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Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 2Àã Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØã 1


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Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 2Àã Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØã 2


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¦ãñâ ¦ãì½Öãèâ •ãã¥ãã ýý52ýý ¹ãõ ãäÌãÀì (ÌãõÀ) •ã¾ããâÔããè †ñãä‡ãŠ•ãñ ý ‚ãããä¥ã ¾ãã ºããñËãèâãäÞã ¹ãÆã¥ãì Ôããâãä¡•ãñ ý ¦ãñ
†©ã ÔãâØãÆã½ã̾ãã•ãñâ ý „¼ãñ ‚ããÖã¦ããè ýý53ýý ‚ãã¦ããâ †ñãäÔã¾ããâ¦ãñâ Ìã£ããÌãñâ ý ‡ãŠãèâ ‚ãÌÖñÀîãä¶ã¾ããâ (›ã‡ãã)
ãä¶ãÜããÌãñâ ý ¾ãã ªãñÖãèâ½ãã•ããèâ ºãÀÌãñâ ý ¦ãñ ¶ãñ¥ããñâ ‚ãã½Öãè ýý54ýý
‡ãŠã¹ãÃ¥¾ãªãñÓããñ¹ãÖ¦ãÔÌã¼ããÌã: ¹ãðÞœããä½ã ¦Ìããâ £ã½ãÃÔãâ½ãî¤Þãñ¦ãã: ý
¾ã¦ãá Ñãñ¾ã: Ô¾ããã䶶ããäÎÞã¦ãâ ºãìÆãäÖ ¦ã¶½ãñ ãäÎãÓ¾ãÔ¦ãñçÖâ Îãããä£ã ½ããâ ¦Ìããâ ¹ãƹ㶶ã½ãá ýý7ýý

Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 2Àã Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØã 3


‚ãã½Öãâ ‡ãŠã¾ã „ãäÞã¦ã ý ¦ãñ ¹ããÖ¦ããâ ¶ã (ÔãìÞã¦ã ¶ããÖãè) Ô¹ãìŠÀñ †©ã ý •ãñ ½ããñÖñâ ¾ãñ¥ãñâ ãäÞã§ã ý ̾ãã‡ãìŠß
½ãã¢ãñâ ýý55ýý ãä¦ããä½ãÀãÌãÀ죪 (‚ãâ£ããÀã¶ãñâ ÌãñãäÓ›¦ã) •ãõÔãñâ ý ªðÓ›ãèÞãñâ ¦ãñ•ã ¼ãâÆÎãñ ý ½ãØã ¹ããÔããèâÞã ‚ãÔã¦ããâ
¶ã ãäªÔãñ ý ÌãÔ¦ãì•ãã¦ã ýý56ýý ªñÌãã ¦ãõÔãñâ ½ã•ã •ããÖËñâ ý •ãñâ ½ã¶ã Öñâ ¼ãÆãâ¦ããè (ÔãâÎã¾ãã¶ãñâ) ØãÆããäÔãËñâ ý
‚ãã¦ããâ ‡ãŠã¾ã ãä֦㠂ãã¹ãìËñâ ý ¦ãñâÖãè ¶ãñ¥ãñâ ýý57ýý ¦ãÀãè Ñããè‡ãðŠÓ¥ãã ¦ãìÌããâ •ãã¥ããÌãñâ ý ãä¶ã‡ãñ⊠¦ãñâ ‚ãã½Öãâ
ÔããâØããÌãñâ ý •ãñ ÔãŒãã ÔãÌãÃÔÌã ‚ããÜãÌãñâ ý ‚ãã½ÖãâãäÔã ¦ãâî ýý58ýý ¦ãâî ØãìÀì ºãâ£ãì ãä¹ã¦ãã ý ¦ãâî ‚ãã½ãìÞããè ƒÓ›
ªñÌã¦ãã ý ¦ãâîãäÞã Ôãªã Àãäàã¦ãã ý ‚ãã¹ãªãèâ ‚ãã½ãì¦ãñâ ýý59ýý •ãõÔãã ãäÎãÓ¾ããâ¦ãñâ ØãìÀî ý ÔãÌãéãã ¶ãñ¥ãñâ
‚ãÌÖñÀî (¦¾ããØã)ý ‡ãŠãèâ ÔããäÀ¦ããâ¦ãñâ ÔããØãÀî ý ¦¾ã•ããè ‡ãñŠÌããèâ ýý60ýý ¶ãã¦ãÀãè ‚ã¹ã¦¾ããâ¦ãñâ ½ãã¾ãñ ý Ôããâ¡îãä¶ã
•ãÀãè •ãã¾ãñ ý ¦ãÀãè ¦ãñâ ‡ãŠõÔãñâãä¶ã ãä•ã¾ãñ (ÌããâÞãñË) ý †ñ‡ãñ⊠‡ãðŠÓ¥ãã ýý61ýý ¦ãõÔãã ÔãÌãâãùãÀãè ‚ãã½ÖãâãäÔã ý
ªñÌãã ¦ãâîãäÞã †‡ãŠ ‚ããÖããäÔã ý ‚ãããä¥ã ºããñãäËËñâ •ãÀãè ¶ã ½ãããä¶ãÔããè ý ½ããØããèË ½ãã¢ãñâ ýý62ýý ¦ãÀãè
„ãäÞã¦ã ‡ãŠã¾ã ‚ãã½Öãâ ý •ãñâ ̾ããä¼ãÞãÀñ¶ãã (ãäÌãÀ죪 ¶ãÔãñË) £ã½ããà ý ¦ãñ⠢㡇ãŠÀãè ¹ãìÀìÓããñ§ã½ãã ý ÔããâØãõâ
‚ãã¦ããâ ýý63ýý
¶ã ãäÖ ¹ãƹãξãããä½ã ½ã½ãã¹ã¶ã쪿ããªá ¾ãÞœãñ‡ãŠ½ãìÞœãñÓã¥ãããä½ãã䶪ƾãã¥ãã½ãá ý
‚ãÌã㹾㠼ãî½ããÌãÔã¹ã¦¶ã½ãð£ªâ À㕾ãâ ÔãìÀã¥ãã½ããä¹ã Þããççãä£ã¹ã¦¾ã½ãá ýý8ýý
Öñâ Ôã‡ãŠß ‡ãìŠß ªñŒããñãä¶ã ý •ããñ Îããñ‡ãìŠ „¹ã¶ãËãÔãñ ½ã¶ããèâ ý ¦ããñ ¦ãìãä¢ã¾ãã Ìãã‡ã¾ããÌããâÞãìãä¶ã ý ¶ã •ãã¾ã
‚ãããä¥ã‡ãñ⊠ýý64ýý †©ã ¹ãð©Ìããè¦ãß (ÔããÌãüããõ½ã À㕾ã) ‚ãã¹ãì ÖãñƒÃË ý Öñâ ½ãÖñâªÆ¹ãªÖãè ¹ãããäÌã•ãñË ý ¹ãÀãè
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Îãñ¦ããâ¦ã) •ãÅÖãè ¹ãñãäÀËãèâ ý ¦ãÀãè ¶ã ãäÌãÀããè ãäÔãâãäÞãËãèâ ý ‚ããÌã¡ñ ¦ãõÔããèâ ýý66ýý ¶ãã ¦ãÀãè ‚ãã¾ãìÓ¾ã
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ØãÆããäÔãËã ½ãÖã½ããñÖñâ ý ‡ãŠãßÔã¹ãñâà ýý70ýý ÔãÌã½ãà Öðª¾ã‡ãŠÊÖãÀãèâ (Öðª¾ã‡ãŠ½ãßãèâ) ý ¦ãñ©ã
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ý •ããñ ªðãäÓ›ÔãÌãñâãäÞã ãäÌãÓã ¹ãŠñ¡ãè ý ¦ããñ £ããÌã¾ãã ÑããèÖÀãè ØããÀì¡ãè ý ¹ãã¦ãËã ‡ãŠãèâ ýý72ýý ¦ãõãäÔã¾ãã
¹ãâ¡ì‡ã슽ãÀã ̾ãã‡ãìŠßã ý ãä½ãÀÌã¦ãÔãñ Ñããè‡ãðŠÓ¥ãã •ãÌãßã ý ¦ããñ ‡ãðŠ¹ããÌãÎãñâ ‚ãÌãËãèßã ý ÀàããèË ‚ãã¦ããâ
ýý73ýý ½Ö¥ããñãä¶ã ¦ããñ ¹ãã©ãÃì ý ½ããñÖ¹ãŠãä¥ãØãÆÔ¦ãì ý ½¾ããâ ½Öãä¥ã¦ãËã Öã Öñ¦ãì ý •ãã¥ããñãä¶ã¾ããâ ýý74ýý
½ãØã ªñŒãã ¦ãñ©ã ¹ãŠãÊØãì¶ãì ý Üãñ¦ãËã ‚ãÔãñ ¼ãÆãâ¦ããè ‡ãŠÌãßî¶ãì ý •ãõÔãã Üã¶ã¹ã›ßãèâ (¤ØããâÞ¾ã㠹㡪¿ããâ¶ããè)
¼ãã¶ãì ý ‚ããÞœãã䪕ãñ ýý75ýý ¦ã¾ãã¹ãÀãè ¦ããñ £ã¶ãì£ãÃÀì ý •ããËãÔãñ ªì:Œãñâ •ã•ãÃÀì ý •ãõÔãã ØãÆãèÓ½ã‡ãŠãßãèâ
ãäØããäÀÌãÀì ý Ìã¥ãÌãËã ‡ãŠãâ ýý76ýý ½Ö¥ããñãä¶ã ÔãÖ•ãñâ Ôãì¶ããèßì („§ã½ã ξãã½ãÌã¥ãÃ) ý ‡ãðŠ¹ãã½ãð¦ãñâ Ôã•ãßì ý

Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 2Àã Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØã 4


¦ããñ ÌããñßËãÔãñ ÑããèØããñ¹ããßì ý ½ãÖã½ãñÜãì ýý77ýý ¦ãñ©ã ÔãìªÎã¶ããâÞããè ª¿ãìãä¦ã ý ¦ãñãäÞã ãäÌ㪿ãìÊ˦ãã
¢ã߇㊦ããè ý Øãâ¼ããèÀ ÌããÞãã ¦ãñ ‚ãã¾ã¦ããè ý Øã•ãöãñÞããè ýý78ýý ‚ãã¦ããâ ¦ããñ „ªãÀ ‡ãõŠÔãã ÌãÓãñÃË ý ¦ãñ¥ãñâ
‚ã•ãÃì¶ããÞãßì ãä¶ãÌãñË ý ½ãØã ¶ãÌããè ãäÌãÀî¤ãè (¹ããËÌããè) ¹ã슛ñË ý „¶½ãñÓããÞããè ýý ¦ãñ ‡ãŠ©ãã ‚ãデãŠã ý
½ã¶ãããäÞã¾ãã ‚ããÀã¥ãì‡ãŠã ý —ãã¶ãªñÌããñ ½Ö¥ãñ ªñŒãã ý ãä¶ãÌãðãä§ãªãÔãì ýý80ýý
Ôãâ•ã¾ã „ÌããÞã :
†Ìã½ãì‡ã¦Ìãã ÖðÓããè‡ãñŠÎãâ Øãì¡ã‡ãñŠÎã: ¹ãÀâ¦ã¹ã: ý ¶ã ¾ããñ¦Ô¾ã ƒãä¦ã ØããñãäÌ㶪½ãì‡ã¦Ìãã ¦ãîÓ¥ããèâ ºã¼ãîÌã Ö
ýý9ýý
†ñÔãñâ Ôãâ•ã¾ããñ ‚ãÔãñ ÔããâØã¦ãì ý ½Ö¥ãñ Àã¾ãã ¦ããñ ¹ãã©ãÃì ý ¹ãì¶ãÀãä¹ã Îããñ‡ãŠã‡ãìŠãäߦãì (Îããñ‡ãŠã¶ãñâ ̾ã㹦ã) ý ‡ãŠã¾ã
ºããñËñ ýý81ýý ‚ãデãñ⊠ÔãŒãñªì ºããñËñ Ñããè‡ãðŠÓ¥ãã¦ãñâ ý ‚ãã¦ããâ ¶ããßÌããÌãñâ ¦ãì½Öãèâ ½ãã¦ãñâ ý ½ããè ÔãÌãéãã ¶ã
¢ãâì•ãñâ †©ãñâ ý ¼ãÀâÌãÔãñ¶ããè ýý82ýý †ñÔãñâ ¾ãñãä‡ãŠ (†‡ãŠª½ã) Öñßãâ ºããñãäËËã ý ½ãØã ½ããõ¶ã £ãÀîãä¶ã ŸñËã ý
¦ãñ©ã Ñããè‡ãðŠÓ¥ãã ãäÌãÔ½ããñ ¹ãã¦ãËã ý ªñŒããñãä¶ã ¦ã¾ãã¦ãñâ ýý83ýý
¦ã½ãìÌããÞã ÖðÓããè‡ãñŠÎã: ¹ãÆÖÔ㶶ããèÌã ¼ããÀ¦ã ý Ôãñ¶ã¾ããñÀì¼ã¾ããñ½ãã¾ãñ ãäÌãÓãã誶¦ããä½ãªâ ÌãÞã: ýý10ýý
½ãØã ‚ãã¹ãìËãâ ãäÞã§ããèâ ½Ö¥ãñ ý †©ã Öñâ ‡ãŠã¾ããè ‚ããªãäÀËñâ (‚ããÀâãä¼ãËñâ) ¾ãñ¥ãñâ ý ‚ã•ãÃì¶ã ÔãÌãéãã ‡ãŠãâÖãèâ
¶ãñ¥ãñâ ý ‡ãŠã¾ã ‡ãŠãè•ãñ ýý84ýý Öã „½ã•ãñ ‚ãã¦ããâ ‡ãŠÌã¥ãñ¹ãÀãè ý ‡ãõŠÔãñãä¶ã £ããèÀî ÔÌããè‡ãŠãÀãè ý •ãõÔãã
ØãÆÖã¦ãñâ ¹ãâÞããàãÀãè ý ‚ã¶ãì½ãã¶ããè(¹ãÀãèàãã ‡ãŠÀãè) ‡ãŠãâ ýý85ýý ¶ãã ¦ãÀãè ‚ãÔã㣾㠪ñŒããñãä¶ã ̾ãã£ããè ý
‚ã½ãð¦ããÔã½ã ãäªÌ¾ã ‚ããõÓããä£ã ý Ìãõª¿ã ÔãîãäÞã ãä¶ãÀÌããä£ã ý ãä¶ãªã¶ããèâÞããè (‚ãã¥ããèºãã¥ããèÞããè) ýý86ýý ¦ãõÔãñâ
ãäÌãÌãÀãè¦ãì ‚ãÔãñ Ñããè‚ã¶ãâ¦ãì ý ¦ã¾ãã ªãñÖãèâ Ôãõ¶¾ããâ‚ããâ¦ãì ý •ã¾ãã¹ãÀãè ¹ãã©ãÃì ý ¼ãÆãâ¦ããè Ôããâ¡ãè ýý87ýý ¦ãñâ
‡ãŠãÀ¥ã ½ã¶ããèâ £ããäÀËñâ ý ½ãØã ÔãÀãñÓã ºããñËãñâ ‚ããªãäÀËñâ ý •ãõÔãñâ ½ãã¦ãñÞ¾ãã ‡ãŠãñ¹ããèâ ©ããñ‡ãìŠËñâ ý Ô¶ãñÖ
‚ãã©ããè (‚ããÖñ) ýý88ýý ‡ãŠãèâ ‚ããõÓã£ãããäÞã¾ã㠇㊡ìÌ㛹ã¥ããèâ ý •ãõÔããè ‚ã½ãð¦ããÞããè ¹ãìÀÌã¥ããè ý ¦ãñ ‚ããÖãÞã ¶ã
ãäªÔãñ ¹ãÀãè Øãì¥ããèâ ý ¹ãƇ㊛ Öãñ¾ã ýý89ýý ¦ãõÔããèâ ÌããäÀÌããäÀ ¹ããÖ¦ããâ „ªãÔãñâ ý ‚ããâ¦ã ¦ãÀãè ‚ããä¦ãÔãìÀÔãñâ ý
ãä¦ã¾ãñâ Ìãã‡ã¾ãñâ ÖÓããè‡ãñŠÎãñâ ý ºããñËãñ ‚ããªãäÀËãèâ ýý90ýý
Ñããè¼ãØãÌãã¶ãìÌããÞã :
‚ãÎããñÞ¾ãã¶ã¶ÌãÎããñÞãÔ¦Ìãâ ¹ãÆ—ããÌããªãâÎÞã ¼ããÓãÔãñ ý Øã¦ããÔãî¶ãØã¦ããÔãîâÎÞã ¶ãã¶ãìÎããñÞãã䶦㠹ãã䥡¦ãã:
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½ãØã ‚ã•ãÃì¶ãã¦ãñâ ½Öãä¥ã¦ãËñâ ý ‚ãã½Öãèâ ‚ãããä•ã Öñâ ¶ãÌãË ªñãäŒãËñâ ý •ãñâ ¦ãìÌããâ †©ã ‚ããªãäÀËñâ
½ãã¢ããÀãèâãäÞã (½ã£¾ãñâÞã) ýý91ýý ¦ãâî •ãã¥ã¦ãã ¦ãÀãè ½Ö¥ããäÌãÔããè ý ¹ãÀãè ¶ãñãä¥ãÌãñ¦ãñâ ¶ã Ôããâãä¡Ôããè ý ‚ãããä¥ã
ãäÎã‡ãŠÌãîâ ½Ö¥ããñâ ¦ãÀãè ºããñËÔããè ý ºãÖâìÔããË ¶ããèãä¦ã ýý92ýý •ã㦾ãâ£ãã (•ã¶½ããâ£ã) ËãØãñ ãä¹ãÔãñâ ý ½ãØã ¦ãñâ

Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 2Àã Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØã 5


ÔãõÀã £ããâÌãñ •ãõÔãñâ ý ¦ãì¢ãñâ ÎããÖã¥ã¹ã¥ã ¦ãõÔãñâ ý ãäªÔã¦ãÔãñ ýý93ýý ¦ãâî ‚ãã¹ã¥ã¹ãñ ¦ãÀãè ¶ãñ¥ãÔããè ý ¹ãÀãè
¾ãã ‡ãŠãõÀÌããâ¦ãñ ÎããñÞãâî ¹ãÖãÔããè ý Öã ºãÖì ãäÌãÔ½ã¾ã (‚ããÎÞã¾ãÃ) ‚ãã½ÖãâÔããè ý ¹ã줦ã¹ã줦ããè ýý94ýý ¦ãÀãè
ÔããâØã ¹ããâ ‚ã•ãÃì¶ãã ý ¦ãì•ã¹ããÔãîãä¶ã ãäÔ©ããä¦ã ¾ãã ãä¨ã¼ãìÌã¶ãã?ý Öñ ‚ã¶ãããäª ãäÌãÎÌãÀÞã¶ãã ý ¦ãñâ Ë›‡ãñâŠ
‡ãŠã¾ããè?ýý95ýý †©ã Ôã½ã©ãÃì †‡ãŠ ‚ãã©ããè ý ¦ã¾ãã¹ããÔãîãä¶ã ¼ãî¦ãñâ Öãñ¦ããè ý ¦ãÀãè Öñâ Ìãã¾ããâãäÞã ‡ãŠã¾ã
ºããñ˦ããè ý •ãØãã½ãã•ããèâ?ýý96ýý Öãñ ‡ãŠãâ Ôããâ¹ãƦ㠆ñÔãñâ •ããÖËñâ ý •ãñ Öñ •ã¶½ã½ãð¦¾ãì ¦ãìÌããâ Ôãðãä•ãËñâ
(„¦¹ã¶¶ã ‡ãñŠËñâ) ý ‚ãããä¥ã ¶ããÎãì ¹ããÌãñ ¶ãããäÎãËñ ý ¦ãì¢ãñãä¶ã ‡ãŠã¾ããè ýý97ýý ¦ãâî ¼ãƽãËñ¹ã¥ãñâ ‚ãÖâ‡ãðŠ¦ããè ý
¾ããâãäÔã Üãã¦ãì ¶ã £ããäÀÔããè ãäÞã§ããèâ ý ¦ãÀãè ÔããâØãñ ‡ãŠããä¾ã Öñ Öãñ¦ããè ý ãäÞãÀâ¦ã¶ã ýý98ýý ‡ãŠãèâ ¦ãâî †‡ãŠ
Ìããä£ã¦ãã ý ‚ãããä¥ã Ôã‡ãŠß Ëãñ‡ãìŠ Öã ½ãÀ¦ãã ý †ñÔããè ¼ãÆãâãä¦ã ¢ã¥ãñâ ãäÞã§ãã ý ¾ãñÌããñ ªñÔããèâ ýý99ýý
‚ã¶ãããäªãäÔ㣪 (‚ã¶ãããäª ‡ãŠãËã¹ããÔãî¶ã Üã¡ËñËñâ) Öñâ ‚ããÜãÌãñâ ý Öãñ¦ã •ãã¦ã ÔÌã¼ããÌãñâ ý ¦ãÀãè ¦ãìÌããâ ‡ãŠâã ÎããñÞããÌãñâ
ý ÔããâØãñâ ½ã•ã ýý100ýý ¹ãÀãè ½ãîŒãùã¥ãñâ ¶ãñ¥ãÔããè ý ¶ã ãäÞãâ¦ããÌãñâ ¦ãñâ ãäÞãâãä¦ãÔããè ý ‚ãããä¥ã ¦ãâîãäÞã ¶ããèãä¦ã
ÔããâØãÔããè ý ‚ãã½Öãâ¹ãÆãä¦ã ýý1ýý ªñŒãõâ ãäÌãÌãñ‡ãŠãèâ •ãñ Öãñ¦ããè ý ¦ãñ ªãñÖãèâ¦ãñâÖãè („¦¹ã¶¶ã Öãñ¥ãñâ Ìã ½ãÀ¥ãñâ ¾ãã
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Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 2Àã Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØã 6


