Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
ES
e-mail:info@grivas.gr
http://www.grivas.gr
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Printed January 2012
PA
E
PL
M
SA
CONTENTS
UNIT 1* - Present Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
UNIT 2 - Past Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
UNIT 3 - 1. Future Tenses 2. Subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
UNIT 4 - The Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
UNIT 5 - 1. The Gerund 2. Infinitive or Gerund? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
UNIT 6 - 1. Articles – Special Points 2. The Possessive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
UNIT 7 - Participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
UNIT 8 - Modal Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
UNIT 9 - The Passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
UNIT 10 - 1. The “Causative” use of Have 2. So do I – Neither do I 3. So – Not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
ES
UNIT 11 - Conditionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
UNIT 12 - Unreal Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
UNIT 13 - 1. Would rather – Had better 2. Reported Speech – Special Pointss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
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UNIT 14 - Inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
UNIT 15 - 1. Question Tags 2. Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
PA
UNIT 16 - 1. Nouns 2. Subject + singular or plural verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
UNIT 17 - 1. Adjectives 2. Adverbs 3. Too – Enough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
UNIT 18 - 1. Comparison 2. Like – As . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
UNIT 19 - 1. Emphatic Structures 2. Exclamatory Structures
Stru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
UNIT 20 - Relative Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
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Exam Practice
ce 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
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Exam Practice
ctic 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Exam Practice
tice 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Exam Practice 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Exam Practice 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Exam Practice 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Exam Practice 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Exam Practice 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Exam Practice 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Exam Practice 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Unit 1
A GRAMMAR
Present Tenses
Simple Present
1 in newspaper headlines PLANE CRASHES IN MEXICO
2 in sports commentaries Newman passes to Gordon. Gordon shoots – and it’s a goal!
3 in demonstrations, descriptions, First, I take a bowl and mix the butter and sugar in it. Then I
explanations of actions add ...
4 in captions for photos Sean Penn receives Award for Best Actor of 2008.
5 in reviews Meryl Streep gives an excellent performance ce in this musical.
6 in exclamatory structures with Here comes the bride! / Here she comes! es!
Here / There There goes the boat!
ES
7 with verbs such as: accept, admit,
advise, agree, apologize, confess, I apologize for my rude comments.
ments
congratulate, declare, deny, disagree, I declare the meeting open.
forbid, insist, name, order, predict, I now pronounce you man an and wife.
pronounce, propose, recommend, (said by a priest at a wedding
dding ceremony)
refuse, request, suggest, swear, etc. I agree. He denies the charges. I swear
sw that I never took it.
G
Present Progressive
1 temporary repetition
2 gradual change / development
PA
They’re working till eig
His condition
eight every day this week.
dition is improv
improving every day.
3 sth happening very / too often (with We’re alwaysys helping
he people in need.
always, continually, constantly, You’re
Yo constantly
ntly losing your things.
forever)
NOTES: ■ The baby weighs eight pounds.
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■
ssive ➡ background information,
present progressive
The band is appearing live tonight. (= performing)
things alreadyy happening when tthe story begins or
■ These jeans don’t fit me any more.
continuingg throughout
oughout the stostory]
They are fitting new cupboards in our kitchen.
SA
NOTES:
1 How long is it / has it been since you have spoken / ■ In American English gone can be used
spoke to him? instead of been.
It is / has been months since they have visited / Have you ever gone to Hawaii?
visited us. COMPARE:
[NOT: ... since they haven’t visited / didn’t visit us.] I’ve been here for a week. (= I ccamee
2 Have gone to / have been to / have been in here a week ago.)
ES
Mark has gone to Boston. (= he is there now) I am here for a week. (=
= I’m
Mark has been to Boston. (= he has visited Boston) going to stay here for
or a week.)
weekk.))
Mark has been in Boston for a month. (= he is
still in Boston and has spent a month there)
G
Present Perfect Progressive
1 sth that started in the past and is still I’ve been trying
PA g to fix the compu
computer since this morning.
continuing
2 finished action with visible result in It’s been raining
ining all night aand the streets have flooded.
the present
3 irritation / annoyance / surprise about Who’s o s been eatingg in the living room? There are crumbs all
a recent past action over th
the carpet.
