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 Economic Analysis of Grid-Connected Hybrid

Photovoltaic-Wind System in Malaysia


R. N. S. R. Mukhtaruddin, H. A. Rahman, M. Y. Hassan
Centre of Electrical Energy System, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, (Malaysia)

Abstract—Solar and wind are alternative energy Hybrid PV/wind system was proven to have a lower total
resources which are clean, inexhaustible and cost compared to the total costs of the single source
environmentally friendly. This study aims to conduct an systems [6]. Hybrid system proves to be techno-
economic analysis of a grid-connected hybrid PV-wind economically better than either of the single systems
system in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. The system because it returns the lowest unit cost values and has a
configurations comprise of grid-only, PV-grid and PV-wind
grid system for a small-scale grid connected house with an
higher system performance [7]. In [8], the impacts
annual energy consumption of 8.2125MWh. HOMER between the use of hybrid PV/wind power system and
Simulation tool was used for the analysis. Assessment stand-alone diesel generating system to supply Base
criteria include net present cost (NPC) and payback period. Transceiver Station load in the Democratic Republic of
The finding shows that PV-wind-grid system has the lowest Congo were analysed and compared. It is concluded that
NPC of RM14980 which is approximately 16% lower than the use of PV/wind hybrid system is more economical
the NPC of PV-grid system configuration. Sensitivity and environmental friendly as compared to stand-alone
analysis were also conducted and result shows that the feed- diesel generating system because the operation of diesel
in-tariff rate for hybrid PV-wind-grid system must be at generator is very expensive and it contributes pollution to
least RM1.80 to obtain a payback period as competitive as
the environment. The hybrid system may require a lesser
PV-grid system. It is concluded that grid-connected hybrid
PV-wind system is the most viable choice economically. number of PV modules as it will be complimented by the
wind turbine. Malaysia can definitely benefit from this as
Index Terms—Economic analysis, Grid-connected, the cost will be much less as compared to a single PV
Hybrid PV-wind, Malaysia system as mentioned above.
Ahmed and John et al.[9] proposed a PV array- wind-
I. INTRODUCTION diesel generator hybrid system and the study were
Solar and wind are alternative energy resources which conducted on four different regions in Malaysia.
are actively discussed globally nowadays where these Simulations were carried out using the HOMER program
resources are clean, inexhaustible and environmentally and data were obtained from Malaysian Meteorological
friendly. However, the capital cost of a PV system is very Center. From both studies, it was concluded that the plant
high as compared to conventional energy system. In location can strongly affect the plant performance. Song
Malaysia, many government programs and initiatives and Jeong et al. [10] conducted a research to identify the
have been conducted to promote and enhance the use of key factors that determines system operation at a severe
solar power in replacement of conventional energy climate condition. Small size PV-wind hybrid system was
supplier [1, 2]. Wind energy has not been used designed for nomads and it was proven that the PV and
extensively in Malaysia because the country’s wind speed wind power generation were both higher in Gobi desert
is low with a mean annual average of 2m/s. The potential area as compared to Korea. This proves the point that
of wind energy depends on the availability of wind that researchers need to study the weather data and
varies with location. Application of wind energy can be characteristics of the site before selecting the location to
used widely if the wind turbine can operate in the implement the system.
country’s average wind speed of 2m/s. Most of the According to a review by Pragya Nema et.al [11]
studies concerning the wind energy have been conducted studies on grid-connected systems are fewer than stand-
on islands and East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia[3]. alone systems. Some of the studies conducted in the grid-
Extensive researches have been conducted worldwide connected hybrid systems are in [12-16]. In Malaysia,
regarding the hybrid PV-wind system. Diaf and Notton et studies were also carried out mainly on stand-alone
al. [4] simulation results indicate that the hybrid system is systems [5, 9, 17, 18].
the best option, with the lowest levelised cost of energy A hybrid renewable energy system which consists of
(LCE). It provides higher system performance rather than 100kW PV array, two units of 100kW wind turbine,
PV or wind systems alone. Shen, in his paper [5] stated 100kW diesel generator, 240V DC 480kWh battery bank,
that only one source in the single PV system leads to a multiple generator set control system and hybrid control
relatively larger size of the solar array compared to the system, were installed in Pulau Perhentian off the East of
multi-sources in the hybrid wind-solar array system. Malaysia. The project was initiated to improve the
electricity supply of a fisherman village located on the
This work was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education island which was previously supplied with three numbers
(MOHE) under Research University Grant, Universiti Teknologi of 200kW diesel generators alone. The best location for
Malaysia, Vote No: Q.J130000.2523.04H79.

