Experiment 1 Control Valves

UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL AND
BIO ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (UNIKL MICET)
EXPERIMENT 1
CONTROL VALVE
19th FEBRUARY 2018, MONDAY
LABORATORY COLLEAGUES:
MUHAMAMD ABU HASSAN BIN SA’ARI (55213116183)
MUHAMMAD AMIR SYAZWAN BIN ROSLI (55213116209)
MUHAMAD QASYAFUL ARIFF B. SAAT (55213116145)
MUHAMMAD HAZRAYMIE AZRUL B. MOHD NIZAM (55213116138)
LABORARTORY LECTURER:
En. Azrin Bin Abdul Rahman

PLANT INSTRUMENTATION CLB 21103
1.0 SUMMARY
The purpose of control valve experiment is to determine a study and installed
characteristics of three control valves in their respective piping system. The experiment was
done with 2 tanks which is tank 1 and tank 2. There are two pumps name PB and PS. PB have
bigger flow capacity compared to PS. The pumps draw water from tank 1 and are delivered
linearly to each respective pipe with different valve. The water the will be drawn to tank 2
and when it overflows, the water will enter tank 1 and recycled back to the pump. Water was
pumped using three parallel pipelines PLL which are linear control valve (FCVL), equal %
control valve (FCVE) and quick- opening control valve (FCVQ). During the experiment we
compare each valve with its opening, flow rate and pressure drop. As for the result, the flow
rate for the open faster for quick- opening control valve (FCVQ), mild flow rate for linear
control valve (FCVL) and slow flow rate for equal % control valve (FCVE) during the early
opening.
2
2.0 OBJECTIVES
 To study the characteristic of different control valve in flow rate system.
3
3.0 INTRODUCTION AND THEORY
In process plant industry, there are thousands of controls loops and piping connected
together to complete the process system. Control valves are used to control a variable in the
system for example temperature, pressure or flow. The valves works by opening or closing it
plug to suit with the condition needed. In the most operation plants, the changes are sent as an
electrical signal from the transmitter to the controller. Controller receives the signal and
processes it before sending the command to the valves.
There are various types of control valves nowadays. Each of them has a specific
application and used for different kind of flow. The common types of control valve are
namely as quick opening plug valve, linear plug valve and equal percentage plug valve. The
differences for each plug are shown in figure below.
Figure 1: Different plugs for globe valves
In this experiment, the objective is to study the characteristic of control valve and the
control valve range ability. Flow meters are connected to each pipeline and detect any
changes in both flow rate and pressure drop. The opening of each valve varies from 0% to
100%. Then, a graph of flow rate and pressure drop against the stroke opening is plotted for
each valve.
4
4.0 RESULTS AND DATA - (TABLE AE : Pump PS with FCVE for Experiment 1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Adjust Flowrate(F) Valve Opening Valve pressure Pump Calculate the following ratio
FIC (Z or mm) Drop (DPv) Discharge
manual Channel Blue Channel Red Channel Green Pressure F/Fmax X 100% DPv/PGS Cv/CVmax
Output 1 pointer 2 pointer 3 pointer PGS
MV (BL) or (RD) or (GN) or
trace trace trace
% USGPM % % % psi % (Psig) %
100.0 14.5 72.5 15 100 16.5 82.5 17.2 100 0.96 1

80.0 13.5 67.5 13 86.67 14 70 20.5 93.1 0.68 0.93
60.0 5.5 27.5 11 73.33 11 55 23.5 37.93 0.47 0.38
50.0 3.2 16 9 60 9.5 47.5 24.1 22.07 0.39 0.22
30.0 0.8 4 4 26.67 6.5 32.5 25.2 5.52 0.26 0.06
20.0 0.5 2.5 2 13.33 4.5 22.5 25.5 3.45 0.18 0.03
10.0 0.0 0 1 6.67 3.5 17.5 25.6 0 0.14 0
5.0 0.0 0 0.5 3.33 2.5 12.5 25.9 0 0.1 0
0.0 0.0 0 0 0 2.0 10 26.0 0 0.08 0
0.0 0.0 0 0 0 2.0 10 26.0 0 0.08 0