†©ã ¶ãñ¥ããÌã¾ãã ÖñâãäÞã ‡ãŠãÀ¥ã ý •ãñ ƒâãäªÆ¾ããâ ‚ãã£ããè¶ã¹ã¥ã ý ãä¦ãÖãèâ ‚ãã‡ãŠãäß•ãñ (‚ããñ¤ãÌãñâ) ‚ãâ¦ã:‡ãŠÀ¥ã ý
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‚ãããä¥ã ‡ãŠãâÖãèâ ý ÔãìŒãÖãè ãäªÔãñ ýý13ýý ªñŒãõâ Î㺪ãÞããè ̾ããã书ã ý ãä¶ãâªã ‚ãããä¥ã Ô¦ãìãä¦ã ý ¦ãñ©ã
̪ñÓãã̪ñÓã „¹ã•ã¦ããè ý ÑãÌã¥ã̪ãÀñâ ýý14ýý ½ãðªì ‚ãããä¥ã ‡ãŠã䟥ã ý Öñ Ô¹ãÎããÃÞãñ ªãñ¶Öãè Øãì¥ã ý •ãñ
Ìã¹ãîÞãñãä¶ã ÔãâØãñâ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ã ý Ôãâ¦ããñÓãŒãñªãâ ýý15ýý ¼¾ããÔãìÀ (¼ã¾ãâ‡ãŠÀ) ‚ãããä¥ã ÔãìÀñŒã ý Öñ Àî¹ããÞãñâ ÔÌãÀî¹ã
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•ããñ ÜãÆã¥ãÔãâØãñâ ãäÌãÓããªì ý ¦ããñÓãì ªñ¦ãã ýý17ýý ¦ãõÔãããäÞã ãä̪ãäÌã£ã (ªãñ¶ã ¹ãƇãŠãÀÞãã) ÀÔãì ý „¹ã•ãÌããè
¹ãÆãèãä¦ã¨ããÔãì ý ½Ö¥ããõãä¶ã Öã ‚ã¹ã¼ãâÆÎãì ý ãäÌãÓã¾ãÔãâØãì ýý18ýý ªñŒãõâ ƒâãäªÆ¾ããâ ‚ãã£ããè¶ã ÖãñƒÃ•ãñ ý ¦ãõâ
Îããè¦ããñÓ¥ããâ¦ãñâ ¹ãããäÌã•ãñ ý ‚ãããä¥ã ÔãìŒãªì:Œããèâ ‚ãã‡ãŠãäß•ãñ (•ãŒã¡Ëã •ãã¦ããñ) ý ‚ãã¹ã¥ã¹ãñâ ýý19ýý ¾ãã
ãäÌãÓã¾ããâÌããâÞãîãä¶ã ‡ãŠãâÖãèâ ý ‚ãã¥ããè‡ãŠ ÔãÌãéãã À½¾ã ¶ããÖãèâ ý †ñÔãã ÔÌã¼ããÌããñãäÞã ¹ããÖãèâ ý ƒâãäªÆ¾ããâÞãã
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¾ãâ ãäÖ ¶ã ̾ã©ã¾ã¶¦¾ãñ¦ãñ ¹ãìÀìÓãâ ¹ãìÀÓãÓãüã ý Ôã½ãªì:ŒãÔãìŒãâ £ããèÀâ Ôããñç½ãð¦ã¦Ìãã¾ã ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¦ãñ ýý15ýý
Öñ ãäÌãÓã¾ã •ã¾ãã¦ãñâ ¶ãã‡ãŠãäߦããè (‚ãã‡ãŠÓããèæ㠶ããÖãèâ¦ã) ý ¦ã¾ãã ÔãìŒãªì:Œãñâ ªãñ¶ããè ¶ã ¹ãÌã¦ããè ý ‚ãããä¥ã
Øã¼ãÃÌããÔãìÔãâØã¦ããè ý ¶ããÖãèâ ¦ã¾ãã ýý23ýý ¦ããñ ãä¶ã¦¾ãÀî¹ã ¹ãã©ããà ý ÌããñߌããÌãã ÔãÌãéãã ý •ããñ ¾ãã
ƒâãäªÆ¾ãã©ãâãà ý ¶ããØãÌãñãäÞã (Ôããâ¹ã¡¦ã ¶ããÖãèâ) ýý24ýý
¶ããÔã¦ããñ ãäÌ㪿ã¦ãñ ¼ããÌããñ ¶ãã¼ããÌããñ ãäÌ㪿ã¦ãñ Ôã¦ã: ý „¼ã¾ããñÀãä¹ã ªðÓ›ãñ綦ãÔ¦Ìã¶ã¾ããñÔ¦ã¦ÌãªãäÎãÃãä¼ã:
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‚ãã¦ããâ ‚ã•ãÃì¶ãã ‡ãŠãâÖãèâ †‡ãŠ ý ÔããâØãñ¶ã ½ããè ‚ããƒÃ‡ãŠ ý •ãñâ ãäÌãÞããÀ¹ãÀ Ëãñ‡ãŠ ý ÌããñßãäŒã¦ããè ýý25ýý ¾ãã
„¹ãããä£ã½ãã•ããèâ (•ãØãã½ã£¾ãñâ) Øã칦ã ý Þãõ¦ã¶¾ã ‚ãÔãñ ÔãÌãÃØã¦ã ý ¦ãñâ ¦ã§Ìã—ã Ôãâ¦ã ýÔÌããè‡ãŠããäÀ¦ããè ýý26ýý
ÔããäËËãèâ ¹ã¾ã •ãõÔãñâ ý †‡ãŠ Öãñ…ãä¶ã ½ããè¶ãËñâ ‚ãÔãñ ý ¹ãÀãè ãä¶ãÌã¡îãä¶ã Àã•ãÖâÔãñâ ý ÌãñØãßñâ ‡ãŠãè•ãñ
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•ãã¥ããñâ ‚ããËñâ ýý130ýý ¦ãõÔãñâ ãäÌãÞãããäÀ¦ããâ ãä¶ãÀÔãËñâ ý ¦ãñâ ¹ãƹãâÞãì ÔãÖ•ãñâ Ôããâ¡ÌãËñâ ý ½ãØã ¦ã§Ìã¦ãã
¦ã§Ìã „ÀËñâ ý —ãããä¶ã¾ããâãäÔã ýý31ýý ½Ö¥ããõãä¶ã ‚ããä¶ã¦¾ããÞ¾ãã Ÿã¾ããèâ ý ¦ã¾ããâ ‚ãããäÔ¦ã‡ã¾ãºãìã䣪 ¶ããÖãèâ
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Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 2Àã Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØã 7
‚ããäÌã¶ãããäÎã ¦ãì ¦ããä̪ã䣪 ¾ãñ¶ã ÔãÌãÃãä½ãªâ ¦ã¦ã½ãá ý ãäÌã¶ããÎã½ã̾ã¾ãÔ¾ããԾ㠶㠇ãŠãäÎÞã¦ãá ‡ãŠ¦ãÃì½ãÖÃãä¦ã
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ªñŒãõâ ÔããÀãÔããÀ ãäÌãÞãããäÀ¦ããâ ý ¼ãÆãâãä¦ã ¦ãñ ¹ããÖãèâ ‚ãÔããÀ¦ãã ý ¦ãÀãè ÔããÀ ¦ãñâ ÔÌã¼ããÌã¦ãã (½ãîßÞãñÞã) ý
ãä¶ã¦¾ã •ãã¥ãñâ ýý33ýý Öã Ëãñ‡ãŠ¨ã¾ãã‡ãŠãÀì ý ¦ããñ •ã¾ããÞãã ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀì ý ¦ãñ©ã ¶ãã½ã Ìã¥ãà ‚ãã‡ãŠãÀì ý
ãäÞã¶Ö ¶ããÖãèâ ýý34ýý •ããñ ÔãÌãêã ÔãÌãÃØã¦ãì ý •ã¶½ãàã¾ãã¦ããè¦ãì ý ¦ã¾ãã ‡ãñŠãä˾ãããäÖ Üãã¦ãì ý ‡ãŠªã ¶ããñÖñ
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‚㶦ãÌ㶦㠃½ãñ ªñÖã ãä¶ã¦¾ãÔ¾ããñ§ãŠã ÎãÀãèãäÀ¥ã: ý ‚ã¶ãããäÎã¶ããñç¹ãƽãñ¾ãԾ㠦ãÔ½ããªá ¾ã죾ãÔÌã ¼ããÀ¦ã
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¦ãìÌããâ ¢ãâì•ããÌãñâ ý ¹ãâ¡ì‡ã슽ãÀã ýý36ýý
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‚ããÖãÔããè ýý37ýý ¦ãÀãè ‚ã•ãÃì¶ãã ¦ãâî Öñâ ¶ãñ¥ãÔããè ý •ãÀãè ¦ã§Ìã¦ãã ãäÌãÞãããäÀÔããè ý ¦ãÀãè Ìããä£ã¦ãã
(½ããÀ¥ããÀã) ¦ãâî ¶ãÌÖñÔããè ý Öñ Ì㣾㠶ãÌÖ¦ããè ýý38ýý
¶ã •ãã¾ã¦ãñ ãä½ãƾã¦ãñ Ìã㠇㊪ããäÞã¶ãá ¶ãã¾ãâ ¼ãî¦Ìããç¼ããäÌã¦ãã Ìã㠶㠼ãî¾ã: ý
‚ã•ããñ ãä¶ã¦¾ã ÎããÎÌã¦ããñç¾ãâ ¹ãìÀã¥ããñ ¶ã Ö¶¾ã¦ãñ Ö¶¾ã½ãã¶ãñ ÎãÀãèÀñ ýý20ýý
ÌãñªããäÌã¶ãããäÎã¶ãâ ãä¶ã¦¾ã⠾㠆¶ã½ã•ã½ã̾ã¾ã½ãá ý ‡ãŠ©ãâ Ôã ¹ãìÀìÓã: ¹ãã©ãà ‡ã⊠Üãã¦ã¾ããä¦ã Öã䶦㠇㊽ãá
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•ãõÔãñâ ÔÌ㹶ãã½ãã•ããèâ ªñãäŒã•ãñ ý ¦ãñâ ÔÌ㹶ããèâãäÞã ÔããÞã ‚ãã¹ã•ãñ (Ìãã›ñ) ý ½ãØã Þãñ…ãä¶ã¾ãã ¹ãããäÖ•ãñ ý ¦ãâÌã
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¼ãÆãâãä¦ã ºãã¹ãã ýý43ýý

Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 2Àã Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØã 8


ÌããÔããâãäÔã •ããè¥ããÃãä¶ã ¾ã©ãã ãäÌãÖã¾ã ¶ãÌãããä¶ã Øãð¥Öããä¦ã ¶ãÀãñç¹ãÀããä¥ã ý
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Þãõ¦ã¶¾ã¶ãã©ãñâ ýý44ýý
¶ãõ¶ãâ ã䜶ªã䶦ã ÎãÔ¨ãããä¥ã ¶ãõ¶ãâ ªÖãä¦ã ¹ããÌã‡ãŠ: ý ¶ã Þãõ¶ãâ ‡ãËñª¾ã¶¦¾ãã¹ããñ ¶ã ÎããñÓã¾ããä¦ã ½ããÀì¦ã:
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Ô©ãã¥ãìÀÞãËãñç¾ãâ Ôã¶ãã¦ã¶ã: ýý24ýý
Öã ‚ã¶ãããäª ãä¶ã¦¾ããäÔ㣪ì(ãä¶ã¦¾ã ‚ãÔã¥ããÀ) ý ãä¶ãÀì¹ãããä£ã ãäÌãÎã죪ì ý ½Ö¥ããõãä¶ã ÎãÔ¨ããã䪇ãŠãèâ œñªì ý ¶ã
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Ëㅶ㠪ãè•ãñ ý ‡ãŠãâ ãä½ãӛ㶶ããèâ ÔãâÞãÀãäÌã•ãñ (ãä½ãÔãßãÌãñâ) ý ‡ãŠã߇ã ýý51ýý ªõÌãñâ ‚ã½ãð¦ã‡ãì⊼ã
•ããñ¡Ëã ý ¦ããñ ¹ãã¾ãñâ Öã¥ããñâãä¶ã „Ëâãä¡Ëã ý ¦ãõÔãã ¶ãããäÔã¦ããè £ã½ãÃì ãä¶ã¹ã•ãËã ý Öñ¦ãì‡ãŠ¹ã¥ãñâ ýý52ýý
Ôãã¾ããÔãñâ ¹ã쥾㠂ããä•ãÕãñ ý ½ãØã ÔãâÔããÀì ‡ãŠãâ ‚ã¹ãñãäàã•ãñ? (ƒÞœãÌãã) ý ¹ãÀãè ¶ãñ¥ã¦ããè ¦ãñ ‡ãŠã¾ã ‡ãŠãè•ãñ ý
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ÌãñªÌããªÀ¦ããâ (Ìãñªãâ¦ããèË ‚ã©ãÃÌããªãâ¦ã ½ãض㠢ããËñʾããâÞ¾ãã) ý ½ã¶ããèâ ÌãÔãñ ýý55ýý
¨ãõØã쥾ããäÌãÓã¾ãã Ìãñªã ãä¶ãÔ¨ãõØã쥾ããñ ¼ãÌãã•ãÃì¶ã ý ãä¶ã̪ö̪ãñ ãä¶ã¦¾ãÔã§ÌãÔ©ããñ ãä¶ã¾ããñÃØãàãñ½ã
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ãäÀØããñâ ªñÔããè ýý58ýý ¦ãîâ Øãì¥ã¨ã¾ãã¦ãñâ ‚ãÌÖñÀãèâ ý ½ããè ½ãã¢ãñâ Öñ⠶㠇ãŠÀãèâ ý †‡ãŠ ‚ã㦽ãÔãìŒã ‚ãâ¦ãÀãèâ ý
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•ãÀãè Ìãñªñâ ºãÖì¦ã ºããñãäËËñâ ý ãäÌããäÌã£ã ¼ãñª ÔãîãäÞãËñ ý ¦ãÅÖãè ‚ãã¹ã¥ã ãä֦㠂ãã¹ãìËñâ ý ¦ãñâãäÞã Üãñ¹ãñâ
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‚ãã¹ã¥ã Üãñ¹ãñâ ‡ãñŠÌãß ý ‚ãã¦ããèÃãäÞã•ããñØãñâ (ƒÞœñ¹ãìÀ¦ãñâ) ýý62ýý ¦ãõÔãñ —ãã¶ããè¾ãñ •ãñ Öãñ¦ããè ý ¦ãñ Ìãñªã©ããæãñâ
ãäÌãÌããäÀ¦ããè ý ½ãØã ‚ã¹ãñãäàã¦ã ¦ãñâ ÔÌããè‡ãŠããäÀ¦ããè ý ÎããÎÌã¦ã (¶ããÎ㠶㠹ããÌã¥ããÀñâ) •ãñâ ýý63ýý
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Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 2Àã Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØã 15


½Ö¥ããõãä¶ã ‚ãデãñ⊠¹ãã©ããà ý ¾ãããäÞã¹ãÀãè ¹ããÖ¦ããâ ý ¦ãì•ã „ãäÞã¦ã Öãñ¾ã ‚ãã¦ããâ ý ÔÌã‡ãŠ½ãà Öñâ ýý64ýý
‚ãã½Öãèâ Ôã½ãÔ¦ãÖãè ãäÌãÞãããäÀËñâ ý ¦ãâÌã †ñÔãñãäÞãâ Öñâ½ã¶ãã ‚ããËñâ ý •ãñ ¶ã Ôããâãä¡•ãñ ¦ãìÌããâ ‚ãã¹ãìËñâ ý
ãäÌããä֦㠇㊽ãà ýý65ýý ¹ãÀãè ‡ãŠ½ãùãŠßãèâ ‚ããÔ㠶㠇ãŠÀãÌããè ý ‚ãããä¥ã ‡ã슇㊽ããèà (ãä¶ããäÓ㣪 ‡ãŠ½ããèÃ, ‡ãŠã½¾ã‡ãŠ½ããèÃ)
ÔãâØããä¦ã ¶ã ÌÖãÌããè ý Öñ Ôãã䦇ãÆŠ¾ãããäÞã ‚ããÞãÀãÌããè ý Öñ¦ãîãäÌã¥ã ýý66ýý
¾ããñØãÔ©ã: ‡ãìŠÀì ‡ãŠ½ããÃãä¥ã ÔãÝáØãâ ¦¾ã‡ã¦Ìãã £ã¶ãâ•ã¾ã ý ãäÔ㣪¿ãããäÔ㣪¿ããñ: Ôã½ããñ ¼ãî¦Ìãã Ôã½ã¦Ìãâ
¾ããñØã „Þ¾ã¦ãñ ýý48ýý
¦ãâî ¾ããñØã¾ãì§ãŠ Öãñ…¶ããè ý ¹ãŠßãÞãã ÔãâØãì ›ã‡ã슶ããè ý ½ãØã ‚ã•ãÃì¶ãã ãäÞã§ã ªñ„¶ããè ý ‡ãŠÀãè⠇㊽ãñÃâ ýý67ýý
¹ãÀãè ‚ããªãäÀËñ⠇㊽ãà ªõÌãñâ ý •ãÀãè Ôã½ã㹦ããè¦ãñâ ¹ããÌãñ ý ¦ãÀãè ãäÌãÎãñÓãñâ ¦ãñ©ã ¦ããñÓããÌãñâ (Ôãâ¦ããñÓããÌãñâ) ý ÖñâÖãè
¶ã‡ãŠãñ ýý68ýý ‡ãŠãèâ ãä¶ããä½ã§ãñâ ‡ãŠãñ¥ãñ †‡ãñŠ ý ¦ãñâ ãäÔ㣪ãè ¶ã ÌãÞã¦ããâ Ÿã‡ãñŠ ý ¦ãÀãè ¦ãñãä©ãâÞãñãä¶ã
‚ã¹ããäÀ¦ããñŒãñâ ý àããñ¼ããÌãñâ ¶ãã ýý69ýý ‚ããÞãÀ¦ããâ ãäÔ㣪ãè ØãñËñâ ý ¦ãÀãè ‡ãŠã•ãããäÞã ‡ãŠãèÀ ‚ããËñâ ý ¹ãÀãè
Ÿñãä˾ããÖãè ÔãØãì¥ã •ãÖãËñâ ý †ñÔãñâãäÞã ½ãã¶ããèâ ýý270ýý ªñŒãõ •ãñ¦ãìËãËñ⠇㊽ãà ãä¶ã¹ã•ãñ („¦¹ã¶¶ã Öãñ¦ãñâ) ý
¦ãñ¦ãìËñâ ‚ããã䪹ãìÀìÓããèâ ‚ããä¹ãÕãñ ý ¦ãÀãè ¹ããäÀ¹ãî¥ãà ÔãÖ•ãñâ ý •ãÖãËñâ •ãã¥ãõâýý71ýý ªñŒãõâ Ôãâ¦ããÔãâ¦ã‡ãŠ½ããèÃâ ý
Öñâ •ãñâ ÔããäÀÔãñâ¹ã¥ã ½ã¶ããñ£ã½ããèà ý ¦ãñãäÞã ¾ããñØããäÔ©ããä¦ã „§ã½ããèâ ý ¹ãÆÎãâãäÔã•ãñ ýý72ýý
ªîÀñ¥ã Ö¿ãÌãÀ⠇㊽ãà ºãìã䣪¾ããñØã㣪¶ãâ•ã¾ã ý ºã죪ãõ ÎãÀ¥ã½ããä¶ÌãÞœ ‡ãðŠ¹ã¥ãã: ¹ãŠËÖñ¦ãÌã: ýý49ýý
ºãìã䣪¾ãì§ãŠãñ •ãÖã¦ããèÖ „¼ãñ Ôãì‡ãðŠ¦ãªìÓ‡ãðŠ¦ãñ ý ¦ãÔ½ã㪿ããñØãã¾ã ¾ã앾ãÔÌã ¾ããñØã: ‡ãŠ½ãÃÔãì ‡ãŠãõÎã˽ãá
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‚ã•ãÃì¶ãã Ôã½ã¦Ìã ãäÞã§ããÞãñâ ý ¦ãñâãäÞã ÔããÀ •ãã¥ãõâ ¾ããñØããÞãñâ ý •ãñ©ã ½ã¶ã ‚ãããä¥ã ºã죪ãèÞãñâ ý †ñ‡ã¾ã ‚ãã©ããè
ýý73ýý ¦ããñ ºãìã䣪¾ããñØã ãäÌãÌããäÀ¦ããâ ý ºãÖì¦ãñâ ¹ãã¡ñâ ¹ãã©ããà ý ãäªÔãñ Öã ‚ãÀì¦ãã ý ‡ãŠ½ãþããñØãì ýý74ýý ¹ãÀãè
¦ãñâãäÞ㠇㊽ãà ‚ããÞããäÀ•ãñ ý ¦ãÀãèÞã Öã ¾ããñØãì ¹ãããäÌã•ãñ ý •ãñ ‡ãŠ½ãÃÎãñÓã (‡ãŠ½ããÃÞãã ÎãñÌã›, ‡ãŠ½ããñçãÀ ãäÔ©ããä¦ã)
ÔãÖ•ãñâ ý ¾ããñØããäÔ©ããä¦ã ýý75ýý ½Ö¥ããõãä¶ã ºãìã䣪¾ããñØã Ôã£ãÀì ý ¦ãñ©ã ‚ã•ãÃì¶ãã ÖãñƒÃ ãäÔ©ãÀì ý ½ã¶ãñâ
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ƒÖãèâ „¼ã¾ãºãâ£ããèâ Ôããâãä¡Ëñ ý ¹ãã¹ã¹ã쥾ããèâ ýý77ýý
‡ãŠ½ãÕãâ ºãìã䣪¾ãì§ãŠã ãäÖ ¹ãŠËâ ¦¾ã‡ã¦Ìãã ½ã¶ããèãäÓã¥ã: ý •ã¶½ãºã¶£ããäÌããä¶ã½ãÃì§ãŠã: ¹ãªâ
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Ëãñ¹ã¦ããè ý ‚ã•ãìöãã ¦ã¾ããâ ýý78ýý ½ãØã ãä¶ãÀã½ã¾ã¼ããäÀ¦ã ý ¹ããÌã¦ããè ¹ãª ‚ãÞ¾ãì¦ã ý ¦ãñ ºãìã䣪¾ããñØã¾ãì§ãŠ
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Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 2Àã Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØã 16


