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Problem 5.1
Basic equations are T ∝ ΦR Ff sin δRF . Since the field current is constant, Ff
is constant, Note also that the resultant flux is proptoortional to the terminal
voltage and inversely to the frequency ΦR ∝ Vt /f . Thus we can write
Vt sin δRF
T ∝
f
P = ωf T ∝ Vt sin δRF
part (a): Reduced to 31.1◦
part (b): Unchanged
part (c): Unchanged
part (d): Increased to 39.6◦
Problem 5.2
part (a): The windings are orthogonal and hence the mutual inductance is
zero.
part (b): Since the two windings are orthogonal, the phases are uncoupled
and hence the flux linkage under balanced two-phase operation is unchanged by
currents in the other phase. Thus, the equivalent inductance is simply equal to
the phase self-inductance.
Problem 5.3
1
Lab = − (Laa − Lal ) = −2.25 mH
2
3
Ls = (Laa − Lal ) + Lal = 7.08 mH
2
Problem 5.4
part (a):
√
2 Vl−l,rms
Laf = √ = 79.4 mH
3ωIf
part (b): Voltage = (50/60) 15.4 kV = 12.8 kV.
Problem 5.5
part (a): The magnitude of the phase current is equal to
40 × 103
Ia = √ = 59.1 A
0.85 × 3 460
and its phase angle is − cos−1 0.85 = −31.8◦ . Thus
57
Iˆa = 59.1e−j31.8
◦
Then
460
Êaf = Va − jXs Iˆa = √ − j4.15 × 59.1e−j31.8 = 136 − 56.8◦ V
◦
3
The field current can be calculated from the magnitude of the generator
voltage
√
2Eaf
If = = 11.3 A
ωLaf
part (b):
part (c):
Problem 5.6
The solution is similar to that of Problem 5.5 with the exception that the
sychronous impedance jXs is replaced by the impedance Zf + jXs .
part (a):
Êaf = 106 − 66.6◦ V; If = 12.2 A
part (b):
Êaf = 261 − 43.7◦ V; If = 16.3 A
part (c):
Êaf = 416 − 31.2◦ V; If = 22.0 A
Problem 5.7
part (a):
√
2 Vl−l,rms
Laf = √ = 49.8 mH
3ωIf
part (b):
600 × 103
Iˆa = √ = 151 A
3 2300
√
2Eaf
If = = 160 A
ωLaf
58
part (c): See plot below. Minimum current will when the motor is operating
at unity power factor. From the plot, this occurs at a field current of 160 A.
Problem 5.8
part (a):
2
Vbase (26 × 103 )2
Zbase = = = 0.901 Ω
Pbase 750 × 106
Xs,pu Zbase
Ls = = 4.88 mH
ω
part (b):
Xal,pu Zbase
Lal = = 0.43 mH
ω
part (c):
2
Laa = (Ls − Lal ) + Lal = 3.40 mH
3
Problem 5.9
part (a):
AFNL
SCR = = 0.520
AFSC
part (b):
Zbase = (26 × 103 )2 /(800 × 106 ) = 0.845 Ω
1
Xs = = 2.19 pu = 1.85 Ω
SCR
part (c):
AFSC
Xs,u = = 1.92 pu = 1.62 Ω
AFNL, ag
59
Problem 5.10
part (a):
AFNL
SCR = = 1.14
AFSC
part (b):
Zbase = 41602 /(5000 × 103 ) = 3.46 Ω
1
Xs = = 1.11 pu = 3.86 Ω
SCR
part (c):
AFSC
Xs,u = = 0.88 pu = 3.05 Ω
AFNL, ag
Problem 5.11
No numerical solution required.
Problem 5.12
part (a): The total power is equal to S = P /pf = 4200 kW/0.87 = 4828 kVA.
The armature current is thus
4828 × 103
Iˆa = √ (cos−1 0.87) = 670 29.5◦ A
3 4160
Defining Zs = Ra + jXs = 0.038 + j4.81 Ω
4160
|Eaf | = |Va − Zs Ia | = | √ − Zs Ia | = 4349 V, line − to − neutral
3
Thus
4349
If = AFNL √ = 306 A
4160/ 3
part (b): If the machine speed remains constant and the field current is not
reduced, the terminal voltage will increase to the value corresponding to 306 A
of field current on the open-circuit saturation characteristic. Interpolating the
given data shows that this corresponds to a value of around 4850 V line-to-line.
60
Problem 5.13
Problem 5.14
√ power, unity power factor, the armature current will be Ia =
At rated
5000 kW/( 3 4160 V) = 694 A. The power dissipated in the armature winding
will then equal Parm = 3 × 6942 × 0.011 = 15.9 kW.
The field current can be found from
4160
|Eaf | = |Va − Zs Ia | = | √ − Zs Ia | = 3194 V, line-to-neutral
3
and thus
3194
If = AFNL √ = 319 A
4160/ 3
and hence the field-winding power dissipation will be Pfield = If2 Rf = 21.1 kW.
The total loss will then be
Hence the output power will equal 4880 kW and the efficiency will equal 4880/5000
= 0.976 = 97.6%.
