Interaction and the clash of civilizations of India with other civilizations.

>Age of Islam in northern India.

As a result of the Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. (569-632 BC), the Arabs embraced Islam, and in
a short period of Islam continue to grow. Nations conquered by Muslim communities in those
days included Balucistan (650 BC). In the year 712 AD, the southern state of Sind and Punjab
ruled by Islam. These states are placed under the authority of the caliph in Baghdad. In
addition, there is any state in India is dominated by Muslims. Actually, the Turkish people
who managed to spread the religion of Islam in many areas in India at the end of the 10th
century AD. In the 12th century and into the AD-13, the Turkish conquerors have been
conquered northwestern India and the capital city, located in Afghanistan. In the 13th century
AD, an Islamic government was set up in India with Delhi as his capital. It covers almost all
regions of northern India. In the 14th century BC, their influence began to spread to southern
India. The 15th century AD saw the competition of political power in north India, the result
of a government of Afghanistan was established in Delhi.

The attack occurred on Mughal India in the 16th century AD, and they managed to capture
almost the entire Indian subcontinent. After seizing power for the next century the East India
Company had conquered India. Government Ghazni is one of the government formed as a
result of the breach by the Turkish government in Oxus valley. Ghazni lies about 127 km
south of Kabul. The government was established in 933 AD. In the year 973 BC, a
government called the ruling Jayabalan part of Afghanistan and parts of Punjab has meyerang
Ghazni, but to no avail. Sabuktigin has held the helm of government Ghazni in 977 AD. He
was able to extend its territory to the north and west and defeat Jayabalan and making indus
river as the boundary to the east. With this, the government has grown stronger Ghazni.
Sabuktigin successor, Mahmud of Ghazni was a brave government, a military leader at the
time the most efficient manner. He was also a patron of literature and art. Mahmud Ghazni
era marked the beginning of Islamic era in the history of India. Between the years 1008 to
1026 AD, Mahmud Ghazni invaded cities like Thanesar berkuil, Kanaauj, Mathura and others
in search of material benefits in the name of the prophet. Whatever the material he had
discovered will be confiscated and spent on the military. Conquest of the Punjab by Mahmud
Ghazni had the opportunity to disable stack layers of Hindus in India so far. The area extends
from the conquest of the Indus Valley in the west to the east of the river Jumna, but not in
Delhi. In the north, stretching up into the Himalayas. About the year 1024 AD, Mahmud
Ghazni had meyerang Somanathapuran and demolition of Hindu temples there. the temple is
one of the most famous temples, countless riches. He not only seized the property and wealth
in the temple, and even destroy Vikraha or sacred statues in the temple. The attack and
destruction has led to a bad assumption on Muslim communities across India. Muslim society
is considered as temples and peroboh vikraha therein. Mahmud Ghazni died in 1030 AD.
After the death of Mahmud Ghazni, the kingdom began to decline and the descendants of
Ghazni is dominated Punjab in the early 12th century AD.
Contemporary challenges in the Indian civilization

Western Colonialism in India.

Desire for eastern goods like spices and silks, a spirit of adventure and discover something
new and desire to overcome the Muslim traders (religious-political motivations) have
contributed to the development of the European community trade. Europe does not have the
goods needed by the east. Thus, the increased output of gold from Europe to buy more goods from
east trading . Even they are not so advanced in the 16th century (the Industrial Revolution began in
the technical and 18th century), but they have good ships (technological borrowed from Arabic), and
the unity of the armed vessels to capture the streets of their seas. This is to dominate maritime
commerce in the east

Coming of the west to India

Portugal was the first European power to come to India. This is as geography, politics,
religion in the country as well as the traders and reporting such as Henry the Navigator. The
main purpose of their coming to Africa and Asia is to get spices and spread the Christian
religion. In 1498, Vasco da Gama reached Calicut (Kozhikode) in kerala. Commercial
language trade in this area is a Portuguese language. Under the leadership of Alfonso de
Albuquerque, Portuguese captured Goa (1510) and established a trading empire. Other place
under the control of the Portuguese in India, including Daman and Diu and outside India as
melaka in Southeast Asia (1511) and in the Persian Gulf Ormuz (1515). They monopolize the
trade by force and to promote Portuguese men married local girls. St Francis Xavier, Roberto
de Nobili and Jesuit priests came to India to spread the religion kristian.Portigis exerting
power (force) of the Indian people in the places in the invaded to embrace Christianity
(Roman Catholic). Hindus and Muslims against the Portuguese but the attitude of the
disciples had just come from the caste-lower caste and the family intermarried with the
Portuguese. The collapse of Portuguese power in Europe and their interest in Brazil has
weakened their power in Asia. In the 17th century, new trading powers like the Dutch and
English have pursued portigis of their trading empire. But portugal areas in India remain
under the control of them until India achieved independence. (Goa was taken by a member of
the Indian army in1961). The Netherlands established the Dutch East India Company in 1602
aimed to control the spice trade in eastern India. They have to compete with the English and
eventually drove the English East Indian archipelago. This causes a switch to British India.
The Netherlands is trying to find new trade routes, and have mastered the production of the
spice monopoly. Dutch goods trade of various types and amounts greater than their religious
activities in Portuguese, but they are not widespread. They dominate Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and
centers in India including the Pulicat, Masulipatam and Surat.
 French East India company founded in France in 1664, its presence in the competition
through trade. They established settlements in Indian cities, namely in Chandernagore and
Pondicherry. By bureaucratic and financial reasons they are weak, they start showing interest
to establish the French empire in the mid-18th century and they had to compete with the
British. After independence of India, the French administration voluntarily surrender their
territory (Pondicherry) to India in 1954.

