Carol Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being

Carol Ryff
University of Wisconsin
Institute on Aging
2245 Medical Science Center
1300 University Avenue
Madison, WI 53706
Phone: (608) 2621818
Fax: (608) 2636211
Email: cryff@wisc.edu
This document provides definitions and items for six scales of
psychological wellbeing. A list of references for studies that have
used the measures is also provided at the end of this file.
There is no charge for using the scales, although users are requested
to send copies of any publications generated with the scales to Dr.
Ryff (contact info above).
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Scales of Psychological WellBeing
Psychometric Properties. Attached are items for six 14item scales of psychological well
being constructed to measure the dimensions of autonomy, environmental mastery,
personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and selfacceptance.
Internal consistency (alpha) coefficients are indicated on each scale. Correlations of each
scale with its own 20item parent scale are also provided. Reliability and validity
assessments of the 20item parent scales are detailed in Ryff (1989) Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 57, 10691081. Psychometric properties of the 3item scales are
detailed in Ryff & Keyes (1995) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719
727. The 3item scales were developed for national telephone surveys. They have low
internal consistency and are not recommended for high quality assessment of wellbeing.
See also this article that reviews psychometric studies of the scales:
Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice
of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10-28. doi:10.1159/000353263
Presentation Format. Items from the separate scales are mixed (by taking one item from
each scale successively into one continuous selfreport instrument). Participants respond
using a sixpoint format: strongly disagree (1), moderately disagree (2), slightly disagree
(3), slightly agree (4), moderately agree (5), strongly agree (6). Responses to negatively
scored items () are reversed in the final scoring procedures so that high scores indicate high
selfratings on the dimension assessed.
Scoring. Please note, there are no specific scores or cut-points for defining high or low well-
being. Those distinctions are best derived from distributional information from the data
collected. For example, high well-being (for short or long versions of the scales) could be
defined as scores that are in the top 25% (quartile) of the distribution, whereas low well-
being could be defined as scores that are in the bottom 25% (quartile) of the distribution.
Another alternative would be to define high well-being as scores that are 1.5 standard
deviations above the mean, whereas low well-being is scores that are 1.5 standard deviations
below the mean.
Length Options. The 14item scales, shown on the attached pages are what we currently
employ in our own studies (see Reference List).
The 9item scales, indicated by brackets around the item number [ # ] on the following
pages, are currently in use in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. The specific items for the
9item scales on the following pages include Autonomy 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 14;
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Environmental Mastery 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 14; Personal Growth 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13,
14; Positive Relations With Others 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12; Purpose In Life 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11; SelfAcceptance 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13.
The 3item scales, shown below in bold and italics, have been used in various largescale
national and international surveys. The specific items for the 3item scales include
Autonomy 6, 9, 14; Environmental Mastery 1, 2, 4; Personal Growth 5, 11, 13; Positive
Relations With Others 2, 9, 10; Purpose In Life 2, 10, 11; SelfAcceptance 1, 5, 7
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AUTONOMY
Definition: High Scorer: Is selfdetermining and independent; able to resist social pressures to think
and act in certain ways; regulates behavior from within; evaluates self by personal standards.
Low Scorer: Is concerned about the expectations and evaluations of others; relies on
judgments of others to make important decisions; conforms to social pressures to think and
act in certain ways.
() 1. Sometimes I change the way I act or think to be more like those around me.
(+) [ 2.] I am not afraid to voice my opinions, even when they are in opposition to the opinions

of most people.
(+) [ 3.] My decisions are not usually influenced by what everyone else is doing.
() [ 4.] I tend to worry about what other people think of me.
(+) [ 5.] Being happy with myself is more important to me than having others approve of me.
() [ 6.] I tend to be influenced by people with strong opinions.
(+) 7. People rarely talk me into doing things I don't want to do.
() 8. It is more important to me to "fit in" with others than to stand alone on my principles.
(+) [ 9.] I have confidence in my opinions, even if they are contrary to the general

consensus.
() [ 10.] It's difficult for me to voice my own opinions on controversial matters.
() [ 11.] I often change my mind about decisions if my friends or family disagree.
(+) 12. I am not the kind of person who gives in to social pressures to think or act in certain

ways.
() 13. I am concerned about how other people evaluate the choices I have made in my life.
(+) [ 14.] I judge myself by what I think is important, not by the values of what others think is

