple tension speciment 100 mm X 5 mm X 5 mm is constrained at the bottom and has a
load pulling on the top. This specimen is made out of a experimental substance called "WhoKilledKenium".
The stress-strain curve for the substance is shown above. Note the linear section up to approximately 225 MPa
where the Young's Modulus is constant (75 GPa). The material then begins to yield and the relationship
becomes plastic and nonlinear.
2. Create Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS
/PREP7
K,#,X,Y
We are going to define 2 keypoints (the beam vertices) for this structure to create a beam with a
length of 100 millimeters:
3. Define Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight Line
For this problem we will use the LINK1 (2D spar) element. This element has 2 degrees of freedom
(translation along the X and Y axis's) and can only be used in 2D analysis.
In the 'Real Constants for LINK1' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 25
ii. Initial Strain: 0
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 75e3
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
Now that the initial properties of the material have been outlined, the stress-strain data must be
included.
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Nonlinear > Elastic >
Multilinear Elastic
The following window will pop up.
Fill in the STRAIN and STRESS boxes with the following data. These are points from the
stress-strain curve shown above, approximating the curve with linear interpolation between
the points. When the data for the first point is input, click Add Point to add another. When
all the points have been inputed, click Graph to see the curve. It should look like the one
shown above. Then click OK.
Curve
Strain Stress
Points
1 0 0
2 0.001 75
3 0.002 150
4 0.003 225
5 0.004 240
6 0.005 250
7 0.025 300
8 0.060 355
9 0.100 390
10 0.150 420
11 0.200 435
12 0.250 449
13 0.275 450
To get the problem geometry back, select Utility Menu > Plot > Replot.
/REPLOT
Ensure the following selections are made under the 'Basic' tab (as shown above)
A. Ensure Large Static Displacements are permitted (this will include the effects of large
deflection in the results)
B. Ensure Automatic time stepping is on. Automatic time stepping allows ANSYS to determine
appropriate sizes to break the load steps into. Decreasing the step size usually ensures better
accuracy, however, this takes time. The Automatic Time Step feature will determine an
appropriate balance. This feature also activates the ANSYS bisection feature which will
allow recovery if convergence fails.
C. Enter 20 as the number of substeps. This will set the initial substep to 1/20 th of the total
load.
D. Enter a maximum number of substeps of 1000. This stops the program if the solution does
not converge after 1000 steps.
F. Ensure all solution items are writen to a results file. This means rather than just recording the
data for the last load step, data for every load step is written to the database. Therefore, you
can plot certain parameters over time.
Ensure the following selection is made under the 'Nonlinear' tab (as shown below)
A. Ensure Line Search is 'On'. This option is used to help the Newton-Raphson solver converge.
NOTE
There are several options which have not been changed from their default values. For more
information about these commands, type help followed by the command into the command line.
3. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
4. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
Place a 10,000 N load in the FY direction on the top of the beam (Keypoint 2).
1. To view the element in 2D rather than a line: Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Size and Shape and
turn 'Display of element' ON (as shown below).
2. View the deflection contour plot
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu... > DOF solution, UY
PLNSOL,U,Y,0,1
Other results can be obtained as shown in previous linear static analyses.
As shown, you can obtain the results (such as deflection, stress and bending moment diagrams) the same way
you did in previous examples using the General Postprocessor. However, you may wish to view time history
results such as the deflection of the object over time.
1. Define Variables
{ Select: Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro. The following window should open automatically.
If it does not open automatically, select Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro > Variable Viewer
{ Click the add button in the upper left corner of the window to add a variable.
{ Select Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Y-Component of displacement (as shown below) and
click OK. Pick the uppermost node on the beam and click OK in the 'Node for Data' window.
{ To add another variable, click the add button again. This time select Reaction Forces > Structural
Forces > Y-Component of Force. Pick the lowermost node on the beam and click OK.
{ On the Time History Variable window, click the circle in the 'X-Axis' column for FY_3. This will
make the reaction force the x-variable. The Time History Variables window should now look like
this:
2. Graph Results over Time
{ The labels on the plot are not updated by ANSYS, so you must change them manually. Select
Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axes and re-label the X and Y-axis
appropriately.
This plot shows how the beam deflected linearly when the force, and subsequently the stress, was
low (in the linear range). However, as the force increased, the deflection (proportional to strain)
began to increase at a greater rate. This is because the stress in the beam is in the plastic range and
thus no longer relates to strain linearly. When you verify this example analytically, you will see the
solutions are very similar. The difference can be attributed to the ANSYS solver including large
deflection calculations.
The above example was solved using a mixture of the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) and the command
language interface of ANSYS. This problem has also been solved using the ANSYS command language
interface that you may want to browse. Open the file and save it to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read
input from...' and select the file.
finish
/clear
/prep7 ! Enter Preprocessor
k,1,0,0 ! Keypoints
k,2,0,100
l,1,2 ! Line connecting keypoints
ET,1,LINK1 ! Element type
R,1,25 ! Area of 25
MP,EX,1,75000 ! Young's modulus
MP,PRXY,1,0.3 ! Poisson's ratio
TB,MELA,1,1,12, ! Create a table of 12 data points
! to map the stress-strain curve
TBPT,,.001,75 ! Data points
TBPT,,.002,150
TBPT,,.003,225
TBPT,,.004,240
TBPT,,.005,250
TBPT,,.025,300
TBPT,,.06,355
TBPT,,.1,390
TBPT,,.15,420
TBPT,,.2,435
TBPT,,.25,449
TBPT,,.275,450
ESIZE,5 ! Element size 5
LMESH,all ! Line mesh all lines
FINISH
/SOLU ! Enter solution phase
NLGEOM,ON ! Nonlinear geometry on
NSUBST,20,1000,1 ! 20 load steps
OUTRES,ALL,ALL ! Output data for all load steps
AUTOTS,ON ! Auto time-search on
LNSRCH,ON ! Line search on
NEQIT,1000 ! 1000 iteration maximum
ANTYPE,0 ! Static analysis
DK,1,all ! Constrain keypoint 1
FK,2,FY,10000 ! Load on keypoint 2
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1 ! Enter post processor
/ESHAPE,1 ! Show element shape
PLNSOL,U,Y,0,1 ! Plot deflection contour
FINISH
/POST26 ! Enter time history
RFORCE,2,1,F,Y ! Reads force data in variable 2
NSOL,3,2,U,Y ! Reads y-deflection data into var 3
XVAR,2 ! Make variable 2 the x-axis
PLVAR,3
/AXLAB,Y,DEFLECTION ! Changes y label
/AXLAB,X,LOAD ! Changes X label
/REPLOT
Modal Analysis of a Cantilever Beam
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to outline the steps required to do a
simple modal analysis of the cantilever beam shown below.
{ Check the box beside 'Expand mode shapes' and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to expand'
{ Click 'OK'
Note that the default mode extraction method chosen is the Reduced Method. This is the fastest
method as it reduces the system matrices to only consider the Master Degrees of Freedom (see
below). The Subspace Method extracts modes for all DOF's. It is therefore more exact but, it also
takes longer to compute (especially when the complex geometries).
{ For this problem, we will use the default options so click on OK.
3. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
Note: To obtain accurate higher mode frequencies, this mesh would have to be refined even more
(i.e. instead of 10 elements, we would have to model the cantilever using 15 or more elements
depending upon the highest mode frequency of interest).
{ Select General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'
The first mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.
{ To view the next mode shape, select General Postproc > Read Results > Next Set . As above
choose General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed shape . Select 'Def + undef edge'.
{ The first four mode shapes should look like the following:
3. Animate Mode Shapes
{ Select Utility Menu (Menu at the top) > Plot Ctrls > Animate > Mode Shape
Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
z Instead of specifying the Subspace method, select the Reduced method and specify 5 modes for
extraction.
Note:For this example both the number of modes and frequency range was specified. ANSYS then
extracts the minimum number of modes between the two.
z Select Solution > Master DOF > User Selected > Define
z When prompted, select all nodes except the left most node (fixed).
The following table compares the mode frequencies in Hz predicted by theory and ANSYS (Reduced).
As you can see, the error does not change significantly. However, for more complex structures, larger errors
would be expected using the reduced method.
FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, Dynamic Analysis
/PREP7
K,1,0,0 ! Enter keypoints
K,2,1,0
L,1,2 ! Create line
ET,1,BEAM3 ! Element type
R,1,0.0001,8.33e-10,0.01 ! Real Const: area,I,height
MP,EX,1,2.068e11 ! Young's modulus
MP,PRXY,1,0.33 ! Poisson's ratio
MP,DENS,1,7830 ! Density
LESIZE,ALL,,,10 ! Element size
LMESH,1 ! Mesh line
FINISH
/SOLU
ANTYPE,2 ! Modal analysis
MODOPT,SUBSP,5 ! Subspace, 5 modes
EQSLV,FRONT ! Frontal solver
MXPAND,5 ! Expand 5 modes
DK,1,ALL ! Constrain keypoint one
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1 ! List solutions
SET,LIST
SET,FIRST
PLDISP ! Display first mode shape
ANMODE,10,0.5, ,0 ! Animate mode shape
Harmonic Analysis of a Cantilever Beam
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to explain the steps required to
perform Harmonic analysis the cantilever beam shown below.
We will now conduct a harmonic forced response test by applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at the end of the
beam. The frequency of the load will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. The figure below depicts the beam with the
application of the load.
ANSYS provides 3 methods for conducting a harmonic analysis. These 3 methods are the Full , Reduced and
Modal Superposition methods.
This example demonstrates the Full method because it is simple and easy to use as compared to the other two
methods. However, this method makes use of the full stiffness and mass matrices and thus is the slower and
costlier option.
{ As shown, select the Full Solution method, the Real + imaginary DOF printout format and do not
use lumped mass approx.
{ Click 'OK'
The following window will appear. Use the default settings (shown below).
3. Apply Constraints
{ Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes
The following window will appear once you select the node at x=0 (Note small changes in the
window compared to the static examples):
4. Apply Loads:
{ Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes
{ The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to apply a load with a real value of 100 and
an imaginary value of 0 in the positive 'y' direction
Note: By specifying a real and imaginary value of the load we are providing information on
magnitude and phase of the load. In this case the magnitude of the load is 100 N and its phase is 0.
Phase information is important when you have two or more cyclic loads being applied to the
structure as these loads could be in or out of phase. For harmonic analysis, all loads applied to a
structure must have the SAME FREQUENCY.
{ Select Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequency > Freq and Substps...
{ As shown in the window below, specify a frequency range of 0 - 100Hz, 100 substeps and stepped
b.c..
By doing this we will be subjecting the beam to loads at 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, ..... 100 Hz. We will
specify a stepped boundary condition (KBC) as this will ensure that the same amplitude (100 N)
will be applyed for each of the frequencies. The ramped option, on the other hand, would ramp up
the amplitude where at 1 Hz the amplitude would be 1 N and at 100 Hz the amplitude would be 100
N.
You should now have the following in the ANSYS Graphics window
6. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
2. Define Variables
In here we have to define variables that we want to see plotted. By default, Variable 1 is assigned either
Time or Frequency. In our case it is assigned Frequency. We want to see the displacement UY at the
node at x=1, which is node #2. (To get a list of nodes and their attributes, select Utility Menu > List >
nodes).
{ Select TimeHist Postpro > Variable Viewer... and the following window should pop up.
{ Select Add (the green '+' sign in the upper left corner) from this window and the following window
should appear
{ We are interested in the Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Y-Component of displacement. Click
OK.