Islamic Reformist Movement, and recovery.

Reformist movements and the restoration of Islam occurred before and after the impact
of modern ideas barat.Shah wali-ullah of Delhi (1703-62), a renewal of orthodox opinion,
wrote at the time of the collapse of the empire and before the advent of British Munghal as a
great power. Changes in the environment he is in Persian and Islamic traditions emphasize
his religious and moral changes in the al-Quran and Sufism. He also translated al-Quran in
Persian language, and then into the Urdu language by the children and encourage military
action against Afghanistan with the help of Maratha power. Sayid Ahmad Shahid of Rea
Bareli (1786-1831), an orthodox restoration denying traditions of Persia with the Indian
Muslim community urged to return to the Arab Muslims who considered authentic. He is
carrying out jihad against the Sikh rulers of Punjab, but unfortunately he was killed in the
war. His followers continued their struggle and joined the unrest in 1857. Haji Shariat-ullah
and his son Dudu Miyan and Bengal (the early 19th century) is influenced by fundamentalist
movements Wahabbi and Arab states. He no longer mengenggap Bengal as Darul Islam
under the control of the kristian.Pergerakan reformist and orthodox in Bangal Tikur recovery
because they are returning to India after visiting Makkah. In the mid-18th century, the
Muslims lost political power after 500 years and put their religious and economic issues. This
situation worsened when the British government for basic education and English language is
Persian and put aside the language of English to get jobs in government, business and
profession. Turbulence is a center of literary and scientific studies and Urdu translation. In
addition, the british hate Muslims suspected that the turbulence began, especially after the
year 1857. Islamic reformist movements, and recovery takes a new shape in the late-19th
century and early 20th century, the emergence of Syed Ahmad Khan as a Muslim reformist
leaders. In the religion of the recovery effort, the real role played by the Deoband School
(1867), poetry Maulana Ali, (1857-1914), the role of Syed Ameer Ali (1928-49), author of
Shibli (1857-1914) and body formed AHMADIYYAH in punjab by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
(1839-1908). The movement took the form of political writers in the Khilafat movement (to
support the development of the turkey) and finally the movement for Pakistan in the 20th
century. Recovery-recovery class action was criticized as simple as Syed Ahmad Khan who
rely on Western models and institutions.
Nationalist Movement

After the year 1858 saw the gap increasing slowly among the educated people of India by
British administrators in India. People of India (educated) who have studied the properties of
British administration and its impact on the people of India to be more critical of British
policy in India. Discontent is clearly visible in political activities. In 1866, Naoroji formed
East India Dadabahi Association in London to discuss issues affecting India and the British
people to pay attention to the welfare of the people of India. Later, he was menubuhkann
branches in major cities of India. eliau pemiki economy is the first in India which shows that
poverty in India due to British exploitation of India. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was established
in 1870. Madras Mahajana Sabha in 1881 and the Bombay Presidency Association in 1885
aimed at criticizing some administrative and legal actions in the British Association of
Calcutta india.India that was established by Surendranath Banerjee to play an effective role in
efforts to create public opinion about politics and unite the people of India in the same
political program. Establishment is opposed to issues such as civil service regulations, the
weapons, the vernacular publication, Rent Bill, the workers in tea estates and other again.
These organizations cannot play a role as an organization for the whole of India and this is a
weakness. In 1885, a berbangse AOHume English, contact the leaders of India and important
meeting in Mumbai in December onion. The meeting was attended by 72 representatives. They
decided to establish friendly relations between nationalist political workers in India seliruh, expand
and consolidate the sense of national unity irrespective of caste, religion or region and discuss the
popular demands and submit to the government and create public opinion in the country. This
meeting established the Party of the Indian Nation Congress (INC) as a peaceful and constitutional
outlet to prevent a popular uprising. The second meeting was held in Calcutta in December 1886
under the leadership of Dadhbai Naoroji and seized at gradually increasing membership of this
organization. INC program until the year 1905 was a demand for the government to bring changes in
the constitution (people of India are given the opportunity menganbil in administration), economic
changes (to improve labor conditions, reduce the land revenue, higher expenditure on the military,
to cancel the salt tax, and develop modern industries) and changes administration to provide a
public service, pay the same salary and other. Leaders in the phase called moderate or moderate
groups who want to create the popular demands through petitions, meetings and speeches. They
want to develop a common view of India and educate British public opinion in england in the hope
that the government would accept a gradual claims.

But at the beginning of the 20th century, due to factors such as the emergence of the
movement maintain self-respect and self-esteem, unemployment and educational development and
international influence, the struggle of the nationalist struggle began to get a new look with the
emergence of militant nationalist thinking. Among the leaders of the militants were sighted as Raj
Narain Bose, Kumar Dutt, VS Chiplunkar and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo
Ghose and Lala Lajpat hatred of foreign rule and declared that swaraj or independence is the goal of
the nationalist movement, and they want to achieve this goal through common action. The break-up
of Bengal (1905) and protests marked the second phase of the nationalist movement in the struggle
for independence. The reason British, the Bengal was too large to be governed by a provincial
government not welcomed by the Nationalist who stated that British objectives were to divide the
unity of India by separating Hindus and Muslims. Antiperpecahan movements looking to engage
the moderate and radical action to cover or use the goods of India Swadeshi and boycott goods
britsh. The effect of this movement can be seen in the efforts to open the factory cloth, soap,
matches, and other banks. Activities of this movement to bring chaos in the country until the British
apprehend these leaders and movements bring kepda paralysis. In 1909, the Indian Councils Act or
the Morley-Minto reforms, split Bengal revoked the First World War occurred in 1915 and
nasionolis-nationalists in India started Home Rule League, under the leadership of Tilak, Annie
Besant and Mrs. S. Subramanya Aiyer claiming the government itself. In 1916 the INC meeting in
Lucknow, an agreement made by the nationalist-nationalist militants in the medium and Hindus with
Muslims to fight together for freedom.

Mahatma Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Ghandhi (1869-1948) who was born in a Gujarati family in

Vaisya been influenced by the doctrine of Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism on ahimsa
(rejecting violence). He studied law in england, went to South Africa as the then counsel to
the Gujarati Muslim traders. He saw racial discrimination occurs and lived there for the
people of India to fight human rights. In South Africa, he developed a new action satyagraha
(of truth), however he was in the spacing. Since then, he changed the way of life in terms of
food and clothing to establish ashram. He back to india in tahun1915, began his struggle to
support farmers in Bihar against British landlords in 1917. He entered the labor strike against
the host plant in Ahmedabad in 1918. Gradually, he tried to involve people in pergarakan
independence. In 1920, he declared the campaign a number of swaraj and satyagraha
campaign was run until India achieved independence in 1947 Dalan. On January 30, 1948,
Ghandhi NV assassinated by Godse, a Hindu extremist Islam because of the protection and
support. The aim is to achieve swaraj Gandhi and sarvodaya (the good of all people). He
stressed that respect for manual labour, such as that contained in the thinking of Tolstoy and
Ruskin. The methods used to achieve this is to affirm the relationship goals and how, the
means and the purpose of forming and satyagraha is based on satya (truth), ahimsa (rejecting
violence), tapasya (self-control and torture). Satyagraha include efforts to use all means, carry
out activities to help opponents and take constructive action to benefit the public. Satyagraha
trying to find solutions to meet the needs of all parties involved. He has synthesized the main
trends of the medium and methods of using excessive force. With this, he has introduced a new
tactic that is more practical. He also took the traditional Indian language, but using a new way to
change the value - the value of traditional medicines. These methods, such as introducing a new
political leadership. His influence extends as proximity to the poor and lower-class, personal courage
and his constructive work to help the poor. He introduces new ways to solve conflicts and give a new
definition of power, that leadership without the authority of the office and without force. This is the
contribution of Gandhi to the leadership and people of India who are fighting to claim independence
from colonial rule. After Gandhi died, an idea-and this deanya remains to be seen through the
Sarvodaya movement (development) which are run by Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan. Basic
sarvodaya is not doing violence, respect for manual labour and work. It reject utilitarianisme (large
of good for the large number) and give priority to welfare to all and hope all will be participating
him. Vinobe Bhave (1895) is a Brahmin from Maharashtra who is also Gandhi’s follower start the
movement of bhudan (land grant) that is divide land to the people of India which poor and does not
has a land. The other movement based on idea give priority to social welfare which began by Gandhi
including sampattidan (grant part of wealth to welfare), jivandani (grant part of someone’s life for J.
Narayan welfare to became the first Jivandani), gramdan (village grant to charity where cooperative
agriculture carried out) and shanty sena (the group of peace that have experienced member in
ahimsa by way of something reduce tension and cruelty between castes, group and palatial
community.