5.0 0.0 0 0.5 3.33 2.5 12.5 25.9 0 0.1 0
10.0 0.0 0 1 6.67 3.5 17.5 25.6 0 0.14 0
20.0 0.5 2.5 2 13.33 4.5 22.5 25.5 3.45 0.18 0.03
30.0 0.9 4 4 26.67 6.5 32.5 24.1 5.52 0.26 0.06
50.0 3.2 16 8 60 9.5 47.5 24.5 22.07 0.39 0.22
60.0 5.5 27.5 11 73.33 11 55 23.5 37.93 0.47 0.38
80.0 13.5 67.5 13 86.67 14 70 20.5 93.1 0.68 0.93
100.0 14.5 72.5 15 100 16.5 82.5 17.2 100 0.96 1
4.1 RESULTS AND DATA
(TABLE AL : Pump PS with
FCVL for Experiment 1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
trace trace trace
100.0 15.6 78 15 100 16.5 82.5 15.35 100 1.07 1

80.0 13.6 68 13 86.67 13.5 67.5 15.6 87.18 0.87 0.87
60.0 11.4 57 11 73.33 10.0 50 15.95 73.08 0.71 0.73
50.0 9.4 47 9 60 9.0 45 20.6 60.26 0.46 0.6
30.0 4.5 22.5 7 46.67 5.5 27.5 22.6 28.85 0.2 0.29
20.0 3.5 17.5 4 26.67 4.5 22.5 23.6 22.44 0.15 0.22
10.0 0.0 0 2 13.33 2.5 12.5 25.0 0 0.1 0
5.0 0.0 0 1 6.67 2.0 10 25.8 0 0.08 0
0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.5 2.5 26.0 0 0.02 0
0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.5 2.5 26.0 0 0.02 0

5.0 0.0 0 1 6.67 2 10 25.8 0 0.08 0
10.0 0.0 0 2 13.33 3 12.5 25.0 0 0.1 0
20.0 1.5 17.5 4 26.67 4 22.5 23.6 22.44 0.15 0.22
30.0 4.4 22.5 7 46.67 5.5 27.5 22.6 28.85 0.2 0.29
50.0 9.5 47 9 60 8.5 45 20.6 60.85 0.46 0.6
60.0 11.5 57 11 73.33 10.0 10 15.95 73.08 0.71 0.73
80.0 13.6 68 13 86.67 13.5 67.5 15.6 87.18 0.87 0.87
100.0 15.6 78 15 100 16.5 82.5 15.35 100 1.07 1
4.2 RESULTS AND DATA (TABLE AQ : Pump PS with FCVQ for Experiment )1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
trace trace trace
100.0 15.3 76.5 15 100 17 85 11.3 100 1.5 1

80.0 15.3 76.5 13 86.67 14 70 12 100 1.17 1
60.0 15.0 75 8 53.33 11 55 13 98.04 0.85 0.98
50.0 14.2 71 5 33.33 9.5 47.5 23.0 92.81 0.41 0.93
30.0 2.0 10 1 6.67 6.5 32.5 24.0 13.07 0.27 0.13
20.0 0.2 1 0.5 3.33 5 25 24.5 1.31 0.2 0.01
10.0 0.1 0.5 0 0 3.5 17.5 25 0.65 0.14 0.0065
5.0 0.0 0 0 0 3.0 15 25 0 0.12 0
0.0 0.0 0 0 0 3.0 15 25 0 0.12 0
0.0 0.0 0 0 0 3.0 15 25 0 0.12 0

5.0 0.0 0 0 0 3.0 15 25 0 0.12 0
10.0 0.1 0.5 0 0 3.5 17.5 25 0.65 0.14 0.0065
20.0 0.2 1 0.5 3.33 5 25 24.5 1.31 0.2 0.01
30.0 2.0 10 1 6.67 6.5 32.5 24.0 13.07 0.27 0.13
50.0 14.2 71 5 33.33 9.5 47.5 23.0 92 0.41 0.93
60.0 15.0 75 8 53.33 11 55 13 98.04 0.85 0.98
80.0 15.3 76.5 13 86.67 14 70 12 100 1.17 1
100.0 15.3 76.5 15 100 17 85 11.3 100 1.5 1
7
4.3 RESULTS AND DATA (TABLE BE : Pump BE with FCVE for Experiment 2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
trace trace trace
100.0 20.2 101 15 100 17 85 39 100 0.44 1