important.
5
(+) indicates positively scored items
() indicates negatively scored items
Internal consistency (coefficient alpha) = .83
Correlation with 20item parent scale = .97
6
ENVIRONMENTAL MASTERY
Definition: High Scorer: Has a sense of mastery and competence in managing the environment;
controls complex array of external activities; makes effective use of surrounding
opportunities; able to choose or create contexts suitable to personal needs and values.
Low Scorer: Has difficulty managing everyday affairs; feels unable to change or improve
surrounding context; is unaware of surrounding opportunities; lacks sense of control over
external world.
(+) [ 1.] In general, I feel I am in charge of the situation in which I live.
() [ 2.] The demands of everyday life often get me down.
() [ 3.] I do not fit very well with the people and the community around me.
(+) [ 4.] I am quite good at managing the many responsibilities of my daily life.
() [ 5.] I often feel overwhelmed by my responsibilities.
(+) 6. If I were unhappy with my living situation, I would take effective steps to change it.
(+) [ 7.] I generally do a good job of taking care of my personal finances and affairs.
() 8. I find it stressful that I can't keep up with all of the things I have to do each day.
(+) [ 9.] I am good at juggling my time so that I can fit everything in that needs to get done.
(+) 10. My daily life is busy, but I derive a sense of satisfaction from keeping up with

everything.
() 11. I get frustrated when trying to plan my daily activities because I never accomplish the

things I set out to do.
(+) 12. My efforts to find the kinds of activities and relationships that I need have been quite

successful.
() [ 13.] I have difficulty arranging my life in a way that is satisfying to me.
(+) [ 14.] I have been able to build a home and a lifestyle for myself that is much to my liking.

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8
PERSONAL GROWTH
Definition: High Scorer: Has a feeling of continued development; sees self as growing and expanding;
is open to new experiences; has sense of realizing his or her potential; sees improvement in
self and behavior over time; is changing in ways that reflect more self knowledge and
effectiveness.
Low Scorer: Has a sense of personal stagnation; lacks sense of improvement or expansion
over time; feels bored and uninterested with life; feels unable to develop new attitudes or
behaviors.
() [ 1.] I am not interested in activities that will expand my horizons.
(+) 2. In general, I feel that I continue to learn more about myself as time goes by.
(+) 3. I am the kind of person who likes to give new things a try.
() [ 4.] I don't want to try new ways of doing thingsmy life is fine the way it is.
(+) [ 5.] I think it is important to have new experiences that challenge how you think about

yourself and the world.
() [ 6.] When I think about it, I haven't really improved much as a person over the years.
(+) 7. In my view, people of every age are able to continue growing and developing.
(+) 8. With time, I have gained a lot of insight about life that has made me a stronger, more
capable person.
(+) [ 9.] I have the sense that I have developed a lot as a person over time.
() [ 10.] I do not enjoy being in new situations that require me to change my old familiar ways

of doing things.
(+) [ 11.] For me, life has been a continuous process of learning, changing, and growth.
(+) 12. I enjoy seeing how my views have changed and matured over the years.
() [ 13.] I gave up trying to make big improvements or changes in my life a long time ago.
9
() [ 14.] There is truth to the saying you can't teach an old dog new tricks.
10
POSITIVE RELATIONS WITH OTHERS
Definition: High Scorer: Has warm satisfying, trusting relationships with others; is concerned about the
welfare of others; capable of strong empathy, affection, and intimacy; understands give and
take of human relationships.
Low Scorer: Has few close, trusting relationships with others; finds it difficult to be warm,
open, and concerned about others; is isolated and frustrated in interpersonal relationships;
not willing to make compromises to sustain important ties with others.
(+) [ 1.] Most people see me as loving and affectionate.
() [ 2.] Maintaining close relationships has been difficult and frustrating for me
() [ 3.] I often feel lonely because I have few close friends with whom to share my concerns.
(+) [ 4.] I enjoy personal and mutual conversations with family members or friends.
(+) 5. It is important to me to be a good listener when close friends talk to me about their
problems.
() [ 6.] I don't have many people who want to listen when I need to talk.
(+) 7. I feel like I get a lot out of my friendships.
() [ 8.] It seems to me that most other people have more friends than I do.
(+) [ 9.] People would describe me as a giving person, willing to share my time with others.
() [ 10.] I have not experienced many warm and trusting relationships with others.
() 11. I often feel like I'm on the outside looking in when it comes to friendships.
(+) [ 12.] I know that I can trust my friends, and they know they can trust me.
() 13. I find it difficult to really open up when I talk with others.
(+) 14. My friends and I sympathize with each other's problems.
11
12
PURPOSE IN LIFE
Definition: High Scorer: Has goals in life and a sense of directedness; feels there is meaning to present
and past life; holds beliefs that give life purpose; has aims and objectives for living.
Low Scorer: Lacks a sense of meaning in life; has few goals or aims, lacks sense of
direction; does not see purpose of past life; has no outlook or beliefs that give life meaning.
(+) 1. I feel good when I think of what I've done in the past and what I hope to do in the
future.
() [ 2.] I live life one day at a time and don't really think about the future.
() [ 3.] I tend to focus on the present, because the future nearly always brings me problems.
(+) 4. I have a sense of direction and purpose in life.
() [ 5.] My daily activities often seem trivial and unimportant to me.
() [ 6.] I don't have a good sense of what it is I'm trying to accomplish in life.
() [ 7.] I used to set goals for myself, but that now seems like a waste of time.
(+) [ 8.] I enjoy making plans for the future and working to make them a reality.
(+) [ 9.] I am an active person in carrying out the plans I set for myself.
(+) [ 10.] Some people wander aimlessly through life, but I am not one of them.
() [ 11.] I sometimes feel as if I've done all there is to do in life.
(+) 12. My aims in life have been more a source of satisfaction than frustration to me.
(+) 13. I find it satisfying to think about what I have accomplished in life.
() 14. In the final analysis, I'm not so sure that my life adds up to much.
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14
SELFACCEPTANCE
Definition: High Scorer: Possesses a positive attitude toward the self; acknowledges and accepts
multiple aspects of self including good and bad qualities; feels positive about past life.
Low Scorer: Feels dissatisfied with self; is disappointed with what has occurred in past life;
is troubled about certain personal qualities; wishes to be different than what he or she is.
(+) [ 1.] When I look at the story of my life, I am pleased with how things have turned out.
(+) [ 2.] In general, I feel confident and positive about myself.
() [ 3.] I feel like many of the people I know have gotten more out of life than I have.
() 4. Given the opportunity, there are many things about myself that I would change.
(+) [ 5.] I like most aspects of my personality.
(+) [ 6.] I made some mistakes in the past, but I feel that all in all everything has worked out for

the best.
() [ 7.] In many ways, I feel disappointed about my achievements in life.
(+) 8. For the most part, I am proud of who I am and the life I lead.
() 9. I envy many people for the lives they lead.
() [ 10.] My attitude about myself is probably not as positive as most people feel about

themselves.
() 11. Many days I wake up feeling discouraged about how I have lived my life.
(+) [ 12.] The past had its ups and downs, but in general, I wouldn't want to change it.
(+) [ 13.] When I compare myself to friends and acquaintances, it makes me feel good about

who I am.
() 14. Everyone has their weaknesses, but I seem to have more than my share.
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Reference Lists
For more information about the scales, see these articles by the scales’ author,
Carol D. Ryff:
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological

well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069 Note: this is the first publication about the scales and
the correct citation to use for referencing them.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal
of Personality & Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2006). Best news yet on the six-factor model of well-being. Social
Science Research, 35, 1103-1119. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.01.002
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic
approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 13-39.
doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of
eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10-28. doi:10.1159/000353263
Note: this article reviews psychometric information about the scales.
Studies that have employed the Psychological Well-Being Scales:
To find these articles online via the doi, go to http://www.doi.org/. Enter the doi number (listed at
the end of citations) into the “Resolve a DOI” section of the website, and you should be taken to
that articles’ homepage, where you may be able to access the abstract and/or the entire text of
the article. (Note that not all articles have a doi.)
To find articles on a particular topic (such as “adolescents” noted in article titles) or from a
particular country (such as noted in journal names), try searching this list (CTRL key + F brings up
the Find function on a PC computer) for keywords that appear in these citations. We do not keep
an index of topics for these publications.
Abbott, R., Ploubidis, G., Huppert, F., Kuh, D., & Croudace, T. (2010). An evaluation of the
precision of measurement of Ryff's psychological well-being scales in a population
sample. Social Indicators Research, 97(3), 357. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.09.006
Abbott, R. A., Croudace, T. J., Ploubidis, G. B., Kuh, D., Richards, M., & Huppert, F. A. (2008). The
relationship between early personality and midlife psychological well-being: Evidence from
a UK birth cohort study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(9), 679-687.
doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0355-8
Abbott, R. A., Ploubidis, G. B., Huppert, F. A., Kuh, D., Wadsworth, M. E. J., & Croudace, T. J.
(2006). Psychometric evaluation and predictive validity of Ryff's psychological well-being
items in a UK birth cohort sample of women. Health & Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 76-16.
doi:10.1186/1477-7525-4-76
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Abdraziakova, A., Bulygina, V., & Enikolopov, S. (2007). Psychological well-being and quality of
life of mentally disordered offenders with schizophrenia undergoing an involuntary
inpatient treatment. BMC Psychiatry, 7, 1-1. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-7-S1-P16
Abu-Rayya, H. M. (2006). Ethnic identity, ego identity, and psychological well-being among mixed-
ethnic Arab-European adolescents in Israel. British Journal of Developmental Psychology,
24(4), 669-679. doi:10.1348/026151005X59196
Aflakseir, A. (2012). Religiosity, personal meaning, and psychological well-being: A study among
Muslim students in England. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 27-
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and Individual Differences, 56, 139-142. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.037
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Differences, 86, 365-368. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.043
Aghababaei, N., & Farahani, H. (2011). The role of trait gratitude in predicting psychological and
subjective well-being. Journal of Iranian Psychologists, 8(29), 75-84.
Ahrens, C. J. C., & Ryff, C. D. (2006). Multiple roles and well-being: Sociodemographic and
psychological moderators. Sex Roles, 55(11-12), 801-815. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9134-
8
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peer first impressions. Behavior Therapy, 45(6), 851-862. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.08.001
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ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 8(3), 741-750.
Albuquerque, I., Lima, M., Matos, M., & Figueiredo, C. (2014). Work matters: Work personal
projects and the idiosyncratic linkages between traits, eudaimonic and hedonic well-being.
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Ali, U., & Shah, E. (2013). Career decision difficulty as a predictor of environmental mastery and
self esteem in college students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1119-
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polynesian Americans. Psychological Services, 12(3), 322-329. doi:10.1037/ser0000039
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di personalità sul benessere in adolescenza. [The influence of values and personality
traits on well-being in adolescence]. Rassegna di Psicologia, 28(2), 25-41.
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generativity development and parent-child relationships across the lifespan. International
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personality: Incremental prediction from 30 facets over the Big 5. Journal of Happiness
Studies. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9583-7
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Urdu language. Pakistan Business Review, 12(2), 244-259.
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Antonelli, E., & Cucconi, L. (1998). Effecto del pensionamento sul benessere psicologico, il
concetto di sé e l'autostima. [Effects of retirement on psychological well-being, the self-
concept, and self-esteem]. Ricerche di Psicologia, 22(3), 27-55.
