Sensation and perception 2nd Edition test

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Sensation and perception 2nd Edition test

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Chapter: Chapter 1: Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice
 1. _____ refers to the later steps in the perceptual process, whereby the initial sensory signals are
used to represent objects and events so they can be identified, stored in memory, and used in
thought and action.
2. A) Perception
3. B) Sensation
4. C) Dissociation
5. D) Transduction

Ans: A

Level: E

Page: 2

Topic: World, Brain, and Mind

2. An example of sensation would be:

3. A) information about a tree contained in neural signals from receptors.
4. B) information in the mind and brain used to identify, store, and use information about a tree.
5. C) the features of a tree getting converted into electrochemical signals.
6. D) an observer’s knowledge and expectations about a tree.

Ans: C

Level: M

Page: 2

Topic: World, Brain, and Mind

 3. A perceived object or event in the world is known as a _____.
4. A) sensory receptor
5. B) distal stimuli
6. C) proximal stimuli
7. D) neural signal

Ans: B

Level: E

Page: 4

Topic: The Perceptual Process

4. Sensory receptors convert _____ into neural signals.

5. A) difference threshold
6. B) absolute threshold
7. C) distal stimuli
8. D) proximal stimuli

Ans: D

Level: E

Page: 4

Topic: The Perceptual Process

 5. Arvi is standing outside his house. He turns his head as he hears an approaching motorcycle. In
this scenario, the distal stimulus would be the:
6. A) sound waves reaching his ears.
7. B) light waves reaching his eyes.
8. C) vibrations produced by the motorcycle.
9. D) motorcycle itself.

Ans: D

Level: D

Page: 4

Topic: The Perceptual Process

6. Marco is cooking dinner. He detects the smell of the garlic that he is chopping. In this scenario,
the proximal stimulus is the:
7. A) garlic clove.
8. B) signal being sent to the brain about the smell from the receptors.
9. C) odor molecule entering the nose from the garlic.
10. D) interpretation of neural signals in the brain.

Ans: C

Level: D

Page: 4

Topic: The Perceptual Process

 7. The objects and events that are perceived and the physical phenomena they produce are known
as _____.
8. A) stimuli
9. B) receptors
10. C) neurons
11. D) representations

Ans: A

Level: E

Page: 4

Topic: The Perceptual Process

8. In baseball, most hitters can detect the initial rotation of a pitched ball. Experienced hitters are
able to use this information to accurately anticipate a ball’s position when it reaches the plate.
This shows that experienced hitters can utilize:
9. A) bottom-up information.
10. B) top-down information.
11. C) distal stimuli.
12. D) transduction.

Ans: B

Level: D

Page: 5
Topic: The Perceptual Process

9. A person’s knowledge, expectations, and goals which can affect perception, are referred to as:
10. A) bottom-up information.
11. B) top-down information.
12. C) the absolute threshold.
13. D) proximal stimuli.

Ans: B

Level: E

Page: 5

Topic: The Perceptual Process

10. Cognitive neuroscience measures neural activity:

11. A) only at the level of individual neurons.
12. B) only in neural circuits.
13. C) both at the level of individual neurons and groups of neurons and neural circuits.
14. D) through simple behavioral responses.

Ans: C

Level: M
Page: 5

Topic: Three Main Types of Questions

11. Psychophysics assesses perceptual experience on the basis of:

12. A) neural activity at the level of individual neurons.
13. B) transduction.
14. C) depolarization.
15. D) simple behavioral responses.

Ans: D

Level: M

Page: 5

Topic: Three Main Types of Questions

12. Body senses do NOT include:

13. A) skin temperature.
14. B) gustation.
15. C) balance.
16. D) body movement.

Ans: B
Level: E

Page: 5

Topic: How Many Senses Are There?

13. Our sense of limb position and movement is due to _____.

14. A) proprioception
15. B) nociception
16. C) olfaction
17. D) gustation

Ans: A

Level: E

Page: 6

Topic: How Many Senses Are There?

14. Which type of perception is NOT one of the traditional five senses?
15. A) tactile
16. B) audition
17. C) olfaction
18. D) proprioception
Ans: D

Level: M

Pages: 5-6

Topic: How Many Senses Are There?

15. Which statement does NOT describe an idea contained in the modern theory of evolution?
16. A) Organisms with adaptive new traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than organisms
lacking these traits.
17. B) Occasionally, a mutation that yields an adaptive new trait could be passed on to the offspring
through DNA.
18. C) Organisms have genotypes that are observable characteristics or traits.
19. D) Like all other traits, senses have evolved through natural selection.

Ans: C

Level: M

Page: 7

Topic: Evolution and Perception

16. Wavelengths of light visible by humans:

17. A) do not detect infrared or ultraviolet light.
18. B) are the least abundant wavelengths of light emitted by the sun.
19. C) are poorly transmitted in seawater.
20. D) does not consist of electromagnetic radiation.
Ans: A

Level: M

Page: 7

Topic: Evolution and Perception

17. The minimum intensity of a physical stimulus that can just be detected by an observer is called
the _____.
18. A) absolute threshold
19. B) difference threshold
20. C) minimum threshold
21. D) approximate threshold

Ans: A

Level: E

Page: 9

Topic: Absolute Threshold

18. Dr. Atherton, a psychologist wants a very quick and easy way to estimate absolute thresholds
for a study. Which psychophysical method would be MOST appropriate for him?
19. A) the method of constant stimuli
 20. B) the method of adjustment
21. C) the method of random stimuli
22. D) the method of psychometric function

Ans: B

Level: D

Page: 9

Topic: Absolute Threshold

19. A psychophysical researcher wants to measure the absolute threshold of a particular fragrance.
He wants quick results and can compromise on its accuracy. In this scenario, he would use the
_____.
20. A) method of adjustment
21. B) method of constant stimuli
22. C) method of limits
23. D) Lamaze method

Ans: A

Level: M

Page: 9

Topic: Absolute Threshold

 20. Dr. Lazarte is testing an elderly patient’s hearing by presenting a set of tones at different
intensities. Each tone is presented multiple times, interleaved with the other tones in a random
order. After each presentation, the patient indicates whether she heard the tone. The
psychophysical technique being used in this scenario is the:
21. A) method of adjustment.
22. B) staircase method.
23. C) method of constant stimuli.
24. D) method of random stimuli.

Ans: C

Level: D

Page: 9

Topic: Absolute Threshold

21. A curve that relates a measure of perceptual experience to the intensity of a physical stimulus is
called a(n):
22. A) audibility curve
23. B) neuropsychological function.
24. C) psychometric function.
25. D) receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Ans: C

Level: E

Page: 10

Topic: Absolute Threshold

 22. The staircase method is a variation on the method of:
23. A) limits.
24. B) adjustment.
25. C) constant stimuli.
26. D) minimal perception.

Ans: C

Level: E

Page: 10

Topic: Absolute Threshold

23. An example of an absolute threshold judgment would be:

24. A) an individual detecting that the room is brighter when two extra candles are lit.
25. B) an individual perceiving the light touch of an ant crawling across his or her foot.
26. C) an individual perceiving that his/her backpack is heavier when another book is added.
27. D) an individual turning up the radio so that he or she can hear the music over other noises.

Ans: B

Level: M

Page: 9

Topic: Absolute Threshold

 24. _____ states the relationship between the intensity of a standard stimulus and the size of the
just noticeable difference.
25. A) Weber’s law
B) Sherrington’s law
C) Fechner’s law
D) Stevens’s law

Ans: A

Level: E

Page: 14

Topic: Difference Threshold

25. The JND for a 100 g weight is 2 g. According to Weber’s law, the JND for a 1,000 g weight would
be:
26. A) 0.002g.
27. B) 2 g.
28. C) 20 g.
29. D) 200 g.