80.0 19.5 97.5 14 93.33 14.5 72.5 40 96.53 0.36 0.97
60.0 9.4 47 10 66.67 11 55 54 46.53 0.2 0.47
50.0 5.5 27.5 8 53.33 9.5 47.5 55 27.23 0.17 0.27
30.0 1.6 8 3 20 6.5 32.5 62 7.92 0.1 0.08
20.0 0.9 4.5 1 6.67 5 25 64 4.46 0.08 0.04
10.0 0.0 0 0.5 3.33 4 20 65 0 0.06 0
5.0 0.0 0 0.1 0.67 3 15 65 0 0.05 0
0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2.5 12.5 65 0 0.04 0
0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2.5 12.5 65 0 0.04 0

5.0 0.0 0 0.1 0.67 3 15 65 0 0.05 0
10.0 0.0 0 0.5 3.33 4 20 65 0 0.06 0
20.0 0.9 4.5 1 6.67 5 25 64 4.46 0.08 0.04
30.0 1.6 8 3 20 6.5 32.5 62 7.92 0.1 0.08
50.0 5.5 27.5 8 53.33 9.5 47.5 55 27.23 0.17 0.27
60.0 9.4 47 10 66.67 11 55 54 46.53 0.2 0.47
80.0 19.5 97.5 14 93.33 14.5 72.5 40 96.53 0.36 0.97
100.0 20.2 101 15 100 17 85 39 100 0.44 1
8
4.4 RESULTS AND DATA (TABLE BL : Pump PB with FCVL for Experiment 2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
trace trace trace
100.0 20.9 104.5 15 100 16.5 82.5 38 100 0.43 1

80.0 19.9 99.5 13 86.67 14.5 72.5 40 95.22 0.36 0.95
60.0 16.9 84.5 11 73.33 10.5 52.5 44 80.86 0.24 0.81
50.0 14.5 72.5 9 60 9 45 47 69.38 0.19 0.69
30.0 7.3 36.5 6 40 5.5 27.5 56 34.93 0.1 0.35
20.0 2.5 12.5 4 26.67 4 20 61 11.96 0.07 0.12
10.0 0.1 3.5 2 13.33 2 10 65 0.48 0.03 0.0048
5.0 0.0 0 2 13.33 2 10 65 0 0.03 0
0.0 0.0 0 1 6.67 1 5 65 0 0.02 0
0.0 0.0 0 1 6.67 1 5 65 0 0.02 0

5.0 0.0 0 1 6.67 1.5 7.5 65 0 0.03 0
10.0 0.1 3.5 1 6.67 1.5 7.5 65 0.48 0.03 0.0048
20.0 2.5 12.5 4 26.67 4 20 61 11.96 0.07 0.12
30.0 7.3 36.5 5 33.33 5.5 27.5 56 34.93 0.1 0.35
50.0 14.5 72.5 9 60 9 45 47 69.38 0.19 0.69
60.0 16.9 84.5 11 73.33 10.5 52.5 44 80.86 0.24 0.81
80.0 19.9 99.5 13 86.67 14.5 72.45 40 95.22 0.36 0.95
100.0 20.9 104.5 15 100 16.5 82.5 38 100 0.43 1
9
4.5 RESULTS AND DATA (TABLE BQ : Pump PB with FCVQ for Experiment 2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
trace trace trace
100.0 21.0 105 15 100 17 85 38 100 0.45 1

