>| Chapter 5 Elasticity and Strength of Materials So far we have considered the effect of forces only on the mation of a bey We will now examine the effect of forces oa the shape of the body. When a fosee is applied to a beely. the shape and size of the heey change. Depending con he the Force is applied, the body may he stretched, compressed, bent, or twisted. Elasticity is the property of a body that tends to return the body to its original shape afier the force is remewed. If the appliecl force is sulficiently large, however, the bod is distomed beycad its clastic Limit. and the eriginall shape is aot restored alter removal ofthe force, & still larger force will rapture the body, We will review briefly the theory of deformation and then examine the damaging effects of forces on bones and tissue [5.1] Longitudinal Stretch and Compression Letus cunsider the eflectof'a stching force # applied toa bar (Fig. 5.1). The applied foree is transmitted to every part of the beely. and it tenes to pall the material apart. This force, however, isresi stad by the cohesive force that holcls ihe material together. Th: material breaks when the applise! forse exoeeds the cohesive force. Ifthe forse inFig. 3.1 is reversed. the baris compressed, and its length is redueecl Similar considerations show that initially the compression is elastic, but a sufficiently large force will produce permanent deformation and then breakage, a2 Chapter 5 Elasticity and Strength of Materials fd FIGURE 5.1 Sustbing ofa bardue 1030 spied force, Stress Six the imemal fore per unit area actiag on the material; itis defined as! F e 5 sss en Here Fis the applied force and A is the ayea on which the fore is applied. ‘The force applied to the bar in Fig. 5.1 causes the bar to elongate by an amount AB, The fractional change in length A2/@ is called the longitudinal sai 5; that is, (82) Here ¢ is the length ofthe bar and A¢ is the change in the length due to the applied force. Hreversed, the force in Fig. 5.1 will compress the bar instead ‘of strething it. (Stress andl strain remain defined as before.) In 1676 Roem Hooke observed that while the body remainsclastic, the ratio of stress to strain is constant (Hooke's Law), that is, ger (33) ‘The constantof proponionality Fiscalled Four e’s miciaues. Young's modulus has been measured for many materials, some of which are listed in Table 5.1 ‘The breaking or rupture swength of these materials is also shows. [52] A Spring _Avusefil analogy can be deawn between a spring aad the elastic properties of material, Consider the spring shown in Fig. 5 "The © eymbaisvead deine a”Seoions.2 A Spring a TABLE 5.1 & Young's Modulus and Rupture: ‘Strangin for Some Materials ‘Young's modulus Rupeure strength Material dywem!) édynicne) Skat 2005 1087 50s 17 ‘Alumina 69 x 10! exw Bone ux Io" 16012¢ 107 compression 83 17 aeich 27S x LO twist Tendon Mascte FIGURE 5.2 A stretched spring ‘The force F required to. stretch (or compress) the spring is dircetly proportional to the amount of strewh: that is. FaKAe 64 The constant of proportionality & is called the spring constant, ‘Astretched (or compressed) spring contains pesential energy; that is, work can be done by the stretched spring when the stretching force is removed. The energy F stored in the spring (sce [6-23]} is given by L Kae}? r