GAS NATURAL Y

CONDENSADOS I

PP-
PP-412

Ing. William Navarro

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE YACIMIENTOS EN BASE A LA
MEZCLA DE HIDROCARBUROS QUE CONTIENEN

A PARTIR DE:

• DIAGRAMA DE FASES-PRUEBAS PVT

• INFORMACIÓN DE PRUEBAS DE PRODUCCIÓN

 Introducción

Gas y petróleo son mezclas de fluidos que están

sujetos a diferentes ambientes de P & T

Estas medios se denominan Phases.

Phase es una porción homogénea de un sistema
heterogéneo

Es homogéneo en su composición

Posee superficies limites

Son separables físicamente

Entender el comportamiento de phase permite
determinar el comportamiento de los fluidos en el
reservorio y en el sistema de producción-
transporte.
 Definiciones

Sistema
 Amount of substance within given boundaries
under specific conditions composed of a number of
components.
 If anything moves across the boundary system will
have changed.

Componentes
 Sustancias puras que producen el sistema a las
condiciones de P y T.
 Ejem. C1, C2, CO2, agua
 Definiciones

Phase
 Porción física distinta de materia, que tiene
propiedades físicas y químicas uniformes.
 Ejem. Agua liquida-Hielo.

Equilibrio
 Un sistema esta en equilibrio cuando no ocurren
cambios en el tiempo de sus propiedades físicas
 Definiciones

Propiedades intensivas
 Independientes de la cantidad de materia.
 Ejem. Densidad, volumen especifico, factor de
compresibilidad

Propiedades extensivas
 Dependen de la cantidad de materia presente.
 Ejem. Volumen
 FACTORES FÍSICOS QUE CONTROLAN EL
COMPORTAMIENTO DE FASES

• PRESIÓN
• TEMPERATURA
• ATRACCIÓN MOLECULAR
• REPULSIÓN MOLECULAR

PRESIÓN Y Confinan las Moléculas

ATRACCIÓN MOLECULAR

TEMPERATURA Y Dispersan las Moléculas

REPULSIÓN MOLECULAR
 Temperatura - Presión

Presión
 Refleja la frecuencia de colisión de las moleculas en las
paredes del contenedor.
 Más moleculas incrementa presión.

Fuerzas de atracción-
atracción-repulsión entre
moleculas.
 Fuerzas de atracción aumentan a medida que la distancia
entre las moleculas disminuye hasta que las cargas se
superponen.
 Al disminuir más la distancia se incrementa las fuerzas
de repulsión
 Temperatura - Presión

Temperatura
 Indicativo de la energía Cinetica de las moleculas.
 Si se adiciona calor se incrementa energía Kinetica
 Las moleculas se mueven más separados.
 Gases & Liquidos

Gases
 Molecules are widely spaced.
 Attractive forces exist between the molecules.

Liquidos
 Molecules are closer together.
 Repelling force which causes liquid to resist
further compression.
 Sistema Puro

Useful to examine pure systems to gain insight into

more complex hydrocarbon systems.
 Phase diagrams

Plots of pressure versus temperature or pressure
versus volume

Show the phases that exist under varying conditions.
Diagrama P-T
 Diagrama P-T

Vapour pressure line

Divides the regions where the

substance is a liquid from regions
where it is a gas

Conditions on the line indicate where

both liquid and gas coexist.
 Diagrama P-T

Critical Point
The limit of the vapour
pressure line

Defines the:
Critical temperature, Tc
Critical pressure, Pc
of the pure substance
For pure component, the
limiting state for liquid and
General definition:
gas to coexist.
The point at which all intensive properties of the
gas and liquid are equal
 Diagrama P-T

Triple Point

Represents the pressure and

temperature at which solid, liquid
and vapour
co-exist under equilibrium
conditions.

Not common for Petroleum

engineers to deal with solid state.
More recently an issue in the
context of wax, ashphaltenes and
hydrates.
 Diagrama P-T

Sublimation -Pressure
Line

Represents the pressure and

temperature at which solid exists
from the area where vapour
exists.
Diagrama P-T

Melting Point Line

Represents the pressure and

temperature at which solid exists
from the area where liquid exists.

Of relevance to wax and hydrates

 Diagrama P-T
Consider behaviour of a PVT (pressure, volume, temperature ) cell
charged with a pure substance and the volume varied by frictionless
piston.

P1 Single phase liquid at P1

 Diagrama P-T
Single phase liquid at P1

Significant pressure reduction

Small liquid volume change
P1 P2

Bubble point
pressure
P2

Small gas bubble in

equilibrium with
liquid
 Diagrama P-T
Bubble point
Single phase liquid at P1 Further volume
pressure P2
expansion

More gas phase.