80.0 20.9 104.5 13 86.67 14 70 38 99.52 0.37 0.995
60.0 20.7 103.5 8 53.33 11 55 38 98.57 0.3 0.986
50.0 20 100 5 33.33 9.5 47.5 40 95.24 0.24 0.95
30.0 6.8 34 2 13.33 6.5 32.5 56 32.38 0.12 0.32
20.0 1.6 8 0 0 5 25 63 7.62 0.08 0.08
10.0 0.8 4 0 0 4 20 64 3.81 0.06 0.04
5.0 0.6 3 0 0 3 15 64 2.86 0.05 0.03
0.0 0.0 0 0 0 3 15 64 0 0.05 0
0.0 0.0 0 0 0 3 15 64 0 0.05 0

5.0 0.6 3 0 0 3 15 64 2.86 0.05 0.03
10.0 0.8 4 0 0 4 20 64 3.81 0.06 0.04
20.0 1.6 8 0 0 5 25 63 7.62 0.08 0.08
30.0 6.8 34 2 13.33 6.5 32 56 32.38 0.12 0.32
50.0 20 100 5 33.33 9.5 47.5 40 95.24 0.24 0.95
60.0 20.7 103.5 8 53.33 11 55 38 98.57 0.3 0.986
80.0 20.9 104.5 13 86.67 14 70 38 99.52 0.37 0.995
100.0 21 105 15 100 17 85 38 100 0.45 1
10
GRAPH FLOWRATE VS VALVE OPENING (BIG PUMP ) FCVL

120
100
y = 0.7738x + 11.116
R² = 0.9804
80
FLOWRATE (%)
60
40
20
0
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
VALVE OPENING (%)
Figure 3.1.1
GRAPH FLOWRATE VS VALVE OPENING (SMALL PUMP)

FCVL
120
100 y = 1.1647x + 8.3972

R² = 0.9754
FLOWRATE (%)
80
60
40
20
0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
VALVE OPENING (%)
Figure 3.1.2
GRAPH FLOWRATE VS VALVE OPENING (BIG PUMP)

FCVE
120
y = 0.9545x + 7.942
100 R² = 0.9381
FLOWRATE (%)
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
VALVE OPENING (%)
Figure 3.2.1
GRAPH FLOWRATE VS VALVE OPENING (SMALL PUMP)

FCVE
120
y = 1.2296x + 15.152
100 R² = 0.8457
80
FLOWRATE (%)
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
VALVE OPENING (%)
Figure 3.2.2
12
GRAPH FLOWRATE VS VALVE OPENING (BIG PUMP ) FCVQ

120
100
80
y = 0.7008x - 4.1258
FLOWRATE (%)
R² = 0.7923
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-20
VALVE OPENING (%)
Figure 3.3.1
GRAPH FLOWRATE VS VALVE OPENING (SMALL PUMP) FCVQ

120
100
80
y = 0.9304x - 0.6193
FLOWRATE (%)
R² = 0.8078
60
40
20
0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
-20
VALVE OPENING (%)
Figure 3.3.2
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5.0 DISCUSSION
The objective of control valve characteristic experiment is to determine the characteristic of

three profiles of different plugs trim for globe valves which is quick opening valve, linear plug and
equal percentage plug. This experiment consists of two tanks which is T1 and T2 that filled with
water until to overflow level. This experiment started when water flowed from tank T1 to tank T2,
the overflow water will flow back to tank T1. The excess water from T1 and T2 will drained. There
are two pumps used in this experiment which is big pump and small pump. Water are pumped into
three different parallel pipeline which is linear plug (FCVL), quick opening valve (FCVQ) and equal
percentage valve (FCVE).
For table AL, it shows that the result of parallel pipelines PLL using linear control valve (FCVL)
with small pump. Initially, at 100% adjust FIC manual output, the flow rate of water is 15.6 USGPM
which 78% of water had been drawn over the pipe. The valve opening is 100 % and the valve
pressure drop percentage is 82.5 %. The F/Fmax x 100% value is 100%. The adjust FIC manual output
reading is decreasing proportionally until 0% adjust FIC manual output. For 0% adjust FIC manual
output, the flow rate of water is 0.0 USGPM which 0.0 % of water had been drawn over the pipe.
The valve opening is 0.0 % and the valve pressure drop percentage is 2.5 %. The F/Fmax x 100%
value is 0.0%.
For table BL, it shows that the result of parallel pipelines PLL using linear control valve (FCVL)
with big pump. Initially, at 100% adjust FIC manual output, the flow rate of water is 20.9 USGPM
which 104.5 % of water had been drawn over the pipe. The valve opening is 100 % and the valve
pressure drop percentage is 82.5 %. The F/Fmax x 100% value is 100%. The adjust FIC manual output
reading is decreasing proportionally until 0% adjust FIC manual output. For 0% adjust FIC manual
output, the flow rate of water is 0.0 USGPM which 0.0 % of water had been drawn over the pipe.
The valve opening is 6.7 % and the valve pressure drop percentage is 5 %. The F/Fmax x 100% value
is 0.0%.
14
From the graph, figure 3.1, it shows that the characteristic of FCVL between small and big
pump. The FCVL with big pump graph theoretically is above than FCVL with small pump graph. It is
because when using the FCVL with big pump, some interruption occurs at the air pressure supplied.
Therefore, the big pump cannot give the maximum pump to the water due to the flow rate of the
water. Linear valve is the simplest to valve to operate because the flow rate is directly proportional
to travel which will give a fraction from 0 to 1.0.The advantages of linear valve are can throttle small
flow rate, suit for high pressure application and offer variety of special trim design. The
disadvantages of the linear valve are low recovery and usually flanged or threaded.
For table AE, it shows that the result of parallel pipelines PLE using equal percentage control
valve (FCVE) with small pump. Initially, at 100% adjust FIC manual output, the flow rate of water is
14.5 USGPM which 100% of water had been drawn over the pipe. The valve opening is 99.8 % and
the valve pressure drop percentage is 82.5 %. The F/Fmax x 100% value is 100%. The adjust FIC
manual output reading is decreasing proportionally until 0% adjust FIC manual output. For 0% adjust
FIC manual output, the flow rate of water is 0.0 USGPM which 0.0 % of water had been drawn over
the pipe. The valve opening is 0.0 % and the valve pressure drop percentage is 10 %. The F/Fmax x
100% value is 0.0%.
For table BE, it shows that the result of parallel pipelines PLE using equal percentage control
valve (FCVE) with big pump. Initially, at 100% adjust FIC manual output, the flow rate of water is 20.0
USGPM which 101 % of water had been drawn over the pipe. The valve opening is 100 % and the
valve pressure drop percentage is 85 %. The F/Fmax x 100% value is 100.0 %. The adjust FIC manual
output reading is decreasing proportionally until 0% adjust FIC manual output. For 0% adjust FIC
manual output, the flow rate of water is 0.0 USGPM which 0.0 % of water had been drawn over the
pipe. The valve opening is 0.0 % and the valve pressure drop percentage is 12.5 %. The F/Fmax x
100% value is 0%.
15
From the graph, figure 3.2, it shows that the characteristic of FCVE between small and big
pump. The graph follows where the FCVE with big pump graph theoretically is above than FCVE with
small pump graph. An equal percentage valve is machined so that an equal increment of travel
produces an equal change in flow. The advantage of equal percentage control valve are can process
where large pressure drop and can use in process where a small percentage of the total pressure
drop is permit by the valve. The disadvantages are expensive and prone to high pressure drops.
For table AQ, it shows that the result of parallel pipelines PLQ using quick control valve
(FCVQ) with small pump. Initially, at 100% adjust FIC manual output, the flow rate of water is 15.3
USGPM which 76.5% of water had been drawn over the pipe. The valve opening is 100.0 % and the
valve pressure drop percentage is 85 %. The F/Fmax x 100% value is 100%. The adjust FIC manual
