Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
2009
Ulfat Usta Shanouha
Chief Pharmacist AUBMC
MS Clinical Pharmacy
BCNSP
Objectives
Benchmarking
Antimicrobial Stewardship Program
National Benchmarking: Objectives and Methods
Data presentation
Future plan
Definition
Measurement of the quality of a firm’s policies,
products, programs, strategies, etc.,and their
comparison with standard measurements, or similar
measurement of the best‐in‐class firms.
Internal Benchmarking
Accreditation requires that hospitals must perform
Drug Utilization Review
Antimicrobial Use Review is performed by the
Lebanese hospitals by picking one or several
indicators (cost, consumption for restricted drugs….)
to control rising acquisition cost of antimicrobial
drugs and to track their own performance from year
to year.
Internal trends are usually shared with all relevant
departments in the hospital for optimizing processes
and outcomes.
Disadvantages of Internal
Benchmarking
Develops satisfaction
Fails to highlight true “best practice”
No pharmacy staff has the time to continually
investigate all of its practices especially in view of the
lack of understanding of the relationship between
antimicrobial use and resistance.
Why Antimicrobials?
Antimicrobials account for more than 15‐20% of hospital
pharmacy budgets
Around 50% of antimicrobial use is inappropriate
Inappropriate and unnecessary antimicrobial use leads to
increased selection of resistant pathogens AND the
‘super‐bug’ strains”
Once antimicrobial resistance emerges, it can have a
significant impact on patient morbidity and mortality as
well as increased health care cost.
Unlike any other drugs use of in one patient can
compromise its efficacy in another.
Lack of new antimicrobial agents
You can’t “catch cancer” from the patient next to you.
You CAN catch MRSA or many other drug‐resistant
Microorganisms
Benchmarking in Healthcare setting
It is finding and implementing best practices
It entails collecting and comparing standardized data
in order to find the objective criteria that can
determine which practice is the best
Benchmarking techniques have the advantages of:
‐ Comparing drug utilization
‐ Identifying the effectiveness of various activities
targeted at reducing inappropriate use
Drawbacks of Benchmarking with other
Organizations
Failure to Compare like for like
Unwillingness to share data for fear of impacting
competitiveness
How best practice is best practice: Small sample
group and incorrect measures can result in a failure to
establish best practice
Objectives
Benchmarking
Antimicrobial Stewardship Program
National Benchmarking: Objectives and Methods
Data presentation
Future plan
Antimicrobial stewardships
Antibiotic policies, antibiotic management programs,
antibiotic control programs, and other terms may be
used more or less interchangeably.
A number of guidelines and national policy
documents related to antimicrobial stewardship have
been produced in North America1 and by the
European Antibiotic Resistance Prevention and
Control Project (ARPAC)
Evidence‐based Interventions
Pre‐Prescription approval
Post‐prescription approval
Education and use of standard infection control
precautions
Guidelines and clinical pathways
Antimicrobial cycling/switching/mixing
Antimicrobial order forms for prophylaxis
Streamlining or de‐escalation of therapy
IV to PO switch
Stop the antimicrobial treatment when infection is
cured
True/False Question
The most effective antimicrobial stewardship programs
are in large medical centers because resources are
more plentiful than in smaller hospitals.
Impact of Antibiotic Stewardship Programs
6 Top Resistant Pathogens
Infectious Diseases Society of America “Hit List”
Gram‐negative pathogens
‐Pseudomonas aeruginosa
‐ Extended spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Klebsiella
pneumoniae
‐ Acinetobacter species
Gram‐positive pathogens
‐ Community‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA)
‐ Penicillin‐resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (also resistant to
macrolides)
‐ Vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE)
Infectious Diseases Society of America. http://www.idsociety.org/
Formulary Restriction/Prior &
Post Authorization
Targeted drugs
Infectious disease (ID) approval
ID pharmacist with ID attending review cases within 48‐72
hours of starting antimicrobial agents
‐ Streamlining/de‐escalation
‐ Dose optimization (correct regimen, timing, dosage,
route, and duration) saves lives
‐ IV to PO switching
‐ “Bug‐Drug” mismatches
Facts (1)
Effectiveness of a preauthorization program depends
on who is making the recommendations.
Restriction of cefotaxime use through a program
requiring approal from a chief resident or attending
physician had no impact on its use .(Arch Intern
Med.1985)
Facts (2)
Recommendations from an antimicrobial management
team resulted in increased antimicrobial
appropriateness, increased clinical cure and a trend
towards improved economic outcome compared with
recommendations made by infectious diseases
fellows.(clin Infect Dis.2001
Objectives
Benchmarking
Antimicrobial Stewardship Program
National Benchmarking: Objectives and Methods
Data presentation
Future plan
Objectives of the Survey
This survey (Phase I ) was initiated by the OPL
Committee of hospital pharmacists to assess the
willingness of Lebanese hospitals to share their data
to benchmark at the National level:
Availability of policy to restrict antimicrobial agents
Antimicrobial agents under restriction
Monitoring the consumption of restricted
antimicrobials over 6 months, from January 1, 2009 to
June 30, 2009.
