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PERFORMANCE STUDY OF COAGULATION & BALLAST FLOCCULATION
FOR RECYCLE BASED KRAFT PAPER MILL
MRS. SUSHMA SANGRAM KUMBHAR
Research Scholar, Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Shivaji University,
Kolhapur, Maharashtra India
MR. S. M. BHOSALE
Coordinator, Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur,
Maharashtra India
ABSTRACT:
The pulp and paper industry is one of India's
oldest and core industrial sector. The socio-
economic importance of paper has its own value to
the countries development as it is directly related to
the industrial and economic growth of the country.
Although paper has many uses, its most important
contribution to modern civilization is its use as a
medium to record knowledge.
Paper manufacturing is a highly capital,
energy and water intensive industry. It is also a
highly polluting process and requires substantial
investments in pollution control equipment. Present
research work describes a study of Coagulation &
Ballast Flocculation for Recycle based Kraft paper
mill.
INTRODUCTION:
Today there are more than 600 pulp and paper
mills in the country, nearly 6.2 million tons of paper,
paper boards and news print is produced against an
operating installed capacity of nearly 8.5 million tons
(Shukla et al., 2008). According to recent studies, the
Indian paper industry is poised to grow from 7.2 million
tones in 2005-06 to 13.95 million tones in 2015- 2016.
The demand for paper in India is witnessing a healthy
growth of 7 % to 8% compared to 5% in the past, and
there is huge potential for more (Prinen et al., 2008). The
paper is manufactured from three major kinds of raw
materials, viz. wood, agricultural residues and recycled
fibers. The total wood used in paper manufacturing is 5.8
million ton per year in India (Panwar et al., 2008). Fast
depletion of natural forest in the country has resulted in
acute shortage of forest-based raw material for the
paper industry. Efforts were made for the plantation of
fast growing trees like eucalyptus. But the supply of
wood is not sufficient to meet the growing demand of
paper industry. Because of this short supply of
eucalyptus and bamboo, the agricultural residues have
gained importance. Wheat straw, rice straw and other
grasses are being used since long but the bagasse, which
is a waste, obtained after extraction of sugar juice is
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VOLUME 3, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2017
gaining importance day to day. Bagasse and wheat straw
is used in Northern India. Wheat straw is not available in
plenty because it is a regular cattle feed and rice straw is
not a suitable raw material for large and medium paper
mills especially for the production of good quality
papers. Bagasse is a suitable raw material for most grade
of paper and its availability is increasing day by day as
more and more sugar mills improving their boiler
efficiency to spare more and more bagasse for paper
industry.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
Hanif et al.,(2006) adopted Cassia fistula for physoco-
chemical treatment of textile wastewater as coagulation
and TDS removal. The methodology was to find optimum
pH and optimum dose by using the Jar test apparatus.
They observed that, the optimum pH for both units viz.
Dyeing unit and finishing unit, was 6. By addition of
sulfuric acid the alkaline wastewater was brought to the
optimum pH. Dosing was varied from 250 mg/l to 1500
mg/L and TDS removal achieved was from 15% to 88%
and turbidity removal from 10% to 60%.
Aziz et al.,(2007) studied the effect of Alum, Ferric
chloride, Ferrous sulfate, Ferric sulfate for removal of
color from landfill leachate. The study shows that ferric
chloride is the most efficient coagulant as compared to
the others. They studied the effect of coagulant at
different pH like 4, 6 and 12. At lower pH 4 optimum
doses of all coagulants was observed to be more efficient
than at other pH. For Alum the optimum dose was 2200
mg/L with color removal efficiency of 82%. In case of
Ferric chloride it 800 mg/L with color removal of 94%.
Zonoozi et al., (2008) studied the efficiency of PAC and
Alum for removal of Acid red 398 dye from an aqueous
solution using the Jar test apparatus. The study was
carried using the Jar test apparatus. In case of PAC the
best removal efficiency was nearly about 80% at the
dose of 100 mg/L to 120 mg/L, whereas for Alum it was
60% at the dose of 140 mg/L to 160 mg/L. They also
studied the effect of coagulation aid Bentonite, which
resulted in an enhanced performance in color removal,