{ Graphically select node 2 when prompted and click OK. The 'Time History Variables' window
should now look as follows
{ In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'List' button, 3 buttons to the left of 'Add'
{ In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'Plot' button, 2 buttons to the left of 'Add'
The following graph should be plotted in the main ANSYS window.
Note that we get peaks at frequencies of approximately 8.3 and 51 Hz. This corresponds with the
predicted frequencies of 8.311 and 51.94Hz.
To get a better view of the response, view the log scale of UY.
{ Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axis
{ For ANSYS version lower than 7.0, the 'Variable Viewer' window is not available. Use the 'Define
Variables' and 'Store Data' functions under TimeHist Postpro. See the help file for instructions.
FINISH
/CLEAR
/TITLE, Dynamic Analysis
/PREP7
K,1,0,0 ! Enter keypoints
K,2,1,0
L,1,2 ! Create line
ET,1,BEAM3 ! Element type
R,1,0.0001,8.33e-10,0.01 ! Real Const: area,I,height
MP,EX,1,2.068e11 ! Young's modulus
MP,PRXY,1,0.33 ! Poisson's ratio
MP,DENS,1,7830 ! Density
LESIZE,ALL,,,10 ! Element size
LMESH,1 ! Mesh line
FINISH
/SOLU
ANTYPE,3 ! Harmonic analysis
DK,1,ALL ! Constrain keypoint 1
FK,2,FY,100 ! Apply force
HARFRQ,0,100, ! Frequency range
NSUBST,100, ! Number of frequency steps
KBC,1 ! Stepped loads
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST26
NSOL,2,2,U,Y, UY_2 ! Get y-deflection data
STORE,MERGE
PRVAR,2 ! Print data
PLVAR,2 ! Plot data
Transient Analysis of a Cantilever Beam
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to show the steps involved to
perform a simple transient analysis.
Transient dynamic analysis is a technique used to determine the dynamic response of a structure under a
time-varying load.
The time frame for this type of analysis is such that inertia or damping effects of the structure are
considered to be important. Cases where such effects play a major role are under step or impulse
loading conditions, for example, where there is a sharp load change in a fraction of time.
If inertia effects are negligible for the loading conditions being considered, a static analysis may be used
instead.
For our case, we will impact the end of the beam with an impulse force and view the response at the
location of impact.
Since an ideal impulse force excites all modes of a structure, the response of the beam should contain all
mode frequencies. However, we cannot produce an ideal impulse force numerically. We have to apply a
load over a discrete amount of time dt.
After the application of the load, we track the response of the beam at discrete time points for as long as
we like (depending on what it is that we are looking for in the response).
The size of the time step is governed by the maximum mode frequency of the structure we wish to
capture. The smaller the time step, the higher the mode frequency we will capture. The rule of thumb in
ANSYS is
time_step = 1 / 20f
where f is the highest mode frequency we wish to capture. In other words, we must resolve our step size
such that we will have 20 discrete points per period of the highest mode frequency.
It should be noted that a transient analysis is more involved than a static or harmonic analysis. It
requires a good understanding of the dynamic behavior of a structure. Therefore, a modal
analysis of the structure should be initially performed to provide information about the
structure's dynamic behavior.
z The Reduced Method: This method reduces the system matrices to only consider the Master
Degrees of Freedom (MDOFs). Because of the reduced size of the matrices, the calculations are
much quicker. However, this method handles only linear problems (such as our cantilever case).
z The Mode Superposition Method: This method requires a preliminary modal analysis, as
factored mode shapes are summed to calculate the structure's response. It is the quickest of the
three methods, but it requires a good deal of understanding of the problem at hand.
We will use the Reduced Method for conducting our transient analysis. Usually one need not go further
than Reviewing the Reduced Results. However, if stresses and forces are of interest than, we would have
to Expand the Reduced Solution.
{ Select Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Transient
{ Select Solution > Master DOFs > User Selected > Define
{ Select all nodes except the left most node (at x=0).
The following window will open, choose UY as the first dof in this window
For an explanation on Master DOFs, see the section on Using the Reduced Method for
modal analysis.
4. Apply Loads
We will define our impulse load using Load Steps. The following time history curve shows our
load steps and time steps. Note that for the reduced method, a constant time step is required
throughout the time range.
We can define each load step (load and time at the end of load segment) and save them in a file
for future solution purposes. This is highly recommended especially when we have many load
steps and we wish to re-run our solution.
We can also solve for each load step after we define it. We will go ahead and save each load step
in a file for later use, at the same time solve for each load step after we are done defining it.
We need to establish initial conditions (the condition at Time = 0). Since the
equations for a transient dynamic analysis are of second order, two sets of initial
conditions are required; initial displacement and initial velocity. However, both
default to zero. Therefore, for this example we can skip this step.
Select Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequenc > Time - Time Step ..
set a time of 0 for the end of the load step (as shown below).
set [DELTIM] to 0.001. This will specify a time step size of 0.001
seconds to be used for this load step.
b. Load Step 2
Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On
Nodes and select the right most node (at x=1). Enter a force in the FY direction
of value -100 N.
Select Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequenc > Time - Time Step ..
and set a time of 0.001 for the end of the load step
Enter LSNUM = 2
c. Load Step 3
Select Solution > Define Loads > Delete > Structural > Force/Moment >
On Nodes and delete the load at x=1.
Select Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequenc > Time - Time Step ..
and set a time of 1 for the end of the load step
Enter LSNUM = 3
5. Solve the System
1. Define Variables
In here we have to define variables that we want to see plotted. By default, Variable 1 is assigned
either Time or Frequency. In our case it is assigned Frequency. We want to see the displacement
UY at the node at x=1, which is node #2. (To get a list of nodes and their attributes, select Utility
Menu > List > nodes).
{ Select TimeHist Postpro > Variable Viewer... and the following window should pop up.
{ Select Add (the green '+' sign in the upper left corner) from this window and the following
window should appear
{ We are interested in the Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Y-Component of
displacement. Click OK.
{ Graphically select node 2 when prompted and click OK. The 'Time History Variables'
window should now look as follows
{ In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'List' button, 3 buttons to the left of 'Add'
{ In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'Plot' button, 2 buttons to the left of 'Add'
The following graph should be plotted in the main ANSYS window.
There are approximately 8 cycles in one second. This is the first mode of the
cantilever beam and we have been able to capture it.
We also see another response at a higher frequency. We may have captured some
response at the second mode at 52 Hz of the beam.
Note that the response does not decay as it should not. We did not specify damping
for our system.
For most problems, one need not go further than Reviewing the Reduced Results as the response
of the structure is of utmost interest in transient dynamic analysis.
However, if stresses and forces are of interest, we would have to expand the reduced solution.
Let's say we are interested in the beam's behaviour at peak responses. We should then expand a
few or all solutions around one peak (or dip). We will expand 10 solutions within the range of
0.08 and 0.11 seconds.
{ Select Solution > Load Step Opts > ExpansionPass > Single Expand > Range of Solu's
{ Complete the window as shown below. This will expand 10 solutions withing the range of
0.08 and 0.11 seconds
We did not specify damping in our transient analysis of the beam. We specify damping at the same time
we specify our time & time steps for each load step.
We will now re-run our transient analysis, but now we will consider damping. Here is where the use of
load step files comes in handy. We can easily change a few values in these files and re-run our whole
solution from these load case files.
z Open up the first load step file (Dynamic.s01) for editing Utility Menu > File > List > Other >
Dynamic.s01. The file should look like the following..
z Change the damping value BETAD from 0 to 0.01 in all three load step files.
z We will have to re-run the job for the new load step files. Select Utility Menu > file > Clear and
Start New.
z Repeat the steps shown above up to the point where we select MDOFs. After selecting MDOFs,
simply go to Solution > (-Solve-) From LS files ... and in the window that opens up select files
from 1 to 3 in steps of 1.
z After the results have been calculated, plot up the response at node 2 in POST26. The damped
response should look like the following
Command File Mode of Solution
The above example was solved using the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) of ANSYS. This problem
has also been solved using the ANSYS command language interface that you may want to browse. Open
the file and save it to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read input from...' and select the file.
finish
/clear
/TITLE, Dynamic Analysis
/FILNAME,Dynamic,0 ! This sets the jobname to 'Dynamic'
/PREP7 ! Enter preprocessor
K,1,0,0 ! Keypoints
K,2,1,0
L,1,2 ! Connect keypoints with line
ET,1,BEAM3 ! Element type
R,1,0.0001,8.33e-10,0.01 ! Real constants
MP,EX,1,2.068e11 ! Young's modulus
MP,PRXY,1,0.33 ! Poisson's ratio
MP,DENS,1,7830 ! Density
LESIZE,ALL,,,10 ! Element size
LMESH,1 ! Mesh the line
FINISH
/SOLU ! Enter solution phase
ANTYPE, TRANS ! Transient analysis
TRNOPT,REDUC, ! reduced solution method
DELTIM,0.001 ! Specifies the time step sizes
!At time equals 0s
NSEL,S,,,2,11, ! select nodes 2 - 11
M,All,UY, , , ! Define Master DOFs
NSEL,ALL ! Reselect all nodes
D,1,ALL ! Constrain left end
F,2,FY,-100 ! Load right end
!*
!At time equals 0.001s
TIME,0.001 ! Sets time to 0.001 seconds
KBC,0 ! Ramped load step
FDELE,2,ALL ! Delete the load at the end
!*
!At time equals 1s
TIME,1 ! Sets time to 1 second
KBC,0 ! Ramped load step
!*
LSSOLVE,1,3,1 ! solve multiple load steps
FINISH
/POST26 ! Enter time history
FILE,'Dynamic','rdsp','.' ! Calls the dynamic file
NSOL,2,2,U,Y, UY_2 ! Calls data for UY deflection at node 2
STORE,MERGE ! Stores the data
PLVAR,2, ! Plots vs. time
!Please note, if you are using a later version of ANSYS,
!you will probably have to issue the LSWRITE command at the
!end of each load step for the LSSOLVE command to function
!properly. In this case, replace the !* found in the code
!with LSWRITE and the problem should be solved.
Simple Conduction Example
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 to solve a simple conduction problem.
The Simple Conduction Example is constrained as shown in the following figure. Thermal conductivity (k) of
the material is 10 W/m*C and the block is assumed to be infinitely long.
2. Create geometry
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners > X=0, Y=0, Width=1,
Height=1
BLC4,0,0,1,1
5. Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas > 0.05
AESIZE,ALL,0.05
6. Mesh
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > Pick All
AMESH,ALL
2. Apply Constraints
For thermal problems, constraints can be in the form of Temperature, Heat Flow, Convection, Heat Flux,
Heat Generation, or Radiation. In this example, all 4 sides of the block have fixed temperatures.
{ Click the Box option (shown below) and draw a box around the nodes on the top line.
The following window will appear:
{ Fill the window in as shown to constrain the side to a constant temperature of 500
{ Using the same method, constrain the remaining 3 sides to a constant value of 100
Plot Temperature
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu ... > DOF solution, Temperature
TEMP
Note that due to the manner in which the boundary contitions were applied, the top corners are held at a
temperature of 100. Recall that the nodes on the top of the plate were constrained first, followed by the
side and bottom constraints. The top corner nodes were therefore first constrained at 500C, then
'overwritten' when the side constraints were applied. Decreasing the mesh size can minimize this effect,
however, one must be aware of the limitations in the results at the corners.
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 to solve a simple transient conduction problem. Special thanks to
Jesse Arnold for the analytical solution shown at the end of the tutorial.
