Por favor, lee esto

¡Advertencia/Warning!

Antes de empezar este curso es recomendable que tengas en cuenta que:

1) No soy perfecta, cometo errores y no dispongo de un equipo de editores que pueda

corregirme. Por ello, si detectas algún error, dímelo (en comentarios o por correo:
stocker.mstockerarrobagmailpuntoes). Así todos se beneficiarán. IMPORTANTE: Si deseas
copiar algún artículo que acabo de publicar, te recomiendo que esperes un par de días para que
dé tiempo a que pase por la criba y sean corregidos los errores.

2) Dicho lo anterior, también aclaro que intento escribir con el máximo rigor. Suelo consultar
varios libros de gramática para cada tema. Aún así es posible que recoja una opinión
controvertida y que otros autores digan algo distinto sobre un tema concreto. Agradecería
también a quien crea que estoy equivocada (ya sea en una estructura gramatical o traducción)
que me lo haga saber.

3) Podcast. ¿Qué acento tengo al hablar? Yo defino mi propio inglés como inglés europeo.
Explico por qué: cuando vivía en Estados Unidos hablaba con acento americano. Al venir a vivir
a Europa y escuchar tantos acentos, mi inglés se ha convertido en una mezcla de inglés
americano, inglés británico con una chispita de español. Saqué como conclusión de que es lo que
le ocurre a muchas personas que hablan inglés fluidamente como segundo idioma (en el norte de
Europa sobre todo). Conocen y utilizan expresiones de ambos idiomas; por eso he decidido
llamarle inglés europeo.

4) Copyright. Puedes copiar cualquier artículo para uso no comercial. Sólo te pido que cites
la fuente:"EL BLOG PARA APRENDER INGLÉS" Mónica T. Stocker En el caso de detectar un
uso comercial del contenido de este blog, no dudaré en emprender acciones legales contra el
infractor puesto que el abogado me sale gratis (soy yo misma).

1
 Lesson 1

It is his umbrella.
1..... .has an umbrella.

a. She b. He c. They

It is their dog.
2..... have a dog.

a. We b. She c. They

It is my pencil.
3. ..... have a pencil.

a. I b. He c. We

It is our house.
4..... have a house.

a. We b. They c. He

It is your car.
5...... have a car.

a. She b. He c. You

They are her flowers.

6. ..... has flowers.

a. You b. She c. We

2
It is his umbrella.
1..... .has an umbrella. You are right

a. She b. He c. They

It is their dog.
2..... have a dog. You are right

a. We b. She c. They

It is my pencil.
3. ..... have a pencil. You are right

a. I b. He c. We

It is our house.
4..... have a house. You are right

a. We b. They c. He

It is your car.
5...... have a car. You are right

a. She b. He c. You

They are her flowers.

6. ..... has flowers. You are right

a. You b. She c. We

3
 Lesson 2

Personal Pronouns

He I She

He is Fred I am George She is Susan

It

It is Rover

They We
You

They are John, Tim and We are Janet, George

Susan and Pablo You are...?

4
Personal pronoun verb "to be"
I am
She is
He is
It is
We are
You are
They are

5
6
Use the correct personal pronouns. Watch the words in brackets.

Toggle example

1) is dreaming. (George)
2) is green. (the blackboard)
3) are on the wall. (the posters)
4) is running. (the dog)
5) are watching TV. (my mother and I)
6) are in the garden. (the flowers)
7) is riding his bike. (Tom)
8) is from Bristol. (Victoria)
9) has got a brother. (Diana)
10) Have got a computer, Mandy?

7
1) He is dreaming.
2) It is green.
3) They are on the wall.
4) It is running.
5) We are watching TV.
6) They are in the garden.
7) He is riding his bike.
8) She is from Bristol.
9) She has got a brother.
10) Have you got a computer, Mandy?

8
 Lesson 3

Full Forms of the verb to be

I am a student.
He is a teacher.
She is a journalist.
It is a book.
We are mechanics.
You are pilots.
They are policemen.

Contracted forms of the verb to be

I am a student.
He is a teacher.
She is a journalist.
It is a book.
We are mechanics.
You are pilots.
They are policemen.

9
10
Click on the words in the correct order to make
positive sentences with the verb to be.

1 twenty-five years I am old.

2 from Venezuela. We are

3 Anton student. and is name I'm a My

4 my book. This is

5 It's nice a day today.

6 name Her brother's Paul. is

7 an is engineer. John

8 Johansson. is My name husband's

9 class. my twelve in There students are

10 new top letter. of the at is My address the

11
12
13
14
Lesson 4

15
16
17
18
 Lesson 5

Elige la opción más adecuada para responder a las siguientes preguntas.

Do you play tennis?

Is Marvin a doctor?
Yes, I do.
Yes, he does.
Yes, I am.
Yes, he is.
Does she play tennis?
Are you a student?
Yes, she do.
Yes, you are.
Yes, she does.
Yes, I am.
Is he a lawyer?
Does she speak English?
No, he isn't.
Yes, she does.
No, he don't.
Yes, she do.
Are you a teacher?
Do you work?
Yes, I do.
Yes, I am.
Yes, I am.
No, I don't.
Does he go to school?
Does she play golf?
No, he does not.
No, she is not.
No, he don't.
Yes, she does.

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21
22
23
24
Lesson 6

25
26
Was - Were - Past Tense of Be

The verb 'to be' is used in many questions such as "Are you married?", "Where are you from?",
"Are you happy?", etc. Once you understand the verb 'to be' in the present tense, learn the verb
'to be' in the past tense. Use this guide to 'was / were' and compare this form to 'am / is / are' of
the present simple to compare the present to the past.

Read the following questions. Compare the simple present with the simple past in the first
example and then complete the questions using the correct form of the verb 'to be' in the past.

27
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29
30
Lesson 7

31
32
Cómo distinguir entre el past tense y el past continuous

33
34
Lesson 8

35
36
Exercise on Form with 'have got'
Write down the missing sentences. Use 'have got'.

37
Exercise on Form with 'have got'
Write down the missing sentences. Use 'have got'

38
En Inglés Británico se dice 'have got' o 'has got' para expresar
Posesión. En Inglés Americano se dice más 'have' y 'has'.

Ej.1 Tengo una hermana I've got a sister. (U.K.)

I have a sister. (U.S.)

Ej.2 Stephanie tiene un marido Stephanie’s got a husband. (U.K.)

Stephanie has a husband. (U.S.) *

Ej.3 No tienen hijos They haven’t got any children. (U.K.)

They don’t have any children. (U.S.)

Ej.4 ¿Tienen coche? Have they got a car? (U.K.)

Do they have a car (U.S.)

* ¡Cuidado!
She's a husband. En inglés americano 'she has' no tiene contracción.
Se dice 'She has a husband'
I've a car I have a car
Contraction
Stephanie's got = Stephanie has got
She's got = She has got

Listen and repeat

- 'Have got' se usa mucho en Inglés hablado.

- El pasado de 'have/has' es 'had'

Ej.) I had a boyfriend. (tenía/tuve un novio.)

We didn’t have much money. (No teníamos/tuvimos mucho dinero.)
Did you have a girlfriend? (¿Tenías una novia?)

- 's puede ser la contracción de has o de is .

Ej.) He's a wonderful husband, and he's got money.

(he is) (he has got)
(Es un marido estupendo, además tiene dinero.)

39
 Lesson 9

Cómo distinguir entre el past tense y el past continuous

Pregunta:

¿Me podrías decir cómo se sabe cuando te piden que pongas "past simple" o "past continuous",
cuál tienes que poner?

Gracias.

Lorena

**************

Respuesta

Hola Lorena:

1) Tienes que poner el "past tense" cuando la acción se realizó en el pasado y ya ha

acabado. Además suelen aparecer referencias temporales tales como: last year, last month, last
week, last weekend, yesterday... Fíjate cómo todas estas referencias temporales refuerzan la idea
de que la "acción ya ha acabado".

Ejemplos:

-I went to London last week. Fui a Londres la semana pasada.

-She worked very hard yesterday. Ella trabajó duro ayer.

- We spent a week in Paris last year. Pasamos una semana en Paris el año pasado.

2) Cuando aparece una oración en "past tense" o una "referencia temporal" (hora, momento
determinado) y quieres recalcar que la acción se prolongó en el pasado, tienes que poner el
"past continuous".

40
Ejemplos:

- "She was cooking (oración en "past continuous") when he arrived." (oración en pasado
"arrived" es pasado)

-Ella estaba cocinando cuando él llegó.

También puede aparecer una "referencia temporal horaria" tal como:

-At five o'clock (referencia temporal horaria) they were playing tennis.

-A las cinco ellos estaban jugando al tenis.

- What were you doing at that moment? ("at that moment"·es una referencia temporal)

-¿Qué estabas haciendo en ese momento?

-I was having lunch. (past continuous) Yo estaba comiendo.

Recuerda: Past tense: aparece con yesterday, last week, last month, etc. Past Continuous:
aparece con una referencia temporal horaria o relativa a un momento determinado, o una oración
en pasado. ¿Qué hacer si las referencias temporales no son claras? Intenta traducir la oración al
español y ver qué tiene más sentido según el contexto de la oración.

41
42
43
44
45
 Lesson 10

Present perfect (pretérito perfecto)

 El "present perfect" es un tiempo que sirve para describir acciones que acaban de suceder
en el pasado y que guardan alguna relación con el presente. Equivale en castellano al
pretérito perfecto:

I have bought a car. Yo he comprado un coche: nos indica que

la acción de comprar el coche acaba de
realizarse.

 Si por el contrario utilizáramos el "past simple" esta conexión con el presente se pierde:

I bought a car. Yo compré un coche: no implica que la

acción haya sido reciente, ni que aún siga
teniendo ese coche.

 En las oraciones con "present perfect" no se suele mencionar el momento en el que se ha

desarrollado la acción:

I have read a book. Yo he leído un libro: la acción acaba de

finalizar.

 Ya que si se mencionara el momento de su realización, entonces habría que utilizar el

"past simple":

I read a book this morning. Yo leí un libro esta mañana

 No obstante, a veces sí se puede mencionar el periodo de tiempo en el que la acción se ha

desarrollado, pero únicamente si este periodo de tiempo aún no ha finalizado:

This morning I have drunk Esta mañana me he tomado 3 cafés: utilizo

three coffees. en este caso el "present perfect" si el periodo
de la mañana aún no ha terminado.

 Ya que si este periodo hubiera finalizado habría que utilizar entonces el "past simple":

This morning I drank three Esta mañana me tomé tres cafés: nos
coffees. indica que la mañana ya finalizó.

 Otro uso típico del "present perfect" es para describir acciones que empezaron en el
pasado y que aún no han finalizado:

46
 I have lived in this city since 1980. He vivido en esta ciudad desde
1980: implica que sigo viviendo en
la ciudad.
I have played tennis since my childhood. He jugado al tenis desde mi
infancia: y sigo jugando

 Si la acción hubiera ya finalizado entonces habría que utilizar el "past simple":

I lived in this city for 10 years. Yo viví en esta ciudad 10 años: pero ya no
vivo ahí.
I played tennis for many years. Yo jugué al tenis muchos años: pero ya no
juego.

 El "present perfect" se forma con el auxiliar "to have" en presente del indicativo (simple
present), más el participio (past participle) del verbo principal:

I have listened to the news. Yo he escuchado las noticias

She has watched TV. Ella ha visto la tele

 La forma negativa se forma con la partícula de negación "not" entre el auxiliar y el verbo
principal, y la forma interrogativa se construye con el auxiliar al comienzo de la oración,
seguido del sujeto y del verbo principal:

I have not done my Yo no he hecho mis deberes.

homework.
Have you been to Seville? ¿ Has estado en Sevilla ?

47
48
49
 Click on the answer you think is correct.

1. When ________________ the company?

a) have you joined
b) did you joined
c) did you join
d) have you ever joined

2. ___________________ in Pakistan?
a) Did you ever worked
b) Have you ever worked
c) Worked you
d) Didn't you have worked

3. That's the best presentation ______________

a) I never heard
b) I didn't hear
c) I used to hear
d) I've ever heard

4. He's the most difficult customer _____________________

a) I never dealt with.
b) I never had to deal with.
c) I've ever had to deal with.
d) I've never had to deal with.

5. ___________________ to him last week.

a) I spoke
b) I've already spoken
c) I didn't spoke
d) I speaked

6. ______________ a binding contract last year and it is still valid.

a) We have signed
b) We signed
c) We haven't signed
d) We have sign

50
7. The reason I look so brown is that _______________ from a business
trip to Barbados
a) I come back
b) I came back
c) I never came back
d) I've just come back

8. Sales ________ in 1995 but then _____ in 1996.

a) rised falled
b) rose fell
c) have risen have fallen
d) rose have fallen

9. You ____________ to a word ____________

a) listened I haven't said
b) didn't listen I say
c) listened saying
d) haven't listened I've said

10. It's obvious that ________________ this report.

a) you haven't read
b) you didn't read
c) you don't read
d) you read not

51
 Click on the answer you think is correct.

1. When ________________ the company?

a) have you joined
b) did you joined
c) did you join
d) have you ever joined

2. ___________________ in Pakistan?
a) Did you ever worked
b) Have you ever worked
c) Worked you
d) Didn't you have worked

3. That's the best presentation ______________

a) I never heard
b) I didn't hear
c) I used to hear
d) I've ever heard

4. He's the most difficult customer _____________________

a) I never dealt with.
b) I never had to deal with.
c) I've ever had to deal with.
d) I've never had to deal with.

5. ___________________ to him last week.

a) I spoke
b) I've already spoken
c) I didn't spoke
d) I speaked

6. ______________ a binding contract last year and it is still valid.

a) We have signed
b) We signed
c) We haven't signed
d) We have sign

52
7. The reason I look so brown is that _______________ from a business
trip to Barbados
a) I come back
b) I came back
c) I never came back
d) I've just come back

8. Sales ________ in 1995 but then _____ in 1996.

a) rised falled
b) rose fell
c) have risen have fallen
d) rose have fallen

9. You ____________ to a word ____________

a) listened I haven't said
b) didn't listen I say
c) listened saying
d) haven't listened I've said

10. It's obvious that ________________ this report.

a) you haven't read
b) you didn't read
c) you don't read
d) you read not

53
 Lesson 11

1. What will you do next year?

I finished school.
I will finish school.

2. Are you going to work tomorrow?

Yes, I am.
Yes, he will.

3. What are you going to do for Christmas?

I'm going to stay at home.
I stayed at home.

4. Where will you go on you holidays?

I will go to Berlin.
He will go to Berlin.

5. Are you going to call the police?

Yes, I was.
Yes, I am.

6. Will Steven buy a new house next year?

No, he won't.
No, he didn't.

7. Are you going to play cards tonight?

Yes, we are.
Yes, we did.

8. Will you go the party?

Yes, we will.
Yes, she will.

54
1. What will you do next year?
I finished school.
I will finish school.

2. Are you going to work tomorrow?

Yes, I am.
Yes, he will.

3. What are you going to do for Christmas?

I'm going to stay at home.
I stayed at home.

4. Where will you go on you holidays?

I will go to Berlin.
He will go to Berlin.

5. Are you going to call the police?

Yes, I was.
Yes, I am.

6. Will Steven buy a new house next year?

No, he won't.
No, he didn't.

7. Are you going to play cards tonight?

Yes, we are.
Yes, we did.

8. Will you go the party?

Yes, we will.
Yes, she will.

55
Are you going to play tennis?
Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
What are you doing in November?
I'm going to buy a house.
I'm fine.
Where are you going this holiday?
I'm going to play tennis.
I'm going to Paris.
Are we going to have dinner now?
Yes, we are.
Yes, I am.
Are you going to study French?
Yes, you are.
Yes, I am.
Are you going to play this game?
Yes, we are going to play this game.
Yes, she is going to play this game.
How much money are you going to spend?
Five dollars.
Yes, I am.
Is Jennifer going to have breakfast?
No, she isn't.
No, she doesn't.
What are you going to do?
I'm sleeping.
I'm going to sleep.
Is your brother sleeping?
Yes, he is going to sleep.
Yes, he is.

56
Are you going to play tennis?
Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
What are you doing in November?
I'm going to buy a house.
I'm fine.
Where are you going this holiday?
I'm going to play tennis.
I'm going to Paris.
Are we going to have dinner now?
Yes, we are.
Yes, I am.
Are you going to study French?
Yes, you are.
Yes, I am.
Are you going to play this game?
Yes, we are going to play this game.
Yes, she is going to play this game.
How much money are you going to spend?
Five dollars.
Yes, I am.
Is Jennifer going to have breakfast?
No, she isn't.
No, she doesn't.
What are you going to do?
I'm sleeping.
I'm going to sleep.
Is your brother sleeping?
Yes, he is going to sleep.
Yes, he is.

57
 Lesson 12

1 I feel really tired. I think I ______ go to bed.

'll
'm going to

2 Where are you going?

I ______ visit a customer.

'll
'm going to

3 Do you want me to help you?

No thanks. John ______ help me.

'll
's going to

4 Would you prefer tea or coffee?

I ______ have some coffee, please.

'll
'm going to

5 Would you like to come to my house for dinner and talk about this?

Good idea. I ______ bring some wine.

'll
'm going to

6 I've already decided. I ______ buy a new car

'll
'm going to

7 What are your plans for next week?

58
 I ______ to fly to New York on business. Probably on Tuesday but I
haven't bought my ticket yet.
'll
'm going to

8 What are your plans for the holidays?

I ______ visit my parents for a few days and then go walking in Scotland.
'll
'm going to

9 Why are you wearing your best suit?

I ______ have lunch with my biggest customer.

'll
'm going to

10 Do you want to have the chicken or the beef?

I think ______ have the beef.

'll
'm going to

11 My head hurts.

Sit down and I ______ get you an aspirin.

'll
'm going to

12 We need some more ink for the printer.

I ______ go to the shop and get some.

'll
'm going to

13 Look! There's smoke coming out of the photocopier.

59
 You turn it off and I ______ phone the safety officer
'll
'm going to

14 I cannot see how to use this spreadsheet.

Don't worry. I ______ help you.

'll
'm going to

15 I need to speak to you today.

I'm going out now but I ______ be back later.

'll
'm going to

16 Did you phone Michael?

I'm sorry. I completely forgot. I ______ do it now.

'll
'm going to

17 Can you help me with this? I don't understand.

I ______ give you a hand as soon as I've finished this.

'll
'm going to

18 That's much too heavy for one person. I ______ give you a hand.
'll
'm going to

19 Could somebody answer the phone?

I ______ get it.

60
 'll
'm going to

20 It's really hot in here.

I ______ put on the air-conditioning.

'll
'm going to

61
1 I feel really tired. I think I ______ go to bed.
'll
'm going to

2 Where are you going?

I ______ visit a customer.

'll
'm going to

3 Do you want me to help you?

No thanks. John ______ help me.

'll
's going to

4 Would you prefer tea or coffee?

I ______ have some coffee, please.

'll
'm going to

5 Would you like to come to my house for dinner and talk about this?

Good idea. I ______ bring some wine.

'll
'm going to

6 I've already decided. I ______ buy a new car

'll
'm going to

62
7 What are your plans for next week?

I ______ to fly to New York on business. Probably on Tuesday but I

haven't bought my ticket yet.
'll
'm going to

8 What are your plans for the holidays?

I ______ visit my parents for a few days and then go walking in Scotland.
'll
'm going to

9 Why are you wearing your best suit?

I ______ have lunch with my biggest customer.

'll
'm going to

10 Do you want to have the chicken or the beef?

I think ______ have the beef.

'll
'm going to

11 My head hurts.

Sit down and I ______ get you an aspirin.

'll
'm going to

12 We need some more ink for the printer.

I ______ go to the shop and get some.

'll
'm going to

63
13 Look! There's smoke coming out of the photocopier.

You turn it off and I ______ phone the safety officer

yes 'll

'm going to

14 I cannot see how to use this spreadsheet.

Don't worry. I ______ help you.

yes 'll

'm going to

15 I need to speak to you today.

I'm going out now but I ______ be back later.

yes 'll

'm going to

16 Did you phone Michael?

I'm sorry. I completely forgot. I ______ do it now.

yes 'll

'm going to

17 Can you help me with this? I don't understand.

I ______ give you a hand as soon as I've finished this.

yes 'll

'm going to

18 That's much too heavy for one person. I ______ give you a hand.
yes 'll

'm going to

64
19 Could somebody answer the phone?

I ______ get it.

yes 'll

'm going to

20 It's really hot in here.

I ______ put on the air-conditioning.

yes 'll

'm going to

65
66
67
Lesson 14

68
69
Lesson 15

70
 Lesson 16

Nota: Los ejercicios con "can" los dejaremos para la siguiente clase en la que estudiaremos "be able" y
"could". De momento, intenta aprender bien la teoría de "Can".

71
 Lesson 17

Can, could y be able (usos)

Pregunta

Tengo una duda sobre el pasado de can (expresado como habilidad) es decir could y be able to.

-Could solo se usa para hablar en general y was/were able to se usa para situaciones específicas.

Ejemplos:

-When I was a child, I could read without glasses.

-Dad didn't have any money on him, but fortunately he was able to use his credit car to pay the bill.

Yo la verdad no veo la diferencia aquí. ¿Me podrían explicar porque uso en un caso could en el otro be
able to? y si también me podrían poner mas ejemplos por favor.

***********

Respuesta:

"Could" se utiliza cuando nuestras propias habilidades han hecho posible que se realizase un hecho.

En el primer ejemplo "When I was a child, I could read without glasses". "Cuando era niño podía leer sin
gafas", es debido a la habilidad o la característica de la persona que realiza la acción.

-"Was able to" implica, además de la capacidad para hacer algo, que las circunstancias sean favorables
para ello.

-"Dad didn't have any money on him, but fortunately he was able to use his credit card to pay the bill".
Mi padre no llevaba dinero encima, pero afortunadamente pudo utilizar su tarjeta de crédito para pagar
la cuenta.

En éste caso, las circunstancias fueron favorables (tenía tarjeta, la tarjeta no fue rechazada, etc)

Te pongo dos ejemplos más, uno de cada caso:

-"I can jump really high". Puedo saltar muy alto. (Pues muy bien)

-"My surfboard got lost at sea, but luckily I was able to recover it". Mi tabla de surf se perdió en el mar,
pero afortunadamente pude recuperarla. (Aquí se han podido dar varias circunstancias: el viento, que la
persona supiera nadar, que alguien la encontrase y se la devolviese...)

