Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
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Wednesday 29-9-2010
Done by: Sara Al-Zu'bi
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• Some people have this enzyme deficient, and as a result
there will be accumulation of dATP.
*** It was found that the immune system’s cells, which induce
the different responses in immunity, are highly sensitive to
dATP, as a result, the whole immune system will be blocked
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in those people >> Because of this, it is called SEVERE
COMBINED IMMUNODIFICIENCY DISEASE, or abbreviated
as SCID.
As the doctor mentioned last time; it is called also
BUBBLE BOY SYNDROME. This deficiency was discovered in a
boy with a complete immune deficiency, so he was put in an
isolated environment in order to avoid infections >> that
deficiency in the immune system is a result of adenosine
deaminase deficiency.
SO, we are done with this part of the lecture and now we will
transfer to the next topic concerning this course
………………………………………
We are going to talk about the DNA structure, genes,
chromatin, and chromosomes. These are the topics that we
will cover in this lecture and in the next one.
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Lectures 3 & 4
DNA, Genes, & Chromatin
Genetic Dogma:
You know that the genetic diseases happen because of
mutations in a gene or mutations that affect the repair
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system of the mutations (means that there will be a mutation
in the gene because our DNA is always subjected to changes
and mutations through time, because of the environment and
the chemicals that we are exposed to).
So, it starts from the DNA (or from the gene) in order to
conserve this genetic information. DNA must replicate,
so the genetic flow went from DNA to a new DNA via
replication. And DNA to RNA via transcription, in order
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for the genetic traits (or information) to be transferred to
the protein. mRNA must be translated into protein, and
the protein will be processed in order to give the proper
function for the cell or for the organism, so this is how
the genetic material flows.
NOW, we will talk about the DNA structure and its chemistry,
and in this aspect we will talk about some evidences that the
DNA is the genetic material, not protein or any other
compound.
>> SO, we will talk about: ¹DNA transformation and some
experiments to do that, ² transgenic experiments (that also
will give us evidence that the genetic material is transferred
via DNA), ³ some tools of mutations on some genes and look
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if the phenotype will be changed after we change the
genotype.
>>> When you kill the bacteria, you kill all the enzymes and
proteins and every other infective agent.
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Although we have these assumptions, the mouse was
infected!
2- Yeah, but it needs some components from the virulent
in order to replicate, so it will replicate but the result of
this replication is non-virulent, and why do we need
some of those components although it could replicate by
itself?! It’s a good explanation or conclusion, which is:
the other components in the heat-killed virulent bacteria
don't help the non-virulent to do any new thing.
3- (The correct answer) yeah this is exactly what happens,
although the effective strain was heat-killed but still the
DNA is there, and the DNA was mixed with the DNA of
the non-infective, and thus produced microorganisms of
the virulent that caused death of the mouse.
What happened is a transfer or mixing of the DNA
which carried the infectious character.
>> So, this is an evidence that the DNA is responsible for the
transfer of genetic material (this is in vivo).
In vitro: They looked at another two strains of bacteria with
specific phenotypes in vitro in a test tube. Suppose we have
strain A, which has a smooth colony -for example- and
another strain which has a rough colony. The smooth-colony-
producing-bacteria were killed and mixed with the rough-
colony-producing-bacteria and the result was: The rough
colonies have grown, although the rough colony was mixed
with the viable smooth colony bacteria.
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If we look at each other we will not see any two individuals
looking the same except in identical twins, and they will also
have some little differences.
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DNA transformation
Transgenic experiments
Mutation alters phenotype
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When those are methylated, the gene expression will be
decreased and when they are demethylated, the gene
expression will be increased.
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NOW, look at the following picture… these are the
nomenclature of a nucleoside and nucleotide.
REMMEMBER THAT:
The glycosidic bond will be between 1' and N9 of the
nitrogen base.
If we talk about DNA then the sugar is deoxy sugar
(deoxyribose).
When we have the nitrogen base + the sugar the
compound is called nucleoside >> it's not guanine it's
guanosine, it's not adenine its adenosine.
The Phosphate group is going to be esterefied at the 5' and
3' regions, and if the phosphate attaches then that nucleoside
becomes a nucleotide (or nucleoside mono phosphate or
nucleoside diphosphate or nucleoside triphosphate).
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The picture below (or in slide 14) shows how the
polynucleotide is formed; in the picture is what we call a
polynucleotide.
They (the 5’ end and the 3’ end) are connected with each
other via 3,5 diester bond (or phosphodiester bond), so 3'
from the first one and 5' from the second nucleotide in the
phosphate, and the same thing repeated; another
phosphodiester bond, so they run from 5' to 3'.
5' end in most cases has a free phosphate group and the 3'
end always has free hydroxyl group (you will see the
importance of having a free hydroxyl group in this region for
the expression of any gene or the synthesis of the DNA or for
the transcription).
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The DNA was discovered in 1951-1953 by Watson & Crick.
They published a paper in nature saying: the DNA is a double
helical structure, and all those conclusions came from a lot of
experiments for many years in order to reach those
conclusions.
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These side chains of oxy carbonyl and amino group
aren't found for NO reason!! Those side chains are
very important for the stabilization of the double
helical structure via the hydrogen bonding.
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There are different forms of DNA, depending on how much
border is found in that molecule, but the famous form is
called B DNA form.
• DNA forms are: B form, A form, Z form and other forms.
• These forms are different from each other in: ¹terms of
dimensions, for example in the B form: we have 10 base
pairs every turn, while in another form of DNA may be
the number of base pairs is less or more.
The phosphate
sugar backbone
outside the double
helical structure of
the DNA
The N bases
inside the double
helical structure of
the DNA
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force that will stabilize the double helical structure and that
force is the hydrophobic force.
FINISHED
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STUDENTS QUESTIONS
These are the questions of the students, some of them I
heard them clearly, but most of them unfortunately I
couldn’t :D
If you want to go over them, here they are and I advise you to
read them because they contain some information that may
come in the exam, and it’s still up to you.
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expressed, instead of being packaged to each other it will be
unwrapped and all the enzymes will be exposed.
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• So, it’s a DNA-protein interaction that will control this
methylation.
I couldn’t hear :D
I couldn’t hear :D
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تم بحمد الله و توفيقه
THANKS .......
أعتذر ان كان هناك اي خطأ مهما كان بسيطا ً و سامحونا على أي حال.
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