The example is constrained as shown in the following figure. Thermal conductivity (k) of the material is 5
W/m*K and the block is assumed to be infinitely long. Also, the density of the material is 920 kg/m^3 and the
specific heat capacity (c) is 2.040 kJ/kg*K.
It is beneficial if the Thermal-Conduction tutorial is completed first to compare with this solution.
For this example, we will use PLANE55 (Thermal Solid, Quad 4node 55). This element has 4
nodes and a single DOF (temperature) at each node. PLANE55 can only be used for 2 dimensional
steady-state or transient thermal analysis.
6. Mesh Size
Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas > 0.05
AESIZE,ALL,0.05
7. Mesh
Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > Pick All
AMESH,ALL
The window shown below will pop up. We will use the defaults, so click OK.
A) Set Time at end of loadstep to 300 and Automatic time stepping to ON.
B) Set Number of substeps to 20, Max no. of substeps to 100, Min no. of substeps to 20.
C) Set the Frequency to Write every substep.
For a complete description of what these options do, refer to the help file. Basically, the time at the
end of the load step is how long the transient analysis will run and the number of substeps defines
how the load is broken up. By writing the data at every step, you can create animations over time
and the other options help the problem converge quickly.
3. Apply Constraints
For thermal problems, constraints can be in the form of Temperature, Heat Flow, Convection, Heat Flux,
Heat Generation, or Radiation. In this example, 2 sides of the block have fixed temperatures and the other
two are insulated.
{ Click the Box option (shown below) and draw a box around the nodes on the top line and then click
OK.
{ Using the same method, constrain the bottom line to a constant value of 100 K
Fill in the IC window as follows to set the initial temperature of the material to 100 K:
Plot Temperature
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu ... > DOF solution, Temperature
TEMP
Fill in the window as shown, with 8 contours, user specified, from 100 to 500.
{ Then animate the data.
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Animate > Over Time...
Fill in the following window as shown (20 frames, 0 - 300 Time Range, Auto contour scaling
OFF, DOF solution > TEMP)
You can see how the temperature rises over the area over time. The heat flows from the higher
temperature to the lower temperature constraints as expected. Also, you can see how it reaches
equilibrium when the time reaches approximately 200 seconds. Shown below are analytical and ANSYS
generated temperature vs time curves for the center of the block. As can be seen, the curves are
practically identical, thus the validity of the ANSYS simulation has been proven.
Analytical Solution
ANSYS Generated Solution
{ Select: Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro. The following window should open automatically.
If it does not open automatically, select Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro > Variable Viewer
{ Click the add button in the upper left corner of the window to add a variable.
{ Select Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Temperature (as shown below) and click OK. Pick the
center node on the mesh, node 261, and click OK in the 'Node for Data' window.
{ The Time History Variables window should now look like this:
2. Graph Results over Time
{ The labels on the plot are not updated by ANSYS, so you must change them manually. Select
Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axes and re-label the X and Y-axis
appropriately.
Note how this plot does not exactly match the plot shown above. This is because the solution has
not completely converged. To cause the solution to converge, one of two things can be done:
decrease the mesh size or increase the number of substeps used in the transient analysis. From
experience, reducing the mesh size will do little in this case, as the mesh is adequate to capture the
response. Instead, increasing the number of substeps from say 20 to 300, will cause the solution to
converge. This will greatly increase the computational time required though, which is why only 20
substeps are used in this tutorial. Twenty substeps gives an adequate and quick approximation of
the solution.
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 This tutorial is intended to outline the steps required to create an
axisymmetric model.
The model will be that of a closed tube made from steel. Point loads will be applied at the center of the top and
bottom plate to make an analytical verification simple to calculate. A 3/4 cross section view of the tube is
shown below.
As a warning, point loads will create discontinuities in the your model near the point of application. If you
chose to use these types of loads in your own modelling, be very careful and be sure to understand the theory of
how the FEA package is appling the load and the assumption it is making. In this case, we will only be
concerned about the stress distribution far from the point of application, so the discontinuities will have a
negligable effect.
3. Create Areas
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By Dimensions
RECTNG,X1,X2,Y1,Y2
For an axisymmetric problem, ANSYS will rotate the area around the y-axis at x=0. Therefore, to
create the geometry mentioned above, we must define a U-shape.
Rectangle X1 X2 Y1 Y2
1 0 20 0 5
2 15 20 0 100
3 0 20 95 100
For this problem we will use the PLANE2 (Structural, Solid, Triangle 6node) element. This
element has 2 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axes).
Many elements support axisymmetry, however if the Ansys Elements Reference (which can be
found in the help file) does not discuss axisymmetric applications for a particular element type,
axisymmetry is not supported.
6. Turn on Axisymmetry
While the Element Types window is still open, click the Options... button.
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 200000
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
2. Apply Constraints
{ Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > Symmetry B.C. > On Lines
Pick the two edges on the left, at x=0, as shown below. By using the symmetry B.C. command,
ANSYS automatically calculates which DOF's should be constrained for the line of symmetry.
Since the element we are using only has 2 DOF's per node, we could have constrained the lines in
the x-direction to create the symmetric boundary conditions.
Select Nodes and By Location from the scroll down menus. Click Y coordinates and type 50 into
the input box as shown below, then click OK.
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes > Pick All
Constrain the nodes in the y-direction (UY). This is required to constrain the model in space,
otherwise it would be free to float up or down. The location to constrain the model in the y-
direction (y=50) was chosen because it is along a symmetry plane. Therefore, these nodes won't
move in the y-direction according to theory.
In the select entities window, click Sele All to reselect all nodes. It is important to always reselect all
entities once you've finished to ensure future commands are applied to the whole model and not just a few
entities. Once you've clicked Sele All, click on Cancel to close the window.
4. Apply Loads
{ Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
Pick the top left corner of the area and click OK. Apply a load of 100 in the FY direction.
{ Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
Pick the bottom left corner of the area and click OK. Apply a load of -100 in the FY direction.
{ The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
5. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
Hand calculations were performed to verify the solution found using ANSYS:
Select Nodes > By Location > Y coordinates and type 45,55 in the Min,Max box, as shown below
and click OK.
{ General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution > Stress > Components SCOMP
{ If you take the average of the stress in the y-direction over the thickness of the tube, (0.18552 +
0.17866)/2, the stress in the tube is 0.182 MPa, matching the analytical solution. The average is
used because in the analytical case, it is assumed the stress is evenly distributed across the
thickness. This is only true when the location is far from any stress concentrators, such as corners.
Thus, to approximate the analytical solution, we must average the stress over the thickness.
3. Plotting the Elements as Axisymmetric
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Symmetry Expansion > 2-D Axi-symmetric...
The following window will appear. By clicking on 3/4 expansion you can produce the figure
shown at the beginning of this tutorial.
4. Extra Exercise
It is educational to repeat this tutorial, but leave out the key option which enables axisymmetric
modelling. The rest of the commands remain the same. If this is done, the model is a flat, rectangular
plate, with a rectangular hole in the middle. Both the stress distribution and deformed shape change
drastically, as expected due to the change in geometry. Thus, when using axisymmetry be sure to verify
the solutions you get are reasonable to ensure the model is infact axisymmetric.
The majority of these examples are simple verification problems to show you how to use
the more advanced techniques in ANSYS. You may be using a different version of
ANSYS than what was used to create these tutorials, therefore, make note of small
changes in the menu structure. These tutorials can be completed in any order, however, it
is expected that you have completed the Basic Tutorials.
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 5.7.1. This tutorial will introduce:
A 1000N vertical load will be applied to a catapult as shown in the figure below. The catapult is built from steel
tubing with an outer diameter of 40 mm, a wall thickness of 10, and a modulus of elasticity of 200GPa. The
springs have a stiffness of 5 N/mm.
For this problem, 3 types of elements are used: PIPE16, COMBIN7 (Revolute Joint), COMBIN14
(Spring-Damper) . It is therefore required that the types of elements are defined prior to creating the
elements. This element has 6 degrees of freedom (translation along the X, Y and Z axis, and rotation
about the X,Y and Z axis).
a. Define PIPE16
With 6 degrees of freedom, the PIPE16 element can be used to create the 3D structure.
Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add'
Select 'Pipe', 'Elast straight 16'
Click on 'Apply' You should see 'Type 1 PIPE16' in the 'Element Types' window.
b. Define COMBIN7
COMBIN7 (Revolute Joint) will allow the catapult to rotate about nodes 1 and 2.
Select 'Combination', 'Revolute Joint 7'
Click 'Apply'.
c. Define COMBIN14
Now we will define the spring elements.
Select 'Combination', 'Spring damper 14'
Click on 'OK'
In the 'Element Types' window, there should now be three types of elements defined.
a. PIPE16
Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add'
Select Type 1 PIPE16 and click 'OK'
Enter the following properties, then click 'OK'
OD = 40
TKWALL = 10
b. COMBIN7 (Joint)
Five of the degrees of freedom (UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, and ROTY) can be constrained with different
levels of flexibility. These can be defined by the 3 real constants: K1 (UX, UY), K2 (UZ) and K3
(ROTX, ROTY). For this example, we will use high values for K1 through K3 since we only
expect the model to rotate about the Z axis.
Click 'Add'
Select 'Type 2 COMBIN7'. Click 'OK'.
In the 'Real Constants for COMBIN7' window, enter the following geometric properties
(then click 'OK'):
X-Y transnational stiffness K1: 1e9
Z directional stiffness K2: 1e9
Rotational stiffness K3: 1e9
'Set 2' will now appear in the dialog box.
Note: The constants that we define in this problem refer to the relationship between the
coincident nodes. By having high values for the stiffness in the X-Y plane and along the Z
axis, we are essentially constraining the two coincident nodes to each other.
c. COMBIN14 (Spring)
Click 'Add'
Select 'Type 3 COMBIN14'. Click 'OK'.
Enter the following geometric properties:
Spring constant K: 5
In the 'Element Types' window, there should now be three types of elements defined.
6. Define Nodes
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Nodes > In Active CS...
N,#,x,y,z
We are going to define 13 Nodes for this structure as given in the following table (as depicted by the
circled numbers in the figure above):
2 (0,0,1000)
3 (1000,0,1000)
4 (1000,0,0)
5 (0,1000,1000)
6 (0,1000,0)
7 (700,700,500)
8 (400,400,500)
9 (0,0,0)
10 (0,0,1000)
11 (0,0,500)
12 (0,0,1500)
13 (0,0,-500)
The following window will appear. Ensure that the 'Element type number' is set to 1 PIPE16,
'Material number' is set to 1, and 'Real constant set number' is set to 1. Then click 'OK'.
b. Create elements
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > (-Auto Numbered-) Thru Nodes
E, node a, node b
Create the following elements joining Nodes 'a' and Nodes 'b'.
Note: because it is difficult to graphically select the nodes you may wish to use the command line
(for example, the first entry would be: E,1,6).
Node a Node b
1 6
2 5
1 4
2 3
3 4
10 8
9 8
7 8
12 5
13 6
12 13
5 3
6 4
b. Create elements
When defining a joint, three nodes are required. Two nodes are coincident at the point of rotation.
The elements that connect to the joint must reference each of the coincident points. The other node
for the joint defines the axis of rotation. The axis would be the line from the coincident nodes to the
other node.
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > (-Auto Numbered-) Thru Nodes
E,node a, node b, node c
Create the following lines joining Node 'a' and Node 'b'
Node a Node b Node c
1 9 11
2 10 11
b. Create elements
Preprocessor > (-Modeling-) Create > Elements > (-Auto Numbered-) Thru Nodes
E,node a, node b
Create the following lines joining Node 'a' and Node 'b'
Node a Node b
5 8
8 6
NOTE: To ensure that the correct nodes were used to make the correct element in the above table, you
can list all the elements defined in the model. To do this, select Utilities Menu > List > Elements >
Nodes + Attributes.