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74
75
76
Lesson 18

77
78
 Lesson 19

 El verbo modal "should" se utiliza para indicar conveniencia:

You should come with us. Tú deberías venir con nosotros

I should study German. Yo debería estudiar alemán
He should work harder. El debería trabajar más duro

 Se diferencia, por tanto, de "must", ya que éste indica obligación:

You must do your homework. Tú debes hacer tus deberes

You should do your homework. Tú deberías hacer tus deberes

 También se utiliza "should" para indicar que algo es probable que ocurra en el futuro:

She has studied so hard that she Ella ha estudiado tanto que debería
should pass her exams. aprobar sus exámenes
I should be at home by 10 o'clock. Yo debería estar en casa antes de las 10

 Su forma negativa es "should not" (o la abreviada "shouldn't"):

She shouldn't go alone. Ella no debería ir sola

You shouldn't be so disagreeable. Tú no deberías ser tan desagradable
He shouldn't come back so late. El no debería volver tan tarde

 En el pasado se utiliza la forma "should + have + past participle del verbo principal" para
indicar lo que se debería haber hecho y no se hizo:

You should have called me. Tú deberías haberme telefoneado

She should have prepared her exams. Ella debería haber preparado sus
exámenes
My brother should have come. Mi hermano debería haber venido

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Lesson 20

80
81
 Lesson 21

 El verbo modal "may" se utiliza para indicar que algo puede ser posible:

He may be lost. El puede estar perdido

You may find a good hotel. Tú puedes encontrar un buen hotel
She may want to come with you. Ella puede querer venir contigo

 Se puede utilizar su forma pasada "might" prácticamente con el mismo significado,

aunque "may" indica un mayor grado de probabilidad:

He might be at home. El podría estar en casa

He may be at home. El puede estar en casa

 Ambas formas "may" / "might" también se utilizan para pedir permiso de una manera
educada ("might" es incluso más cortés):

May I make a call? ¿ Puedo hacer una llamada ?

Might I make a call? ¿ Podría hacer una llamada ?
May I open the door? ¿ Puedo abrir la puerta ?
Might I open the door? ¿ Podría abrir la puerta ?

 Las formas negativas son "may not" y "might not" (o su forma abreviada "mightn't"):

He may not be here El puede no estar aquí

He might not be here El podría no estar aquí

 Para indicar posibilidad en el pasado utilizamos la estructura "may / might + have + past
participle del verbo principal":

He may have come before. El puede haber venido antes

He might have come before. El podría haber venido antes
She may have finished yesterday. Ella puede haber finalizado ayer
She might have finished yesterday. Ella podría haber finalizado ayer

 También se pueden utilizar ambas formas para indicar posibilidad en el futuro:

This summer I may go to England. Este verano yo puedo ir a Inglaterra

This summer I might go to England. Este verano yo podría ir a Inglaterra

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 Lesson 22

Might

"Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used in conditional
sentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests, although this
is less common in American English.

Examples:

 Your purse might be in the living room. possibility

 If I didn't have to work, I might go with you. conditional
 You might visit the botanical gardens during your visit. suggestion
 Might I borrow your pen? request

Using "Might" in Present, Past, and Future

Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to
learn how "might" behaves in different contexts.

Negative Forms
Positive Forms You can
Modal Use 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. =
1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future also use:
Future

1. She might not be on the bus.

1. She might be on the bus. I think her
She might be walking home.
car is having problems.

might 2. She might not have taken could,

2. She might have taken the bus.
the bus. She might have
possibility I'm not sure how she got to work. may
walked home.
3. She might take the bus to get
3. She might not take the bus.
home. I don't think Bill will be able
She might get a ride from
to give her a ride.
Bill.

1. If I entered the contest, I might

1. Even if I entered the contest,
might actually win.
I might not win.
conditional
of may 2. If I had entered the contest, I
2. Even if I had entered the
might actually have won.
contest, I might not have

83
 3. If I entered the contest won.
tomorrow, I might actually win.
Unfortunately, I can't enter it. 3. Even if I entered the
contest tomorrow, I might not
win.

1. NO PRESENT FORM
1. NO PRESENT FORM
might
2. PAST FORM
2. You might have tried the cheese UNCOMMON could
suggestion
cake.
3. You might not want to eat
3. You might try the cheesecake. the cheese cake. It's very
calorific.

Might I have something to drink?

might
could,
request NEGATIVE FORMS
Might I borrow the stapler? may,
UNCOMMON
can
(British
Requests usually refer to the near
form)
future.

REMEMBER: "Might not" vs. "Could not"

"Might not" suggests you do not know if something happens. "Could not" suggests that it is
impossible for something to happen.

Examples:

 Jack might not have the key. Maybe he does not have the key.
 Jack could not have the key. It is impossible that he has the key.

84
 Lesson 23

Ought To
"Ought to" is used to advise or make recommendations. "Ought to" also expresses assumption or
expectation as well as strong probability, often with the idea that something is deserved. "Ought
not" (without "to") is used to advise against doing something, although Americans prefer the less
formal forms "should not" or "had better not."

Examples:

 You ought to stop smoking. recommendation

 Jim ought to get the promotion. It is expected because he deserves it.
 This stock ought to increase in value. probability
 Mark ought not drink so much. advice against something (notice there is no "to")

Using "Ought to" in Present, Past, and Future

Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to
learn how "ought to" behaves in different contexts.

You
Positive Forms Negative Forms
can
Modal Use 1. = Present 2. = Past 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. =
also
3. = Future Future
use:

1. Margaret ought to
1. Margaret ought not exercise
exercise more.
too much. It might cause injury.
2. Margaret ought to
2. Margaret ought not have run
have exercised more so
ought to the marathon. She wasn't in good
she would be better
recommendation, shape. should
prepared for the
advice
marathon.
3. Margaret ought not stay at
home in front of the TV. She
3. Margaret ought to
should go to the fitness center
come to the fitness center
with us.
with us tonight.

ought to 1. She ought to have the

"Ought not" is used primarily to
assumption, package by now.
express negative should
expectation,
recommendations. (See above.)
probability 2. She ought to have

85
 received the package
yesterday.

3. She ought to receive

the package tonight.

Notice "Ought not"

Remember that "ought to" loses the "to" in the negative. Instead of "ought not to," we say "ought
not." "Ought not" is more commonly used in British English. Americans prefer "should not."

Examples:

 You ought not smoke so much.

 She ought not take such risks while skiing.
 They ought not carry so much cash while traveling.

86
 Lesson 24

Lesson 24 Repaso Modal Verbs

Para aprender tu lengua materna has estado repitiendo sonidos y frases sin darte cuenta durante
años. Seguro que no lo recuerdas, pero fue así. Todos aprendemos repitiendo.

Eso es lo que haremos en la clase de hoy, repasar todos los "modal verbs" que hemos visto hasta
ahora.

Primero recordaremos que los "modal verbs" son verbos auxiliares, esto es que necesitan de otro
verbo para tener sentido en una oración. Son invariables, no añaden "s" o "ed" y la mayoría de
ellos sólo pueden ser utilizados en tiempo Presente. Los más usados son los que hemos visto en
este curso.

87
 Lesson 25

Lesson 26

para hacer unos ejercicios con este tipo de condicional. En esta página le llaman "Real Conditional", es
decir, "El Condicional Real", porque es posible cumplir con la condición.