P1 P2 P3 Liquid volume decreases

Pressure remains
constant
 Diagrama P-T
Single phase liquid at P1 Bubble point Further volume
pressure P2 expansion

Dew point
P1 P2 P3 P4 pressure P4

Small liquid drop in

equilibrium with gas

Pressure remains
constant
 Diagrama P-T
Single phase liquid at P1 Bubble point Further volume Dew point
pressure P2 expansion pressure P4

Further gas
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 expansion

Pressure reduces
 Diagrama P-T
P1

P2

P4 P3

P5
Behaviour across the vapour pressure line
From A to B via VP line P1

At A liquid phase

P3
Between A&B on VP
line gas & liquid phases

P5

At B gas phase
Behaviour around the critical point

At A liquid phase

At E compressed liquid
phase

From E to F from liquid

to gas with no phase
boundary

At G gas phase

At B gas phase
Beyond critical point
At 3 liquid phase ?

Dense phase fluid

From 3 to 4 a change from

liquid properties to gas
properties with no distinct
phase change

At 4 gas phase
Diagrama P-T Etano
 Diagrama Presión-
Presión-Volumen
P1

1. Single phase liquid T = Tc critical temperature

P2
Single phase region

Bubble point
first gas bubble
P4
Dew point
Last drop of liquid
P5 T<Tc
Two phase region
All gas

T>Tc Smooth change from liquid to gas. No

Reflects compressibilty of definite phase distinction.
liquid
 Diagrama Presión-
Presión-Volumen
Single phase

A series of expansions
at various constant
temperatures yield
pressure volume
diagram.

Gives the focus of the
bubble point and dew
point values.

Liquid

Two distinct phases Gas

Diagrama Presión-
Presión-Volumen Etano
Three Dimensional Phase Diagram for a
Pure Component
 Sistema dos Componentes

Such a system is called a binary

One component more volatile than the other.

Components are miscible
 Sistema dos Componentes
Diagrama Presión-
Presión-Volumen
Isotherm similar to pure
component

Pressure decreases as system

goes from bubble point to dew
point

Composition of liquid and vapour

phases change from bubble point
to dew point

Physical properties function

of composition
e.g.density
 Sistema dos Componentes
Diagrama Presión-
Presión-Volumen
Compositions

Component light

Component heavy

Liquid mixture

At bubble point
Liquid Gas

At dew point

Liquid Gas

Gas mixture
 Sistema dos Componentes

The diagram is for

a 52.4 mole%
mixture of
N-heptane and
N-pentane

A ‘finger print’ of
the mixture
 Sistema dos Componentes
Diagrama Presión-
Presión-Temperatura

Compared to a single line

representing two phase
behaviour for pure
substances,

a broad region in which

two phases co-exist
characterises 2
component systems
 Sistema dos Componentes
Diagrama Presión-
Presión-Temperatura
Bubble point line and dew
point line meet at critical point.

A mixture has a critical

temperature and pressure.

These values are NOT the

compositional averages of the
critical values of the pure
components.
 Sistema dos Componentes
Diagrama Presión-
Presión-Temperatura
Bubble Point

Within 2 phase region

proportions of liquid and gas.
These are termed quality lines

Dew point

By carrying out a series of

constant temperature expansion
phase envelope is defined
 Sistema dos Componentes
Diagrama Presión-
Presión-Temperatura

A specific mixture will give a

specific phase envelope.

Increase the proportion of A

and the envelope will change
shape and move to the left.

Increase the proportion of B

and the envelope will change
shape and move to the right.

PCAB much greater than PCA and PCB

 Diagrama P-T emperature
Etano -Heptano
Critical points for various
mixtures

Pure component critical values

Locus of the mixture critical

points
Diagrama de Fases de una mezcla de gas
natural - gasolina natural

2700 LÍQUIDO
2600 LÍ Q U ID O
A% GAS
2500 100% 0%
2400 90%
80%
2300 70%
60%
Lpca

2200
2100
PRESIÓN, L

50% LÍQUIDO + VAPOR (GAS)

2000
1900
40%
1800
1700
1600
1500 30%
1400 20%
10%
1300
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
TEMPERATURA, °F
 Punto Critico
Mezcla de HCs

Mixture of methane and

n-octane has a critical point much
greater than pure component values

Two phases exist within this

boundary

Methane is a significant component

of reservoir fluids

Pure component critical values

 Condensación Retrograda

Within the two phase region of our two component
system there can be temperatures higher than the
critical temperature and pressures higher than the
critical pressure.
 The cricondentherm.

Is the maximum temperature at which two phases
can exist in equilibrium.
 The cricondenbar.

Is the maximum pressure at which two phases can
exist in equilibrium.
 Condensación Retrograda
Examine behaviour at
constant temperature
between critical temperature
Cricondenbar and cricondentherm of
pressure decrease

1
At 1 single phase fluid

2 At 2 dew point
3

4 At 3 maximum
liquid

5 At 4 dew point

At 5 single gas phase

Cricondentherm
Condensación Retrograda
 Multicomponente - HCs

Reservoir fluids contain hundreds of components.

They are multicomponent systems.

Phase behaviour in liquid-vapour region similar to
binary systems,

Mathematical and experimental analysis of phase
behaviour is more complex.
 Multicomponente - HCs

Liquid

Bubble point Bubble point

First gas bubble

Gas/40% liq’d Dew point

Dew point

Last drop of liq’d

All gas