manual output, the flow rate of water is 0 USGPM which 0 % of water had been drawn over the
pipe. The valve opening is 0 % and the valve pressure drop percentage is 15 %. The F/Fmax x 100%
value is 0%.
For table BQ, it shows that the result of parallel pipelines PLQ using equivalent control valve
(FCVL) with big pump. Initially, at 100% adjust FIC manual output, the flow rate of water is 21.0
USGPM which 105 % of water had been drawn over the pipe. The valve opening is 100.0 % and the
valve pressure drop percentage is 85 %. The F/Fmax x 100% value is 100 %. The adjust FIC manual
manual output, the flow rate of water is 0.0 USGPM which 0 % of water had been drawn over the
pipe. The valve opening is 0 % and the valve pressure drop percentage is 15 %. The F/Fmax x 100%
value is 0%.
16
From the graph, figure 3.3, it shows that the characteristic of FCVQ between small and big
pump. The graph follows where the FCVQ with big pump graph theoretically is above than FCVQ
with small pump graph. A quick control valve has a plug that is just a flat disc which is operated
against the seat. As soon as the disc lifts from the seat the flow increase very quickly. This type of
characteristic is suitable for on/off control. It gives a large flow capacity (cv value) compare to the
valve size. The advantages of quick control valve are can use for frequent on/off service and used for
process where instantly large flow is needed (for safety system or cooling water system). The
disadvantages are poor control, capitates at low pressure drop and cannot be used for throttling.
From the result of six different tables, it shows that the water flow rate decreasing
proportionally to the valve opening. Besides that, the pressure drop increasing proportionally to the
valve opening. It is because when the valve opening opened widely, the flow rate becomes higher.
The higher flow rate will reduces the pressure drop. The differentiation between the control valves is
linear control valve travel is directly proportional to the valve stoke, for equal percentage control
valve, it increments of valve travel produce an equal percentage in flow change and lastly for quick
opening valve it give large increase in flow with a small change in valve stroke. For addition, the most
commonly used for valve control is equal percentage valve.
17
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A control valve is used to control fluid flow by varying the size of the flow passage as
directed by a signal from a controller. There are three types of valve that has been used for
this experiment which are Equal Percentage, Linear and Quick Opening Valve Operation.
These three types of valves undergo two experiments by using different size of pump which
are with big and small pump. Based on the result, it shows that the water flow rate decreasing
proportionally to the valve opening. Furthermore, when the valve opening is widely opened,
the flow rate becomes higher, thus the pressure drop increasing proportionally to the valve
opening. In this experiment, it can be concluded that linear control valve travel is directly
proportional to the valve stroke. Then, for equal percentage control valve, the increments of
valve travel produce an equal percentage in flow change. In addition, for quick opening valve
it give large increase in flow with a small change in valve stroke. Other than that, the most
expensive control valve among this three control valve is linear control valve. Normally,
quick opening control valve is used for safety purposes whereas the equal percentage control
valve is widely used for piping purpose at our home.
For the recommendation for this experiment, the students should read the lab manual
and fully understands how to conduct the experiment before conducting the experiment.
Therefore, the students will be able to conduct the experiment smoothly without any problem
rises such as confusion of what the next step to be done in the experiment process.
Furthermore, the data should be taken at least 3 times, in order to get the accurate value of
average reading. During the experiment, the reading had been taken manually for the red and
green tracer by using a ruler. Thus, the eyes must be perpendicular to the scale of the ruler in
order to reduce the parallax error. Other than that, students should give full attention towards
the in charged technician and jot down necessary point about the experimental procedure
during the briefing of how to conduct the experiment. This will help the student to get full
idea of how the experiment should have been done. In addition, make sure that the
manipulated variable line is in stable condition, before changing the set points in order to get
the true value. Lastly, the student should not play around when waiting to record the data and
be serious in order to conduct the experiment without causing any accidents and disturbing
other person.
18
7.0 REFERENCES
1. (n.d.). Retrieved March 05, 2018, from http://www.emerson.com/en-

