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Moment distribution method

The moment distribution method (not to be con- 2.3 Distribution factors


fused with moment redistribution) is a structural analy-
sis method for statically indeterminate beams and frames When a joint is released and begins to rotate under the un-
developed by Hardy Cross. It was published in 1930 in balanced moment, resisting forces develop at each mem-
an ASCE journal.[1] The method only accounts for flexu- ber framed together at the joint. Although the total resis-
ral effects and ignores axial and shear effects. From the tance is equal to the unbalanced moment, the magnitudes
1930s until computers began to be widely used in the de- of resisting forces developed at each member differ by
sign and analysis of structures, the moment distribution the members’ flexural stiffness. Distribution factors can
method was the most widely practiced method. be defined as the proportions of the unbalanced moments
carried by each of the members. In mathematical terms,
distribution factor of member k framed at joint j is given
as:
1 Introduction
Ek Ik
In the moment distribution method, every joint of the Djk = L
∑i=nk Ei Ii
structure to be analysed is fixed so as to develop the fixed- i=1 Li
end moments. Then each fixed joint is sequentially re-
leased and the fixed-end moments (which by the time of where n is the number of members framed at the joint.
release are not in equilibrium) are distributed to adjacent
members until equilibrium is achieved. The moment dis- 2.4 Carryover factors
tribution method in mathematical terms can be demon-
strated as the process of solving a set of simultaneousWhen a joint is released, balancing moment occurs to
equations by means of iteration. counterbalance the unbalanced moment which is initially
The moment distribution method falls into the category the same as the fixed-end moment. This balancing mo-
of displacement method of structural analysis. ment is then carried over to the member’s other end. The
ratio of the carried-over moment at the other end to the
fixed-end moment of the initial end is the carryover fac-
tor.
2 Implementation
2.4.1 Determination of carryover factors
In order to apply the moment distribution method to anal-
yse a structure, the following things must be considered. Let one end (end A) of a fixed beam be released and ap-
plied a moment MA while the other end (end B) remains
fixed. This will cause end A to rotate through an angle
θA . Once the magnitude of MB developed at end B is
2.1 Fixed end moments
found, the carryover factor of this member is given as the
ratio of MB over MA :
Fixed end moments are the moments produced at mem-
ber ends by external loads when the joints are fixed.
MB
CAB =
MA
2.2 Flexural stiffness In case of a beam of length L with constant cross-section
whose flexural rigidity is EI ,
The flexural stiffness (EI/L) of a member is represented
as the product of the modulus of elasticity (E) and the
second moment of area (I) divided by the length (L) of M = 4 EI θ + 2 EI θ = 4 EI θ
A A B A
the member. What is needed in the moment distribution L L L
method is not the exact value but the ratio of flexural stiff- EI EI EI
ness of all members. MB = 2 θA + 4 θB = 2 θA
L L L

1
2 3 EXAMPLE

therefore the carryover factor 3.1 Fixed end moments


See also: Fixed end moment
MB 1
CAB = = f P b2 a 10 × 72 × 3
MA 2 MAB =− = − = −14.700 kN · m
L2 102
f P a2 b 10 × 32 × 7
2.5 Sign convention MBA = 2
= = +6.300 kN · m
L 102
f qL2 1 × 102
Once a sign convention has been chosen, it has to be MBC =− =− = −8.333 kN · m
maintained for the whole structure. The traditional en- 12 12
gineer’s sign convention is not used in the calculations of f qL2 1 × 102
MCB = = = +8.333 kN · m
the moment distribution method although the results can 12 12
be expressed in the conventional way. In the BMD case, f PL 10 × 10
the left side moment is clockwise direction and other is MCD =− =− = −12.500 kN · m
8 8
anticlockwise direction so the bending is positive and is
f PL 10 × 10
called sagging. MDC = = = +12.500 kN · m
8 8

2.6 Framed structures 3.2 Flexural stiffness and distribution fac-


tors
Framed structures with or without sidesway can be anal-
ysed using the moment distribution method. The flexural stiffness of members AB, BC and CD are
3EI 4×2EI
L , L and 4EI
L , respectively. Therefore, express-
ing the results in repeating decimal notation:
3 Example
3EI 3
L 10 3
DBA = 3EI
= 3 8 = = 0.(27)
L + 4×2EI
L 10 + 10
11

4×2EI 8
L 10 8
DBC = 3EI 4×2EI
= 3 8 = = 0.(72)
L + L 10 + 10
11
4×2EI 8
L 10 8
DCB = 4×2EI
= 8 4 = = 0.(67)
L + 4EI
L 10 + 10
12
4EI 4
L 10 4
DCD = 4×2EI
= 8 4 = = 0.(33)
Example L + 4EI
L 10 + 10
12
The distribution factors of joints A and D are DAB = 1
The statically indeterminate beam shown in the figure is and DDC = 0 .
to be analysed.

3.3 Carryover factors


• Members AB, BC, CD have the same span L =
10 m . The carryover factors are 12 , except for the carryover fac-
tor from D (fixed support) to C which is zero.
• Flexural rigidities are EI, 2EI, EI respectively.

