CUARTO DE EQUIPOS: El cuarto de equipos es un espacio centralizado dentro del edificio donde se
albergan los equipos de red (enrutadores, switches etc.).
SUELO TECNICO: Consiste en un falso suelo. Esta elevado unos determinados centímetros, en
función de las necesidades, respecto al suelo de la planta.
CANALETAS: Deberá utilizarse canaleta metálica en circunstancias en que exista peligro de daño
físico al cable, interferencias eléctricas o riesgo de fuego.
CABLE UTP(Unshielded twisted pair cable): Es un cable que cuenta con 8 hilos de cobre trenzados
en su interior.Se utiliza para las instalaciones de redes de Topología estrella.Debe cumplir con
CAT5e o superior, para manejar la velocidad de 100 o 1000 MBps. Los hilos dentro del cable tienen
colores, que son : Naranja, Verde, Azul y Marrón.Sus pares son de color blanco con líneas Naranja,
Verde, Azul y Marrón.
Conector o Plug RJ-45: Conector de Plástico en donde se ubican los ocho hilos del cable UTP
siguiendo un código de colores.Estos Plug sirven para conectar los puertos de las Tarjetas de Red a
los puntos de Red, Patch Panel y a los puertos del Hub o Swtich.
Los Patch Cord: son cables hechos con conectores RJ-45 y capuchas de Plástico que los
protegen.Sirven para unir una PC con un Punto de red o un puerto del Patch Panel a un puerto del
Switch, etc
Los Jack’s: son unos conectores que sirven de intermediario entre el Patch Cord que conecta una
PC al cable quellega al Pacth Panel.Cada uno de estos representa un puntode red instalado, y van
dentro las cajas toma datos .Para conectar los hilos del cable UTP al Jack, existen a presión y otros
con herramienta de impacto.
Las canaletas: es el medio por el cual los cables de red son llevados y protegidos, de acuerdo a su
trayectoria. Se trabajan bastante con canaletas de pared y de piso. Es recomendable usar con los
accesorios del caso en bordes y subidas, para evitar el deterioro del cable y dar los giros
normados.
Es en donde se guarda el Jack. En ellos se puede etiquetar y así poder identificar los puntos de red.
Se pueden trabajar simples, dobles o más.
Los Patch Panel van en los Rack, y en ellos terminan todos los cables de red del cableado. Sirve
como un organizador de las conexiones de la red. Todas las líneas de entrada y salida de los
equipos (ordenadores, servidores, impresoras, entre otros) tendrán su conexión a uno de estos
paneles.
La instalación del panel Global 2U de 48 puertos no requiere herramientas gracias a unas técnicas
de construcción probadas que permiten montar y fijar los componentes realizando pocas
operaciones.
Checa fácil y rápidamente la continuidad en cables, y malas conexiones entre ambos extremos de
un cable. Para cables utp, stp, coaxial y modulares de teléfono. Permite chequear cables cuyos
extremos están distantes entre si. Testeo manual y automático.
Crimping Tool Es la herramienta que sirve para construir los cables Patch cord (de la PC al punto
de Red o del Pacth Panel al Hub).Fundamentalmente conecta los Plug RJ-45 con los ocho hilos del
cable UTP.
Impactador
Es la herramienta que me permite hacer la conexión de los hilos del cable UTP a los Jack’s que no
son a presión y a los Patch Panel
Se define como el espacio dedicado albergar el equipo del sistemas. Incluye terminaciones
mecánicas de cableado horizontal y vertical Puede ser una habitación o en algunos casos un
gabinete. Mínimo uno por piso o por cada 1000 mts2
Bridge: (Puente) Son dispositivos que tienen usos definidos. Primero, pueden interconectar
segmentos de red a través de medios físicos diferentes; por ejemplo, no es poco común ver puentes
entre cable coaxial y de fibra óptica. Además, pueden adaptar diferentes protocolos de bajo nivel
(capa de enlace de datos y física de modelo OSI).
Cable UTP: es un cable que no tiene revestimiento o blindaje entre la cubierta exterior y los cables.
El UTP se utiliza comúnmente para aplicaciones de REDES Ethernet, el témino UTP generalmente se
refiere a los cables categoria 3, 4 y 5 especificados por el estándar TIA/EIA 568-A standard.
Ethernet: Muy utilizada red local que se ha popularizado entre las compañías como una especie de
red corporativa de elevada velocidad. Fibra óptica: Sistema de transmisión que utiliza fibra de vidrio
como conductor de frecuencias de luz visible o infrarroja. Este tipo de transmisión tiene la ventaja
de que no se pierde casi energía pese a la distancia (la señal no se debilita) y que no le afectan las
posibles interferencias electromagnéticas que sí afectan a la tecnología de cable de cobre clásica.