and this was increased by 15% for alum and 9% when
used with PAC.
Guendy (2010) the effect of coagulants for various
dosage and pH for color removal was examined using the
Jar test apparatus. The effect of Ferric chloride was
compared with the results of Alum. The effective dose for
both coagulants was 50 mg/L in the pH range of 4-6. The
efficiency observed at the above condition was 90%.
Aygun and Yilmaz,(2010) studied the effect of
coagulation with Ferric chloride by providing coagulant
aid as polyelectrolytes and clay minerals like
montmorillonite and bentonite for treatment of
Detergent wastewater. Optimum condition ferric
chloride was obtained at pH 11 with dosing of 2000
mg/L in which COD removal achieved was 71%. Using
clay minerals at the dose of 500 mg/L with ferric
chloride provided 84% of COD removal and removal
efficiency using polyelectrolyte was 87%.
Parmar et al.,(2011) studied the use of Ferrous
sulfate and Alum as a coagulant in treatment of Dairy
industry wastewater. They studied the use of coagulants
in the Jar test apparatus in the Jars of 1000 ml capacity.
The study was conducted at the optimum pH of 4.5 with
the varying dosage from 25 mg/L to 500 mg/L
Appreciable COD removal was observed at optimum pH
of 4.5 with dose 100 mg/L with 99% of turbidity
removal at the same dose and pH .
Islam et al.,(2011) studied the efficiency of coagulants
combination for treatment of tannery wastewater. They
studied the effect of Alum, Ferric chloride and Lime and
their combination. The results for alum and ferric
chloride as an individual coagulants was obtained to be
satisfactory with color removal efficiency of 85% and
82% respectively than their combination with other
coagulants, at pH 6.83 and 5.73, the dosing was 70 mg/L.
In case of COD removal, alum and ferric chloride
achieved the removal efficiency of 80% and 79%
respectively.
Literature review defines that Coagulation,
ballast Flocculation system has potential application in
treating wastewater from recycle based Kraft paper mill.
Objectives were set to study the wastewater
characteristics of Kraft paper industry. To carry out
experiments on bench scale with Jar test.To perform
coagulation and ballast flocculation for removal
efficiency of suspended solids, color, chemical oxygen
demand. To determine optimal dose for coagulant,
ballast flocculation for removal efficiency of suspended
solid, color, chemical oxygen demand. To verify the effect
of reuse micro sand on removal efficiency of suspended
solid, color, chemical oxygen demand.
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JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal
ISSN No: 2581-4230
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2017
COAGULATION –FLOCCULATION AND BALLAST
FLOCCULATION:
In wastewater treatment, coagulation and
flocculation are employed to separate suspended solids
from water. Although the terms coagulation and
flocculation are often used the single term "flocculation"
is used to describe both; they are, in fact, two distinct
processes. Finely dispersed solids (colloids) suspended
in wastewaters are stabilized by negative electric
charges on their surfaces, causing them to repel each
other. Since this prevents these charged particles from
colliding to form larger masses, called flocks, they do not
settle. For removal of colloidal particles from
suspension, chemical coagulation and flocculation are
required. These processes, usually done in sequence, are
a combination of physical and chemical procedures.
Chemicals are mixed with wastewater to promote the
aggregation of the suspended solids in to particles large
enough to settle or be removed. Coagulation is the
destabilization of colloids by neutralizing the forces that
keep them apart. Cationic coagulants provide positive
electric charges to reduce the negative charge (zeta
potential) of the colloids. As a result, the particles collide
to form larger particles (flocs).Rapid mixing is required
to disperse the coagulant throughout the liquid.
Ballasted flocculation, also known as high rate
clarification, is a physical-chemical treatment process
that uses continuously recycled media and a variety of
additives to improve the settling properties of
suspended solids through improved floc bridging. The
objective of this process is to form micro floc particles
with a specific gravity of greater than two. Faster floc
formation and decreased particle settling time allow
clarification to occur up to ten times faster than with
conventional clarification, allowing treatment of flows at
a significantly higher rate than allowed by traditional
unit processes. Ballasted flocculation units function
through the addition of a coagulant, such as ferric
sulphate, an anionic polymer, and a ballast material such
as micro sand, a micro carrier, or chemically enhanced
sludge. When coupled with chemical addition, this
ballast material has been shown to be effective in
reducing coagulation sedimentation time.
ADVANTAGES OF COAGULATION- FLOCCULATION
AND BALLAST FLOCCULATION:
i. Coagulation–flocculation is one of the most
important physicochemical treatment steps in
industrial wastewater treatment to reduce the
suspended and colloidal materials.
ii. It reduces the organic matters which
contributes to the BOD and COD content of the
wastewater

