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Mihaela Aionesei
Adrian Alui Gheorghe
Emanuel Bălan
Egon Bondy
Zenovie Cârlugea

nr. 31/2018
Nicolae Coande
Nicolae Corlat
Ovidiu Cornilă
Revista Conta / coperta Conta nr.31 /300g + folie mata

Simona Grația Dima


Dumitru Augustin Doman Nr. 31 / 2018 / apare la Neamt
Hristina Doroftei literaturã & arte & atitudini
Horia Dulvac
Laurențiu Dumitrașc
Carmen Firan

26.09.2018 / 200 formate - FATA


Vasile Gârneț
Liviu Georgescu
Vlad A. Gheorghiu
Iulian Ghercă
Bogdan Ghiu
Remus Valeriu Giorgioni
Aureliu Goci
Luminița Ignea
Mihai Marian

revista CONTA
Octavian Mihalcea
Cornel Moraru
Emil Nicolae
Mihaela Oancea
Alexandru Pecican
cyanmagentayellowblack

cyanmagentayellowblack
Ovidiu Pecican
Ioan Es. Pop
Sabin Popescu
Adrian G. Romila
Gheorghe Simon
Vasile Spiridon
Ioan C. Teșu
Nicolae Tzone
Magda Ursache
Echim Vancea
Lucian Vasilescu
Radu Voinescu
Varujan Vosganian ISSN: 2067 - 7480
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Adresa:
Str. Privighetorii, nr. 19
Piatra-Neamt
Telefon: 0233-21 03 79
Mobil: 0744-22 70 54
0740-18 70 80
E-mail: adrianvlad@ambra.ro
emil_nicolae2004@yahoo.com Revista CONTA apare sub egida
Revista Conta / coperta Conta nr.31 /300g

Uniunii Scriitorilor din România


Editor: Asociatia Culturalã “ Conta ”

26.09.2018 / 200 formate - VERSO


Revistã finantatã cu sprijinul
Ministerului Culturii si Identitãtii Nationale

Apare trimestrial
Nr. 31 (toamna) 2018

Redactia:
Adrian Alui Gheorghe
(director)
Emil Nicolae
(redactor sef)
cyanmagentayellowblack

cyanmagentayellowblack
Vlad A. Gheorghiu
Adrian G. Romila
Vasile Spiridon
Liviu Ioan Stoiciu
Magda Ursache
Tehnoredactare
Bogdan Dãnilã Autorii își asumă răspunderea pentru opiniile exprimate,
în conformitate cu legislația în vigoare.

Copertã: ”Transparentã”
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Adresa:
Str. Privighetorii, nr. 19
Piatra-Neamt
Telefon: 0233-21 03 79
Mobil: 0744-22 70 54
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E-mail: adrianvlad@ambra.ro
emil_nicolae2004@yahoo.com Revista CONTA apare sub egida
Revista Conta / coperta Conta nr.31 /300g

Uniunii Scriitorilor din România


Editor: Asociatia Culturalã “ Conta ”

26.09.2018 / 200 formate - VERSO


Revistã finantatã cu sprijinul
Ministerului Culturii si Identitãtii Nationale

Apare trimestrial
Nr. 31 (toamna) 2018

Redactia:
Adrian Alui Gheorghe
(director)
Emil Nicolae
(redactor sef)
cyanmagentayellowblack

cyanmagentayellowblack
Vlad A. Gheorghiu
Adrian G. Romila
Vasile Spiridon
Liviu Ioan Stoiciu
Magda Ursache
Tehnoredactare
Bogdan Dãnilã Autorii își asumă răspunderea pentru opiniile exprimate,
în conformitate cu legislația în vigoare.

Copertã: ”Transparentã”
, (crochiu)
de Laurentiu
, Dumitrasc,
3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14

Mihaela Aionesei
Adrian Alui Gheorghe
Emanuel Bălan
Egon Bondy
Zenovie Cârlugea

nr. 31/2018
Nicolae Coande
Nicolae Corlat
Ovidiu Cornilă
Revista Conta / coperta Conta nr.31 /300g + folie mata

Simona Grația Dima


Dumitru Augustin Doman Nr. 31 / 2018 / apare la Neamt
Hristina Doroftei literaturã & arte & atitudini
Horia Dulvac
Laurențiu Dumitrașc
Carmen Firan

26.09.2018 / 200 formate - FATA


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Liviu Georgescu
Vlad A. Gheorghiu
Iulian Ghercă
Bogdan Ghiu
Remus Valeriu Giorgioni
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revista CONTA
Octavian Mihalcea
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cyanmagentayellowblack
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Varujan Vosganian ISSN: 2067 - 7480

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