File Server: Tipo de servidor que almacena varios tipos de archivos y los distribuye a otros clientes
de la red. FTP: (File Transfer Protocol - Protocolo de transferencia de archivos). Uno de los
protocolos más utilizados en Internet lo es sin duda el FTP, el cual nos permite bajar información de
los servidores que se encuentran en Internet, para lo cual debemos de teclear un nombre de usuario
y una contraseña.
Gateways: Puerta de enlace, acceso, pasarela. Nodo en una red informática que sirve de punto de
acceso a otra red. Dispositivo dedicado a intercomunicar sistemas con protocolos incompatibles. Se
trata de un intermediário entre ambos para poder comunicarlos. Host (Sistema anfitrión) Esto es un
servidor o computadora muy potente que por medio de protocolos TCP/IP permite a los usuarios la
comunicación con otros servidores en Internet.
Interferencia: Acción recíproca de las ondas de la que resulta aumento o disminución del
movimiento ondulatorio.
LAN: (Local Area Network - Red de Área Local). Interconexión de computadoras y periféricos para
formar una red dentro de una empresa u hogar, limitada generalmente a un edificio.
MAN: (Metropolitan Area Network - Red de Área Metropolitana). Red de alta velocidad que cubre
un área geográfica extensa. Es una evolución del concepto de LAN (red de área local), pues involucra
un área mucho más grande como puede ser un área metropolitana.
Mbps: Megabits por segundo, Mbit/s. Un mbps equivale a un millón de bits (o 1000 kbit)
transferidos por segundo. Suele utilizarse para medir la velocidad de una conexión como la de
Internet o para medir calidad de videos, pero no debe confundirse con la unidad de almacenamiento
y equivale a 1024 kilobytes.
Multicast: Es la comunicación de un sólo emisor y varios receptores dentro de una red.
NIC—It is pronounced “nick” and refers to the network interface card, also called the
network adapter card (but for some reason never called a NAC), or just the network
interface. This card typically goes into an ISA, PCI, or PCMCIA (PC card) slot in a
computer and connects to the network medium, which in turn is connected to other
media—Media are the means by which signals are sent from one computer to another by
wireless media—Wireless media, such as the radio, laser, infrared, and satellite/microwave
technologies, carry signals from one computer to another without a permanent tangible
surrounded by a heavy shielding that is used to connect computers in a network. Either thin
that consists of pairs of copper wires twisted inside an outer jacket. There are two basic
types: UTP (unshielded twisted pair) and STP (shielded twisted pair). UTP is the most
commonly used cabling in modern Ethernet networks. It comes in different category ratings
depending on whether it is considered voice or data grade and the transmission speed it
plenum—The plenum in a building is the space between a false ceiling and the floor above,
through which cabling can be run. Plenum-grade cable, often called plenum cable, refers
to cable with an outer jacket made of Teflon or other material that complies with fire and
PVC—In the context of network hardware and cabling, PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride,
the material out of which the jacket on non-plenum-grade cable is made. It is less expensive
than plenum-grade materials but does not meet most safety codes for installation in the
of strands of glass or plastic (instead of copper), through which light pulses carry signals.
Fiber has many advantages over copper in terms of transmission speed and signal integrity
over distance; however, it is more expensive and more difficult to work with.
connectivity devices—This term refers to several different device types, all of which are
used to connect cable segments, connect two or more smaller networks (or subnets) into a
larger network, or divide a large network into smaller ones. The term encompasses
repeaters, hubs, switches, bridges, routers, and brouters. Each is discussed in detail in
Protocols are sometimes compared to languages, but a better analogy is that the protocol is
like the syntax of a language, which is the order in which processes occur. There are many
different types of computer protocols. A protocol stack refers to two or more protocols
working together. The term protocol suite describes a set of several protocols that perform
NOS—NOS, which stands for network operating system, usually refers to server software,
such as Windows NT, Windows 2000 Server, Novell NetWare, and UNIX. The term
operating system refers to the operating system software that runs on the network’s
workstations, which access the server and/or log onto the network as clients.
hybrid network—A hybrid network (also called a multivendor network) is one in which
the software products of different vendors interoperate, especially in regard to the server
operating systems. For example, a network that has Windows NT domain controllers,
MAN—A MAN (metropolitan-area network) is a network that is between the LAN and the
WAN in size. This is a network that covers roughly the area of a large city or metropolitan
area.
physical topology—This refers to the layout or physical shape of the network, whether the
computers are arranged so that cabling goes from one to another in a linear fashion (linear
bus topology), the last connects back to the first to form a ring (ring topology), the systems
“meet in the middle” by connecting to a central hub (star topology), or multiple redundant
connections make pathways (mesh topology). The characteristics of each are discussed in
logical topology—The logical topology is the path that signals take from one computer to
another. This can correspond to the physical topology. For instance, a network can be a
physical star, in which each computer connects to a central hub, but inside the hub, the data
can travel in a circle, making it a logical ring. The difference between physical and logical
bit—The smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit equals 1 or 0, and it is the binary format
byte—A byte is a unit of measure used to describe the size of a data file, the amount of
space on a disk or other storage medium, or the amount of data being sent over a network.
