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Definition - What does Digital Rights Management (DRM) mean?

Digital rights management (DRM) is any access control technology used to protect and license digital
intellectual property (IP). DRM is used by publishers, manufacturers and IP owners for digital content
and device monitoring.

Digital media licensees benefit from an open and fair range of DRM licensing options, which balance the
rights of IP owners and Internet users, translating to exponential profits for digital product
manufacturers and retailers.

Digital rights refers to the relationship between copyrighted digital works (such as film, music
and art) and user permissions and rights related to computers, networks and electronic devices.
Digital rights also refers to the access and control of digital information.

Certain digital right/digital rights management (DRM) subcategories are of growing concern -
such as information/Internet privacy and freedom of information.

Essential to organizations, DRM provides intellectual property (IP) protection and is primarily
applied by entertainment industries and enterprises. DRM's access control halts copyright
violations of music, films, TV shows, PC games and similar Internet entertainment.

Digital rights advocacy groups include:

 Entertainment Consumers Association (ECA): U.S.-based nonprofit organization

dedicated to the interests of computer and video game players in the U.S. and Canada.
 Free Software Foundation (FSF): Nonprofit organization supports the free software
movement.
 Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF): International nonprofit organization that oversees
digital rights advocacy and legal affairs.
 Digital Rights Ireland (DRI): Organization in the Republic of Ireland that works for civil
liberties related to digital rights.
  European Digital Rights (EDRi): International advocacy group based in Belgium and
focused on copyright, security, privacy and freedom of expression.
 Open Rights Group (ORG): U.K.-based organization committed to digital rights
preservation and focused on controlling issues like censorship, knowledge access,
privacy, freedom of information and electronic voting

Digital Rights Management Explained

Digital Rights Management is a technology that creates and enforces certain conditions about
how some digital media files — such as music, movies, and books — can be used and shared.
The terms of the Digital Rights Management attached to a particular item are generally created
by the owner of the piece of digital media (for instance, a record company determines the DRM
attached to the music it makes available digitally). DRM is encoded into the file in an attempt to
make it impossible to remove. The DRM then governs how the file behaves and how it can be
used on end-users' computers.
DRM is frequently used to prevent things like the sharing of MP3s on file-trading networks or to
make sure that people buy the songs they download from the Internet.
Digital Rights Management is not present in all digital files. Generally speaking, it's only used in
items purchased from online media stores or software developers. It's not used in scenarios in
which a user created the digital file, such as ripping music from a CD. The digital audio files
created in that instance would not carry DRM in them.

How DRM Works

Different DRM technologies use different approaches, but generally speaking, DRM works by
embedding terms of use in a file and then providing a way to check that the item is being used in
compliance with those terms.
To make this easier to understand, let's use the example of digital music. An audio file might
have DRM embedded in it that allows it to only be used by the person who bought it. When the
song was purchased, that person's user account would be connected to the file. Then, when a user
tries to play the song, a request would be sent to a DRM server to check to see whether that user
account has the permission to play the song. If it does, the song would play. If not, the user
would receive an error message and the song would not play.
One obvious downside of this approach is if the service that checks the DRM permissions isn't
working for some reason. In the case, legitimately purchased content may be unavailable.

The Decline of Digital Rights Management

DRM is, in some areas, an extremely controversial technology, as some people argue that it takes
away rights that consumers have in the physical world. Owners of media who employ DRM
argue that it is necessary to ensure that they are paid for their property.
In the first decade or so of digital media, DRM was common and popular with media companies
— especially after the disruptive popularity of services like Napster. Some tech-savvy users
found ways to defeat many kinds of DRM and freely share digital files. The failure of many
DRM schemes and pressure from consumer advocates led many media companies to change
their approach to digital rights.
As of this writing, subscription services like Apple Music which offer unlimited music as long as
you keep paying a monthly fee are among the most widely used services that still employ DRM.

History

The rise of digital media and analog-to-digital conversion technologies has vastly increased the
concerns of copyright-owning individuals and organizations, particularly within the music and movie
industries. While analog media inevitably lost quality with each copy generation, and in some cases
even during normal use, digital media files may be duplicated an unlimited number of times with no
degradation in the quality.

The rise of personal computers as household appliances has made it convenient for consumers to
convert media (which may or may not be copyrighted) originally in a physical, analog or broadcast
form into a universal, digital form (this process is called ripping) for portability or viewing later. This,
combined with the Internet and popular file-sharing tools, has made unauthorized distribution of
copies of copyrighted digital media (also called digital piracy) much easier.

In 1983, a very early implementation of Digital Rights Management (DRM) was the Software Service
System (SSS) devised by the Japanese engineer Ryuichi Moriya. [13] and subsequently refined under
the name superdistribution. The SSS was based on encryption, with specialized hardware that
controlled decryption and also enabled payments to be sent to the copyright holder. The underlying
principle of the SSS and subsequently of superdistribution was that the distribution of encrypted
digital products should be completely unrestricted and that users of those products would not just be
permitted to redistribute them but would actually be encouraged to do so.
Common DRM techniques include restrictive licensing agreements: The access to digital materials,
copyright and public domain is restricted to consumers as a condition of entering a website or when
downloading software.[14] Encryption, scrambling of expressive material and embedding of a tag,
which is designed to control access and reproduction of information, including backup copies for
personal use.[15]

DRM technologies enable content publishers to enforce their own access policies on content, such
as restrictions on copying or viewing. These technologies have been criticized for restricting
individuals from copying or using the content legally, such as by fair use. DRM is in common use by
the entertainment industry (e.g., audio and video publishers).[16] Many online music stores, such as
Apple's iTunes Store, and e-book publishers and vendors, such as OverDrive, also use DRM, as do
cable and satellite service operators, to prevent unauthorized use of content or services. However,
Apple dropped DRM from all iTunes music files around 2009.[17]

Industry has expanded the usage of DRM to more traditional hardware products, such as Keurig's
coffeemakers,[18][19] Philips' light bulbs,[20][21] mobile device power chargers,[22][23][24] and John Deere's
tractors.[25] For instance, tractor companies try to prevent farmers from making DIY repairs under
usage of DRM-laws as DMCA.[26]

DRM Goal
● Many possible goals of DRM
a. prevent copying (copy protection)
b. prevent playback by unauthorized devices
c. prevent playback by unauthorized users
d. identify pirates