¾ãªã ½ããñÖ‡ãŠãäËËâ ºãìã䣪̾ãÃãä¦ã¦ããäÀÓ¾ããä¦ã ý ¦ãªã Ø㶦ãããäÔã ãä¶ãÌãñêâ Ñããñ¦ã̾ãÔ¾ã Ñãì¦ãÔ¾ã Þã
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¦ãîâ †ñÔãã ¦ãõâ ÖãñÔããè ý •ãõâ ½ããñÖã¦ãñâ ¾ã¾ãã (Ö¿ãã) Ôããâãä¡Ôããè ý ‚ãããä¥ã ÌãõÀãؾ㠽ãã¶ãÔããèâ ý ÔãâÞãÀõË
ýý280ýý ½ãØã ãä¶ãÓ‡ãŠßâ‡ãŠ ØãÖ¶ã ý „¹ã•ãñË ‚ã㦽ã—ãã¶ã ý ¦ãñ¥ãñâ ãä¶ãÞãã¡ñâ ÖãñƒÃË ½ã¶ã ý ‚ã¹ãõÔãñâ ¦ãì¢ãñâ
ýý81ýý ¦ãñ©ã ‚ãããä¥ã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãâÖãèâ •ãã¥ããÌãñâ ý ‡ãŠãâ ½ãããäØãËã¦ãñâ Ô½ãÀãÌãñâ ý Öñâ ‚ã•ãÃì¶ãã ‚ããÜãÌãñâ ý ¹ããÀìÓãñË
(©ããâºãñË) ýý82ýý
Ñãìãä¦ããäÌã¹ãÆãä¦ã¹ã¶¶ãã ¦ãñ ¾ãªã Ô©ããÔ¾ããä¦ã ãä¶ãÎÞãËã ý Ôã½ãã£ããÌãÞãËã ºãìã䣪Ԧãªã ¾ããñØã½ãÌãã¹Ô¾ããäÔã
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ƒâãäªÆ¾ããâãäÞã¾ãã ÔãâØã¦ããè ý ãä•ã¾ãñâ ¹ãÔãÀì Öãñ¦ãÔãñ ½ã¦ããè ý ¦ãñ ãäÔ©ãÀ ÖãñƒÃË ½ããØãì¦ããè ý ‚ã㦽ãÔÌãÀî¹ããèâ
ýý83ýý Ôã½ãããä£ãÔãìŒããèâ ‡ãñŠÌãß ý •ãõâ ºãìã䣪 ÖãñƒÃË ãä¶ãÎÞãß ý ¦ãõâ ¹ããÌãÔããè ¦ãâî Ôã‡ãŠß ý ¾ããñØããäÔ©ããä¦ã
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‚ã•ãÃì¶ã „ÌããÞã :
ãäÔ©ã¦ã¹ãÆ—ãԾ㠇ãŠã ¼ããÓãã Ôã½ãããä£ãÔ©ãԾ㠇ãñŠÎãÌã ý ãäÔ©ã¦ã£ããè: ãä‡ãŠâ ¹ãƼããÓãñ¦ã ãä‡ãŠ½ããÔããè¦ã ÌãÆ•ãñ¦ã
ãä‡ãŠ½ãá ýý54ýý
¦ãñ©ã ‚ã•ãìö㠽֥ãñ ªñÌãã ý ÖããäÞã ‚ããä¼ã¹ãÆãÌããñ ‚ããÜãÌãã ý ½ããè ¹ãìÔãñ¶ã ‚ãã¦ããâ ÔããâØããÌãã ý ‡ãðŠ¹ãããä¶ã£ããè
ýý85ýý ½ãØã ‚ãÞ¾ãì¦ã ½Ö¥ãñâ ÔãìŒãñâ ý •ãñâ ãä‡ãŠÀãè›ãè ¦ãì•ã ãä¶ã‡ãñ⊠(ÞããâØãËñâ) ý ¦ãñâ ¹ãîÔã ¹ããâ „¶½ãñŒãñâ ý
½ã¶ããÞãñãä¶ã ýý86ýý ¾ãã ºããñËã ¹ãã©ãñÃý ½Öãä¥ã¦ãËñâ ÔããâØã ¹ããâ Ñããè‡ãðŠÓ¥ãã¦ãñâ ý ‡ãŠã¾ã ½Öãä¥ã¹ãñâ
ãäÔ©ã¦ã¹ãÆ—ãã¦ãñâ ý Ìããñߌããñâ ‡ãñŠÌããèâ ýý87ýý ‚ãããä¥ã ãäÔ©ãÀºãìã䣪 •ããñ ½Öãä¥ã•ãñ (½Ö¥ããÌãã) ý ¦ããñ ‡ãõŠãäÔã¾ãã
ãäÞã¶Öãèâ •ãããä¥ã•ãñ ý •ããñ Ôã½ãããä£ãÔãìŒã ¼ãâì•ãñ ý ‚ãŒãâã䡦ã ýý88ýý ¦ããñ ‡ãŠÌã¥ãñ ãäÔ©ã¦ããè ‚ãÔãñ ý
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(¹ãÀºãƽÖãÞãã ‚ãÌã¦ããÀ) ý •ããñ Óã¡áØãì¥ãããä£ã‡ãŠãÀ¥ãì ý ¦ããñ ‡ãŠã¾ã ¦ãñ©ã ¶ããÀã¾ã¥ãì ý ºããñ˦ãì ‚ãÔãñ ýý290ýý
Ñããè¼ãØãÌãã¶ãìÌããÞã :
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‚ã㦽㶾ãñÌããç禽ã¶ãã ¦ãìÓ›: ãäÔ©ã¦ã¹ãÆ—ãÔ¦ãªãñÞ¾ã¦ãñ ýý55ýý
½Ö¥ãñ ‚ã•ãÃì¶ãã ¹ããäÀ¾ãñÔããèâ ý •ããñ Öã ‚ããä¼ãËãÓãì ¹ãÆãõ¤ (¹ãƺãË) ½ãã¶ãÔããèâ ý ¦ããñ ‚ãâ¦ãÀã¾ã ÔÌãÔãìŒãñâÔããè ý
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Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 2Àã Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØã 17


•ãñ¥ãñâ ÔãâØãñâ ‡ãŠãè•ãñ ýý92ýý ¦ããñ ‡ãŠã½ãì (ƒÞœã) ÔãÌãéãã •ãã¾ãñ ý •ã¾ããÞãñ ‚ã㦽ã¦ããñÓããèâ ½ã¶ã ÀãÖñ ý ¦ããñãäÞã
ãäÔ©ã¦ã¹ãÆ—ãì Öãñ¾ãñ ý ¹ãìÀÓã •ãã¥ãõâ ýý93ýý
ªì:ŒãñÓÌã¶ãìãä̪ضã½ã¶ãã: ÔãìŒãñÓãì ãäÌãØã¦ãÔ¹ãðÖ: ý Ìããè¦ãÀãØã¼ã¾ã‡ãÆŠãñ£ã: ãäÔ©ã¦ã£ããè½ãÃìãä¶ãÀìÞ¾ã¦ãñ ýý56ýý
¶ãã¶ãã ªì:Œããèâ ¹ãÆ㹦ããè ý •ã¾ããÔããè „ÌªñØãì ¶ããÖãèâ ãäÞã§ããèâ ý ‚ãããä¥ã ÔãìŒãããäÞã¾ãã ‚ãã¦ããèà ý ‚㡹ãõ•ãñ¶ãã
ýý94ýý ‚ã•ãÃì¶ãã ¦ã¾ããÞ¾ãã Ÿã¾ããèâ ý ‡ãŠã½ã‡ãÆŠãñ£ãì ÔãÖ•ãñâ ¶ããÖãèâ ý ‚ãããä¥ã ¼ã¾ãã¦ãñâ ¶ãñ¥ãñâ ‡ãŠÖãèâ ý
¹ããäÀ¹ãî¥ãìà ¦ããñ ýý95ýý †ñÔãã •ããñ ãä¶ãÀÌããä£ã (‡ãñŠÌãß) ý ¦ããñ •ãã¥ã ¹ããâ ãäÔ©ãÀºãìã䣪 ý •ããñ ãä¶ãÀÔãîãä¶ã
„¹ãããä£ã („¹ãÔãØãÃ, ÔãâÔããÀ) ý ¼ãñªÀãäÖ¦ãì ýý96ýý
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(‚ããä¶ã¾ããä½ã¦ã¹ã¥ãñâ) ½ã¶ããÞãñâ ý ¦ãñãäÞã ÔãÌãÃÔÌã ªì:ŒããÞãñâ ý ¾ãã ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñâ ƒâãäªÆ¾ããâÞãñâ ý ª½ã¶ã ãä¶ã‡ãñ⊠ýý47ýý
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ýý48ýý •ãõÔããè ¶ããÌã ©ãã䡾ãñ Ÿããä‡ãŠ¦ããâ ý •ãÀãè ÌãÀ¹ã¡ãè Öãñ¾ã ªìÌããæãã (Ìããªßãâ¦ã) ý ¦ãÀãè Þãì‡ãŠËãÖãè
½ããØããõ¦ãã ý ‚ã¹ããÌããñ ¹ããÌãñ ýý49ýý ¦ãõÔããè ¹ãÆ㹦ãñâÖãè ¹ãìÀìÓãñâ ý ƒâãäªÆ¾ãñâ ËããäßËãè (Ëã˶㠇ãñŠËãè ØãñËãè ‚ãÔã¦ããâ)
•ãÀãè ‡ãŠãõ¦ãì‡ãñ⊠ý ¦ãÀãè ‚ãã‡ãÆŠãä½ãËã •ãã¥ã ªì:Œãñâ ý ÔãâÔãããäÀ‡ãñ⊠ýý350ýý
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Ôãã©ãÇ㊠‚ãÔãñ?ýý51ýý ªñŒãõâ ‡ããà ãä•ã¾ãã¹ãÀãè ý „ÌããƒËã (‚ãã¶ãâªã¦ã ‚ãÔãËñʾãã) ‚ãÌãñÌã ¹ãÔãÀãè ý ¶ãã
¦ãÀãè ƒÞœãÌãÎãñâ ‚ããÌãÀãè ý ‚ãã¹ã¥ã¹ãñâãäÞã ýý52ýý ¦ãõÔããèâ ƒâãäªÆ¾ãñâ ‚ãã¹ãõ¦ããèâ Öãñ¦ããè ý •ã¾ããÞãñâ ½Öãä¥ã¦ãËñâ
‡ãŠãäÀ¦ããè ý ¦ã¾ããÞããè ¹ãÆ—ãã •ãã¥ã ãäÔ©ã¦ããè ý ¹ããÌãËãè ‚ãÔãñ ýý53ýý ‚ãã¦ããâ ‚ãããä¥ã‡ãŠ †‡ãŠ ØãÖ¶ã ý
¹ãî¥ããÃÞãñâ ãäÞã¶Ö ý ‚ã•ãÃì¶ãã ¦ãì•ã ÔããâØãñ¶ã ý ¹ããäÀÔã¹ããâ ýý54ýý
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½ãì¶ãñ: ýý69ýý
ªñŒãõâ ¼ãî¦ã•ãã¦ã ãä¶ãªñËñ ý ¦ãñ©ãñâãäÞã (¦¾ãã ‚ã㦽ãÔÌãÀì¹ããÞãñ Ÿã¾ããèâ) •ã¾ãã ¹ããÖËñâ ý ‚ãããä¥ã •ããèÌã •ãñ©ã ÞãñƒËñ ý
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ãä¶ãÀÌããä£ã ý ½ãì¶ããèÎÌãÀ ýý56ýý
‚ãã¹ãî¾ãýãã¥ã½ãÞã˹ãÆãä¦ãÓŸâ Ôã½ãìªÆ½ãã¹ã: ¹ãÆãäÌãÎãã䶦㠾ã̪¦ãá ý ¦ã̪¦‡ãŠã½ãã ¾ãâ ¹ãÆãäÌãÎãã䶦ã ÔãÌãñà Ôã
Îããã䶦ã½ã㹶ããñãä¦ã ¶ã ‡ãŠã½ã‡ãŠã½ããè ýý70ýý
¹ãã©ããà ‚ãã¥ããè‡ãŠÖãè ¹ãÀãè ý ¦ããñ (ãäÔ©ã¦ã¹ãÆ—ã) •ãã¥ããñâ ¾ãñƒÃË ‚ãÌã£ããÀãèâ ý •ãõÔããè ‚ãàããñ¼ã¦ãã ÔããØãÀãèâ ý
‚ãŒãâã䡦ã ýý57ýý •ãÅÖãè ÔããäÀ¦ããÌããñÜã Ôã½ãÔ¦ã ý ¹ããäÀ¹ãî¥ãà Öãñ…ãä¶ã ãä½ãߦã ý ¦ãÀãè ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠ ¶ããñÖñ
ƒÃÓã¦ãá ý ½ã¾ããê㠶ã Ôãâ¡ãè ýý58ýý ¶ãã ¦ãÀãè ØãÆãèÓ½ã‡ãŠãßãèâ ÔããäÀ¦ãã ý ÎããñÓãîãä¶ã •ãã¦ããè Ôã½ãÔ¦ãã ý ¹ãÀãè
¶¾ãî¶ã ¶ãÌÖñ ¹ãã©ããà ý Ôã½ãìªÆì •ãõÔãã ýý59ýý ¦ãõÔãã ¹ãÆ㹦ããèâ ¨ãÉã䣪ãäÔ㣪ãèâ ý ¦ã¾ãããäÔã àããñ¼ãì ¶ããÖãèâ

Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 2Àã Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØã 21


ºã죪ãè ý ‚ãããä¥ã ¶ã ¹ãÌã¦ãã (¹ãÆ㹦ã Öãñ¦ããâ) ¶ã ºãã£ããè ý ‚ã£ãðãä¦ã ¦ã¾ãã¦ãñâ ýý360ýý ÔããâØãõâ Ôãî¾ããÃÞ¾ãã ÜãÀãèâ ý
¹ãƇãŠãÎãì ‡ãŠã¾ã Ìãã¦ããèÌãñÀãè (Ìãã¦ã ËãÌãî¶ã ãäªÌ¾ãã¶ãñâ) ý ‡ãŠãâ ¶ã ËãäÌã•ãñ ¦ãÀãè ‚ãâ£ããÀãèâ ý ‡ãŠãñâ¡ñË ¦ããñ ýý61ýý
ªñŒãõâ ¨ãÉã䣪ãäÔãã䣪 ¦ã¾ãã¹ãÀãè ý ‚ããËãè ØãñËãè Ôãñ ¶ã ‡ãŠÀãè ý ¦ããñ ãäÌãØãìâ¦ãËã ‚ãÔãñ ‚ãâ¦ãÀãèâ ý
½ãÖãÔãìŒããèâ ýý62ýý •ããñ ‚ãã¹ãìËñãä¶ã ¶ããØãÀ¹ã¥ãñ (‚ãã¹ãʾãã ÜãÀãÞ¾ãã Ôããõª¾ããöãñâ,Îããñ¼ãñ¶ãñâ) ý ƒâªÆ¼ãÌã¶ãã¦ãñâ
¹ããºãßñâ ½Ö¥ãñ ý ¦ããñ ‡ãñŠÌããèâ Àâ•ãñ ¹ãããäËÌã¥ãñâ ãä¼ãÊÊããâÞãñãä¶ã ?ýý63ýý •ããñ ‚ã½ãð¦ããÔããè Ÿãè ŸñÌããè ý ¦ããñ
•ãõÔãã ‡ãŠãâ•ããè ¶ã ÔãñÌããè ý ¦ãõÔãã ÔÌãÔãìŒãã¶ãì¼ãÌããè ý ¶ã ¼ããñØããè ¨ãÉã䣪 ýý64ýý ¹ãã©ããà ¶ãÌãË Öñâ ¹ããÖãèâ ý
•ãñ©ã ÔÌãØãÃÔãìŒã ËñŒã¶ããè¾ã (¹ãÀÌãã, Øã¥ã¶ãã, •ãì½ãã¶ã¥ãñâ) ¶ããÖãèâ ý ¦ãñ©ã ¨ãÉã䣪ãäÔãã䣪 ‡ãŠã¾ããè ý ¹ãÆã‡ãðŠ¦ãã
Öãñ¦ããè ýý65ýý
ãäÌãÖã¾ã ‡ãŠã½ã㶾ã: ÔãÌããö¹ãì½ããâÎÞãÀãä¦ã ãä¶ãÔ¹ãðÖ: ý ãä¶ã½ãýããñ ãä¶ãÀÖâ‡ãŠãÀ: Ôã Îããã䶦ã½ããä£ãØãÞœãä¦ã
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†ñÔãã ‚ã㦽ãºããñ£ãñâ ¦ããñÓãËã ý •ããñ ¹ãÀ½ãã¶ãâªñâ ¹ããñŒãËã (¹ããñÔãËã, ¹ãìÓ› ¢ããËã) ý ¦ããñãäÞã ãäÔ©ãÀ¹ãÆ—ãì ¼ãËã ý
Ìããñߌ㠦ãâî ýý66ýý ¦ããñ ‚ãÖâ‡ãŠãÀã¦ãñâ ªâ¡ì¶ããè ý Ôã‡ãŠß ‡ãŠã½ãì Ôããâ¡ì¶ããè ý ãäÌãÞãÀñ ãäÌãÎÌã Öãñ„¶ããè ý
ãäÌãÎÌãã½ãã•ããèâ ýý67ýý
†Óããâ ºãÆã½Öãè ãäÔ©ããä¦ã: ¹ãã©ãà ¶ãõ¶ããâ ¹ãÆã¹¾ã ãäÌã½ãìÖ¿ããä¦ã ý ãäÔ©ã¦ÌããçÔ¾ãã½ã¶¦ã‡ãŠãËñçãä¹ã
ºãƽÖãä¶ãÌããÃ¥ã½ãðÞœãä¦ã ýý72ýý
ƒãä¦ã Ñããè½ãªá¼ãØãÌãªáØããè¦ããÔãì „¹ããä¶ãÓã¦Ôãì ºãƽÖãäÌ㪿ãã¾ããâ ¾ããñØãÎããÔ¨ãñ Ñããè‡ãðŠÓ¥ãã•ãÃì¶ãÔãâÌããªñ
Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØããñ ¶ãã½ã ãä̪¦ããè¾ããñ磾ãã¾ã: ýý2ýý
Öñ ºãƽÖãäÔ©ããä¦ã ãä¶ã:Ôããè½ã (•¾ããËã Ôããè½ãã ¶ããÖãèâ) ý •ãñ ‚ã¶ãì¼ããäÌã¦ããâ ãä¶ãÓ‡ãŠã½ã ý ¦ãñ ¹ããÌãËñ ¹ãÀºãÆ½Ö ý
‚ã¶ãã¾ãÔãñâ ýý68ýý •ãñ ãäÞãªÆî¹ããèâ ãä½ãߦããâ ý ªñÖãâ¦ããèãäÞã ̾ãã‡ãìŠß¦ãã ý ‚ãã¡ Ÿã‡ãŠãñâ ¶ã Ôã‡ãñŠ ãäÞã§ãã ý
¹ãÆã—ãã •ã¾ãã (•¾ãã ºãƽÖãäÔ©ã¦ããè¶ãñâ) ýý69ýý ¦ãñãäÞã Öñ ãäÔ©ããä¦ã ý ÔÌã½ãìŒãñâ Ñããè¹ããä¦ã ý ÔããâØã¦ã ‚ã•ãÃì¶ãã¹ãÆãä¦ã
ý Ôãâ•ã¾ããñ ½Ö¥ãñ ýý370ýý †ñÔãñâ ‡ãðŠÓ¥ãÌãã‡ã¾ã †ñãä‡ãŠËñâ ý ¦ãñ©ã ‚ã•ãÃì¶ãñâ ½ã¶ããèâ ½Öãä¥ã¦ãËñâ ý ‚ãã¦ããâ
‚ãã½ãìãäÞã¾ãããäÞã ‡ãŠã•ãã ‡ãŠãèÀ ‚ããËñâ ý „¹ã¹ããä§ã ƒ¾ãã ýý71ýý •ãñ⠇㊽ãÕãã¦ã ‚ããÜãÌãñâ ý †©ã
ãä¶ãÀã‡ãŠããäÀËñâ ªñÌãñâ ý ¦ãÀãè ¹ããÀìÓãËñâ ½¾ããâ ¢ãâì•ããÌãñâ ý ½Ö¥ããõãä¶ã¾ããâ ýý72ýý †ñÔãã Ñããè‚ãÞ¾ãì¦ãããäÞã¾ãã
ºããñËã ý ãäÞã§ããèâ £ã¶ãì£ãÃÀ „ÌããƒËã (ÖÓãà ¹ããÌãËã) ý ‚ãã¦ããâ ¹ãÆζãì ‡ãŠÀãèË ¼ãËã ý ‚ããÎãâ‡ãŠãñ¶ããè ýý73ýý
¦ããñ ¹ãÆÔãâØãì ‚ãÔãñ ¶ããØãÀì ý •ããñ Ôã‡ãŠß £ã½ããÃÔããè ‚ããØãÀì ý ‡ãŠãèâ ãäÌãÌãñ‡ãŠã½ãð¦ãÔããØãÀì ý ¹ãÆãâ¦ãÖãè¶ãì
ýý74ýý•ããñ ‚ãã¹ã¥ã ÔãÌã×ã¶ãã©ãì ý ãä¶ãÀîãä¹ã¦ãã ÖãñƒË Ñããè‚ã¶ãâ¦ãì ý —ãã¶ãªñÌããñ ÔããâØãñË ½ãã¦ãì ý
ãä¶ãÌãðãä§ãªãÔãì ýý375ýý
ƒãä¦ã Ñããè—ãã¶ãªñÌããäÌãÀãäÞã¦ãã¾ããâ ¼ããÌãã©ãêãèãä¹ã‡ãŠã¾ããâ ãä̪¦ããè¾ããñ磾ãã¾ã: ýý2ýý

Ñããè—ãã¶ãñÎÌãÀãè ‚ã£¾ãã¾ã 2Àã Ôãã⌾ã¾ããñØã 22

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