KB (kilobyte)—A kilobyte is approximately 1000 bytes (actually, it’s 1024 bytes). It can
be abbreviated as “K.”
Hz (Hertz)—A unit of frequency. It is the rate of change in the state or cycle in a sound
wave, alternating current, or other cyclical waveform. It has one cycle per second and is
MHz (megahertz)—One million cycles per second. This is a common measurement of the
microprocessor.
Local-area network (LAN): The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same
building).
Wide-area network (WAN): The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines
or radio waves.
Home-area network (HAN): A network contained within a user's home that connects a person's
digital devices.
Virtual private network (VPN): A network that is constructed by using public wires — usually the
Internet — to connect to a private network, such as a company's internal network.
Storage area network (SAN): A high-speed network of storage devices that also connects those
storage devices with servers.
Server: A computer or device on a network that manages network resources. Servers are often
dedicated, meaning that they perform no other tasks besides their server tasks.
Client: A client is an application that runs on a personal computer or workstation and relies on a
server to perform some operations.
Devices: Computer devices, such as a CD-ROM drive or printer, that is not part of the essential
computer. Examples of devices include disk drives, printers, and modems.
Transmission Media: the type of physical system used to carry a communication signal from one
system to another. Examples of transmission media include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and
fiber optic cable.
Network Operating System (NOS): A network operating system includes special functions for
connecting computers and devices into a local-area network (LAN). The term network operating
system is generally reserved for software that enhances a basic operating system by adding
networking features.
Operating System: Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs,
called application programs, can run. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing
input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories
on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
Network Interface Card (NIC): An expansion board you insert into a computer so the computer can
be connected to a network. Most NICs are designed for a particular type of network, protocol, and
media, although some can serve multiple networks.
Hub: A common connection point for devices in a network. A hub contains multiple ports. When a
packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all
packets.
Switch: A device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments. Switches operate at the
data link layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI Reference Model.
Router: A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at
least two networks and is located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect.
Bridge: A device that connects two local-area networks (LANs), or two segments of the same LAN
that use the same protocol
Channel Service Unit/Digital Service Unit (CSU/DSU): The CSU is a device that connects a terminal
to a digital line. Typically, the two devices are packaged as a single unit.
Terminal Adapter (ISDN Adapter): A device that connects a computer to an external digital
communications line, such as an ISDN line. A terminal adapter is a bit like a modem but only needs
to pass along digital signals.
Access Point: A hardware device or a computer's software that acts as a communication hub for
users of a wireless device to connect to a wired LAN.
Firewall: A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls
can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both.
MAC Address: A MAC (Media Access Control) address, sometimes referred to as a hardware address
or physical address, is an ID code that's assigned to a network adapter or any device with built-in
networking capability.
Physical Layer
This layer conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal -- through the network at
the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data
on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Examples include Ethernet, FDDI,
B8ZS, V.35, V.24, RJ45.
At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol
knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame
synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC)
layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. Examples include PPP, FDDI, ATM, IEEE 802.5/ 802.2,
IEEE 802.3/802.2, HDLC, Frame Relay.
Network Layer
This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual
circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer,
as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.
Examples include AppleTalk DDP, IP, IPX.
Transport Layer
This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible
for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.Examples include
SPX, TCP, UDP.
Session Layer
This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer
sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the
applications at each end. Examples include NFS, NetBios names, RPC, SQL.
Presentation Layer
This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by
translating from application to network format, and vice versa. This layer formats and encrypts data
to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. Examples include
encryption, ASCII, EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT, JPEG, MPEG, MIDI.
Application Layer
This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified,
quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints
on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides
application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services. Examples include
WWW browsers, NFS, SNMP, Telnet, HTTP, FTP.
Application
Defines TCP/IP application protocols and how host programs interface with transport layer services
to use the network. Protocol examples include HTTP, Telnet, FTP, TFTP, SNMP, DNS, SMTP.
Transport
Provides communication session management between host computers. Defines the level of service
and status of the connection used when transporting data. Protocol examples include TCP, UDP,
RTP.
Internet
Packages data into IP datagrams, which contain source and destination address information that is
used to forward the datagrams between hosts and across networks. Performs routing of IP
datagrams. Protocol examples include IP, ICMP, ARP, RARP.
Network interface
Specifies details of how data is physically sent through the network, including how bits are
electrically signaled by hardware devices that interface directly with a network medium, such as
coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted-pair copper wire. Protocol examples include Ethernet, Token
Ring, FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay, RS-232, v.35.
Bus Topology
All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone. Bus networks are relatively
inexpensive and easy to install for small networks.
Ring Topology
All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is
connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it.
Star Topology
All devices are connected to a central hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install and manage,
but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the hub.
Tree Topology
A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of groups of
star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable.