● Diseases of the respiratory system

Diseases Symptoms
a. Lung emphysema •shortness of breath
•the abnormal growth of the cells lining the fine air •the feeling of pain while breathing
vessels in the lungs which block the air vessels. •tiredness
•the alveoli swell and burst
b. Bronchitis •continuous coughing(smoker’s
•is the inflammation of the bronchi caused by tar and cough)
the irritants in cigarette smoke •constant breathlessness
•sleeplessness
c. Lung cancer •regular coughing
•unusual cell growths in the lungs •blood in the sputum
•carcinogen is the cause of cancer •feeling of pain while breathing
d. Asthma
•is caused by the inflammation of the breathing •shortness of breath
channel •wheezing
•breathing channel suddenly becomes narrow causing •excessive coughing
difficulty in breathing
•very sensitive to certain allergens
e. Influenza
•is caused by viruses which attack the mucus •blocked noses, teary eyes, giddiness
membranes in the respiratory system •headaches, aches in the limbs
•coughs and fever
f. Pneumonia
•is caused by bacteria, viruses and chemical •chest pains
substances •coughs and fever
•trachea and alveolus are attacked by bacteria and
viruses
•lungs are filled with pus and fluid
g. Tuberculosis
•is caused by bacterial infection (Mycobacterium •prolonged coughs and spits out
tuberculosis) blood in the end stages

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 CHAPTER 2: BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT

2.1 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMAN

• The circulatory system is a system of tubes with a pump and valves that ensure the one-way
flow of blood.
• The function of heart is to pump blood to all parts of the body.
• The heart is divided into four chambers. The upper two chambers are the right atrium and left
atrium. The lower two chambers are the right ventricle and left ventricle.
• The upper and lower chambers are divided by a muscular wall.
• The left ventricle has the thickest wall because it has to pump blood to all parts of the body.
• There are three types of valves inside the heart.
(a) The tricuspid valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
(b) The bicuspid valve is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
(c) The semilunar valves are situated at the beginning of the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
• The valves prevent blood from flowing backwards.
• Each chamber of the heart is connected to one or two major blood vessels.
(a) The vena cava returns blood to the right atrium.
(b) The pulmonary artery carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
(c) The pulmonary vein carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
(d) The aorta carries blood out of the left ventricle to all parts of the body.
• Figure below shows the structure of a heart.

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• There are three types of blood vessels: artery, vein and capillary.
(a) Arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. (except pulmonary artery)
(b) Veins: carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart (except pulmonary vein)
(c) Capillaries: connect artery and vein, are the smallest blood vessels with one cell thick
walls. They allow substances to diffuse through them.

• The table below shows the comparisons of artery, vein and capillary.

Characteristic Artery Vein Capillary

Cross section

Lumen size Medium Wide Narrow

Wall Thick, muscular and Thin, less muscular One-cell thick

elastic and less elastic

Direction of Away from heart To the heart From artery to vein

blood flow

Blood pressure High Medium Low

Presence of No valve (except for the With valve No valve

valve pulmonary artery)

Type of blood Oxygenated blood (except Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood

being carried for the pulmonary artery) (except for the from the artery and
pulmonary vein) deoxygenated blood to
the vein

• There are two types of blood circulation:

(a) Pulmonary circulation: Blood circulates from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
(b) Systemic circulation: Blood circulates from the heart to other organs and back to the heart.

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2.2 HUMAN BLOOD
• There are two components in blood. The liquid component is called plasma and the solid
component consists of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
• Plasma: is to carry dissolved substances and heat around the body.
• Red blood cells: is to transport oxygen in their haemoglobin to all parts of the body.
• White blood cells: is to fight infections by killing microorganisms in our body.
• Platelets: is to help in blood clotting to stop bleeding.
• There are four blood groups: A, B, AB and O.
• Group 0: universal donor, group AB: universal recipient.
• The table below shows the compatibility of blood among the donors’ blood and the recipients’
blood.

Recipient’s blood group

Donor’s blood group A B AB 0
A √ x √ x
B x √ √ x
AB x x √ x
0 √ √ √ √

√ : compatible x : not compatible. Agglutination occurs,

2.3 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

• Transpiration is a process by which water is lost in the form of water vapour from the surface
of a plant into the air by evaporation.
• Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata in leaves.
• Factors affecting the rate of transpiration:
(a) Temperature
(b) Light intensity
(c) Wind
(d) Humidity of air
(e) Number of stomata

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• Roles of transpiration:
(a) Get rid of excess water from plants
(b) Cool plants on hot days
(c) Transport water and dissolved mineral salts from the roots to other parts of plants
• The transport system of flowering plants consists of the:
(a) xylem which carries water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves
(b) phloem which carries food made in the leaves to other parts of a plant
(c) cambium produces new xylem and phloem cells.
• The diagram below shows the cross section of a stem of a woody plant.