LECTURE 04

Inverse z-Transform

Dr. Salman Durrani

Department of Engineering,
The Australian National University.
http://engnet.anu.edu.au/DEpeople/Salman.Durrani/

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 Summary of Last Lecture(s)

• Continuous time transforms

• z-Transform

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 Lecture Outline

• Properties of z-Transform
• Inverse z-Transform
• Difference Equations

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 Useful References for DSP

• Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Willsky, with S.

Hamid Nawab, Signals & Systems, Prentice
Hall, 1997 Edition 2nd ed. QA402.O63 1997.

• Steven W. Smith, The Scientist and Engineer's

and Guide to Digital Signal Processing,
http://www.dspguide.com

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 z-Transform Definition
• z-transform is the discrete time counter part of the
Laplace transform.

• It gives z-domain representation of a discrete time

signal.

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 Important z-transforms
• Discrete unit impulse:

Discrete unit step:

• Discrete exponential:

• Discrete sine wave:

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 Properties of z-transform
• Linearity:
z-transform is a linear operator.

Multiplication of x[n] by a constant corresponds to

multiplying X(z) by the same constant.

Addition/subtraction in the discrete-time domain

translates into addition/subtraction in the z-domain.

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 Properties of z-transform
• Scaling in the z-domain:

This property gives the relationship between x[n] and

X[z] when the z-domain variable is scaled by a
constant.

• Time reversal:

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 Properties of z-transform
• Complex Differentiation:

This property of the z-transform enables us to obtain

new transforms from given ones.

• Convolution:

Convolution in discrete-time domain corresponds to

multiplication in z-domain.

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 Properties of z-transform
• Initial Value Theorem:

Useful for checking the correctness of the z-

transform calculation of the signal.

• Final Value Theorem:

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 Properties of z-transform
• Time Shifting:

• Forward shift for discrete time signals is analogous

to “differentiation for continuous time signals”.

• Backward shift for discrete time signals is analogous

to “integration for continuous time signals”.

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 Examples
• Example 1: Complex Differentiation

• Example 2: Complex Differentiation

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 Examples
• Example 3: Scaling

• Example 4: Backward Time Shifting

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 Inverse z-Transform Definition

C is a counter clockwise closed contour in the region of

convergence of X(z) and encircling the origin of the z-plane.

• As with the inverse LT, the inverse z-transform can often

be easily evaluated by using partial fractions and
expressing X(z) as a linear combination of simpler terms,
the inverse transform of which is recognizable.

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 Finding Inverse z-Transform
• Expand X(z) in a power series (using long division if
necessary)

• Examples

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 Finding Inverse z-Transform
• Using Partial Fractions

• Example 1

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 Finding Inverse z-Transform
• Plotting

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 Finding Inverse z-Transform
• Using Partial Fractions

• Example 2

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 Transfer Function H(z)
• The transfer function H(z) is the z-transform of the
impulse response of the discrete-time system.

• Causality: A discrete time LTI system with transfer

function H(z) is causal if and only if with H(z) expressed
as a ratio of polynomials in z, the order of the numerator
cannot be greater than order of the denominator.

• Stability: A causal discrete time LTI system with transfer

function H(z) is stable if and only if all poles of H(z) lie
inside the unit circle.

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 Difference Equations
• It is possible to describe LTI discrete systems by means
of difference equations. This is again a description in
the time domain and direct counterpart of continuous
time systems described by differential equations.

• Equations in which the value of a discrete signal at a

particular moment is given as a function of signal values
at earlier or later instants are called difference
equations.

• Difference equation can be used to determine the

impulse response of a discrete time LTI system.

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 Problem Set 03

• Please attempt Problem Set 03.

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