978-1-4673-4430-2/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE 577


installation of the hybrid renewable energy farm was on analysis is conducted to see the effects of feed-in-tariff
top of the hill on the eastern part of the island[19]. The rates on payback period in section 5.
system’s performance was analysed based on a one day
performance (23 March 2008) which is said to be the II. HYBRID RENEWABLE SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
best. Based on the system’s performance on that day, the A hybrid renewable energy system consists of
2 wind turbines managed to fulfill about 50% of load renewable energy components working together with a
required with average wind speed of 7.26m/s. However, non-renewable energy component whereby in this case,
the paper did not show the performances on normal days the non-renewable energy component is the grid. Fig. 1
when the wind is very light. The system might be able to shows the configuration of grid-connected hybrid PV-
fulfill more load demand if a different wind turbine wind system in HOMER. The renewable energy
technology is used. This is because the installed wind components will generate electricity to be used by the
turbine will only function when the wind speed is load. However, when the renewable energy supply is
between 5m/s and 15m/s whereby the cut-in wind speed insufficient, electricity will be bought from the grid.
is quite high. The paper discussed only on the technical When the renewable energy generates excess electricity,
performance of the system without considering the it will be sold back to the grid using Feed in Tariff (FiT)
economics and environmental aspects. rates.
In [17], the potential implementation of hybrid
PV/wind/diesel hybrid energy system in southern city of
Malaysia, Johor Bahru was analyzed. A building of four
storeys in Electrical Engineering Faculty, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia was selected to test the feasibility of
the designed hybrid renewable system. The author
studied seven different system configurations and
concluded that PV/wind/diesel/battery system has great
potential to be implemented in Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
However, the authors did not conduct an analysis on the
payback period which is also an important element of
economic analysis besides net present cost and cost of
electricity. Another study on hybrid PV/wind system in Fig. 1. Configuration of grid-connected hybrid PV-wind system in
Malaysia was conducted by K. Sopian et al. [18] but this HOMER.
study is intended for hydrogen production. Kuala
Terengganu was the location chosen for the study. The All the data required to analyse the potential of the
experiment was conducted during monsoon season and system based on a case study in Kuala Terengganu are
non-monsoon season. It was concluded that both discussed in this section. The energy components used in
electrolyser and hybrid system efficiencies were very the configuration are also discussed in the following
encouraging and field observation shows that hybrid subsections.
systems are feasible and reliable enough and requires less
maintenance. However, the paper mainly discussed the A. Load Demand
technical performance of the system without considering A double storey house was selected to test the
the economic aspects. feasibility of the designed system. Fig. 2 (a) and (b) show
This paper presents an economic analysis of a grid- samples of the hourly load profile on weekdays and
connected hybrid renewable energy system using weekends respectively. The load comprises of mainly
HOMER. The system configuration analysed includes lighting, air conditioner and electrical appliances such as
grid-only system, PV-grid system and PV-wind-grid washing machine, iron and television. On weekdays, the
system. HOMER ranks the system according to net load consumption during working hours from 7am to
present cost (NPC). A sensitivity analysis is conducted to 5pm is the lowest as compared to weekends. The house
see the effects of sellback price to the payback period. has a maximum demand of about 3kW. The annual
The findings show that PV-wind-grid system can be as energy consumption of the house is 8.2125MWh with an
competitive as a PV-grid system in terms of payback average daily energy consumption of 22.5kWh.
period if the feed-in-tariff rate is suitable. This study is
conducted based on Kuala Terengganu which is located
on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia facing the
South China Sea. The latitude and longitude of Kuala
Terengganu are 5º 20’N 103º 8’E.
This paper is structured into four important
subsections. In section 2, the hybrid renewable system
configuration, data inputs and system components are
explained. Section 3 discussed the assessment criteria
used in this study. Section 4 analysed and discussed the Fig. 2(a). Hourly load profile on weekdays.
results obtained from HOMER. Finally, a sensitivity

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Fig. 4(b). Wind speed probability density function.