Anum, J., & Dasti, R. (2015). Caregiver burden, spirituality, and psychological well-being of
parents having children with thalassemia. Journal of Religion and Health. Advance online
publication. doi:10.1007/s10943-015-0127-1
Archontaki, D., Lewis, G. J., & Bates, T. C. (2013). Genetic influences on psychological well-
being: A nationally representative twin study. Journal of Personality, 81(2), 221-230.
doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00787.x
Arends, R. Y., Bode, C., Taal, E., & Van de Laar, M. A. F. J. (2013). The role of goal management
for successful adaptation to arthritis. Patient Education and Counseling, 93(1), 130-138.
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Arkoff, A., Meredith, G. M., Bailey, E., Cheang, M., Dubanoski, R. A., Griffin, P. B., & Niyekawa, A.
M. (2006). Life review during the college freshman year. College Student Journal, 40(2),
263-269.
Arkoff, A., Meredith, G. M., & Dubanoski, J. P. (2004). Gains in well-being achieved through
retrospective proactive life review by independent older women. Journal of Humanistic
Psychology, 44(2), 204-214. doi:10.1177/0022167804263065
Asano, R., Igarashi, T., & Tsukamoto, S. (2014). The hedonic and eudaimonic motives for
activities (HEMA) in Japan: The pursuit of well-being. Japanese Journal of Psychology,
85(1), 69-79. doi:10.4992/jjpsy.85.69
Augusto-Landa, J. M., Pulido-Martos, M., & Lopez-Zafra, E. (2011). Does perceived emotional
intelligence and optimism/pessimism predict psychological well-being? Journal of
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Avsec, A., & Sočan, G. (2009). Validacija slovenske oblike vprašalnika psihološkega blagostanja
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among mental health professionals. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 29(1),
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Bader, B., & Schuster, T. (2015). Expatriate social networks in terrorism-endangered countries: An
empirical analysis in Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. Journal of
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Baker, A. M., Soto, J. A., Perez, C. R., & Lee, E. A. (2012). Acculturative status and psychological
well-being in an Asian American sample. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 3(4), 275-
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Bakhshi, A., Daemi, F., & Ajilchi, B. (2009). Psychometric properties of the positive and negative
affect scales in an Iranian sample. Journal of Iranian Psychologists, 5(20), 343-350.
Balzarotti, S., Biassoni, F., Villani, D., Prunas, A., & Velotti, P. (2014). Individual differences in
cognitive emotion regulation: Implications for subjective and psychological well-being.
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psychological well-being in Korean-born adoptees in the U.S. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 78(4), 473-480. doi:10.1037/a0014450
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Bassi, M., Falautano, M., Cilia, S., Goretti, B., Grobberio, M., Pattini, M., . . . Fave, A. D. (2014).
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Bell, L. D., & Bell, D. C. (2012). Positive relationships which support elder health and wellbeing
are grounded in midlife/adolescent family. Family and Community Health, 35(4), 276-286.
doi:10.1097/FCH.0b013e31826665a4
Bell, L. G., & Bell, D. C. (2005). Family dynamics in adolescence affect midlife well-being. Journal
of Family Psychology, 19(2), 198-207. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.2.198
Bell, L. G., & Bell, D. C. (2009). Effects of family connection and family individuation. Attachment
and Human Development, 11(5), 471-490. doi:10.1080/14616730903132263
Berzonsky, M. D., & Cieciuch, J. (2014). Mediational role of identity commitment in relationships
between identity processing style and psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness
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Bevvino, D. L., & Sharkin, B. S. (2003). Divorce adjustment as a function of finding meaning and
gender differences. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 39(3-4), 81-97.
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Bhullar, N., Hine, D. W., & Phillips, W. J. (2014). Profiles of psychological well-being in a sample
of Australian university students. International Journal of Psychology, 49(4), 288-294.
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Bierman, A., Fazio, E. M., & Milkie, M. A. (2006). A multifaceted approach to the mental health
advantage of the married: Assessing how explanations vary by outcome measure and
unmarried group. Journal of Family Issues, 27(4), 554-582.
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Bishop, A. J. (2006). Age and gender differences in adaptation and subjective well-being of older
adults residing in monastic religious communities. Pastoral Psychology, 55(2), 131-143.
doi:10.1007/s11089-006-0035-0
Boardman, J. D., Blalock, C. L., & Button, T. M. M. (2008). Sex differences in the heritability of
resilience. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 11(1), 12-27. doi:10.1375/twin.11.1.12
Bobowik, M., Basabe, N., & Páez, D. (2014). “Heroes of adjustment”: Immigrant's stigma and
identity management. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 41, 112-124.
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Bobowik, M., Basabe, N., & Páez, D. (2015). The bright side of migration: Hedonic, psychological,
and social well-being in immigrants in Spain. Social Science Research, 51, 189-204.
doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.09.011
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Carol Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being