iii. Addition of coagulants involves destabilization
of the particulate matters present in the
wastewater, followed by particle collision and
floc formation which results in the
sedimentation.
iv. Coagulation and flocculation can be used
effectively for color removal.
v. Large sand particle surface area serves as a
“seed” for floc formation
vi. Microsand and polymer produce a large, stable
floc
vii. Microsand (specific gravity 2.65) serves as
ballast for the formation of high-density floc
viii. Enhance coagulation allows for variable process
chemistry.
ix. The reduced surface area of the clarifiers
minimizes short-circuiting and flow patterns
caused by wind and freezing
x. Systems using ballasted flocculation can treat a
wider range of flows without reducing removal
efficiencies.
xi. Enhanced primary clarification.
MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY:
MATERIAL:
WASTEWATER SAMPLE:
The sample was collected form Biltube
Industries Ltd., Warnanagar, Tal. Panhala, Dist. Kolhapur
The nature of sampling done is grab sampling. Grab
Sampling means all of the test materials are collected at
one time.
ALUM:
The aluminum sulphate, Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O was
Chemicals in the form of white crystalline solid. The
molecular weight of the aluminum sulphate is 666.43
g/mol. was purchase from Eagle Scientific Company
Gangavesh Kolhapur in the solid form. For the
experiment it is used in powder form with dosed in
grams.
FERRIC CHLORIDE (FECL3):
Ferric chloride, Fe2Cl3.6H2O was purchased
from Eagle Scientific Company Gangavesh Kolhapur. The
molecular weight of the ferric chloride is 270.30 g/mol.
The powder form is used at the time of experiment.
FLOCCULENT IND-FLOC 441:
Ind-Floc 441 is a high molecular weight
polyacrylamide. It was appeared white granular powder,
with bulk density 0.6-0.8 gm/ml. This flocculent is
anionic type .It was purchased from Ion Exchange India
Ltd. sales office: Pune Road, Kasarwadi, Pune-India.
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JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal
ISSN No: 2581-4230
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2017
BALLASTING AGENT (BA):
The micro sand of 90 to 150 micron diameter
was used for the experiments. It was collected from Patil
Enviro Engineers, Hatkanangale, Kolhapur Specific
gravity of micro sand is more than 2.6 and having
density of 2700 kg/m3.
METHODOLOGY:
i. The analysis of parameter namely suspended solids,
color, chemical oxygen demand and treated effluent
will be carried out as per Standard Methods for
Examination of Water & wastewater prepared and
published by American Public Health Association
(APHA) for raw vegetable tannery wastewater.
ii. Jar test apparatus will be used to determine optimal
dose of coagulant and ballast flocculent for Color, SS,
and COD removal.
iii. Experiment will be conducted using reuse micro
sand for ballast flocculation.
JAR TEST EXPERIMENT:
Jar testing is a common laboratory procedure
used to determine the optimum operating conditions for
water or wastewater treatment. Jar test simulates the
coagulation and flocculation processes where optimum
conditions are determined empirically rather than
theoretically. The values that are obtained through the
experiment are correlated and adjusted in order to
account for the actual treatment system. The main
variables coagulant dosage and pH were investigated in
this research.
The jar testing process can be summarized as
1. Six beakers are used for the experiment.
2. Measure the equal volume of sample into each of
beakers.
3. Place the beakers such that the paddles are in
center.
4. Record the sample temperature, pH turbidity,
COD and color at start of test.
5. Experiments will be conducted for determining
optimum pH and optimum dose of coagulant
and flocculent.
6. Experiment will be conducted using 90- 150
micrometer size microsand for ballast
flocculation with maximum removal and
optimum dose of coagulant and flocculent.
7. Experiment will be conducted using reuse of 90-
150 micrometer size microsand for ballast
flocculation with maximum removal and
optimum dose of coagulant and flocculent.
8. After the final settling withdraw adequate
sample volume of supernatant from Jar .
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9. Record the Supernatant liquid temperature, pH chemical and recycling practices of wastewater. The
turbidity, COD and color recycling practices and addition of lime in primary
treatment increases concentration which contributes to
ANALYTICAL METHODS: the high alkalinity of the waste. Color is an important
All of the quality parameters that applied in the character of Kraft paper waste water; it is due to
study such as total suspended solids (TSS), chemical presence of lignins in it. TSS is due to the fine fiber of
oxygen demand (COD), color and pH were analyzed pulp. Coagulation-flocculation process was conducted for
according to the procedures described in Standard the treatment of the Kraft paper wastewater. Jar tests
Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater were carried out in order to establish a practical
(APHA, 2002). understanding of coagulation performance and to find
Table 1: Parameters of analysis and their method. optimum pH, coagulant dosage and color removal
Sr. Parameter of analysis Method efficiency.
No.
1 pH Electronic pH meter
2 Colour Spectrophotometer
JAR TEST RESULT BY USING CHEMICAL COAGULANT
3 Total suspended solids Oven Drying Method ALUM:
4 COD COD Reflux Method Alum is both a specific chemical compound and a class of
chemical compounds. The specific compound is the
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: hydrated potassium aluminium sulfate (potassium alum)
INTRODUCTION: with the formula KAl(SO4)2·12H2O. The wider class of
To Study the Efficacy of Coagulation and Ballast compounds known as alums have the related empirical
Flocculation for recycle based Kraft paper mill formula, Al2(SO4)2·14H2O.
Wastewater. Aluminum Sulphate, Ferric chloride , as a
Coagulant along with IND-FLOC 441 as a Flocculent were
used to find removal efficiency of TSS, Color and COD.
The Ballast Flocculation was done by using micro sand,
Aluminum Sulphate along with IND-FLOC 441 and also
the effect of reused micro sand on removal efficiency for
TSS, Color and COD was studied.

CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTEWATER:
In order to know the variation in pollution
strength of combined wastewater, the wastewater Fig 1: Chemical Coagulant - Alum
sample from collection tank & final treated water tank
were collected and analyzed. The industrial wastewater CHEMISTRY OF ALUM COAGULATION:
characteristics of Biltube Industries Ltd. are given in When alum is added to water it undergoes the
Table 4.1. reaction below. The alum reacts with bicarbonate to
Table 2 : Wastewater Characteristics form aluminum hydroxide, a precipitate. The coagulation
Untreated Treated
Parameter Standards reactions are as follows:
Effluent Effluent
pH 6.5 to 8.0 5.5 7.16
Al2(SO4 )3 + 3Ca(HCO3 )2 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 +
Colour Clear Brown Slight Brown 6CO2
Temperature oC - 32 33 Precipitate salt gas
COD (mg/L) 250 10500 800 Al2(SO4) 3 + 3Na2CO3+ 3H2O  2AI(OH)3 +
BOD5 (mg/L) 100 6500 450
3Na2SO4 + 3CO2
TSS (mg/L) 100 2200 750
Al2(SO4 )3 + 6NaOH  2AI(OH)3 + 3Na2 SO4
TDS (mg/L) 2100 6800 5000
Al2(SO4 )3 + 6H2O  2AI(OH)3 + 3H2SO4
Chlorides (mg/L) 600 700 300 (A. Koohestanian et al., 2008)
Sulphates (mg/L) 1000 1810 500
EFFECT OF PH : The pH is a key parameter in the
EC (μmhos /cm) - 7525 1050 coagulation process. The optimum value of pH depends
The characterized effluent is acidic in pH, on the properties of the wastewater treated, type of the
because processes like addition of alum and due to coagulant used and its concentration. (Farajnezhad et.al)
recycling practices of wastewater; the nature of the The pH affects not only the surface charge of coagulants,
waste is acidic. High COD value is due to the addition of but also the stabilization of the suspension; it is the most
41 | P a g e