NOTES:
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PRACTICE
SA
1 Choose the
he correct answer.
answer
answe
1 The headline read: “P
“ RESIDENT _____ NEW TAX 6 Tonight will be the first time she _____ the car by
CUTS.” herself.
a IS ANNOUNCING
NNO
NNOU b ANNOUNCES a is driving b has driven
2 I _____ to reach him on the phone since Monday. 7 Mr. Connors _____ your behavior to be
a am trying b have been trying inappropriate.
a considers b is considering
3 We _____ the pleasure of your company at our
8 Every week since it was launched, Marian _____
daughter’s wedding.
that magazine.
a request b are requesting
a is buying b has bought
4 Barbara is angry because she _____ problems 9 Alison _____ rather tired lately.
with her new computer. a has been appearing b appears
a is always having b has always
10 What a mess! It looks like the puppy _____
5 Ted _____ to fix this light for the past hour. around in the mud again.
a has been trying b has tried a has run b has been running
5
2 Fill in the correct present tense.
1 Tonight Shakira and her band ____________________ (appear) for a single performance.
2 Although they ____________________ (know) each other for only a month, they act like a married couple.
3 He ______________ (pass) the ball to Ronaldo who ______________ (score) a magnificent goal!
4 This is the worst pizza I ____________________ (eat) in my entire life!
5 Her eyes are red because she ____________________ (cry).
6 This is only the third game they ____________________ (play) this season.
7 He ______________ constantly ____________________ (criticize) her.
8 Lately, the stores around here ____________________ (charge) twice as much as normal.
9 There ____________________ (go) the train!
10 I ____________________ (see) her this evening.
ES
B DERIVATIVES
a Fill in the noun.
G
VERB -ance -ence
1
2
annoy
excel
PA
________________
___
________________
________________
________________
3 guide ________________
_ ________________
4 persist ________________
_______ ________________
5 interfere ________________
___________ ________________
E
6 tolerate ________________
_____ ________________
7 maintain ________________
________ ________________
PL
8 neglect ________________
__ ________________
9 dominate ________________ ________________
10 obey ________________ ________________
M
6
C PHRASAL VERBS
carry on (with): continue doing sth 1 Fill in the correct verb in the appropriate form.
catch on: 1 understand sth 1 Several people just __________ on while she was
2 become popular being robbed.
count on: trust sb or that sth will 2 Without warning, the dog suddenly __________ on
happen the old man.
look on: watch sth without becoming 3 The teacher told us to __________ on with our
involved
exercises while he was out of the classroom.
put on: 1 pretend
4 Very few people can __________ on having a
2 present / produce (esp. a
secure job nowadays.
play / performance)
3 gain weight 5 The doctor is __________ on the test re
results
o do.
before deciding what to do
ES
take on: employ sb
turn on: 1 start (electricity / gas / ____
6 Before summer the hotel will be __________ on
water) extra staff.
2 attack sb unexpectedly ave
ve __________ on again.
7 Miniskirts have
wait on: 1 serve food and drink
G
______ on
8 He __________ o a British
ritis accent to attract the
2 wait for sth to happen
girls.
before making a decision
PA
d
2 Choose the correct meaning of the phrasal verb in bold.
mas
mas.
1 The school will put on a play before Christmas.
a pretend b produce
2 Are you being waited on, sir?
E
a attack b activate
pound during
4 It is normal to put on a few pounds dur Easter.
a gain b produce
M
5 Only after we had explained it to her for the third time did
atch
tch on.
she finally catch o
on.
comee popular b understand
a become
SA
D PREPOSITIONS
TION
1 Fill in the correct preposition.
1 a be on the point ______ 5 a according ______ 9 a ______ general
b be about ______ b in accordance ______ b ______ the whole
2 a conform ______ 6 a in addition ______ 10 a ______ what I know
b comply ______ b on top ______ b ______ the best of my
knowledge
3 a ______ my opinion 7 a blame sb ______ sth
b ______ my mind b put the blame ______ sb
4 a ______ mistake 8 a ______ danger
b ______ error b ______ risk
7
2 Fill in the correct preposition.
Several street gangs were [1] _________ war and the situation had gotten [2] _________
control. The authorities needed to know [3] ________ certain why the violence was
[4] _________ the increase. A tough detective called Makenzie decided to find out by arranging
to be given information from criminals [5] _________ exchange for money. If the criminals did
not agree, Makenzie would threaten to place them [6] _________ arrest. [7] _________
condition that they cooperated fully, they would also be placed [8] _______ police protection.
