Antibiotics

Antibiotics
„ „anti bios
bios””
„ An antibiotic is an agent that either kills or inhibits the
growth of a microorganism.
„ Secunder metabolite
„ Primer metabolism
„ Producer : bacteria,
bacteria, fungi
„ Penicillin,, 1928.
Penicillin
 Antibiotics
„ Many ancient cultures, including the ancient
Egyptians and ancient Greeks,
Greeks, used specially
selected mold and plant materials and extracts to
treat infections
 Discovery of penicillin
„ Miracle of the XX. century
„ Fleming: Staphylococcus sp
sp..
„ Alexander Fleming noticed an effect in a Petri dish,
dish,
where a number of disease-
disease-causing bacteria were killed
by a fungus of the genus Penicillium
Penicillium..
„ Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an
antibacterial compound he named penicillin
„ Penicillium notatum
„ Against Gram
Gram+ + bacteria
 PCN and the I. WV
„ Pentagon>>Northern Regional Research Laboratory
Pentagon>>N
„ Sepsis, blood poisoning
poisoning,, body inflammation
„ Penicillium notatum chrysogenum (Fleming)
„ crysogenum; from a cantaloop
Penicillium crysogenum;
„ 1945. Nobel
Nobel--price
price:: Howard W. Florey
Florey,, Ernst B. Chain
and Alexander Fleming
„ 1946: 32 tons of PCN/PCN/year
year
 AB ”groups
”groups””
1. AB from amino acids (penicillin)
2. AB from carbohydrates (aminoglikozide
antibiotics))
antibiotics
3. AB from fatty acid precursors
precursors((tetracycline AB)
AB ”groups
”groups””
Beta--lactam
Beta lactam:: penam ring
 Natural penicillins
„ Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) a narrow spectrum
penicillin antibiotic that is given intravenously or
intramuscularly as a treatment for syphilis
syphilis,,
meningitis,, endocarditis
meningitis endocarditis,, pneumonia and
septicaemia in children
Penicillin G
 Natural penicillins
„ Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V)
It is a penicillin that is orally active. It is less active
than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G)
Phenoxymethylpenicillin is more acid- acid-stable than
benzylpenicillin,, which allows it to be given orally
benzylpenicillin
Penicillin V
 Beta--lactam AB: cephalosporin
Beta
„ 1948. Giuseppe Brotzu (Sardinia)
„ Isolation: Acremonium chrysogenum
„ Gram positive microbes
„ More stable
„ 1964: cefalotin
cefalotin,, Eli Lilly
Beta--lactam AB: cephalosporin
Beta
Natural beta-
beta-lactam
lactam::
Cephalosporin C
 Seminatural beta
beta--lactam
lactam::
Cephalosporin „generations”
generations”