important variable in the coagulation process for water
treatment. A suitable pH will help to neutralize the
negative charge of colloidal particles and to form
linkages between colloid particles, thus effectively
helping with floc formation and reaching the expected
settlement.( Nasir et.al) In this experiments were
performed to assess COD, TSS and Colour removal as
well as coagulation-flocculation at various pH values.
The optimum pH obtained was 6 at a constant alum dose
of 200mg/L. At a pH of 6 the optimum percent removal
for TSS, COD and Colour reduction were 64.5%, 58%,
and 41.5 % respectively. In general, decreasing the pH
from the alkaline levels to near neutral levels has a
strong positive effect on removal of TSS, COD and Colour.
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JAR TEST RESULT BY USING CHEMICAL COAGULANT
FERRIC CHLORIDE: Ferric chloride is the iron salt used
most commonly in precipitation application. The
addition of ferric chloride to a wastewater produces the
hydrolysis of the ferric chloride with the consequent
formation of insoluble ferric hydroxide. The insoluble
ferric hydroxide forms a floc responsible for colloid
removal. If the wastewater is not buffered the PH is
decrease which will prevent the reaction from
proceeding any further. In the presence of calcium or
magnesium bicarbonate ferric chloride forms ferric
hydroxide, which precipitates as before forming a
sweeping floc responsible for colloid removal.
2FeCl3 + 3 Ca (HCO3)2 ------ 2 Fe (OH)3 + 3CaCl2 + 6CO2

Fig 2: Graph indicates percent removal of TSS, COD and

Colour reduction Vs pH.

EFFECT OF ALUM DOSAGE: Dosage was the most

important parameter that was considered to determine
the optimum condition for the performance of
coagulation and flocculation. Each type of coagulant has
its own characteristic optimum dosage range. Basically,
insufficient dosage or overdosing will result in poor
Fig 4: Chemical Coagulant, Ferric Chloride
performance in flocculation. Therefore, it was crucial to
determine the optimum dosage in order to minimize the
EFFECT OF PH: In this experiments were performed to
dosing cost and obtain the optimum performance in
assess COD, TSS and Colour removal as well as
treatment. (Nasir et.al) In this experiments were
coagulation-flocculation at various pH values. The
performed to assess COD, TSS and Colour removal as
optimum pH obtained was 4 at a constant Ferric
well as coagulation-flocculation at various alum dose(
Chloride dose (mg/L).At a pH 4, the optimum percent
mg/L). The optimum dose obtained was 200mg/L at a
removal for TSS, COD and Colour reduction were53%,
constant pH-6. At a Alum dose 200 mg/L, the optimum
45% and 35% respectively.
percent removal for TSS, COD and Colour reduction
were68%, 61% and 43%respectively.