us/automation/valves-actuators-regulators/control-valves
2. (n.d.). Retrieved March 05, 2018, from https://www.burkert.com/en/products/process-

and-control-valves/control-valves
3. (n.d.). Retrieved March 05, 2018, from https://www.honeywellprocess.com/en-

US/explore/products/instrumentation/Pages/control-valves.aspx
4. Why Control Valves used? (n.d.). Retrieved March 05, 2018, from
http://www.wermac.org/valves/valves_control-valves_principles-of-operation.html
19
8.0 APPENDICES
Example Table BQ
Flowrate (F) :
Channel 1(BL) USGPM →blue pointer or trace
FLOWRATE (CHANNEL 1)
𝑿 100%
20 USGPM
21 𝑈𝑆𝐺𝑃𝑀
𝑋 100% = 105 %
Valve Opening (Z or mm) :
Channel 2(RD) →red pointer or trace
RD (CHANNEL 2)
𝑿 100%
15 mm
15 mm
𝑋 100% = 100 %
15 mm
20
Valve Pressure Drop (DPv) :
Channel 3(GN) →green pointer or trace
GN (CHANNEL 3)
𝑿 100%
20 psi
17 psi
𝑋 100% = 855 %
20 psi
Calculate ratio:
𝐹
𝑥 100%
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 𝑋 100%
= 100%
DPv
PGS
17
=
38
= 0.45
21
𝑆𝐺
𝐶𝑣 = 𝐹 √
𝐷𝑃𝑣
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑈𝑆𝐺𝑃𝑀
𝑆𝐺 = 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) 𝑖𝑠 1.0
𝐷𝑃𝑣 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)
1.0
= 21.0√
17
= 5.09
𝑆𝐺
𝐶𝑣 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 √
𝐷𝑃𝑣
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑈𝑆𝐺𝑃𝑀
𝑆𝐺 = 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) 𝑖𝑠 1.0
𝐷𝑃𝑣 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)
22
1.0
= 21.0√
17
= 5.09
𝐶𝑣
𝐶𝑣(𝑚𝑎𝑥)
5.09
=
5.09
=1
23
8.1 APPENDICES
TUTORIAL
1. What is control valve Cv?
Cv is the Flow Coefficient. The flow coefficient of a device is a relative measure of its
efficiency at allowing fluid flow. It describes the relationship between the pressure drop
across an orifice, valve or other assembly and the corresponding flow rate.
2. What is control valve range ability?
Range abilities of 50 or 40 to 1 are considered excellent for extreme precision of control.

Valves with high range ability are very expensive to manufacture since very close tolerances
are involved between the disc and the seat. Competitively priced control valves ordinarily
have range ability of less than 30 to 1. In many cases wide range ability compensates
automatically for deviations from anticipated conditions without loss of control.
3. How is the control valve characteristics normally illustrated graphically?
Figure 4: Control Valve Flow Characteristics
24
4. What is the effect of (DPv) / (DPs) on the inherent control valve characteristics?
The control valve Manufacturer can only state the Inherent valve characteristics, which
refer to the flow rate (F) – valve travel position (m or Z) relationship, when the pressure drop
across the control valve (DPV) is constant. Note that the pressure drop across the control
valve (DPV) can be almost constant only if the piping system pressure drop (DPS) is
concentrated at the control valve and not distributed along the pipeline.
5. Compare the characteristic curves of FCVL, FCVE and FCVQ obtained in Experiment 1
with those in Experiment 2. Is the deviation from the inherent characteristics more
serious in Experiment 2 than in Experiment 1? Please comment on the DPv and DPs in
each case.
The graph that were obtained for linear control valve pump small from this experiment 1
slightly shown a linear characteristic compared to pump big linear valve in experiment 2.
This maybe because of some error happen during conducting the experiment such as the
presence of fouling in the pipeline or the valve have rust as the equipment have use
repeatedly overtime. The graph was increased linearly and at constant rate around 50% to
80% in experiment 1 of linear valve while in experiment 2, linear valve linearly increases by
the percentage of each flow rates but deviates more due to fast moving flow rate that the
inconsistent turbulence of the water effect greatly for the efficiency of the valve to behave to
its original characteristic. In the experiment 1 and 2, pump small of equal valve opening
linearly increasing as percentage increases. However, the changes in flow rates were lower
and closed values to each other. The change inflow rate is always proportional to the flow
rate just before the change in position is made for a valve plug, disc or ball position. When
the valve plug, disc or ball is near its seat and the flow is small, the change in flow rate will
be small; with a large flow, the change in flow rate will be large. Equal percentage control
valves are widely used in industrial purpose.
25
6. Why is it important to know the control valve characteristics? Which is important finally
in an operating control loop, the installed or inherent valve characteristic?
All control valves have an inherent flow characteristic that defines the relationship
between 'valve opening' and flow rate under constant pressure conditions. The selection of a
control valve, with the appropriate operating characteristics and sizing, is essential for
satisfactory control loop performance. It is also important to choose the appropriate valve for
different chemical reaction such as for quick reaction we need to use quick- opening control
valve (FCVQ), if the chemical reaction needs a steady supply of reactant we need to use
linear control valve (FCVL) and for reaction that takes place slowly we need to use equal %
control valve (FCVE) and quick- opening control valve (FCVQ).
26