Present Conditionals
Present Real Conditional
FORM

[If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Present ...]

[... Simple Present ... if / when ... Simple Present ...]

USE

The Present Real Conditional is used to talk about what you normally do in real-life situations.

Examples:

 If I go to a friend's house for dinner, I usually take a bottle of wine or some flowers.
 When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.
 If the weather is nice, she walks to work.
 Jerry helps me with my homework when he has time.
 I read if there is nothing on TV.
 A: What do you do when it rains?
B: I stay at home.
 A: Where do you stay if you go to Sydney?
B: I stay with my friends near the harbor.

IMPORTANT If / When

Both "if" and "when" are used in the Present Real Conditional. Using "if" suggests that
something happens less frequently. Using "when" suggests that something happens regularly.

Examples:

 When I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.

I regularly have days off from work.
 If I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.
I rarely have days off from work.

88
Present Unreal Conditional
FORM

[If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...]

[... would + verb ... if ... Simple Past ...]

USE

The Present Unreal Conditional is used to talk about what you would generally do in imaginary
situations.

Examples:

 If I owned a car, I would drive to work. But I don't own a car.

 She would travel around the world if she had more money. But she doesn't have much
money.
 I would read more if I didn't watch so much TV.
 Mary would move to Japan if she spoke Japanese.
 If they worked harder, they would earn more money.
 A: What would you do if you won the lottery?
B: I would buy a house.
 A: Where would you live if you moved to the U.S.?
B: I would live in Seattle.

EXCEPTION If I were ...

In the Present Unreal Conditional, the form "was" is not considered grammatically correct. In
written English or in testing situations, you should always use "were." However, in everyday
conversation, "was" is often used.

Examples:

 If he were French, he would live in Paris.

 If she were rich, she would buy a yacht.
 I would play basketball if I were taller.
 I would buy that computer if it were cheaper.
 I would buy that computer if it was cheaper. Not Correct (But often said in conversation.)

IMPORTANT Only use "If"

Only the word "if" is used with the Present Unreal Conditional because you are discussing
imaginary situations. "When" cannot be used.

89
Examples:

 I would buy that computer when it were cheaper. Not Correct

 I would buy that computer if it were cheaper. Correct

EXCEPTION Conditional with Modal Verbs

There are some special conditional forms for modal verbs in English:

would + can = could

would + shall = should

would + may = might

The words "can," "shall" and "may" cannot be used with "would." Instead, they must be used in
these special forms.

Examples:

 If I went to Egypt, I would can learn Arabic. Not Correct

 If I went to Egypt, I could learn Arabic. Correct

 If she had time, she would may go to the party. Not Correct
 If she had time, she might go to the party. Correct

The words "could," should," "might" and "ought to" include conditional, so you cannot combine
them with "would."

Examples:

 If I had more time, I would could exercise after work. Not Correct
 If I had more time, I could exercise after work. Correct

 If he invited you, you really would should go. Not Correct

 If he invited you, you really should go. Correct

90
 Lesson 27

Lesson 28

 El "perfect condicional" se utiliza para construir las oraciones condicionales de 3º tipo

(tal como se recoge en la 60º lección ).

 Este 3º tipo de oración condicional se caracteriza por que la cláusula condicional no se

puede cumplir y, por lo tanto, la cláusula principal no se va a realizar:

If I had worked , I would have passed the exam. Si yo hubiera trabajado, habría pasado el
examen(pero como no trabajé, no he podido
pasar dicho examen).

If you had come, you would have seen my brother. Si hubieras venido, habrías visto a mi
hermano(pero como no lo hiciste, no lo has
podido ver).

También se utiliza como equivalente en el pasado del futuro perfecto (future perfect):

Before 10 o'clock I Antes de las 10, habré terminado los deberes (la
will have finished my acción se va a desarrollar en el futuro, pero la afirmación
homework. se ha realizado en el presente).

I thought that before 10 o'clock Pensaba que antes de las 10, habría terminado los
I would have finished my deberes (en este caso, la acción se iba a desarrollar en el
homework. futuro, pero a partir de un punto de partida situado en el
pasado).

 El "conditional perfect" se construye con la forma condicional del auxiliar "to have",
acompañado del participio (past participle) del verbo principal (en la primera persona del
singular y del plurar se puede utilizar "should" en lugar de "would"):

91
 I woul have visited my brother. Yo habría visitado a mi hermano
She would have bought a car. Ella se habría comprado un coche

 La forma negativa se construye interponiendo la negación "not" entre la forma auxiliar

"would" y la forma infinitiva "have". Se puede utilizar también la contracción "wouldn't"
(y "shouldn't" con la primera persona del singular y plural):

You would not have said that. Tú no habrías dicho eso

You wouldn't have said that.

 La forma interrogativa se forma comenzando la oración por la forma auxiliar "would",

seguido del sujeto , de la forma infinitiva "have" y del verbo principal:

Would you have gone to the party? ¿ Habrías ido a la fiesta ?

Would she have cooked the dinner? ¿ Habría preparado ella la cena ?

 La forma interrogativa negativa se forma empezando la oración por "would", seguido del
sujeto, de la negación "not", de la forma infinitiva "have" y del verbo principal. También
se podría utilizar la contracción "wouldn't" que iria al comienzo de la oración:

Wouldn´t you have gone to the party? ¿ No habrías ido a la fiesta ?

Wouldn´t she have cooked the dinner? ¿ No habría ella preparado la cena ?

92
Lesson 29

93
94
Lesson 30

Lesson 31

95
96
Q1 - I'm not used to ____ up this early.
get
getting
Q2 - I used to ____ a lot.
read
reading
Q3 - You'll have to get used to ____ on the right when you live there.
drive
driving
Q4 - I didn't use to ____ it, but I do now.
like
liking
Q5 - I found it hard to get used to ____ in such a hot country.
live
living
Q6 - Where did you use to ____ when you visited?
stay
staying
Q7 - It took me a while to get used to ____ the language.
speak
speaking
Q8 - I used to ____ hard when I was a student.
work
working
Q9 - Have you got used to ____ it yet?
do
doing
Q10 - I'm not used to ____ so much tea.
drink
drinking

97
Q1 - I'm not used to ____ up this early.
get
getting

Q2 - I used to ____ a lot.

read
reading

Q3 - You'll have to get used to ____ on the right when you live there.
drive
driving

Q4 - I didn't use to ____ it, but I do now.

like
liking

Q5 - I found it hard to get used to ____ in such a hot country.

live
living

Q6 - Where did you use to ____ when you visited?

stay
staying

Q7 - It took me a while to get used to ____ the language.

speak
speaking

Q8 - I used to ____ hard when I was a student.

work
working

Q9 - Have you got used to ____ it yet?

do
doing

Q10 - I'm not used to ____ so much tea.

drink
drinking

98
 Lesson 32
Lesson 33
Reported commands, affirmative sentences - Exercise 2
Explanation: Reported commands

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes
not necessary.

1) Andrew: "Clean the blue bike!"

Andrew told me .

2) Jessica: "Write a text message!"

Jessica told me .

3) Nelly: "Help Peter's sister!"

Nelly told me .

4) Fred: "Wash your hands!"

Fred told me .

5) Anna: "Open the window!"

Anna told me .

6) Tom: "Come at 8!"

Tom told me .

7) Teacher: "Do your homework!"

The teacher told me .

8) Doris: "Dance with me!"

Doris told me .

9) Sabine: "Meet Sandy at the station!"

Sabine told me .

10) Victoria: "Check your e-mails!"

Victoria told me .

99
 Reported commands, affirmative sentences - Exercise 2

1) Andrew:"Clean the blue bike!"

Andrew told me to clean the blue bike.

2) Jessica:"Write a text message!"

Jessica told me to write a text message.

3) Nelly:"Help Peter's sister!"

Nelly told me to help Peter's sister.

4) Fred:"Wash your hands!"

Fred told me to wash my hands.

5) Anna:"Open the window!"

Anna told me to open the window.

6) Tom:"Come at 8!"
Tom told me to come at 8.

7) Teacher:"Do your homework!"

The teacher told me to do my homework.

8) Doris:"Dance with me!"

Doris told me to dance with her.

9) Sabine:"Meet Sandy at the station!"

Sabine told me to meet Sandy at the station.

10) Victoria:"Check your e-mails!"

Victoria told me to check my e-mails.

100
Exercise on Reported Speech
Reported Speech without backshift – Change of Pronouns

Helen is in front of the class holding a presentation on London. As Helen is rather shy, she
speaks with a very low voice. Your classmate Gareth does not understand her, so you have to
repeat every sentence to him.

Complete the sentences in reported speech (no backshift). Note the change of pronouns and
verbs.

 Helen: I want to tell you something about my holiday in London.

 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that
 Helen: I went to London in July.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that
 Helen: My parents went with me.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that
 Helen: We spent three days in London.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that
 Helen: London is a multicultural place.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that
 Helen: I saw people of all colours.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that
 Helen: Me and my parents visited the Tower.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that
 Helen: One evening we went to see a musical.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that
 Helen: I love London.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that
 Helen: The people are so nice there.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that

101
Exercise on Reported Speech
Reported Speech without backshift – Change of Pronouns

Helen is in front of the class holding a presentation on London. As Helen is rather shy, she
speaks with a very low voice. Your classmate Gareth does not understand her, so you have to
repeat every sentence to him.

Complete the sentences in reported speech (no backshift). Note the change of pronouns and
verbs.

 Helen: I want to tell you something about my holiday in London.

 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that she wants to tell us something about her holiday in London.
 Helen: I went to London in July.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that she went to London in July.
 Helen: My parents went with me.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that her parents went with her.
 Helen: We spent three days in London.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that they spent three days in London.
 Helen: London is a multicultural place.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that London is a multicultural place.
 Helen: I saw people of all colours.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that she saw people of all colours.
 Helen: Me and my parents visited the Tower.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that she and her parents visited the Tower.
 Helen: One evening we went to see a musical.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that one evening they went to see a musical.
 Helen: I love London.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that she loves London.
 Helen: The people are so nice there.
 Gareth: What does she say?
 You: She says that the people are so nice there.

102
 Lesson 34

1. late

2. fat

3. attractive

4. light

5. cold

6. intelligent

7. tasty

8. large

9. young

10. smelly

103
Type the correct comparative form of each word. Click on the Check Answers button.

happy -> than good -> than

high -> than funny -> than
sad -> than well -> than
busy -> than interesting -> than
bad -> than fascinating -> than
small -> than famous -> than
red -> than far -> than
pink -> than large -> than
fast -> than ugly -> than
peppy -> than short -> than
old -> than tall -> than
soft -> than badly -> than
wet-> than salty -> than
young -> than heavy -> than
big -> than easy -> than
respectful -> than intelligent -> than
clean -> than dangerous -> than
playful -> than exciting -> than
smart -> than cute -> than
serious -> than adventurous -> than
curious -> than comfortable -> than
disgusting -> than careful -> than
studious -> than pretty -> than
active -> than slow -> than
detailed -> than sweet -> than

104
 Lesson 35

 interesting -> _____

 weak -> _____
 funny -> _____
 good -> _____
 important -> _____
 careful -> _____
 big -> _____
 bad -> _____
 small -> _____
 far -> _____
 polluted -> _____
 boring -> _____
 angry -> _____

 interesting -> the most interesting

 weak -> the weakest
 funny -> the funniest
 good -> the best - exception!
 important -> the most important
 careful -> the most careful
 big -> the biggest
 bad -> the worst - exception!
 small -> the smallest
 far -> the farthest OR the furthest - exception!
 polluted -> the most polluted
 boring -> the most boring
 angry -> the angriest

105
Superlative Forms of One Syllable Words

Type the correct superlative for each word.

Click on the Check Answers button.

tall ->
short ->
clean ->
big ->
cute ->
wise ->
young ->
sad ->
old ->
fast ->
high ->
large ->
wet ->
soft ->
smart ->

106
 "Superlative" Geography Quiz

You need to have cookies enabled in your browser to do this quiz.

This is a geography quiz for the learners of English as a second language which practices the
superlative forms of adjectives.

1) What is the second highest mountain in the world?

a) Tibet
b) K2
c) Everest
d) Peak of Ismoil Somoni (the former peak of Communism)

2) Speaking about territory, what is the second biggest European country?

a) Russia
b) Germany
c) France
d) Ukraine

3) What is the second biggest American state?

a) Texas
b) Alaska
c) Iowa
d) California

4) What is the most remotely located island?

a) Tristan da Cunha
b) Easter Island
c) St. Helen's Island
d) Peter the Great Island

107
5) Which one is the world's fifth most populated city?

a) Bombay
b) New York
c) Moscow
d) Seoul

6) What is the highest man-raised structure ever made?

a) Ostankino Tower in Moscow

b) Empire State Building in New York
c) CNN Tower in Toronto
d) The Egyptian Pyramids

7) What is the most densely populated city in the world?

a) Mehico (or Mexico), Mexico

b) Hong Kong, China
c) Tokyo Yokohama, Japan
d) Lagos, Nigeria

8) What is the biggest island?

a) Australia
b) Madagascar
c) Greenland
d) New Zealand

9) What is the smallest country in the world?

a) Monaco
b) The Vatican

108
 c) Luxemburg
d) Sri Lanka

10) Which one is the second longest river?

a) The Nile
b) The Mississippi
c) The Danube
d) The Amazon

Solution to Quiz
Question 1=b
Question 2=d
Question 3=a
Question 4=a
Question 5=b
Question 6=c
Question 7=b
Question 8=c
Question 9=b
Question 10=d

Note: The solutions in red are the ones to the questions you had incorrectly answered.

109
 Lesson 36

THE FAMILY REUNION

My friend's , the Rodriguez's , had a big family reunion last summer. They hadn't been
together since the late 1980's , according to Carmen, and there were many cousins she
hadn't seen since then and some new baby's she'd never met before. "Aunt Flo and
Uncle Silvio's family had really grown," she said. Flo, who already had five kids of her
own, had divorced and remarried and Flo's and Silvio's kids -- like a bunch of elves
-- filled a minivan and two taxis . Fortunately, Flo and Silvio have PhD's in
psychology with good incomes to match. "We should've leased busses for everyone,"
Carmen added.

They had their big dinner down at that place owned by Joe Pagani, Paganis Ristorante,
Illinois's most popular and expensive restaurant. It was jammed and familys kept
arriving in bunch's until some people ended up sitting on box's and benches . The
waitresses went crazy keeping up with the order's , especially with kids ordering from
the childrens' menu. When it came time to pay the bill, they couldn't find Agnes's
purse, and she had collected all the money. They had a lot of laughes about washing all
those dish's until Uncle Antony found his baby girl, Eutrusca, curled up under his chair,
sound asleep, using Agneses' bag for a pillow. Eutrusca hadn't waited for her grandpas
long after-dinner speech to put her to sleep.

110
THE FAMILY REUNION
My friends, the Rodriguezes, had a big family reunion last summer. They hadn't been together
since the late 1980s, according to Carmen, and there were many cousins she hadn't seen since
then and some new babies she'd never met before. "Aunt Flo and Uncle Silvio's family had
really grown," she said. Flo, who already had five kids of her own, had divorced and remarried
and Flo's and Silvio's kids — like a bunch of elves — filled a minivan and two taxis.
Fortunately, Flo and Silvio have PhDs in psychology with good incomes to match. "We
should've leased buses for everyone," Carmen added.

They had their big dinner down at that place owned by Joe Pagani, Pagani's Ristorante,
Illinois's most popular and expensive restaurant. It was jammed and families kept arriving in
bunches until some people ended up sitting on boxes and benches. The waitresses went crazy
keeping up with the orders, especially with kids ordering from the children's menu. When it
came time to pay the bill, they couldn't find Agnes's purse, and she had collected all the money.
They had a lot of laughs about washing all those dishes until Uncle Antony found his baby girl,
Eutrusca, curled up under his chair, sound asleep, using Agnes's bag for a pillow. Eutrusca
hadn't waited for her grandpa's long after-dinner speech to put her to sleep.

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 Lesson 37

En estos ejercicios deberás asociar dos frases, una de las cuales está en imperativo. No muy fáciles.

1. Which train do you think I should take?

a) Push really hard.
b) Get the early one. It's much less crowded and you're sure to get a seat.
c) Well, don't leave without saying goodbye!
d) Speak to me later, please, could you? We don't have much time left and I
must finish this.

2. What time should I get there?

a) Stop worrying and get on with some work or you won't have a future.
b) Don't come early whatever you do. The meeting never starts on time.
c) Well, don't leave without saying goodbye!
d) Insert the token in the slot and press the button for the type of drink you
want.

3. We're off to Mexico on Friday.

a) Well, enjoy yourselves. Don't do anything I wouldn't do.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We don't have much time left and I
must finish this.
c) Push really hard.
d) Insert the token in the slot and press the button for the type of drink you
want.

4. I'm really stuck on this.

a) Push really hard.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We don't have much time left and I
must finish this.
c) Well, don't leave without saying goodbye!
d) Speak to Rachel. She knows all about it.

5. I'm really worried about my future.

a) Stop worrying and get on with some work or you won't have a future.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We don't have much time left and I
must finish this.
c) Well, don't leave without saying goodbye!
d) Insert the token in the slot and press the button for the type of drink you

112
 want.

6. How do you open this door?

a) Insert the token in the slot and press the button for the type of drink you
want.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We don't have much time left and I
must finish this.
c) Well, don't leave without saying goodbye!
d) Push really hard.

7. How does this coffee machine work?

a) Insert the token in the slot and press the button for the type of drink you
want.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We don't have much time left and I
must finish this.
c) Well, enjoy yourselves. Don't do anything I wouldn't do.
d) Well, don't leave without saying goodbye!

8. I'll be off soon.

a) Well, enjoy yourselves. Don't do anything I wouldn't do.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We don't have much time left and I
must finish this.
c) Speak to Rachel. She knows all about it.
d) Well, don't leave without saying goodbye!

9. Can I just make a point here?

a) Well, enjoy yourselves. Don't do anything I wouldn't do.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We don't have much time left and I
must finish this.
c) Speak to Rachel. She knows all about it.
d) Don't come early whatever you do. The meeting never starts on time.

10. I hope this isn't disturbing you, Mr Dylan.

a) Well, enjoy yourselves. Don't do anything I wouldn't do.
b) Don't think twice, it's alright.
c) Speak to Rachel. She knows all about it.
d) Don't come early whatever you do. The meeting never starts on time.

113
Lesson 38

114
115
 Lesson 39

Articles - The indefinite article - a, an

Which article a or an can be put before the following words or phrases? Write the words or
phrases into the correct column.

bird, answer, English CD, older sister, younger brother, European school, daughter, pet,
MP, car
a an

116
Articles - The indefinite article - a, an

Exercise - Answer:

bird is a
answer is an
English CD is an
older sister is an
younger brother is a
European school is a
daughter is a
pet is a
MP is an
car is a

117
 A or An
Click the answer button to see the answer.

1. This is Bob. He's _____ doctor.

a. a
b. an
2. Peter is ____ engineer.
a. a
b. an
3. That's Oliver. He's ___ travel agent.
a. a
b. an
4. Leonardo di Caprio is ___ actor.
a. a
b. an
5. Fred is ____ electrician.
a. a
b. an
6. Mr. Smith is ___ teacher.
a. a
b. an
7. This is Gloria. She's ___ homemaker.
a. a
b. an
8. That's John. He's ___ police officer.
a. a
b. an
9. I'm ____ student.
a. a
b. an
10. Meryl Streep is ____ actress.
a. a
b. an

118
1. This is Bob. He's _____ doctor.
a. a
b. an
2. Peter is ____ engineer.
a. a
b. an
3. That's Oliver. He's ___ travel agent.
a. a
b. an
4. Leonardo di Caprio is ___ actor.
a. a
b. an
5. Fred is ____ electrician.
a. a
b. an
6. Mr. Smith is ___ teacher.
a. a
b. an
7. This is Gloria. She's ___ homemaker.
a. a
b. an
8. That's John. He's ___ police officer.
a. a
b. an
9. I'm ____ student.
a. a
b. an
10. Meryl Streep is ____ actress.
a. a
b. an

119
 Lesson 40

Pronouns
Make a choice by clicking on the radio button, then compare it with the correct answer hidden
under the answer button.

Despite her parents complaints, she decided to live by ___ in New York City.
her
herself

If you happen to see your parents this weekend, give ___ my best regards.
him
her
them

I can't understand ___ when she speaks German with ___ .

her, me
him, me

He should be ashamed of ___ .

himself
him

Mary was worried about the children, so she convinced ___ husband not to accept the job
abroad.
his
her

We came across a friend of ___ at the mall yesterday.

ours
us

I can't find ___ pencil. Can I use ___ , Mary?

my, yours
mine, your

120
I cut ___ when I was peeling the potatoes.
me
myself

This house is too expensive for ___ . We can't pay such a high rent.
us
we

Each plan has ___ merits.

it
its

He ___ said so.

hisself
himself

I do my work and they do ___ .

their
theirs

Give it back to ___ . It's ___.

me, mine
me, my

Despite ___ old age, he is very active.

his
its

They enjoyed ___ a lot at the cocktail party.

theirselves
themselves

121
Pronouns
Make a choice by clicking on the radio button, then compare it with the correct answer hidden
under the answer button.

Despite her parents complaints, she decided to live by ___ in New York City.
her
herself

If you happen to see your parents this weekend, give ___ my best regards.
him
her
them

I can't understand ___ when she speaks German with ___ .

her, me
him, me

He should be ashamed of ___ .

himself
him

Mary was worried about the children, so she convinced ___ husband not to accept the job
abroad.
his
her

We came across a friend of ___ at the mall yesterday.

ours
us

I can't find ___ pencil. Can I use ___ , Mary?

my, yours
mine, your

122
I cut ___ when I was peeling the potatoes.
me
myself

This house is too expensive for ___ . We can't pay such a high rent.
us
we

Each plan has ___ merits.

it
its

He ___ said so.

hisself
himself

I do my work and they do ___ .

their
theirs

Give it back to ___ . It's ___.

me, mine
me, my

Despite ___ old age, he is very active.

his
its

They enjoyed ___ a lot at the cocktail party.

theirselves
themselves

123
Lesson 41

124
125
Lesson 42

126
127
 Lesson 43

Contables vs. No contables

COUNTABLE CONTABLES
SINGULAR PLURAL
an apple apples I'm eating an apple.
una manzana manzanas Estoy comiendo una manzana.
a carrot carrots Apples are my favorite fruit.
una zanahoria zanahorias La manzana es mi fruta favorita.
a potato potatoes I like apples.
una papa papas Me gustan las manzanas.
UNCOUNTABLE NO CONTABLES
SINGULAR ONLY
yogurt I'm eating yogurt.
yogur Estoy comiendo yogur.
beef Yogurt is delicious.
bife El yogur es delicioso.
broccoli I love yogurt.

brócoli Me encanta el yogur.

¿Los sustantivos pueden ser

CONTABLES y NO CONTABLES?
¿Cómo es eso? A ver cómo se las
arregla Mr. Grammar...

COUNTABLE NOUNS (SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES)

Por ejemplo: (a) car - (un) auto; (a) flower - (una) flor; (an) apple -
(una) manzana. Puedes usar esta fórmula: ONE/TWO/THREE +
COUNTABLE NOUN (uno/dos/tres...+ sustantivo contable). Puedes
usarlos de este modo porque los PUEDES CONTAR; puedes contar
A ONE car, TWO flowers, THREE apples, etc. (UN auto, DOS flores,
TRES manzanas, etc..).

Los sustantivos contables pueden estar en SINGULAR (= one, uno) o

128
en PLURAL (= two or more, dos o más). Veamos estos ejemplos:
SINGULAR: a car, my car, the car, etc. (un auto, mi auto, el auto, etc.)
PLURAL: cars, two cars, the cars, some cars, many cars, etc. (los
autos, dos autos, los autos, unos o algunos autos, muchos autos, etc.).

OBSERVA AHORA ESTAS CURIOSIDADES GRAMATICALES:

Habrás observado tres líneas arriba que cars y the cars se tradujo en
ambos casos como los autos. Veamos:

a) Cuando te refieres a "los autos" EN GENERAL, es decir a TODOS

los automóviles del mundo NO DEBES USAR el artículo definido the:
CARS are expensive (LOS AUTOS son caros). Lo mismo ocurre con
cualquier otro sustantivo: ELEPHANTS don't fly (LOS ELEFANTES no
vuelan); ARGENTINIANS eat too much meat (LOS ARGENTINOS
consumen demasiada carne).

b) Cuando te refieres a "los autos" EN PARTICULAR (es decir a los

automóviles de los cuales estás hablando) DEBES USAR el artículo
definido the: He's buying THE CARS (Está comprando LOS AUTOS).
Se supone que está comprando los autos acerca de los cuales nos
estuvo hablando en algún momento.

ULTIMA OBSERVACION DE ESTE PUNTO:

NO DIGAS: I don't have car para significar No tengo auto.
DEBES DECIR: I don't have a car.

129
 Lesson 44

Complete the sentences using adverbs of time.

Example: I’m almost finished, but I’m not done _____.

a) yet
b) still
c) ago

The answer is: a) - yet

----------

1. I _____ arrived ten minutes ago.

a) just
b) yet
c) still

2. I haven’t finished my essay _____.

a) just
b) already
c) yet

3. I moved to Chicago about five years_____.

a) anymore
b) ago
c) already

4. I’ve only worked two hours, and I’m _____ tired.

a) yet
b) already
c) anymore

5. I'm _____ at the college. I’ve been there three years.

a) ago
b) anymore
c) still

130
6. I don't know my way around _____, but I’m learning.
a) yet
b) just
c) already

7. I bought a house, so I don’t live in an apartment _____.

a) anymore
b) yet
c) just

8. This book is so easy to read that I’m _____ in chapter 10.

a) ago
b) still
c) already

9. I hired someone today, so I’m not accepting applications _____.

a) anymore
b) already
c) yet

10. I _____ heard on the radio that a big snow storm is coming our way.
a) ago
b) just
c) anymore

131
Answers

1. a
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. c
6. a
7. a
8. c
9. a
10. b

132
Lesson 45

133
134
 Lesson 46
Lesson 47

I had my computer repaired

Fill the gaps with have and the verb in brackets in their correct forms.
1 We ___________ the roof ___________ last year. It cost us a packet. (repair)

2 Anne ___________ her hair ___________ every Friday afternoon. (do)

3 I ___________ the brakes ___________ three times a year. (check)

4 The government ___________ the whole town ___________ yesterday. (evacuate)

5 I ___________ my hard drive ___________ for a bigger one last week. (change)

6 When did you last ___________ the airconditioning ___________ ? (service)

7 You don't think Liv Tyler's beautiful?! You should ___________ your eyes ___________ . (test)

8 After the plague of fleas, the boss ___________ the office ___________ . (disinfect)

9 Your cat's coughing. You need to ___________ him ___________ for parasites. (treat)

10 Daphne ___________ her legs ___________ once a fortnight. (do)

11 I normally ___________ my suit dry ___________ before a wedding. (clean)

12 The headmaster ___________ all the lockers ___________ for the missing footballs yesterday.
(search)

13 Have you ___________ your house ___________ ? (double-glaze)

14 Have you ___________ that poster I bought you ___________ yet? (frame)

15 The house is in chaos. We're ___________ a new kitchen ___________ in. (put)

135
 1 We had the roof repaired last year. It cost us a packet. (repair)

2 Anne has her hair done every Friday afternoon. (do)

3 I have the brakes checked three times a year. (check)

4 The government had the whole town evacuated. (evacuate)

5 I had my hard drive changed for a bigger one. (change)

6 When did you last have the airconditioning serviced? (service)

7 You don't think Liv Tyler's beautiful?! You should have your eyes tested. (test)

8 After the plague of fleas, the boss had the office disinfected. (disinfect)

9 Your cat's coughing. You need to have him treated for parasites. (treat)

10 Daphne has her legs done once a fortnight. (do)

11 I normally have my suit dry cleaned before a wedding. (clean)

12 The headmaster had all the lockers searched for the missing footballs. (search)

13 Have you had your house double-glazed? (double-glaze)

14 Have you had that poster I bought you framed yet? (frame)

15 The house is in chaos. We're having a new kitchen put in at the moment. (put)

136
have something done
Complete the sentences and make clear that the people don't / didn't do it themselves. (The first
sentence is given as an example.)

I had my ha
1. Yesterday, (I / cut / my hair) .
2. Every Friday, (Joe / wash / his car) .
3. Tomorrow, (she / repair / her shower) .
4. Each Saturday, (we / deliver / a pizza) to our home.
5. Last year, (Bob / clean / his house) by a charwoman.
6. As Phil had a broken arm, (he / type / his texts) by his secretary.
7. (I / pick up / the goods) tomorrow in the afternoon.
8. (we / redecorate / our walls) last summer.
9. Whenever Clara is staying at this hotel, (she / carry / her bags) into her room.
10. (we / organise / our last party) by professionals.

137
have something done
Complete the sentences and make clear that the people don't / didn't do it themselves. (The first
sentence is given as an example.)

1. Yesterday, I had my hair cut.

2. Every Friday, Joe has his car washed.
3. Tomorrow, she is going to have her shower repaired.
4. Each Saturday, we have a pizza delivered to our home.
5. Last year, Bob had his house cleaned by a charwoman.
6. As Phil had a broken arm, he had his texts typed by his secretary.
7. I will have the goods picked up tomorrow in the afternoon.
8. We had our walls redecorated last summer.
9. Whenever Clara is staying at this hotel, she has her bags carried into her room.
10. We had our last party organised by professionals.

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Lesson 48

139
140
Lesson 49

141
142
143
144
Lesson 50

145
146