Ans: C

Level: M
Page: 14

Topic: Difference Threshold

26. Through some tasty culinary investigation, Chef Willie has found the difference threshold for the
sweetness of sugar in a cake. For a cake with 100 mg of sugar, the difference threshold is 5 mg.
According to Weber’s law, how much sugar would need to be added to a cake already
containing 250 mg of sugar in order to make it taste just noticeably sweeter?
27. A) 5 mg
28. B) 10 mg
29. C) 12.5 mg
30. D) 20 mg

Ans: C

Level: D

Page: 14

Topic: Difference Threshold

27. Weber’s Law does NOT account properly for the perception of some dimensions, such as _____.
28. A) taste
29. B) brightness
30. C) loudness
31. D) electric shock
Ans: D

Level: E

Page: 16

Topic: Psychophysical Scaling

1. A) light entering the eye.

2. B) gentle pressure of a finger against the side of an eye.
3. C) receptor neurons in the eye.
4. D) electrical currents from retinal prosthetic devices.

Ans: C

Level: M

Page: 17

Topic: Exploring Perception by Studying Neurons and the Brain

29. The _____ states that the kinds of perceptions we have depend on which neurons are activated,
not on what is activating those neurons.
30. A) law of specific nerve energies
31. B) law of absolute threshold
32. C) law of neural doctrine
33. D) law of perceptual processing
Ans: A

Level: E

Page: 17

Topic: Exploring Perception by Studying Neurons and the Brain

30. The _____ states that perception depends on the combined activity of many specialized
neurons, each of which responds to specific aspects of a stimulus.
31. A) neuron doctrine
32. B) law of specific nerve energies
33. C) principle of natural selection
34. D) law of structural specificity

Ans: A

Level: E

Page: 17

Topic: Exploring Perception by Studying Neurons and the Brain

1. A) Stereocilia
2. B) Voltage-gated channels
3. C) Dendrites
 4. D) Axon terminals

Ans: C

Level: E

Page: 18

Topic: Neurons and Neural Signals

32. A membrane potential results from the concentration of:

33. A) positively and negatively charged ions inside and outside the cell.
34. B) only sodium and potassium ions within the cell membrane.
35. C) neurotransmitters on either side of the cell membrane.
36. D) only sodium and chloride ions on either side of the cell membrane.

Ans: A

Level: E

Page: 19

Topic: Neurons and Neural Signals

33. When a cell is at rest, it has a membrane potential of _____ .

34. A) –30 mV
 35. B) +30 mV
36. C) +70 mV
37. D) –70 mV

Ans: D

Level: E

Page: 19

Topic: Neurons and Neural Signals

34. When an action potential begins, depolarization of the axon membrane is the result of the:
35. A) closing of voltage-gated channels.
36. B) release of Cl−
37. C) influx of Na+
38. D) influx of K+

Ans: C

Level: M

Page: 20

Topic: Neurons and Neural Signals

 35. When a neuron receives a signal from another neuron, the voltage-gated sodium ion channels of
the receiving neuron:
36. A) lead to hyperpolarization when opened.
37. B) are found in the dendrites.
38. C) allow Na+ ions to exit the neuron.
39. D) allow Na+ ions to enter the neuron.

Ans: D

Level: M

Page: 20

Topic: Neurons and Neural Signals

36. In an action potential, the inflow of positively charged ions drives the membrane potential in a
positive direction, and if it surpasses a threshold around _____, it increases rapidly until it
reaches a peak at about +30 mV.
37. A) –15 mV
38. B) –25 mV
39. C) –35 mV
40. D) –45 mV

Ans: D

Level: E

Page: 20

Topic: Neurons and Neural Signals

 37. A neuron’s baseline firing rate:
38. A) depends on the frequency of previous action potentials.
39. B) is a low spontaneous firing at fairly random intervals in the absence of any
40. C) requires a very weak stimulus.
41. D) depends on the number of dendrites the cell possesses.