From Fig. 3 and Fig. 4(a), it can be seen that the wind
Fig 2(b) Hourly load profile on weekends.
speed is highest during the months of November,
December and January in contrast with the solar radiation
B. Renewable Energy Resources
as it is lowest during those months. This is due to the
22 years monthly averaged solar radiation data was
monsoon season. Fig. 4(c) shows that during the
obtained from NASA’s Atmospheric Science Data Center
monsoon season, the wind speed can reach up to
[20] as shown in Fig.3. The average solar radiation ranges
approximately 16.5m/s.
from 3.810kWh/m2/day to 5.99kWh/m2/day with an
annual average of 5.067kWh/m2/day. The average
clearness index is 0.509.

Fig. 4(c). Scaled wind speed data monthly averages.

C. Hybrid System Components


The grid-connected hybrid PV-wind system consists of
grid, PV arrays, wind turbines and inverters. For
economic analysis, HOMER includes the initial cost,
replacement cost, and operating and maintenance cost.
The cost for this study is calculated in Malaysian Ringgit
Fig. 3. Monthly averaged solar radiation data and clearness index. (RM).

Wind speed data was also obtained from NASA’s 1) Photovoltaic arrays
Atmospheric Science Data Center [20]. The data The PV array size was set at 3kW to fulfil the basic
comprised a 22 years monthly averaged wind speed data load demand of the house with peak load of
measured at 50m above the sea level. Fig. 4(a) illustrates approximately 3kW. However, since the hybrid system is
the monthly averaged wind speed data obtained. The a combination of wind system and grid, the size of PV
average wind speed ranges from 2.38m/s to 5.49m/s with array is varied at 2, 2.5 and 3kW. The model chosen for
an annual average of 3.711m/s. The Weibull parameter the PV module is SHARP ND-240QCJ Polycrystalline
(k) which describes the breadth of distribution of wind with an efficiency of 14.7% [21]. The derating factor is
speeds over the year is assumed 1.84 with an 80% with a lifetime of 25 years. The price of PV
autocorrelation factor of 0.699. A low value of k modules as of end of June 2012 is RM2.55/W [22]. The
corresponds to a broad wind speed distribution. The mounting and installation of 3kW PV system costs
diurnal pattern strength is 0.316 whereby a high value of approximately RM7500 and RM12500 respectively.
diurnal pattern strength indicates that there is a relatively Therefore, the total initial cost of a 3kW PV system is
strong dependence on the time of day. Fig. 4(b) RM27650. The photovoltaic system is assumed to be
demonstrates the wind speed probability density function. installed on the rooftop of the house.

2) Wind energy conversion system


A low vertical axis wind speed turbine with rated
power of 500W was chosen for this study in order to
harness the low wind speed efficiently. Table 1 shows the
technical characteristics of the wind turbine. The wind
turbine system including installation, tower kit and
Fig. 4(a). Monthly averaged wind speed data. controller system costs RM20384 [23]. Operating and
maintenance costs were assumed to be 2% of the system
cost. Fig. 5 shows the power curve of the wind turbine.

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assesses the technical feasibility of the hybrid system by
determining whether the system can serve the load
adequately. Then, it estimates the NPC of the system and
ranks all the system according to total NPC [27].

A. Net present cost (NPC)


The total NPC assesses all costs that incurs within the
project lifetime. The costs include initial costs,
replacement costs, operating and maintenance costs, fuel
Fig. 5. Power curve of 500W wind turbine.
costs and cost of electricity from the grid. Total NPC is
calculated as in equation (1).
TABLE I
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR VAWT 500W LOW WIND TAC
SPEED TURBINE NPC ’ (1)
Rated power 500W CRF
Start-up wind speed 1.5m/s
Operating wind speed 3-25m/s where TAC is the total annualized cost, and
Rated wind speed 8m/s
i 1  i
Number of VAWT blades 5
N
Diameter of blade set 1.8m CRF , (2)
1  i N  1
3) Inverter
The inverter used in the system was varied at 1.5, 2.25, where N is the number of years and i is the annual
2.5 and 3kW. The price was based on the model of PV interest rate. Annual interest rate can be calculated using
powered inverter PVP2500SD which cost RM5988 and equation (3).
PVP3000SD which cost RM6608 [24]. Operating and
maintenance cost was assumed to be 2% of the inverter i ' f
cost. The inverter has a lifetime of 15 years and Annual real interest rate, i , (3)
efficiency of 95%. 1 f