• Concentrated load of magnitude P = 10 kN acts at 3.4 Moment distribution


a distance a = 3 m from the support A.
Numbers in grey are balanced moments; arrows ( → / ←
• Uniform load of intensity q = 1 kN /m acts on BC. ) represent the carry-over of moment from one end to the
other end of a member.* Step 1: As joint A is released,
• Member CD is loaded at its midspan with a concen-
balancing moment of magnitude equal to the fixed end
trated load of magnitude P = 10 kN . f
moment MAB = 14.700 kN m develops and is carried-
over from joint A to joint B.* Step 2: The unbalanced
In the following calculations, counterclockwise moments moment at joint B now is the summation of the fixed
f f
are positive. end moments MBA , MBC and the carry-over moment
3.6 Result via displacements method 3

from joint A. This unbalanced moment is distributed to 3.6 Result via displacements method
members BA and BC in accordance with the distribu-
tion factors DBA = 0.2727 and DBC = 0.7273 . Step As the Hardy Cross method provides only approximate
2 ends with carry-over of balanced moment MBC = results, with a margin of error inversely proportionate to
3.867 kN m to joint C. Joint A is a roller support which the number of iterations, it is important to have an idea
has no rotational restraint, so moment carryover from of how accurate this method might be. With this in mind,
joint B to joint A is zero.* Step 3: The unbalanced mo- here is the result obtained by using an exact method: the
ment at joint C now is the summation of the fixed end displacement method
f f
moments MCB , MCD and the carryover moment from For this, the displacements method equation assumes the
joint B. As in the previous step, this unbalanced moment following form:
is distributed to each member and then carried over to
joint D and back to joint B. Joint D is a fixed support and [K] {d} = {−f }
carried-over moments to this joint will not be distributed For the structure described in this example, the stiffness
nor be carried over to joint C.* Step 4: Joint B still has matrix is as follows:
balanced moment which was carried over from joint C in [ EI ]
3 L + 4 2EI 2 2EI
step 3. Joint B is released once again to induce moment [K] = L L
2 2EI 4 2EI
L +4 L
EI
distribution and to achieve equilibrium.* Steps 5 - 10: L

Joints are released and fixed again until every joint has The equivalent nodal force vector:
{ }
unbalanced moments of size zero or neglectably small in T 2 2
{f } = −P ab(L+a) + q L12 , −q L12 + P L8
required precision. Arithmetically summing all moments 2L2

in each respective columns gives the final moment values. Replacing the values presented above in the equation and
solving it for {d} leads to the following result:
T
3.5 Result {d} = {6.9368; −5.7845}
Hence, the moments evaluated in node B are as follows:
• Moments at joints determined by the moment dis-
ab(L+a)
tribution method MBA = 3 EI L d1 − P 2L2 = −11.569
2

MA = 0 kN · m MBC = −4 2EI
L d1 − 2 L d2 − q 12 = −11.569
2EI L

MB = −11.569 kN · m The moments evaluated in node C are as follows:


2

L d1 + 4 L d2 − q 12 = −10.186
MCB = 2 2EI 2EI L
MC = −10.186 kN · m
MD = −13.657 kN · m MCD = −4 EI
L d2 − P 8 = −10.186
L

The conventional engineer’s sign convention is


used here, i.e. positive moments cause elonga-
tion at the bottom part of a beam member. 4 See also
For comparison purposes, the following are the results • Finite element method
generated using a matrix method. Note that in the analy-
sis above, the iterative process was carried to >0.01 pre- • Slope deflection method
cision. The fact that the matrix analysis results and the
moment distribution analysis results match to 0.001 pre-
cision is mere coincidence. 5 Notes
• Moments at joints determined by the matrix method [1] Cross, Hardy (1930). “Analysis of Continuous Frames
by Distributing Fixed-End Moments”. Proceedings of the
MA = 0 kN · m American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). pp. 919–
MB = −11.569 kN · m 928.
MC = −10.186 kN · m
MD = −13.657 kN · m
6 References
The complete shear and bending moment diagrams are as
shown. Note that the moment distribution method only • Błaszkowiak, Stanisław; Zbigniew Kączkowski
determines the moments at the joints. Developing com- (1966). Iterative Methods in Structural Analy-
plete bending moment diagrams require additional calcu- sis. Pergamon Press, Państwowe Wydawnictwo
lations using the determined joint moments and internal Naukowe.
section equilibrium.
• Norris, Charles Head; John Benson Wilbur; Senol
• SFD and BMD Utku (1976). Elementary Structural Analysis (3rd
4 7 EXTERNAL LINKS

ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 327–345. ISBN 0-07-


047256-4.
• McCormac, Jack C.; James K. Nelson, Jr. (1997).
Structural Analysis: A Classical and Matrix Ap-
proach (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. pp. 488–538.
ISBN 0-673-99753-7. Cite uses deprecated param-
eter |coauthors= (help)

• Yang, Chang-hyeon (2001-01-10). Structural Anal-


ysis (in Korean) (4th ed.). Seoul: Cheong Moon
Gak Publishers. pp. 391–422. ISBN 89-7088-709-
1.

• Volokh, K.Y. (2002). On foundations of the Hardy


Cross method. International Journal of Solids and
Structures,Volume 39, Issue 16, August 2002, Pages
4197-4200. doi:10.1016/S0020-7683(02)00345-1.

7 External links
• Online Calculator for Moment Distribution Method

• Free Moment Distribution Program in Visual Basic


5

8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


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