Ans: B

Level: M

Page: 21

Topic: Neurons and Neural Signals

38. The synaptic vesicles:

39. A) contain molecules of neurotransmitters.
40. B) are released from the dendrites and travel to the axon terminal.
41. C) travel from the postsynaptic membrane to the presynaptic membrane.
42. D) do not enter the synapse.

Ans: A

Level: E

Page: 22

Topic: Neurons and Neural Signals

 39. Which statement is true of an excitatory postsynaptic potential?
40. A) It decreases the probability of an action potential initiated in the postsynaptic neuron.
41. B) It makes the postsynaptic neuron’s membrane potential more positive.
42. C) It helps sodium ions to exit a cell.
43. D) It is an indentation between two gyri on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres.

Ans: B

Level: M

Page: 24

Topic: Neurons and Neural Signals

40. The _____ is a large bundle of axons that constitutes the major connection between the two
cerebral hemispheres.
41. A) gyrus
42. B) sulcus
43. C) corpus callosum
44. D) gray matter

Ans: C

Level: E

Page: 24

Topic: The Human Brain

 41. The _____ is NOT found in the cerebral cortex.
42. A) frontal lobe
43. B) parietal lobe
44. C) pinna
45. D) corpus callosum

Ans: D

Level: E

Page: 24

Topic: The Human Brain

42. A dorsal view of the cerebral hemispheres shows:

43. A) only the parietal lobe.
44. B) only the frontal and occipital lobes.
45. C) the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.
46. D) only the brain stem.

Ans: C

Level: E

Page: 25
Topic: The Human Brain

43. The myelin-covered axons of cortical neurons, making up the interior parts of the cerebral
hemispheres are known as _____.
44. A) gray matter
45. B) white matter
46. C) ion channels
47. D) gyri

Ans: B

Level: E

Page: 24

Topic: The Human Brain

44. The central sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the _____ lobe.
45. A) frontal
46. B) temporal
47. C) occipital
48. D) inferior

Ans: A

Level: E
Page: 24

Topic: The Human Brain

45. The MOST important subcortical structure involved in perception through which most neural
signals originating in the sensory organs pass on their paths to the cortex is known as the _____.
46. A) thalamus
47. B) hippocampus
48. C) amygdala
49. D) corpus callosum

Ans: A

Level: E

Page: 25

Topic: The Human Brain

46. A neuropsychologist has been studying two patients who suffered strokes. One of the patients
can still understand spoken English but can only speak gibberish. The other patient can still
speak English fluently but can no longer understand spoken English. This is an example of:
47. A) a single dissociation.
48. B) a double dissociation.
49. C) experience-dependent plasticity.
50. D) an inferior lobe damage
Ans: B

Level: D

Page: 27

Topic: Cognitive Neuropsychology

47. In the field of cognitive neuropsychology, findings based on studies of just a few individuals can
be generalized and applied to most human brains based on the:
48. A) doctrine of specific nerve
49. B) notion of modularity.
50. C) assumption of cognitive uniformity.
51. D) concept of functional specialization.

Ans: C

Level: M

Page: 28

Topic: Cognitive Neuropsychology

48. Which functional neuroimaging technique is based on measuring changes in blood flow
associated with brain activity and relies on the introduction of a radioactive substance into the
blood?
49. A) diffuse optical tomography
50. B) electroencephalography
51. C) magnetoencephalography
 52. D) positron emission tomography

Ans: D

Level: E

Page: 29

Topic: Functional Neuroimaging

49. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is based on measurement of the changes in
_____ associated with brain activity.
50. A) blood oxygenation
51. B) metabolism
52. C) gustation
53. D) body temperature

Ans: A

Level: E

Page: 30

Topic: Functional Neuroimaging

 50. In the context of lidar systems, an approach that involves sorting objects into categories does
NOT include _____.
51. A) vehicles
52. B) animals
53. C) pedestrians
54. D) bicyclists

Ans: B

Level: E

Page: 32

Topic: Applications: Self-Driving Cars