4) Grid where i’ is the nominal interest rate and f is the annual


The grid is an auxiliary source whereby it acts as a inflation rate. The nominal interest rate and annual
backup to the renewable energy system in case there is inflation rate in Malaysia as of October 2012, are 3% and
deficit energy. The grid also acts like a storage system 1.3% respectively [28]. Therefore, the annual real interest
when the renewable energy system produces excess rate is 1.678%.
energy. Therefore, there is grid power price which is the
price of electricity bought from the grid and the price of B. Payback period
electricity sold to the grid, also known as feed-in-tariff The payback period is an indication of how long it
(FiT). The electricity tariff for Malaysia can be referred at would take to recover the difference in investment costs
[25]. For residential customers, the electricity price between the current system and the base case system. In
differs according to kW hours used in a month. However, this case, the current system would be the grid connected
HOMER has a limitation whereby multiple rates are only hybrid renewable energy system and the base case system
applicable if the changes are according to the time of day would be the grid-only system.
or the day of the year. Therefore, the average price for
700kWh of electricity bought from the grid is IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
RM0.345/kWh. By referring to [26], the FiT rate for solar This section shows the grid-only, PV-grid system and
PV with a capacity less than 4kW is RM1.23/kWh for the PV-wind-grid system in terms of technical performance
year 2012 with a degression rate of 8%. Bonus for and economics for a project lifetime of 20 years.
rooftop installation is an additional of RM0.26/kWh. Optimization results from HOMER as shown in Fig. 6
Therefore the FiT rate for solar PV is set at indicate that hybrid PV-wind-grid system with PV
RM1.49/kWh. However, FiT for wind system has not capacity of 3kW, 1 unit of 500W wind turbine and
been proposed. Therefore, for economic assessment, the 2.25kW inverter is the most viable system to be applied
FiT rate for a grid-connected hybridPV-wind system was as it has the lowest NPC. Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 shows the
varied at RM1.49 and RM1.55 to RM1.90 per kWh with electricity production and consumption respectively from
an interval of RM0.05. grid only system, PV-grid system and PV-wind-grid
system.
III. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
The analysis on the grid-connected PV-wind hybrid
system in terms of economic viability is based on net
present cost (NPC) and payback period. HOMER

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C. PV-wind-grid system
At FiT rate equivalent to PV-grid system of
RM1.49/kWh, the PV-wind-grid system which consists
of 3kW PV and 1 unit of wind turbine is the most viable
choice to be implemented. The NPC is RM14980 which
is approximately 16% lower than the NPC of PV-grid
Fig. 6. Optimization results of different system configurations at FiT system. Fig. 7 shows that the electricity produced by PV
rate of RM1.49. array is 35%, wind turbine 17% and grid 48%. This
shows that the renewable fraction of the system is 0.52
which means that renewable sources produced more
electricity compared to the conventional grid. The grid
sales increased to 3249kWh/year which is approximately
28% of the total electricity produced of 11667kWh/year
and the total of load consumption maintains at
8213kWh/year as depicted in Fig. 8.
A choice of smaller size of PV and hybridize it with a
wind turbine have resulted in a decrease of the initial
cost. However, the NPC of the system increases as
compared to a larger size of PV array. It also decreases
the amount of electricity generated from the PV and
consequently decreases the amount of electricity sold to
the grid.
Fig. 7. Electricity production of different system configurations at FiT
rate of RM1.49.
V. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
As Malaysia has already introduced the FiT rates for
solar PV, therefore the FiT rate for PV-grid system shall
be fixed at RM1.49/kWh. The variation of FiT rate is to
find the optimum FiT rate which is suitable to be
implemented for a grid connected hybrid PV-wind
system. PV-grid system is the benchmark in terms of
payback period.
Fig. 9 shows the graph of payback period versus FiT
rate. At FiT rate of RM1.49, the PV-grid system and PV-
wind-grid system managed to obtain a payback within
8.65 years and 10.3 years respectively. In order for the
PV-wind-grid system to gain a payback at a shorter
period of time, the FiT rates have to be increased. At a
Fig. 8. Electricity consumption of different system configurations at FiT FiT rate of RM1.80, the PV-wind-grid system managed
rate of RM1.49.
to obtain payback at 8.61 years which is at par with the
PV-grid system. Therefore, the PV-wind grid system is
A. Grid-only system
viable as the FiT rate of RM1.80 is within acceptable
The NPC of a grid-only system is RM47801 at a cost
range to be implemented to a PV-wind hybrid system.
of electricity of RM0.345. The total electricity produced
The FiT rate is only about 20% higher than the FiT rate
by the grid is 8213kWh/year.
imposed on the PV-grid system.
B. PV-grid system
At a fixed FiT rate of Rm1.49/kWh for PV-grid
system, the NPC is lowest at the configuration of 3kW
PV with 2.25kW inverter. The NPC is RM17866 with the
cost of electricity at RM0.129. As shown in Fig. 7, the
3kW PV array produced 4089kWh/year of electricity
which is approximately 38% of the total electricity
produced and a balance of 6617kWh/year (62%) of
electricity is bought from the grid. This shows that the
renewable fraction of the system is 0.38. With the
installation of PV array to the system, electricity sold to
the grid is 2289kWh/year, approximately 23% of
production. This is because the PV-grid system produces
a total of 10707kWh/year and the total of load Fig. 9. Payback period versus FiT rate (FiT rate for PV-grid = RM1.49
fixed)
consumption is only 8213kWh/year. Therefore, excess
electricity is sold to the grid.

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VI. CONCLUSION [8] K. Kusakana and H. Vermaak, "Hybrid Photovoltaic-
An economic analysis of three different configurations Wind system as power solution for network operators in
namely the grid-only, PV-grid system and hybrid PV- the DR Congo," presented at the IEEE International
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[9] A. Haidar, P. N. John, and M. Shawal, "Optimal
residential load data, hourly solar radiation and wind configuration assessment of renewable energy in
speed data were used for the assessment which was Malaysia," Renewable Energy, vol. 36, pp. 881-888, 2011.
conducted using HOMER software tools. The assessment [10] J. Song, J. C. Lee, J. H. Yun, S. K. Kim, H. W. Kim, K.
criteria chosen were net present cost and payback period. H. Yoon, M. I. Kim, J. H. Hwang, S. H. Lee, and N.
The simulation showed that PV-wind-grid system is the Enebish, "Performance evaluation of PV-wind hybrid
most viable system economically. At a fixed FiT rate of power generation system at Gobi-desert area," presented
RM1.49, the NPC of a grid connected 3kW PV array with at the Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE
2.25kW inverter and 1 unit of 500W wind turbine is Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2005.
RM14980 whereas the NPC of the grid-connected PV [11] P. Nema, R. Nema, and S. Rangnekar, "A current and
future state of art development of hybrid energy system
array and inverter of the same capacity is higher, at using wind and PV-solar: A review," Renewable and
RM17866. However, at FiT rate of RM1.49, the payback Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 13, pp. 2096-2103,
period for a PV-wind turbine system is 10.3 years as 2009.
compared to a PV-grid system which has a payback [12] S. S. Dihrab and K. Sopian, "Electricity generation of
period of only 8.65 years. Therefore, sensitivity analysis hybrid PV/wind systems in Iraq," Renewable Energy, vol.
has been conducted on the PV-wind-grid system and it 35, pp. 1303-1307, 2010.
was found that the FiT rate for a PV-wind-grid system [13] G. Dalton, D. Lockington, and T. Baldock, "Feasibility
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [15] D. Saheb-Koussa, M. Koussa, M. Belhamel, and M.
The authors wish to acknowledge the Ministry of Haddadi, "Economic and environmental analysis for grid-
Higher Education (MOHE) under Research University connected hybrid photovoltaic-wind power system in the
Grant, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Vote No: arid region," Energy Procedia, vol. 6, pp. 361-370, 2011.
Q.Q.J130000.2523.04H79 for the financial funding of [16] F. J. Ardakani, G. Riahy, and M. Abedi, "Optimal sizing
of a grid-connected hybrid system for north-west of Iran-
this project.
case study," presented at the IEEE 9th International
Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering
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