Methods
Consumption data was standardized based on DDD
(defined daily dose) as recommended by the National
Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System
Report
DDD of antimicrobial agent is calculated by dividing
the total grams of the antimicrobial agent used in a
hospital area by the number of grams in an average
daily dose of the agent given to an adult patient
Methods
WHO defines DDD per agent
Cefuroxime parenteral: DDD 3 gram
Ceftriaxone parenteral: DDD 2 gram
Ceftazidime parenteral: DDD 4 gram
Cefepime parenteral: DDD 2 gram
Methods
Response rate was 32% (38 out 120 hospitals)
Further benchmarking analysis was possible for 21
hospitals
Due to the small sample size 2 categories were chosen
‐ 7 University and Teaching Hospitals
‐ 14 Community non teaching and Governmental
Hospitals
Methods
Antimicrobial agents were grouped in 4 categories:
‐ Cephalosporin 3rd generation: Ceftriaxone,
Cefotaxime, Ceftizoxime, Cefepime.
‐ Quinolones
‐ Glycopeptides
‐ Other β‐lactams: Aztreonam
‐ Carbapenems: Imipenem/Cilastatin
‐ Antipseudomonal: Piperacillin‐Tazobacam
Facts
The benchmarking Programs deals with large‐scale
issues. A high rate or ratio does not necessarily define
a problem; it only suggests an area for further
investigation to confirm misuse based on the
evaluation of DUR.
Restricted Antimicrobial Use all Hospitals
Percentiles (the value in a distribution where a value is larger than Y% of the other values in the
sample) e.g., the 90th percentile lies at a point where 90% of the other values are smaller
Facts
High rates of third‐generation cephalosporin use have been
implicated as a major cause of ESBL‐producing organisms multidrug‐
resistant.
Carbapenems are the most active and reliable treatment options for
infections caused by ESBL isolates.
However, overuse of carbapenems may lead to resistance of other
gram‐negative organisms.
Therefore, restricting the use of third‐generation cephalosporins,
along with implementation of infection control measures, are the
most effective means of controlling and decreasing the spread of ESBL
isolates.
Extended‐Spectrum ß‐Lactamases: Epidemiology, Detection, and Treatment Surakit Nathisuwan, Pharm.D., David S. Burgess, Pharm.D., and
James S. Lewis II, Pharm.D., College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, and the Department of Pharmacology,
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas Published: 04/01/2001
Carbapenems
DDD/
90% percentile 81.4 1000 pt
days
Carbapenems
DDD/
1000 pt
days
3rd Generation Cephalosporins
H5, H14, H15,H19,H22: No Oncology Service
H14, H15, H22: Ceftriaxone not restricted
3rd Generation Cephalosporins
& Carbapenems Group I
3rd Generation Cephalosporins
& Carbapenems Group II
Trendline
Facts
Incident Results Strategy Outcomes
Outbreak of Increased Decreased Resistance rate was
ceftazidime‐resistant ceftazidime ceftazidime use 50% reduced to 10% < 1
Klebsiella resistance from 6 to and significantly year
pneumoniae 28% in 1 year, increased the use of
Veterans’ hospital in piperacillin/tazobacta
Cleveland, m.
Clin Infect Dis 1996
Outbreaks of both Use of third‐ Fecal colonization
VRE and Clostridium generation with VRE decreased
difficile colitis cephalosporins, from 47 to 15%, and
Veterans’ hospital in vancomycin, and the incidence of C
Brooklyn clindamycin was difficile dropped over
Clin Infect Dis 1996 curtailed, and use of 50% within 1 year of
ampicillin/sulbactam the shift in antibiotic
and use.
piperacillin/tazobacta
m was increased.
Antipseudomonal Penicillins
90th percentile 56
Antipseudomonal Penicillins
90th percentile 56
Facts
Studies have reported that 50±70% of quinolone use
in the institutionalized elderly is inappropriate. In
some long term care facilities where quinolone use
has been common, an increasing prevalence of
colonization or infection with quinolone‐resistant
Gram‐negative organisms has been observed
Fluoroquinolone‐Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Among
Intensive Care Unit Patients, 1995‐2004
40
35
Percent Resistance
30
25
20 ICU
15
10
5
0
96
95
97
01
98
99
00
02
03
04
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
19
20
Year
Source: National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System
Quinolones
DDD/1000pt D
90th percentile 109
Quinolones
DDD/1000
90th percentile 63 Pt D
Glycopeptides
90th percentile 41
Plan
These preliminary reports will be distributed to all
currently participating sites
The individual hospital reports will allow comparisons
among hospitals while ensuring strict confidentiality of
the data submitted by each institution
By determining, for example, the correlation between total
antimicrobial use and rates of antimicrobial resistance the
Director of the Pharmacy may present a strong argument
in favor of additional management programs and FTEs to
be part of the stewardship program
Phase II
Update the data if more hospitals are ready to
participate this will increase the sample size to create
more subcategories
Assess the feasibility to collect and segregate ICUs’
data
Include all Antimicrobial agents
correlation between total antimicrobial use and rates
of antimicrobial resistance by the help of experts from
other disciplins.
Compare the data over the years based on the
progress of hospitals in implementing evidence based
strategies
Antimicrobial Management
Program
“The road to success is always under construction”
Arnold Palmer