10. Meshing
Because we have defined our model using nodes and elements, we do not need to mesh our model. If we
initially defined our model using keypoints and lines, we would have had to create elements in our model
by meshing the lines. It is the elements that ANSYS uses to solve the model.
You may also wish to turn on element numbering and turn off keypoint numbering
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering ...
Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving
1. Define Analysis Type
Solution > New Analysis > Static
ANTYPE,0
Because the model is expected to deform considerably, we need to include the effects of large
deformation.
3. Apply Constraints
Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) > Displacement > On Nodes
{ Fix Nodes 3, 4, 12, and 13. (ie - all degrees of freedom are constrained).
4. Apply Loads
Solution > (-Loads-) Apply > (-Structural-) > Force/Moment > On Nodes
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
Note: To have the constraints and loads appear each time you select 'Replot' in ANSYS, you must change
some settings under Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Symbols.... In the window that appears check the box
beside 'All Applied BC's' in the 'Boundary Condition Symbol' section.
5. Solve the System
Solution > (-Solve-) Current LS
SOLVE
Note: During the solution, you will see a yellow warning window which states that the "Coefficient ratio
exceeds 1.0e8". This warning indicates that the solution has relatively large displacements. This is due to
the rotation about the joints.
In this problem, we would like to find the vertical displacement of node #7. We will do this using the
GET command.
b. The following window will appear. Select 'Results data' and 'Nodal results' as shown then click
'OK'
c. Fill in the 'Get Nodal Results Data' window as shown below:
d. To view the defined parameter select Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters...
Therefore the vertical displacement of Node 7 is 323.78 mm. This can be repeated for any of the
other nodes you are interested in.
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce a method of solving
design optimization problems using ANSYS. This will involve creating the geometry utilizing parameters for
all the variables, deciding which variables to use as design, state and objective variables and setting the correct
tolerances for the problem to obtain an accurately converged solution in a minimal amount of time. The use of
hardpoints to apply forces/constraints in the middle of lines will also be covered in this tutorial.
A beam has a force of 1000N applied as shown below. The purpose of this optimization problem is to minimize
the weight of the beam without exceeding the allowable stress. It is necessary to find the cross sectional
dimensions of the beam in order to minimize the weight of the beam. However, the width and height of the
beam cannot be smaller than 10mm. The maximum stress anywhere in the beam cannot exceed 200 MPa. The
beam is to be made of steel with a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa.
To solve an optimization problem in ANSYS, parameters need to be defined for all design variables.
NOTE: None of the variables defined in ANSYS are allowed to have negative values.
3. Define Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
K,#,x,y
We are going to define 2 Keypoints for this beam as given in the following table:
4. Create Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
L,1,2
Hardpoints are often used when you need to apply a constraint or load at a location where a keypoint does
not exist. For this case, we want to apply a force 3/4 of the way down the beam. Since there are not any
keypoints here and we can't be certain that one of the nodes will be here we will need to specify a
hardpoint
{ Select Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > Hard PT on line > Hard PT by ratio.
This will allow us to create a hardpoint on the line by defining the ratio of the location of the point
to the size of the line
{ Enter a ratio of 0.75 in the 'Create HardPT by Ratio window which appears.
You have now created a keypoint labelled 'Keypoint 3' 3/4 of the way down the beam.
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3 degrees of
freedom (translation along the X and Y axes, and rotation about the Z axis).
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties: (Note that
'**' is used instead '^' for exponents)
i. Cross-sectional area AREA: W*H
ii. Area moment of inertia IZZ: (W*H**3)/12
iii. Thickness along Y axis: H
NOTE: It is important to use independent variables to define dependent variables such as the
moment of inertia. During the optimization, the width and height will change for each iteration. As
a result, the other variables must be defined in relation to the width and height.
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 200000
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
For this example we will specify an element edge length of 100 mm (10 element divisions along
the line).
2. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
Pin Keypoint 1 (ie UX, UY constrained) and constrain Keypoint 2 in the Y direction.
3. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
In this problem, we would like to find the maximum stress in the beam and the volume as a result of the width
and height variables.
1. Define the volume
{ Select General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table... > Add...
{ The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to obtain the volume of the beam.
Note that this is the volume of each element. If you were to list the element table you would get a
volume for each element. Therefore, you have to sum the element values together to obtain the total
volume of the beam. Follow the instructions below to do this.
{ Select General Postproc > Element Table > Sum of Each Item...
{ A little window will appear notifying you that the tabular sum of each element table will be
calculated. Click 'OK'
You will obtain a window notifying you that the EVolume is now 400000 mm2
{ In the window which appears select 'Results Data' and 'Elem table sums'
{ the following window will appear. Select the items shown to store the Volume as a parameter.
Now if you view the parameters (Utility Menu > Parameters > Scalar Parameters...) you will see
that Volume has been added.
3. Define the maximum stress at the i node of each element in the beam
{ Select General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table... > Add...
{ The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to obtain the maximum stress at the i node of
each element and store it as 'SMAX_I'.
Note that nmisc,1 is the maximum stress. For further information type Help beam3 into the
command line
Now we will need to sort the stresses in descending order to find the maximum stress
{ Select General Postproc > List Results > Sorted Listing > Sort Elems
{ Complete the window as shown below to sort the data from 'SMAX_I' in descending order
4. Store the data (Max Stress) as a parameter
{ In the window which appears select 'Results Data' and 'Other operations'
5. Define maximum stress at the j node of each element for the beam
{ Select General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table... > Add...
{ Fill this table as done previously, however make the following changes:
save the data as 'SMAX_J' (instead of 'SMAX_I')
The element table data enter NMISC,3 (instead of NMISC,1). This will give you the max
stress at the j node.
{ Select General Postproc > List Results > Sorted Listing > Sort Elems to sort the stresses in
descending order.
{ In the window which appears select 'Results Data' and 'Other operations'
{ In the that appears, fill it in as shown previously , however, name the parameter 'SMaxJ'.
This will set the largest of the 2 values equal to SMAX. In this case the maximum values for each
are the same. However, this is not always the case.
Note that the maximum stress is 281.25 which is much larger than the allowable stress of 200MPa
Design Optimization
Now that we have parametrically set up our problem in ANSYS based on our initial width and height
dimensions, we can now solve the optimization problem.
It is necessary to write the outline of our problem to an ANSYS command file. This is so that ANSYS
can iteratively run solutions to our problem based on different values for the variables that we will define.
{ Select Utility Menu > File > Write DB Log File...
{ In the window that appears type a name for the command file such as ‘optimize.txt’
{ Click ‘OK’.
If you open the command file in a text editor such as Notepad, it should similar to this:
/BATCH
! /COM,ANSYS RELEASE 7.0 UP20021010 16:10:03 05/26/2003
/input,start70,ans,'C:\Program Files\Ansys Inc\v70\ANSYS\apdl\',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1
/title, Design Optimization
*SET,W , 20
*SET,H , 20
/PREP7
K,1,0,0,,
K,2,1000,0,,
L, 1, 2
!*
HPTCREATE,LINE,1,0,RATI,0.75,
!*
ET,1,BEAM3
!*
!*
R,1,W*H,(W*H**3)/12,H, , , ,
!*
!*
MPTEMP,,,,,,,,
MPTEMP,1,0
MPDATA,EX,1,,200000
MPDATA,PRXY,1,,.3
!*
LESIZE,ALL,100, , , ,1, , ,1,
LMESH, 1
FINISH
/SOL
!*
ANTYPE,0
FLST,2,1,3,ORDE,1
FITEM,2,1
!*
/GO
DK,P51X, , , ,0,UX,UY, , , , ,
FLST,2,1,3,ORDE,1
FITEM,2,2
!*
/GO
DK,P51X, , , ,0,UY, , , , , ,
FLST,2,1,3,ORDE,1
FITEM,2,3
!*
/GO
FK,P51X,FY,-2000
! /STATUS,SOLU
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
AVPRIN,0,0,
ETABLE,EVolume,VOLU,
!*
SSUM
!*
*GET,Volume,SSUM, ,ITEM,EVOLUME
AVPRIN,0,0,
ETABLE,SMax_I,NMISC, 1
!*
ESORT,ETAB,SMAX_I,0,1, ,
!*
*GET,SMaxI,SORT,,MAX
AVPRIN,0,0,
ETABLE,SMax_J,NMISC, 3
!*
ESORT,ETAB,SMAX_J,0,1, ,
!*
*GET,SMaxJ,SORT,,MAX
*SET,SMAX,SMAXI>SMAXJ
! LGWRITE,optimization,,C:\Temp\,COMMENT
Several small changes need to be made to this file prior to commencing the optimization. If you created
the geometry etc. using command line code, most of these changes will already be made. However, if you
used GUI to create this file there are several occasions where you used the graphical picking device.
Therefore, the actual items that were chosen need to be entered. The code 'P51X' symbolizes the
graphical selection. To modify the file simply open it using notepad and make the required changes. Save
and close the file once you have made all of the required changes. The following is a list of the changes
which need to be made to this file (which was created using the GUI method)
{ Line 32 - DK,P51X, ,0, ,0,UX,UY, , , , ,
Change this to: DK,1, ,0, ,0,UX,UY,
This specifies the constraints at keypoint 1
{ Line 42 - FK,P51X,FY,-2000
Change to: FK,3,FY,-2000
This specifies the force applied on the beam
There are also several lines which can be removed from this file. If you are comfortable with command
line coding, you should remove the lines which you are certain are not required.
ANSYS needs to know which variables are critical to the optimization. To define variables, we need to
know which variables have an effect on the variable to be minimized. In this example our objective is to
minimize the volume of a beam which is directly related to the weight of the beam.
NOTE: As previously stated, none of the variables defined in ANSYS are allowed to have negative
values.
Now that we have decided our design variables, we need to define ranges and tolerances for each
variable. For the width and height, we will select a range of 10 to 50 mm for each. Because a small
change in either the width or height has a profound effect on the volume of the beam, we will select a
tolerance of 0.01mm. Tolerances are necessary in that they tell ANSYS the largest amount of change that
a variable can experience before convergence of the problem.
For the stress variable, we will select a range of 195 to 200 MPa with a tolerance of 0.01MPa.
Because the volume variable is the objective variable, we do not need to define an allowable range. We
will set the tolerance to 200mm3. This tolerance was chosen because it is significantly smaller than the
initial magnitude of the volume of 400000mm3 (20mm x 20mm x 1000mm).
Select Main Menu > Design Opt > Design Variables... > Add...
Complete the window as shown below to specify the variable limits and tolerances for the
height of the beam.
Repeat the above steps to specify the variable limits for the width of the beam (identical to
specifications for height)
Select Main Menu > Design Opt > State Variables... > Add...
There are several different methods that ANSYS can use to solve an optimization problem. To ensure that
you are not finding a solution at a local minimum, it is advisable to use different solution methods. If you
have trouble with getting a particular problem to converge it would be a good idea to try a different
method of solution to see what might be wrong.
The solution of an optimization problem can take awhile before convergence. This problem will take
about 15 minutes and run through 19 iterations.
You will probably see that the width=13.24 mm, height=29.16 mm, and the stress is equal to
199.83 MPa with a volume of 386100mm2.
{ Select Main Menu > Design Opt > Design Sets > Graphs / Tables...
{ Complete the window as shown to obtain a graph of the height and width of the beam changing
with each iteration
Now you may wish to specify titles for the X and Y axes
{ Select Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axes...
{ In the window, enter ‘Number of Iterations’ for the ‘X-axis label’ section.
{ Enter ‘Width and Height (mm)’ for the ‘Y-axis label’.
{ Click 'OK'
{ Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls
In the graphics window, you will see a graph of width and height throughout the optimization. You can
print the plot by selecting Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Hard Copy...
You can plot graphs of the other variables in the design by following the above steps. Instead of using
width and height for the y-axis label and variables, use whichever variable is necessary to plot.
Alternatively, you could list the data by selecting Main Menu > Design Opt > Design Sets > List... . In
addition, all of the results data (ie stress, displacement, bending moments) are available from the General
Postproc menu.
***IMPORTANT***
Before running this code, select Main Menu > Design Opt > Opt Database > Clear & Reset to clear
the optimization database. Then select Utility Menu > File > Clear & Start New. Now go to 'File >
Read input from...' and select the file.
Substructuring
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of the tutorial is to show the how to use
substructuring in ANSYS. Substructuring is a procedure that condenses a group of finite elements into one
super-element. This reduces the required computation time and also allows the solution of very large problems.
A simple example will be demonstrated to explain the steps required, however, please note that this model is
not one which requires the use of substructuring. The example involves a block of wood (E =10 GPa v =0.29)
connected to a block of silicone (E = 2.5 MPa, v = 0.41) which is rigidly attached to the ground. A force will be
applied to the structure as shown in the following figure. For this example, substructuring will be used for the
wood block.
1. Generation Pass
Generate the super-element by condensing several elements together. Select the degrees of freedom to
save (master DOFs) and to discard (slave DOFs). Apply loads to the super-element
2. Use Pass
Create the full model including the super-element created in the generation pass. Apply remaining loads
to the model. The solution will consist of the reduced solution tor the super-element and the complete
solution for the non-superelements.
3. Expansion Pass
Expand the reduced solution to obtain the solution at all DOFs for the super-element.
Note that a this method is a bottom-up substructuring (each super-element is created separately and then
assembled in the Use Pass). Top-down substructuring is also possible in ANSYS (the entire model is built, then
super-element are created by selecting the appropriate elements). This method is suitable for smaller models and
has the advantage that the results for multiple super-elements can be assembled in postprocessing.
XCORNER (WP X) = 0
YCORNER (WP Y) = 40
Width = 100
Height = 100
For this problem we will use PLANE42 (2D structural solid). This element has 4 nodes, each with
2 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axes).
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for wood:
i. Young's modulus EX: 10000 (MPa)
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.29
{ The following window will appear. Ensure that the options are filled in as shown.
Sename (the name of the super-element matrix file) will default to the jobname.
In this case, the stiffness matrix is to be generated.
With the option SEPR, the stiffness matrix or load matrix can be printed to the output
window if desired.
Master DOFs must be defined at the interface between the super-element and other elements in addition
to points where loads/constraints are applied.
{ Select Solution > Master DOFs > User Selected > Define
4. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes
XCORNER (WP X) = 0
YCORNER (WP Y) = 0
Width = 100
Height = 40
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for silicone:
i. Young's modulus EX: 2.5 (MPa)
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.41
For this block we will again use an element edge length of 10mm. Note that is is imperative that the
nodes of the non-superelement match up with the super-element MDOFs.
Since both the super-element and the non-superelement were created independently, they contain
similarly numbered nodes (ie both objects will have node #1 etc.). If we bring in the super-element with
similar node numbers, the nodes will overwrite existing nodes from the non-superelements. Therefore, we
need to offset the super-element nodes
Determine the number of nodes in the existing model
{ Select Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Scalar Data ...
{ The following window will appear. Select Model Data, For Selected set as shown.
{ Fill in the following window as shown to set MaxNode = the highest node number
{ Select Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Super-elements > BY CS Transfer
{ Fill in the following window as shown to offset the node numbers and save the file as GEN2
Read in the super-element matrix
{ Select Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Super-elements > From .SUB File...
{ Enter 'GEN2' as the Jobname of the matrix file in the window (shown below)
2. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines
{ Determine the element number of the super-element (Select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls >
Numbering...)
{ Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Load Vector > For Super-element
{ The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to apply the super-element load vector.
Note that only the deformation for the non-superelements is plotted. This results agree with what was
found without using substructuring (see figure below).
Expansion Pass: Expanding the Results within the Super-element
To obtain the solution for all elements within the super-element you will need to perform an expansion pass.
{ Type 'EXPASS,ON' into the command line to initiate the expansion pass.
{ Select Solution > Load STEP OPTS > ExpansionPass > Single Expand >Expand Superelem ...
{ The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to select the super-element.
{ Select Solution > Load Step Opts > ExpansionPass > Single Expand > By Load Step...
{ The following window will appear. Fill it in as shown to expand the solution.
Note that only the deformation for the super-elements is plotted (and that the contour intervals have been
modified to begin at 0). This results agree with what was found without using substructuring (see figure
below).
Command File Mode of Solution
The above example was solved using the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) of ANSYS. This problem has also
been solved using the ANSYS command language interface that you may want to browse. Open the file and
save it to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read input from...' and select the file.
! Bottom-Up Substructuring
! GENERATION PASS - Build the superelement portion of the model
FINISH
/CLEAR, START
/FILNAME,GEN ! Change jobname
/PREP7
! Create Geometry
blc4,0,40,100,100 ! Creates rectangle
! Define material properties of wood section
ET,1,PLANE42 ! Element type
MP,EX,1, 10000 ! Young's Modulus
MP,PRXY,1,0.29 ! Poisson's ratio
! meshing
AESIZE,1,10, ! Element size
amesh,1 ! Mesh area
FINISH
/SOLU
ANTYPE,SUBST ! SUBSTRUCTURE GENERATION PASS
SEOPT,GEN,,2 ! Name = GEN and no printed output
NSEL,S,EXT ! Select all external nodes
M,ALL,ALL ! Make all selected nodes master DOF's
NSEL,ALL ! Reselect all nodes
NSEL,S,LOC,Y,140 ! Select the corner node
NSEL,R,LOC,X,0
F,ALL,FX,5 ! Load it
NSEL,ALL ! Reselect all nodes
SAVE ! Saves file to jobname.db
SOLVE ! GEN.SUB created
FINISH
! USE PASS
FINISH
/CLEAR
/FILNAME,USE ! Change jobname to use
/PREP7
! Create Geometry of non superelements
blc4,0,0,100,40 ! Creates rectangle
! Define material properties
ET,2,PLANE42 ! Element type
TYPE,2 ! Turns on element type 2
MP,EX,2, 2.5 ! Second material property set for silicon
MP,PRXY,2,0.41
! Meshing
AESIZE,1,10, ! Element size
mat,2 ! Turns on Material 2
real,2 ! Turns on real constants 2
amesh,1 ! Mesh the area
! Superelement
ET,1,MATRIX50 ! MATRIX50 is the superelement type
TYPE,1 ! Turns on element type 1
*GET,MaxNode,NODE,,NUM,MAX ! determine the max number of nodes
SETRAN,GEN,,MaxNode,GEN2 ! node number offset
SE,GEN2 ! Read in superelement matrix
NSEL,S,LOC,Y,40 ! Select nodes at interface
CPINTF,ALL ! Couple node pairs at interface
NSEL,ALL
FINISH
/SOLU
ANTYPE,STATIC ! Static analysis
NSEL,S,LOC,Y,0 ! Select all nodes at y = 0
D,ALL,ALL,0 ! Constrain those nodes
NSEL,ALL ! Reselect all nodes
ESEL,S,TYPE,,1 ! Element select
SFE,ALL,1,SELV,,1 ! Apply super-element load vector
ESEL,ALL ! Reselect all elements
SAVE
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1 ! Enter post processing
PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1 ! Plot deflection contour
FINISH
! EXPANSION PASS
/CLEAR ! Clear database
/FILNAME,GEN ! Change jobname back to generation pass jobname
RESUME ! Restore generation pass database
/SOLU ! Enter SOLUTION
EXPASS,ON,YES ! Activate expansion pass
SEEXP,GEN2,USE ! Superelement name to be expanded
EXPSOL,1,1, ! Expansion pass info
SOLVE ! Initiate expansion pass solution. Full superelement sol
FINISH
/POST1
PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1 ! Plot deflection contour
Coupled Structural/Thermal Analysis
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to outline a simple coupled
thermal/structural analysis. A steel link, with no internal stresses, is pinned between two solid structures at a
reference temperature of 0 C (273 K). One of the solid structures is heated to a temperature of 75 C (348 K). As
heat is transferred from the solid structure into the link, the link will attemp to expand. However, since it is
pinned this cannot occur and as such, stress is created in the link. A steady-state solution of the resulting stress
will be found to simplify the analysis.
Loads will not be applied to the link, only a temperature change of 75 degrees Celsius. The link is steel with a
modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa, a thermal conductivity of 60.5 W/m*K and a thermal expansion coefficient of
12e-6 /K.
Thus, each different physics environment must be constructed seperately so they can be used to determine the
coupled physics solution. However, it is important to note that a single set of nodes will exist for the entire
model. By creating the geometry in the first physical environment, and using it with any following coupled
environments, the geometry is kept constant. For our case, we will create the geometry in the Thermal
Environment, where the thermal effects will be applied.
Although the geometry must remain constant, the element types can change. For instance, thermal elements are
required for a thermal analysis while structural elements are required to deterime the stress in the link. It is
important to note, however that only certain combinations of elements can be used for a coupled physics
analysis. For a listing, see Chapter 2 of the ANSYS Coupled-Field Guide located in the help file.
The process requires the user to create all the necessary environments, which are basically the preprocessing
portions for each environment, and write them to memory. Then in the solution phase they can be combined to
solve the coupled analysis.
3. Define Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
K,#,x,y,z
We are going to define 2 keypoints for this link as given in the following table:
4. Create Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
L,1,2
For this problem we will use the LINK33 (Thermal Mass Link 3D conduction) element. This
element is a uniaxial element with the ability to conduct heat between its nodes.
In the 'Real Constants for LINK33' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 4e-4
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. KXX: 60.5
For this example we will use an element edge length of 0.1 meters.
In the window that appears, enter the TITLE Thermal and click OK.
Doing this clears all the information prescribed for the geometry, such as the element type, material
properties, etc. It does not clear the geometry however, so it can be used in the next stage, which is
defining the structural environment.
Since the geometry of the problem has already been defined in the previous steps, all that is required is to detail
the structural variables.
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's Modulus EX: 200e9
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Thermal Expansion Coef >
Isotropic
i. ALPX: 12e-6
3. Write Environment
The structural environment is now fully described.
Preprocessor > Physics > Environment > Write
3. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Keypoints
It is very important to click Finish as it closes that environment and allows a new one to be opened
without contamination. If this is not done, you will get error messages.
The thermal solution has now been obtained. If you plot the steady-state temperature on the link, you will
see it is a uniform 348 K, as expected. This information is saved in a file labelled Jobname.rth, were .rth
is the thermal results file. Since the jobname wasn't changed at the beginning of the analysis, this data can
be found as file.rth. We will use these results in determing the structural effects.
7. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints
As shown below, enter the file name File.rth. This couples the results from the solution of the
thermal environment to the information prescribed in the structural environment and uses it during
the analysis.
For this example set the reference temperature to 273 degrees Kelvin.
General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table > Add
Fill in the window as shown below. [CompStr > By Sequence Num > LS > LS,1
ETABLE,CompStress,LS,1
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0. This tutorial outlines the steps necessary for solving a model
meshed with p-elements. The p-method manipulates the polynomial level (p-level) of the finite element shape
functions which are used to approximate the real solution. Thus, rather than increasing mesh density, the p-level
can be increased to give a similar result. By keeping mesh density rather coarse, computational time can be kept
to a minimum. This is the greatest advantage of using p-elements over h-elements.
A uniform load will be applied to the right hand side of the geometry shown below. The specimen was modeled
as steel with a modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa.
4. Define Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
K,#,x,y,z
We are going to define 12 keypoints for this geometry as given in the following table:
5. Create Area
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Arbitrary > Through KPs
A,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12
Click each of the keypoints in numerical order to create the area shown below.
For this problem we will use the PLANE145 (p-Elements 2D Quad) element. This element has
eight nodes with 2 degrees of freedom each (translation along the X and Y axes). It can support a
polynomial with maximum order of eight.
After clicking OK to select the element, click Options... to open the keyoptions window, shown
below. Choose Plane stress + TK for Analysis Type.
Keyopts 1 and 2 can be used to set the starting and maximum p-level for this element type. For now
we will leave them as default.
Other types of p-elements exist in the ANSYS library. These include Solid127 and Solid128 which
have electrostatic DOF's, and Plane145, Plane146, Solid147, Solid148 and Shell150 which have
structural DOF's. For more information on these elements, go to the Element Library in the help
file.
In the 'Real Constants for PLANE145' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Thickness THK: 10
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 200000
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
3. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines
Fix the left side of the area (ie all DOF constrained)
4. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Pressure > On Lines
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
5. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
In the window that pops up, select Stress > von Mises SEQV
The following stress distribution should appear.
3. Plot p-Levels
General Postproc > Plot Results > p-Method > p-Levels
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of the tutorial is to outline the steps required to use
element death to model melting of a material. Element death is the "turning off" of elements according to some
desired criterion. The elements are still technically there, they just have zero stiffness and thus have no affect on
the model.
This tutorial doesn't take into account heat of fusion or changes in thermal properties over temperature ranges,
rather it is concerned with the element death procedure. More accurate models using element death can then be
created as required. Element birth is also possible, but will not be discussed here. For further information, see
Chapter 10 of the Advanced Guide in the ANSYS help file regarding element birth and death.
The model will be an infinitely long rectangular block of material 3cm X 3cm as shown below. It will be
subject to convection heating which will cause the block to "melt".
BLC4,0,0,0.03,0.03
For this example, we will use PLANE55 (Thermal Solid, Quad 4node 55). This element has 4
nodes and a single DOF (temperature) at each node. PLANE55 can only be used for 2 dimensional
steady-state or transient thermal analysis.
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Specific Heat
In the window that appears, enter the following properties:
i. Specific Heat C: 2040
Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Density
In the window that appears, enter the following properties:
i. Density DENS: 920
The window shown below will pop up. We will use the defaults, so click OK.
ANTYPE,4
For a complete description of what these options do, refer to the help file. Basically, the time at the
end of the load step is how long the transient analysis will run and the number of substeps defines
how the load is broken up. By writing the data at every step, you can create animations over time
and the other options help the problem converge quickly.
Fill in the IC window as follows to set the initial temperature of the material to 268 K:
Fill in the pop-up window as follows, with a film coefficient of 10 and a bulk temperature of 368.
Element death can be used in various ways. For instance, the user can manually kill, or turn off, elements
to create the desired effect. Here, we will use data from the analysis to kill the necessary elements to
model melting. Assume the material melts at 273 K. We must create an element table containing the
temperature of all the elements.
{ From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define Table...
{ Click on 'Add...'
{ Fill the window in as shown below, with a title Melty and select DOF solution > Temperature
TEMP and click OK.
We can now select elements from this table in the temperature range we desire.
Assume that the melting temperature is 273 K, thus any element with a temperature of 273 or greater
must be killed to simulate melting.
Utility Menu > Select > Entities
Use the scroll down menus to select Elements > By Results > From Full and click OK.
Ensure the element table Melty is selected and enter a VMIN value of 273 as shown.
You will likely have two messages pop up at this point. Click OK to restart the analysis, and close the
warning message. The reason for the warning is ANSYS defaults to a multi-frame restart, which this
analysis doesn't call for, thus it is just warning the user.
2. Kill Elements
The easiest way to do this is to type ekill,all into the command line. Since all elements above melting
temperature had been selected, this will kill only those elements.
The other option is to use Solution > Load Step Opts > Other > Birth & Death > Kill Elements and
graphically pick all the melted elements. This is much too time consuming in this case.
Fill in the window as shown with Elements > Live Elem's > Unselect and click Sele All.
With the window still open, select Elements > Live Elem's > From Full and click OK.
2. View Results
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu > DOF solution > Temperature
TEMP
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of the tutorial is to describe how to utilize
contact elements to simulate how two beams react when they come into contact with each other.
The beams, as shown below, are 100mm long, 10mm x 10mm in cross-section, have a Young's modulus
of 200 GPa, and are rigidly constrained at the outer ends. A 10KN load is applied to the center of the
upper, causing it to bend and contact the lower.
3. Define Areas
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Area > Rectangle > By 2 Corners
BLC4,WP X, WP Y, Width, Height
For this problem we will use the PLANE42 (Solid, Quad 4node 42) element. This element
has 2 degrees of freedom at each node (translation along the X and Y).
{ While the Element Types window is still open, click Options.... Change Element
behavior K3 to Plane strs w/thk as shown below. This allows a thickness to be input for
the elements.
In the 'Real Constants for PLANE42' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Thickness THK: 10
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 200000
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
For this problem we will use the CONTAC48 (Contact, pt-to-surf 48) element. CONTAC48
may be used to represent contact and sliding between two surfaces (or between a node and a
surface) in 2-D. The element has two degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the
nodal x and y directions. Contact occurs when the contact node penetrates the target line.
{ While the Element Types window is still open, click Options.... Change Contact
time/load prediction K7 to Reasonabl T/L inc. This is an important step. It initiates a
process during the solution calculations where the time step or load step, depending on what
the user has specified in the solution controls, incremements slowly when contact is
immenent. This way, one surface won't penetrate too far into the other and cause the
solution to fail.
It is important to note, CONTAC48 elements are created in the space between two surfaces
prescribed by the user. This will be covered below. As the surfaces approach each other, the
contact element is slowly "crushed" until it's upper node(s) lie along the same line as the lower
node(s). Thus, ANSYS can calculate when the two prescribed surfaces have made contact. Other
contact elements, such as CONTA175, require a target element, such as TARGE169, to function.
When using contact elements in your own analyses, be sure to understand how the elements work.
The ANSYS help file has plenty of useful information regarding contact elements and is worth
reading.
In the 'Real Constants for CONTAC48' window, enter the following properties:
i. Normal contact stiffness KN: 200000
CONTAC48 elements basically use a penalty approach to model contact. When one
surface comes into "contact" with the other, ANSYS numerically puts a spring of
stiffness KN between the two. ANSYS recommends a value between 0.01 and 100
times Young's modulus for the material. Since this "spring" is so stiff, the behaviour
of the model is like the two surfaces have made contact. This KN value can greatly
affect your solution, so be sure to read the help file on contact so you can recognize
when your solution is not converging and why. A good rule of thumb is to start with a
low value of KN and see how the solution converges (start watching the ANSYS
Output Window). If there is too much penetration, you should increase KN. If it takes
a lot of iterations to converge for a single substep, you should decrease KN.
The other real constants can be used to model sliding friction, tolerances, etc. Information
about these other constants can be found in the help file.
Now if you list the selected nodes, Utility Menu > List > Nodes... you should only
have the following nodes remaining.
It is important to try and limit the number of nodes you use to create contact
elements. If you have a lot of contact elements, it takes a great deal of computational
time to reach a solution. In this case, the only nodes that could make contact with the
lower beam are those directly above it, thus those are the only nodes we will use to
create the contact elements.
When creating the component this time, enter the name Target.
IMPORTANT: Be sure to reselect all the nodes before continuing. This is done by opening
the entity select menu, Utility Menu > Select > Entities..., clicking the Also Select radio
button, and click the Sele All button.
Fill the window in as shown below. This ensures ANSYS knows that you are dealing with
the contact elements and the associated real constants.
Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling> Create > Elements > Surf / Contact > Node to Surf
The following window will pop up. Select the node set SOURCE from the first drop down
menu (Ccomp) and TARGET from the second drop down menu (Tcomp). The rest of the
selections remain unchanged.
At this point, your model should look like the following.
Unfortunately, the contact elements don't get plotted on the screen so it is sometimes difficult to
tell they are there. If you wish, you can plot the elements (Utility Menu > Plot > Elements) and
turn on element numbering (Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Numbering > Elem/Attrib numbering >
Element Type Numbers). If you zoom in on the contact areas, you can see little purple stars
(Contact Nodes) and thin purple lines (Target Elements) numbered "2" which correspond to the
contact elements, shown below.
The preprocessor stage is now complete.
A. Ensure Automatic time stepping is on. Automatic time stepping allows ANSYS to
determine appropriate sizes to break the load steps into. Decreasing the step size
usually ensures better accuracy, however, this takes time. The Automatic Time Step
feature will determine an appropriate balance. This feature also activates the ANSYS
bisection feature which will allow recovery if convergence fails.
B. Enter 100 as the number of substeps. This will set the initial substep to 1/100 th of the
total load.
C. Enter a maximum number of substeps of 1000. This stops the program if the solution
does not converge after 1000 steps.
Ensure the following selection is made under the 'Nonlinear' tab (as shown below)
These solution control values are extremely important in determining if your analysis will succeed
or fail. If you have too few substeps, the contact nodes may be driven through the target elements
before ANSYS "realizes" it has happened. In this case the solution will resemble that of an
analysis that didn't have contact elements defined at all. Therefore it is important to choose a
relatively large number of substeps initially to ensure the model is defined properly. Once
everything is working, you can reduce the number of substeps to optimize the computational time.
Also, if the maximum number of substeps or iterations is left too low, ANSYS may stop the
analysis before it has a chance to converge to a solution. Again, leave these relatively high at first.
3. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines
Fix the left end of the upper beam and the right end of the lower beam (ie all DOF
constrained)
4. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Nodes
Apply a load of -10000 in the FY direction to the center of the top surface of the upper
beam. Note, this is a point load on a 2D surface. This type of loading should be avoided
since it will cause a singularity. However, the displacement or stress near the load is not of
interest in this analyis, thus we will use a point load for simplicity.
The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown in the figure below.
5. Solve the System
Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE
Click the 1.0 (true scale) radio button, then click ok. This is of huge importance! I lost
many hours trying to figure out why the contact elements weren't working, when in fact it
was just due to the displacement scaling to which ANSYS defaulted. If you leave the
scaling as default, many times it will look like your contact nodes have gone through the
target elements.
As seen in the figure, the load on the upper beam caused it to deflect and come in contact
with the lower beam, producing a stress distribution in both.
Command File Mode of Solution
The above example was solved using a mixture of the Graphical User Interface (or GUI)
and the command language interface of ANSYS. This problem has also been solved
using the ANSYS command language interface that you may want to browse. Open the
.HTML version, copy and paste the code into Notepad or a similar text editor and save it
to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read input from...' and select the file. A .PDF
version is also available for printing.
Command Line
finish
/clear
/title,Contact Elements
/prep7
! Top Beam
X1=0
Y1=15
L1=100
H1=10
! Bottom Beam
X2=50
Y2=0
L2=100
H2=10
! Create Geometry
blc4,X1,Y1,L1,H1
blc4,X2,Y2,L2,H2
! define element type
ET,1,plane42 ! element type 1
keyopt,1,3,3 ! plane stress w/thick
type,1 ! activate element type 1
R, 1, 10 ! thickness 0.01
! define material properties
MP,EX, 1, 200e3 ! Young's modulus
MP,NUXY,1, 0.3 ! Poisson's ratio
! meshing
esize,2 ! set meshing size
amesh,all ! mesh area 1
ET,2,contac48 ! defines second element type - 2D contact elements
keyo,2,7,1 ! contact time/load prediction
r,2,200000,,,,10
TYPE,2 ! activates or sets this element type
real,2 ! activates or sets the real constants
! define contact nodes and elements
! first the contact nodes
asel,s,area,,1 ! select top area
nsla,s,1 ! select the nodes within this area
nsel,r,loc,y,Y1 ! select bottom layer of nodes in this area
nsel,r,loc,x,X2,(X2+L2/2)! select the nodes above the other beam
cm,source,node ! call this group of nodes 'source'
! then the target nodes
allsel ! relect everything
asel,s,area,,2 ! select bottom area
nsla,s,1 ! select nodes in this area
nsel,r,loc,y,H2 ! select bottom layer of nodes in this area
nsel,r,loc,x,X2,(X2+L2/2)! select the nodes above the other beam
cm,target,node ! call this selection 'target'
gcgen,source,target,3 ! generate contact elements between defined nodes
finish
/solut
antype,0
time,1 ! Sets time at end of run to 1 sec
autots,on ! Auto time-stepping on
nsubst,100,1000,20 ! Number of sub-steps
outres,all,all ! Write all output
neqit,100 ! Max number of iterations
nsel,s,loc,x,X1 ! Constrain top beam
nsel,r,loc,y,Y1,(Y1+H1)
d,all,all
nsel,all
nsel,s,loc,x,(X2+L2) ! Constrain bottom beam
nsel,r,loc,y,Y2,(Y2+H2)
d,all,all
nsel,all
nsel,s,loc,x,(L1/2+X1) ! Apply load
nsel,r,loc,y,(Y1+H1)
f,all,fy,-10000
nsel,all
solve
finish
/post1
/dscale,1,1
/CVAL,1,20,40,80,160,320,640,1280,2560
PLNSOL,S,EQV,0,1
ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL)
Introduction
This tutorial was completed using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to familiarize the user with
the ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL). This will be a very basic introduction to APDL,
covering things like variable definition and simple looping. Users familiar with basic programming
languages will probably find the APDL very easy to use. To learn more about APDL and see more
complex examples, please see the APDL Programmer's Guide located in the help file.
This tutorial will cover the preprocessing stage of constructing a truss geometry. Variables including
length, height and number of divisions of the truss will be requested and the APDL code will construct
the geometry.
finish
/clear
/prep7
DELTA_L = (LENGTH/(DIVISION/2))/2
NUM_K = DIVISION + 1
COUNT = -1
X_COORD = 0
*do,i,1,NUM_K,1
COUNT = COUNT + 1
OSCILATE = (-1)**COUNT
*else
k,i,X_COORD,HEIGHT
*endif
*enddo
KEYP = 0
*do,j,1,DIVISION,1
KEYP = KEYP + 1
L,KEYP,(KEYP+1)
*if,KEYP,LE,(DIVISION-1),THEN
L,KEYP,(KEYP+2)
*endif
*enddo
et,1,link1
r,1,100
mp,ex,1,200000
mp,prxy,1,0.3
esize,,1
lmesh,all
finish
1. *ASK Command
The *ASK command prompts the user to input data for a variable. In this case,
*ask,LENGTH,How long is the truss,100 prompts the user for a value describing the
length of the truss. This value is stored under the variable LENGTH. Thus in later parts of
the code, LENGTH can be used in other commands rather than typing in 200 m. The 100
value at the end of the string is the default value if the user were to enter no value and just
hit the enter key.
3. *DO Loops
Do-loops are useful when you want to repeat a command a known number of times. The
syntax for the expression is *DO, Par, IVAL, FVAL, INC, where Par is the parameter that
will be incremented by the loop, IVAL is the initial value the parameter starts as, FVAL is
the final value the parameter will reach, and INC is the increment value that the parameter
will be increased by during each iteration of the loop. For example, *do,i,1,10_K,1 is a
do-loop which increases the parameter "i" from 1 to 10 in steps of 1, (ie 1,2,3...8,9,10). It is
necessary to use a *ENDDO command at the end of the loop to locate where ANSYS
should look for the next command once the loop has finished. In between the *DO and
*ENDDO, the user can place code that will utilize the repetative characteristics of the loop.
4. *IF Statement
If-statements can be used as decision makers, determining if a certain case has occured. For
example, in the code above there is a statement: *if,OSCILATE,GT,0,THEN. This translates
to "if the variable, OSCILATE, is greater than zero, then...". Any code directly following
the *if command will be carried out if the statement is true. If it is not true it will skip to the
*else command. This command is only used in conjunction with the *if command. Any
code directly following the *else command will be carried out when the original statement
is false. An *endif command is necessary after all code in the *if and *else sections to
define an ending.
These tutorials were created to show some of the tools available in ANSYS for
postprocessing. You may be using a different version of ANSYS than what was used to
create these tutorials, therefore, make note of small changes in the menu structure. These
tutorials can be completed in any order, however, it is expected that you have completed
the Basic Tutorials.
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 6.1 The purpose of this tutorial is to outline the steps required to view
cross sectional results (Deformation, Stress, etc.) of the following example.
3. Create Block
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Volumes > Block > By 2 Corners & Z
BLC4,0,0,Width,Height,Length
For this problem we will use the SOLID45 (3D Structural Solid) element. This element has 8 nodes
each with 3 degrees of freedom (translation along the X, Y and Z directions).
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 200000
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
2. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Areas
Fix the left hand side (should be labeled Area 1).
3. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
Apply a load of 2500N downward on the back right hand keypoint (Keypoint #7).
z Select the TYPE of display for the section(/TYPE). For this example we are trying to display a section,
therefore, options 1, 5, or 8 are relevant and are summarized in the table below.
Type Description Visual Representation
1. Deflection
Before we begin selecting cross sections, let's view deflection of the entire model.
{ Select: General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu
From this one may wish to view several cross sections through the YZ plane.
To illustrate how to take a cross section, let's take one halfway through the beam in the YZ plane
{ First, offset the working plane to the desired position, halfway through the beam
Select: Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Offset WP by Increments
In the window that appears, increase Global X to 30 (Width/2) and rotate Y by +90 degrees
{ Select the type of plot and align the cutting plane with the working plane (Note that in GUI, these
two steps are combined)
Select: Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Hidden-Line Options
Fill in the window that appears as shown below to select /TYPE=ZQSL and /CPLANE=Working
Plane
As desired, you should now have the following:
This can be repeated for any slice, however, note that the command lines required to do the same
are as follows:
2. Equivalent Stress
First we need to realign the working plane with the active coordinate system. Select: Utility Menu
> WorkPlane > Align WP with > Active Coord Sys (NOTE: To check the position of the WP,
select Utility Menu > WorkPlane > Show WP Status)
Next we need to change /TYPE to the default setting(no hidden or section operations). Select:
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Hidden Line Options... And change the 'Type of Plot' to
'Non-hidden'
{ Select: General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu > Stress > von Mises
Let's say that we want to take a closer look at the base of the beam through the XY plane. Because
it is much easier, we are going to use command line:
Note that we did not need to rotate the WP because we want to look at the XY plane which is the
default). Also note that we are using the capped hidden display this time.
You should now see the following:
3. Animation
Now, for something a little more impressive, let's show an animation of the Von Mises stress through the
beam. Unfortunately, the ANSYS commands are not as user friendly as they could be... but please bear
with me.
{ Select: Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Animate > Q-Slice Contours
{ In the window that appears, just change the Item to be contoured to 'Stress' 'von Mises'
{ You will then be asked to select 3 nodes; the origin, the sweep direction, and the Y axis. In the
graphics window, select the node at the origin of the coordinate system as the origin of the sweep
(the sweep will start there). Next, the sweep direction is in the Z direction, so select any node in the
z direction (parallel to the first node). Finally, select the node in the back, bottom left hand side
corner as the Y axis.
You should now see an animated version of the contour slices through the beam. For more
information on how to modify the animation, type help ancut into the command line.
FINISH
/CLEAR
/Title, Cross-Sectional Results of a Simple Cantilever Beam
/PREP7
! All dims in mm
Width = 60
Height = 40
Length = 400
BLC4,0,0,Width,Height,Length ! Creates a rectangle
/ANGLE, 1 ,60.000000,YS,1 ! Rotates the display
/REPLOT,FAST ! Fast redisplay
ET,1,SOLID45 ! Element type
MP,EX,1,200000 ! Young's Modulus
MP,PRXY,1,0.3 ! Poisson's ratio
esize,20 ! Element size
vmesh,all ! Mesh the volume
FINISH
/SOLU ! Enter solution mode
ANTYPE,0 ! Static analysis
ASEL,S,LOC,Z,0 ! Area select at z=0
DA,All,ALL,0 ! Constrain the area
ASEL,ALL ! Reselect all areas
KSEL,S,LOC,Z,Length ! Select certain keypoint
KSEL,R,LOC,Y,Height
KSEL,R,LOC,X,Width
FK,All,FY,-2500 ! Force on keypoint
KSEL,ALL ! Reselect all keypoints
SOLVE ! Solve
FINISH
/POST1 ! Enter post processor
PLNSOL,U,SUM,0,1 ! Plot deflection
WPOFFS,Width/2,0,0 ! Offset the working plane for cross-section view
WPROTA,0,0,90 ! Rotate working plane
/CPLANE,1 ! Cutting plane defined to use the WP
/TYPE,1,8 ! QSLICE display
WPCSYS,-1,0 ! Deflines working plane location
WPOFFS,0,0,1/16*Length ! Offset the working plane
/CPLANE,1 ! Cutting plane defined to use the WP
/TYPE,1,5 ! Use the capped hidden display
PLNSOL,S,EQV,0,1 ! Plot equivalent stress
!Animation
ANCUT,43,0.1,5,0.05,0,0.1,7,14,2 ! Animate the slices
Using Paths to Post Process Results
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to create and use 'paths' to provide
extra detail during post processing. For example, one may want to determine the effects of stress concentrators
along a certain path. Rather than plotting the entire contour plot, a plot of the stress along that path can be made.
In this tutorial, a steel plate measuring 100 mm X 200 mm X 10 mm will be used. Three holes are drilled
through the vertical centerline of the plate. The plate is constrained in the y-direction at the bottom and a
uniform, distributed load is pulling on the top of the plate.
{ Create a rectangle where the bottom left corner has the coordinates 0,0 and the width and height are
200 and 100 respectively.
4. Create Circles
{ Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Circle > Solid Circle
cyl4,WP X,WP Y,Radius
Parameters
Circle WP WP
Radius
X Y
1 50 50 10
2 100 50 10
3 150 50 10
{ First, select the area to remain (ie. the rectangle) and click OK. Then, select the areas to be
subtracted (ie. the circles) and click OK.
{ For this problem we will use the PLANE2 (Solid Triangle 6node) element. This element has 2
degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axes).
{ In the 'Element Types' window, click 'Options...' and set 'Element behavior' to Plane strs w/thk
{ In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 200000
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
2. Apply Constraints
{ Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines
3. Apply Loads
{ Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Lines
1. Contour Plot
{ Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Window Controls > Window Layout
To ensure the top plot is not erased when the second plot is created, you must make a couple of
changes.
{ Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Window Controls > Window On or Off. Turn window 1 'off'.
{ To keep window 1 visible during replots, select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Erase Option > Erase
Between Plots and ensure there is no check-mark, meaning this function off.
{ To have the next graph plot in the bottom half of the screen, select Utility Menu > PlotCtrls >
Window Controls > Window Layout and select 'Window 2 > Bottom Half > Do not replot'.
2. Create Path
{ General PostProc > Path Operations > Define Path > By Location
{ In the window, shown below, name the path Cutline and set the 'Number of divisions' to 1000
Parameters
X Y Z
Path Point Number
Loc Loc Loc
1 0 50 0
2 200 50 0
When the third window pops up, click 'Cancle' because we only enabled two points on the path in
the previous step.
Now the path is defined, you must choose what to map to the path, or in other words, what results
should be available to the path. For this example, equivalent stress is desired.
{ Fill the next window in as shown below [Stress > von Mises] and click OK.
{ The warning shown below will probably pop up. This is just saying that some of the 1000 points
you defined earlier are not on interpolation points (special points on the elements) therefore there is
no data to map. This is of little concern though, since there are plenty of points that do lie on
interpolation points to produce the necessary plot, so disregard the warning.
{ General Postproc > Path Operations > Plot Path Item > On Geometry
This plot makes it easy to see how the stress is concentrated around the holes.
Command File Mode of Solution
The above example was solved using a mixture of the Graphical User Interface (or GUI) and the command
language interface of ANSYS. This problem has also been solved using the ANSYS command language
interface that you may want to browse. Open the file and save it to your computer. Now go to 'File > Read
input from...' and select the file.
finish
/clear
/title, Defining Paths
/PREP7
! create geometry
BLC4,0,0,200,100
cyl4,50,50,10
cyl4,100,50,10
cyl4,150,50,10
asba,1,all
et,1,plane2,,,3 ! Plane element
R,1,10 ! thickness of plane
mp,ex,1,200000 ! Young's Modulus
mp,prxy,1,0.3 ! Poisson's ratio
esize,5 ! mesh size
amesh,all ! area mesh
finish
/solu
! apply constraints
lsel,s,loc,y,0 ! select line for contraint application
dl,all,,UY ! constrain all DOF's on this face
allsel
! apply loads
allsel ! restore entire selection
lsel,s,loc,y,100
SFL,all,PRES,-2000/10 ! apply a pressure load on a line
allsel
solve ! solve resulting system of equations
finish
! plot results
/window,1,top ! define a window (top half of screen)
/POST1
PLNSOL,S,eqv,2,1 ! plot stress in xx direction (deformed and undeformed
edge)
/window,1,off
/noerase
/window,2,bot ! define a window (bottom half of screen)
nsel,all ! define nodes to define path
nsel,s,loc,y,50 ! choose nodes half way through structure
path,cutline,2,,1000 ! define a path labeled cutline
ppath,1,,0,50 ! define endpoint nodes on path
ppath,2,,200,50
PDEF,,S,eqv,AVG ! calculate equivalent stress on path
nsel,all
PLPAGM,SEQV,200,NODE ! show graph on plot with nodes
Using Tables to Post Process Results
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 The purpose of this tutorial is to outline the steps required to plot
Vertical Deflection vs. Length of the following beam using tables, a special type of array. By plotting this data
on a curve, rather than using a contour plot, finer resolution can be achieved.
This tutorial will use a steel beam 400 mm long, with a 40 mm X 60 mm cross section as shown above. It will
be rigidly constrained at one end and a -2500 N load will be applied to the other.
3. Define Keypoints
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS...
K,#,x,y,z
We are going to define 2 keypoints for this beam as given in the following table:
4. Create Lines
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
L,1,2
For this problem we will use the BEAM3 (Beam 2D elastic) element. This element has 3 degrees of
freedom (translation along the X and Y axes, and rotation about the Z axis).
In the 'Real Constants for BEAM3' window, enter the following geometric properties:
i. Cross-sectional area AREA: 2400
ii. Area moment of inertia IZZ: 320e3
iii. Total beam height: 40
In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 200000
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3
3. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
Apply a load of -2500N on keypoint 2.
1. Number of Nodes
Since we wish to plot the verticle deflection vs length of the beam, the location and verticle deflection of
each node must be recorded in the table. Therefore, it is necessary to determine how many nodes exist in
the model. Utility Menu > List > Nodes... > OK. For this example there are 21 nodes. Thus the table
must have at least 21 rows.
{ Utility Menu > Parameters > Array Parameters > Define/Edit > Add
{ The window seen above will pop up. Fill it out as shown [Graph > Table > 22,2,1]. Note there are
22 rows, one more than the number of nodes. The reason for this will be explained below. Click
OK and then close the 'Define/Edit' window.
{ Fill the next window in as shown below and click OK [Graph(1,1) > All > Location > X]. Naming
the array parameter 'Graph(1,1)' fills in the table starting in row 1, column 1, and continues down
the column.
Next, the vertical displacement will be recorded.
{ Utility Menu > Parameters > Get Array Data ... > Results data > Nodal results
{ Fill the next window in as shown below and click OK [Graph(1,2) > All > DOF solution > UY].
Naming the array parameter 'Graph(1,2)' fills in the table starting in row 1, column 2, and continues
down the column.
Users familiar with the way ANSYS numbers nodes will realize that node 1 will be on the far left, as it is
keypoint 1, node 2 will be on the far right (keypoint 2), and the rest of the nodes are numbered
sequentially from left to right. Thus, the second row in the table contains the data for the last node. This
causes problems during plotting, thus the information for the last node must be moved to the final row of
the table. This is why a table with 22 rows was created, to provide room to move this data.
{ Utility Menu > Parameters > Array Parameters > Define/Edit > Edit
{ The data for the end of the beam (X-location = 400, UY = -0.833) is in row two. Cut one of the
cells to be moved (right click > Copy or Ctrl+X), press the down arrow to get to the bottom of the
table, and paste it into the appropriate column (right click > Paste or Ctrl+V). When both values
have been moved check to ensure the two entries in row 2 are zero. Select File > Apply/Quit
{ The following window will pop up. Fill it in as shown, with the X-location data on the X-axis and
the vertical deflection on the Y-axis.
{ To change the axis labels select Utility Menu > Plot Ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axes ...
{ To see the changes to the labels, select Utility Menu > Replot
Command Line
finish
/clear
/title, Use of Tables for Data Plots
/prep7
elementsize = 20
length = 400
et,1,beam3 ! Beam3 element
r,1,2400,320e3,40 ! Area,I,Height
mp,ex,1,200000 ! Youngs Modulus
mp,prxy,1,0.3 ! Poisson's Ratio
k,1,0,0 ! Geometry
k,2,length,0
l,1,2
esize,elementsize ! Mesh size
lmesh,all ! Mesh
finish
/solu
antype,static ! Static analysis
dk,1,all ! Constrain one end fully
fk,2,fy,-2500 ! Apply load to other end
solve
finish
/post1
! Note, there are 21 nodes in the mesh. For the procedure below
! the table must have (#nodes + 1) rows
rows = ((length/elementsize + 1) + 1)
*DIM,graph,TABLE,rows,2,1 ! Creat a table called "graph"
! 22 rows x 2 columns x 1 plane
*vget,graph(1,1),node,all,loc,x ! Put node locations in the x direction
! in the first column for all nodes
*vget,graph(1,2),node,all,u,y ! Put node deflections in the y direction
! in the second column
*set,graph(2,1),0 ! Delete data in (2,1) which is for x = 400
! otherwise graph is not plotted properly
*set,graph(2,2),0 ! Delete data in (2,2) which is for UY @ x = 400
! otherwise graph is not plotted properly
*vget,graph(rows,1),node,2,loc,x ! Re-enter the data for x = 400, but
at the end
*vget,graph(rows,2),node,2,u,y ! of the table
*vplot,graph(1,1),graph(1,2) ! Plot the data in the table
/axlab,x,Length ! Change the axis labels
/axlab,y,Vertical Deflection
/replot
Changing Graphical Properties
Introduction
This tutorial was created using ANSYS 7.0 This tutorial covers some of the methods that can be
employed to change how the output to the screen looks. For instance, changing the background colour,
numbering the nodes, etc.
Since the purpose of this tutorial is not to build or analysis a model, please copy the following code and
paste it into the input line below the utility menu.
finish
/clear
/title, Changing Graphical Properties
/prep7
K,1,0,0
K,2,100,0
L,1,2
et,1,beam3
r,1,100,833.333,10
mp,ex,1,200000
mp,prxy,1,0.3
esize,5
lmesh,all
finish
/solu
antype,0
dk,1,all,all
fk,2,fy,-100
solve
finish
For instance, select the node numbering and plot the nodes. You should get the following:
As shown, the nodes have been numbered. You can also see some other information that
ANSYS is providing. The arrows on the left and the right are the force that was applied and
the resulting external reactive forces and moments. The triangles on the left are the
constraints and the coordinate triad is also visible. These extra symbols may not be
necessary, so the next section will show how to turn these symbols off.
2. Symbol Toggles
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Symbols
This window allows the user to toggle many symbols on or off. In our case, there are no
Surface or Body Loads, or Initial Conditions, so those sections won't be used. Under the
Boundary conditions section, click on None to turn off all the force and reaction symbols.
If there is no change in output, don't be alarmed. Recall we selected a plot of just the nodes,
thus elements are not going to show up. Select Utility Menu > Plot > Elements. The
following should appear.
As shown, the elements are no longer just a line, but they have volume according to the real
constants. To get a better 3-D view of the model, you can change the view orientation.
5. View Orientation
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Pan Zoom Rotate...
This window allows the user to rotate the view, translate the view and zoom. You can also
select predefined views, such as isometric or oblique. Basic rotating, translating and
zooming can also be done using the mouse. This is very handy when you just want to
quickly change the orientation of the model. By holding the Control button on the keyboard
and holding the Left mouse button the model will translate. By holding the Control button
on the keyboard and holding the Middle mouse button the model will zoom or rotate on
the plane of the screen. By holding the Control button on the keyboard and holding the
Right mouse button the model will rotate about all axis. Using these options, it's easy to
see the elements in 3-D.
6. Changing Contours
First, plot the deformation contour for the beam.
General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > USUM
If you don't like the colours of the contour, those can also be changed.
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Colours > Contour Colours...
The colours for each division can be selected from the drop down menus.
7. Changing Background Colour
Perhaps you desire to use a plot for a presentation, but don't want a black background.
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Colours > Window Colours...
Select the background colour you desire for the window you desire. Here we are only using
Window 1, and we'll set the background colour to white.
The resulting display is shown below. Notice how all the text disappeared. This is because
the text colour is also white. If there is information that needs to be added, such as contour
values, this can be done in other graphic editors. To save the display, select Utility Menu >
PlotCtrls > Capture Image. Under the File heading, select Save As...
There are lots of other option that can be used to change the presentation of data in ANSYS, these are
just a few. If you are looking for a specific option, the PlotCtrls menu is a good place to start, as is the
help file.
finish
/clear
/title, Changing Graphical Properties
/prep7
K,1,0,0
K,2,100,0
L,1,2
et,1,beam3
r,1,100,833.333,10
mp,ex,1,200000
mp,prxy,1,0.3
esize,5
lmesh,all
finish
/solu
antype,0
dk,1,all,all
fk,2,fy,-100
solve
finish