ES
1 The child will be placed in the
with ● of ● in ● to ● at ● about
ou
care ________ his grandparents.
2 She is very selfish and only cares The resort we were stayingg [1] ___________ wa w
was
a unpleasant and
________ herself. the beach was crowded [2] _______
_____
____
_____ people,
peeo
p eo so I decided to
take a tour [3] _______ tththe
h area’s
e s aarcheological sites. I had
3 Be very careful ________ that
vase when you’re dusting it! It’s never been crazy [4] ___
_______
_ __ suchsucch
su h tours, but on that day I
an antique. was to discover an n interest
int
n errest
est [5
es [5] _______ the subject. In fact,
walking through
ro
roug
ou
uggh thee ancient
a ruins started to really appeal
[6] _______
__ mee and
an helped
elp me decide that I would specialize
el
[7] _______ archeology.
arc
ar
rc This area would become the focus
[8] _______ myy wwork.
E
E COMMON ERRORS
Tick (✓) if the sentence is correct orr correct the mist
mistake.
PL
4 My daughter
ghter is now weighing
weigh
w 25 pounds.
____________
_____________
_________________________________________________________________
ing
ng Mrs. Johnson
5 I am seeing Jo later on today.
_________________________________________________________________
__
6 This jacket isn’t fitting me any more.
_________________________________________________________________
7 I’m here for a week on business.
_________________________________________________________________
8 He is trying to finish the book for over a year.
_________________________________________________________________
9 He is looking more and more like his father as the years go by.
_________________________________________________________________
10 They aren’t good friends. In fact, they hardly don’t know each other.
_________________________________________________________________
8
F SPECIAL LANGUAGE POINTS
Tick (✓) the correct sentence.
1 It was so cold my teeth were shivering. ❏
It was so cold my teeth were chattering. ❏
2 I’m friends with your sister. ❏
I’m friend with your sister. ❏
3 They live on the outskirts of town. ❏
They live on the outskirt of town. ❏
4 After a week, we’re going to Spain. ❏
In a week’s time, we’re going to Spain. ❏
5 It must be a far way to the next town. ❏
It must be a long way to the next town. ❏
6 They had to request more help. ❏
ES
They had to request for more help. ❏
7 In summer, we often take our meals in the garden. ❏
In summer, we often have our meals in the garden. ❏
usiness. ❏
8 She got revenge on her ex-husband by getting the house and half the business.
ness. ❏
She revenged on her ex-husband by getting the house and half the business.
G
9 The children were dancing with joy. ❏
The children were dancing from joy. ❏
10 The hijacker threatened to explode the airplane. ❏
The hijacker threatened to blow up the airplane. ❏
PA
G CLOZE
According to archeologists, there is enoughh evidence to prove
prov that people have [1] ____ artificially beautifying
themselves with cosmetics to a greater or [2]] ____ degre
degree since as long ago as 4,000 BC. Cosmetics (more
E
potions as an apprentice
enticee pharmacist had equipped him [8] ____ sufficient knowledge to create the perfect
theatrical make-upup which [9]9] ____ caked nor cracked. This, along with his own range of handmade rouges,
creams, fragrances
ances and [10] ____
__ wigs sold from his own store in a suburb of Moscow, soon came to the
___
SA
1 a to
o b were c been d had
2 a lesser
er b least c little d less
3 a at b for c with d to
4 a their b it c them d those
5 a in b at c to d by
6 a chemist b chemistry c chemicals d chemically
7 a was b would c had d is
8 a for b to c about d with
9 a whether b either c nor d neither
10 a as b even c so d more
9
CONSOLIDATION AND FURTHER PRACTICE
Choose the correct answer.