Fig 3: Graph indicates percent removal of TSS, COD and

Fig 5: Graph indicates percent removal of TSS, COD and
Colour reduction Vs Alum Dose mg/L.
Colour reduction Vs pH.
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EFFECT OF FERRIC CHLORIDE DOSAGE: In this
experiments were performed to assess COD, TSS and
colour removal as well as coagulation-flocculation at
various Ferric Chloride dose( mg/L). The optimum dose
obtained was 400mg/L at a constant pH-4. At a dose 400
mg/L, the optimum percent removal for TSS, COD and
Colour reduction were 64%, 58% and 41% respectively.
As the concentration of suspended solids in raw
wastewater was considerably high, the destabilizing of
colloidal particles occurs due to the adsorption of
strongly charge partially hydrolysed metallic ions.
Continued adsorption will result in charge reversal and
restabilization of the suspension which does occur at
higher coagulant dosages. (Aziz et.al )
Fig 6: Graph indicates percent removal of TSS, COD and
Colour reduction Vs Ferric Chloride Dose mg/L.
JAR TEST RESULT BY USING CA-90: In this
experiments were performed to assess COD, TSS and
Colour removal as well as coagulation-flocculation at
various dose( mg/L). The optimum dose obtained was
2mg/L at a constant pH-6 & Alum dose 200 mg/L. At a
dose2 mg/L, the optimum percent removal for TSS, COD
and Colour reduction were 61%, 56% and 43%
respectively. Alum was coupled with CA-90. Flocculent
doses were increased from 0.5 to 3 mg/L with the fix
amount of alum (200 mg/L). The initial pH of
wastewater was adjusted to pH 6. The removal of TSS,
COD and Colour efficiencies were calculated from the
TSS, COD, and Colour initial concentration in raw waste
water and final concentration in the supernatant. It can
be seen that increasing flocculent doses does not always
improve the removal rates. The use of flocculent lowers
the coagulant doses needed to obtain a satisfactory
reduction in COD.
Fig 7: Graph indicates percent removal of TSS, COD and
Colour reduction Vs CA-90 Dose mg/L.
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JAR TEST RESULT BY USING INDFLOC-441: Indfloc
441 is high efficiency anionic polyelectrolyte specially
design for solid- liquid separation process. One of the
important features of Indfloc - 441 is that it is effective at
low dosages. In this experiments were performed to
assess COD, TSS and Colour removal as well as
coagulation-flocculation at various dose ( mg/L).The
optimum dose obtained was 1 mg/lit for an constant pH-
6& Alum dose 200 mg/L. At a dose of 1mg/L, the
optimum percent removal for TSS, COD and Colour
reduction were 65%,62% and 66% respectively.
Fig 8: Graph indicates percent removal of TSS, COD and
Colour reduction Vs Indfloc-441Dose mg/L.
JAR TEST RESULT BY USING BALLAST SAND: In this
experiments were performed to assess COD, TSS and
Colour removal as well as coagulation-flocculation at
various dose( mg/L). The optimum dose obtained was
600mg/L at a constant pH-6, Alum dose 200 mg/L &
Indfloc 441-1 mg/L. At a dose of 600mg/L, the optimum
percent removal for TSS, COD and Colour reduction were
80%, 65% and 75%respectively.
Fig 9: Graph indicates percent removal of TSS, COD and
Colour reduction Vs Ballast sand Dose mg/L.
JAR TEST RESULT BY USING RECYCLED BALLAST
SAND: In this experiments were performed to assess
COD, TSS and Colour removal as well as coagulation-
flocculation at various alum dose( mg/L). The optimum
dose obtained was 400 mg/L at a constant pH-6 , Alum
dose 200 mg/L & Indfloc 441-1 mg/L. At a
dose400mg/L, the optimum percent removal for TSS,
COD and Colour reduction were77%, 58% and 71%
respectively
 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
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VOLUME 3, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2017
REFERENCES:
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“Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
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3) Brown, J. (2003), “Wastewater Treatment: The
Fig 10: Graph indicates percent removal of TSS, COD and
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Piresa, E. C. (2006), “Evaluation of Aerobic and
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Technology, 1(3).
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Digestion of Alkaline Black Liquor Using an Up-Flow
pH-4 for a dosage of 400 mg/L
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor” Journal of
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Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 58(1).
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reduction for a dosage of 2 mg/L
Liangkui X. (2004), “Effects of the Seed Sludge on the
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Indfloc-441 were 65% TSS , 62% COD , & 66 %
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441 + Ballast sand were 80 % TSS, 65 % COD , & 75
Wasenius, C.O Paques (1999), “Anaerobic Treatment
% Colour reduction at for a dosage of 600 mg/L
of Recycled Paper Mill Effluent with the Internal
7. Results obtained for Combination of alum +Indfloc-
Circulation Reactor” 6th IAWQ Symposium on Forest
441 + Recycled Ballast sand were 77 % TSS , 58 %
Industry Wastewaters, Tampere, Finland.
COD , & 71 % Colour reduction at a dosage of 400
10) Duggirala, Y. P. (2007), “Biogas Generation from
mg/L.
Bagasse-Based Paper Mills by Anaerobic Digestion”,
8. The primary effect of adding the ballast sand is to
Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,
dramatically increase the sedimentation rate by
51 (4).
weighing down the floc. Ballast also strengthens the
11) Ilamurugu, K., Dhevagi, P., and Ramasamy, K. (2006),
floc against shearing, allowing faster stirring rates.
“Anaerobic Treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastewater
Typically the ballast can be recover and recycled
by Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor”, Journal
back in to the waste stream reducing the need to the
of Ecobiology 19 (4).
add replacement ballast and lowering operational
12) Kanat, G., and Saral, A. (2008), “Estimation of Biogas
expenses. Further, recycled ballast can reduce the
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal
ISSN No: 2581-4230
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2017
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PART B ( REFERENCES OF WEBSITE):
1) Envis Centre.html
2) www.mustseeindia.com/Kolhapur-weather
3) “National Productivity Council”, New Delhi.
(http://www.cpcb.nic.in/newitems/45.pdf)
4) http://en.wikipedia.org.
 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal
ISSN No: 2581-4230
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2017
5) http://agriculture.indiabizclub.com/profile/874180
~miraj+products+pvt.+ltd.~udaipur_india
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norganic)

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