Experiment 1 Control Valves

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Experiment 1 Control Valves

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UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL AND

BIO ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (UNIKL MICET)

19th FEBRUARY 2018, MONDAY

MUHAMAMD ABU HASSAN BIN SA’ARI (55213116183)

MUHAMMAD AMIR SYAZWAN BIN ROSLI (55213116209)

MUHAMAD QASYAFUL ARIFF B. SAAT (55213116145)

MUHAMMAD HAZRAYMIE AZRUL B. MOHD NIZAM (55213116138)

En. Azrin Bin Abdul Rahman

The purpose of control valve experiment is to determine a study and installed

 To study the characteristic of different control valve in flow rate system.

3.0 INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

Figure 1: Different plugs for globe valves

100.0 14.5 72.5 15 100 16.5 82.5 17.2 100 0.96 1

0.0 0.0 0 0 0 2.0 10 26.0 0 0.08 0

100.0 15.6 78 15 100 16.5 82.5 15.35 100 1.07 1

0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.5 2.5 26.0 0 0.02 0

100.0 15.3 76.5 15 100 17 85 11.3 100 1.5 1

0.0 0.0 0 0 0 3.0 15 25 0 0.12 0

100.0 20.2 101 15 100 17 85 39 100 0.44 1

0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0 2.5 12.5 65 0 0.04 0

100.0 20.9 104.5 15 100 16.5 82.5 38 100 0.43 1

0.0 0.0 0 1 6.67 1 5 65 0 0.02 0

100.0 21.0 105 15 100 17 85 38 100 0.45 1

0.0 0.0 0 0 0 3 15 64 0 0.05 0

GRAPH FLOWRATE VS VALVE OPENING (BIG PUMP ) FCVL

GRAPH FLOWRATE VS VALVE OPENING (SMALL PUMP)

100 y = 1.1647x + 8.3972

4.7 RESULTS AND DATA

GRAPH FLOWRATE VS VALVE OPENING (BIG PUMP)

GRAPH FLOWRATE VS VALVE OPENING (SMALL PUMP)

4.8 RESULTS AND DATA

GRAPH FLOWRATE VS VALVE OPENING (BIG PUMP ) FCVQ

GRAPH FLOWRATE VS VALVE OPENING (SMALL PUMP) FCVQ

The objective of control valve characteristic experiment is to determine the characteristic of

6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

1. (n.d.). Retrieved March 05, 2018, from http://www.emerson.com/en-

2. (n.d.). Retrieved March 05, 2018, from https://www.burkert.com/en/products/process-

3. (n.d.). Retrieved March 05, 2018, from https://www.honeywellprocess.com/en-

Channel 1(BL) USGPM →blue pointer or trace

Valve Opening (Z or mm) :

Channel 2(RD) →red pointer or trace

Valve Pressure Drop (DPv) :

Channel 3(GN) →green pointer or trace

𝑆𝐺 = 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) 𝑖𝑠 1.0

𝐷𝑃𝑣 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑈𝑆𝐺𝑃𝑀

𝑆𝐺 = 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) 𝑖𝑠 1.0

𝐷𝑃𝑣 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)

1. What is control valve Cv?

2. What is control valve range ability?

Range abilities of 50 or 40 to 1 are considered excellent for extreme precision of control.

3. How is the control valve characteristics normally illustrated graphically?

Figure 4: Control Valve Flow Characteristics

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