1 Even though Sally’s _____ Chicago only once, she 8 In my country they use euros, ____ in America
knows a lot about the city. they use dollars.
a gone a whereas
b been to b whereby
c gone in c even if
d been in d nevertheless
2 Julie’s dog is much more _____ to her than her 9 “My brother’s going to Brazil.”
cat. “Lucky him. I _____ to go there.”
here.”
a obeyed a always want
ES
b obedient b have always wanted
anted
c obeying c am always wanting
anting
d obedience d always have been wanting
G
“_____ a thief is certain.” children’s
en’s affairs.
a That he’s a interfering
nterfering
b That’s
c It’s he’s
d It’s
PA b to interfere
int
c interference
rfe
d the interference
4 My sister isn’t answering her cellphone. She may 11 Ashley’s phone is off again. Why _____
_____ it in the car.
remember to switch it on?
a left
E
d have
ave been hearing
c turned on
6 “Do you
ou think she’ll do well in her math test?” d caught on
“_____ .”
13 The annoying thing about Daryl is that he _____ .
a I doubt it
a is always giggling
b I doubt so
b always giggles
c So I doubt it
c giggles always
d I doubt not
d has been giggling
7 Before you _____ for the island, check the return
boat schedules. 14 _____ an accident. Can I make a phone call?
a to leave a There’s being
b are leaving b It’s been
c leave c There’s been
d have left d It’s to be
10
15 “Can I borrow your pen?” 22 “Do you still take the bus to work?”
“Sorry, I don’t have _____ .” “Not since I _____ a car.”
a one a get
b other b got
c only one c will get
d others
d had gotten
16 The more you listen to classical music, the more
23 He always forgets my name _____often I tell him.
you _____ it.
a nevertheless
a are understanding
b despite of the fact
b understand
ES
c have understood c no matter how
d have been understanding d however much ch
G
the past month. a to watchch
a isn’t b to watch it
b won’t be PA c to watching
o be watch
c wasn’t d in wat
watching it
d hasn’t been
25 The m
match was canceled _____ the terrible
18 The steel used in this machine must be _____ of weather.
th
high temperatures.
a due to
a tolerable
b because
E
b intolerant
c as
c tolerant
d from
PL
d intolerable
ES
a It would have been better
31 Although trained as an electrician, Bob _____ at
b If
whatever he does.
c What if
a excellent d Only iff
G
b excellence
c excels 38 I can’tt help you. I’ve go
got too much work to do
_____ .
d is excelling PA a so it iis
32 “Why are we making so much food, Mom?” b as itt is
c such as it is
“It’s important _____ enough for everyone.”
d as is
a for there be
b for there to be 39 Not only was the air full of dust, but it was also
E
ut in the bathroom.
33 That dog’s forever _____ shut bathroom c as more
a gets d all the more
b getting
40 “Why don’t you go on a trip to Europe this
M
c got summer?”
d is gettingg “_____ I could afford to!”
a Unless
SA
12
Grammar & Structure for the ECPE is a new book for students
preparing for the Michigan Proficiency examination. Its purpose
is to provide students with extensive coverage of the intricacies of
English usage and prepare them for the demands of the
examination.
ES
Grammar & Structure for the ECPE includes clear and
precise presentation of English grammar, followed by thorough
rough
practice in:
G
✔ derivatives
✔ phrasal verbs
✔ verbs, adjectives and nouns with prepositions
ositions
✔ prepositional phrases
PA
✔ areas of the language where mistakes
akes are commo
commonly made by
Greek students
✔ special grammar phenomena that often n ap
appear in the
examination
✔ short cloze texts testing
ting gram
grammar and syntax
E
Also included:
PL
● exam-style
style consolidation and further practice after every unit
● 10 exam-style grammar
g practice tests
Grammar & St
Structure for the ECPE is the key to success in
M
Michigan ECPE.
the Michiga
SA