61
Problem 5.15
part (a):
Eaf,max − Va
Qmax = = 0.875 per unit
Xs
Problem 5.17
part (a):
2
Vbase
Zbase = = 5.29 Ω
Pbase
1
Xs = = 0.595 per-unit = 3.15 Ω
SCR
62
part (c):
150
Eaf = = 0.357 per-unit
420
For Va = 1.0 per-unit,
Eaf − Va
Iˆa = = 1.08 90◦ per-unit = 1.36 90◦ kA
jXs
using Ibase = 1255 A.
part (d): It looks like an inductor.
part (e):
700
Eaf = = 1.67 per-unit
420
For Va = 1.0 per-unit,
Eaf − Va
Iˆa = = 1.12 − 90◦ per-unit = 1.41 − 90◦ kA
jXs
In this case, it looks like a capacitor.
63
Problem 5.18
Problem 5.19
part (a): It was underexcited, absorbing reactive power.
part (b): It increased.
part (c): The answers are the same.
Problem 5.20
part (a):
226
Xs = = 0.268 per-unit
842
part (b): P = 0.875 and S = P/0.9 = 0.972, both in per unit. The power-
factor angle is − cos−1 0.9 = −25.8◦ and thus Iˆa = 0.875 − 25.8◦ .
The field current is If = AFNL|Êaf | = 958 A. The rotor angle is 11.6◦ and the
reactive power is
Q = S 2 − P 2 = 4.24 MVA
Êaf − Va
Iˆa = = 0.881 6.79◦
jXs
Problem 5.21
Êaf − Va Va Eaf
Iˆa = =j + (sin δ − j cos δ)
jXs Xs Xs
The first term is a constant and is the center of the circle. The second term is
a circle of radius Eaf/Xs .
Problem 5.22
part (a):
(i)
and
Vt ejδt − V∞
Iˆa = = 0.578 3.93◦ per-unit
jX∞
√
Ibase = Pbase /( 3 Vbase ) = 15.64 kA and thus Ia = 9.04 kA.
(iii) The generator terminal current lags the terminal voltage by δt /2 and thus
the power factor is
(iv)
part (b):
(i) Same phasor diagram
(ii) Iˆa = 0.928 6.32◦ per-unit. Ia = 14.5 kA.
(iii) pf = 0.994 lagging
(iv) Eaf = 2.06 per unit = 49.4 kV, line-to-line.
Problem 5.23
part (a):
66
part (b):
part (c):
Problem 5.24
part (a): From the solution to Problem 5.15, Xs = 0.964 per unit. Thus,
with V∞ = Eaf = 1.0 per unit
67
V∞ Eaf
Pmax = = 1.04 per-unit
Xs
noindent Hence, full load can be achieved. This will occur at
−1 Xs
δ = sin = 74.6◦
Eaf Vinfty
Problem 5.28
Problem 5.29
Problem 5.30
For Eaf = 0,
Vt2 1 1
Pmax = − = 0.21 = 21%
2 Xq Xq
This maximum power occurs for δ = 45◦ .
Vt cos δ
Id = = 0.786 per-unit
Xd
Vt sin δ
Iq = = 1.09 per-unit
Xq
69
and thus Ia = Id2 + Iq2 = 1.34 per unit.
S = Vt Ia = 1.34 per-unit
Hence
Q= S 2 − P 2 = 1.32 per-unit
Problem 5.30
V∞ Eaf V2 1 1
P = sin δ + ∞ − sin 2δ
Xd 2 Xq Xd
The generator will remain synchronized as long as Pmax > P . An iterative
search with MATLAB can easily be used to find the minimum excitation that
satisfies this condition for any particular loading.
part (a): For P = 0.5, must have Eaf ≥ 0.327 per unit.
part (b): For P = 1.0, must have Eaf ≥ 0.827 per unit.
Problem 5.32
part (a):
angle with respect to the generator terminal voltage. This is most easily done
iteratively with MATLAB. Once this is done, it is straightforward to calculate
Problem 5.33
part (a): Define XD = Xd + Xbus and XQ = Xq + Xbus .
(i)
Eaf,min = Vbus − XD = 0.04 per-unit
(ii)
part (b):
71
part (c):
Problem 5.34
n × poles 3000 × 6
f= = = 150 Hz
120 120
Problem 5.35
part (a): Because the load is resistive, we know that
P 4500
Ia ==√ = 13.5 A
3Va 3192
√
part (b): We know that Eaf = 208/ 3 = 120 V. Solving
Eaf = Va2 + (Xs Ia )2
for Xs gives
2 −V2
Eaf a
Xs = = 3.41 Ω
Ia
part (c): The easiest way to solve this is to use MATLAB to iterate to
find the required load resistance. If this is done, the solution is Va = 108 V
(line-to-neutral) = 187 V (line-to-line).
Problem 5.36
Ea ωKa
Iˆa = =
Ra + Rb + jωLa Ra + Rb + jωLa
Thus
ωKa Ka
|Iˆa | = =
(Ra + Rb )2 + (ωLa)2
La 1 + RωL
a +Rb
a
Clearly, Ia will remain constant with speed as long as the speed is sufficient
to insure that ω >> (Ra + Rb )/La