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Carol Ryff

(+) [ 2.] I am not afraid to voice my opinions, even when they are in opposition to the opinions

(+) [ 3.] My decisions are not usually influenced by what everyone else is doing.

(­) [ 4.] I tend to worry about what other people think of me.

(+) [ 5.] Being happy with myself is more important to me than having others approve of me.

(­) [ 6.] I tend to be influenced by people with strong opinions.

(+) [ 9.] I have confidence in my opinions, even if they are contrary to the general

(­) [ 10.] It's difficult for me to voice my own opinions on controversial matters.

(­) [ 11.] I often change my mind about decisions if my friends or family disagree.

(+) 12. I am not the kind of person who gives in to social pressures to think or act in certain

(­) 13. I am concerned about how other people evaluate the choices I have made in my life.

(+) [ 14.] I judge myself by what I think is important, not by the values of what others think is

(­) [ 2.] The demands of everyday life often get me down.

(­) [ 3.] I do not fit very well with the people and the community around me.

(+) [ 4.] I am quite good at managing the many responsibilities of my daily life.

(­) [ 5.] I often feel overwhelmed by my responsibilities.

(+) [ 7.] I generally do a good job of taking care of my personal finances and affairs.

(+) [ 9.] I am good at juggling my time so that I can fit everything in that needs to get done.

(+) 10. My daily life is busy, but I derive a sense of satisfaction from keeping up with

(­) 11. I get frustrated when trying to plan my daily activities because I never accomplish the

(+) 12. My efforts to find the kinds of activities and relationships that I need have been quite

(­) [ 13.] I have difficulty arranging my life in a way that is satisfying to me.

(+) [ 14.] I have been able to build a home and a lifestyle for myself that is much to my liking.

(­) [ 4.] I don't want to try new ways of doing things­­my life is fine the way it is.

(+) [ 5.] I think it is important to have new experiences that challenge how you think about

(­) [ 6.] When I think about it, I haven't really improved much as a person over the years.

(+) [ 9.] I have the sense that I have developed a lot as a person over time.

(­) [ 10.] I do not enjoy being in new situations that require me to change my old familiar ways

(+) [ 11.] For me, life has been a continuous process of learning, changing, and growth.

(+) 12. I enjoy seeing how my views have changed and matured over the years.

(­) [ 13.] I gave up trying to make big improvements or changes in my life a long time ago.

(­) [ 2.] Maintaining close relationships has been difficult and frustrating for me

(­) [ 3.] I often feel lonely because I have few close friends with whom to share my concerns.

(+) [ 4.] I enjoy personal and mutual conversations with family members or friends.

(­) [ 6.] I don't have many people who want to listen when I need to talk.

(­) [ 8.] It seems to me that most other people have more friends than I do.

(+) [ 9.] People would describe me as a giving person, willing to share my time with others.

(­) [ 10.] I have not experienced many warm and trusting relationships with others.

(­) 11. I often feel like I'm on the outside looking in when it comes to friendships.

(+) [ 12.] I know that I can trust my friends, and they know they can trust me.

(­) 13. I find it difficult to really open up when I talk with others.

(+) 14. My friends and I sympathize with each other's problems.

(­) [ 2.] I live life one day at a time and don't really think about the future.

(­) [ 3.] I tend to focus on the present, because the future nearly always brings me problems.

(­) [ 5.] My daily activities often seem trivial and unimportant to me.

(­) [ 6.] I don't have a good sense of what it is I'm trying to accomplish in life.

(­) [ 7.] I used to set goals for myself, but that now seems like a waste of time.

(+) [ 8.] I enjoy making plans for the future and working to make them a reality.

(+) [ 9.] I am an active person in carrying out the plans I set for myself.

(+) [ 10.] Some people wander aimlessly through life, but I am not one of them.

(­) [ 11.] I sometimes feel as if I've done all there is to do in life.

(+) 12. My aims in life have been more a source of satisfaction than frustration to me.

(+) 13. I find it satisfying to think about what I have accomplished in life.

(­) 14. In the final analysis, I'm not so sure that my life adds up to much.

(+) [ 2.] In general, I feel confident and positive about myself.

(­) [ 3.] I feel like many of the people I know have gotten more out of life than I have.

(+) [ 5.] I like most aspects of my personality.

(+) [ 6.] I made some mistakes in the past, but I feel that all in all everything has worked out for

(­) [ 7.] In many ways, I feel disappointed about my achievements in life.

(­) [ 10.] My attitude about myself is probably not as positive as most people feel about

(­) 11. Many days I wake up feeling discouraged about how I have lived my life.

(+) [ 12.] The past had its ups and downs, but in general, I wouldn't want to change it.

(+) [ 13.] When I compare myself to friends and acquaintances, it makes me feel good about

() [ 4.] I tend to worry about what other people think of me.

() [ 6.] I tend to be influenced by people with strong opinions.

() [ 10.] It's difficult for me to voice my own opinions on controversial matters.

() [ 11.] I often change my mind about decisions if my friends or family disagree.

() 13. I am concerned about how other people evaluate the choices I have made in my life.

() [ 2.] The demands of everyday life often get me down.

() [ 3.] I do not fit very well with the people and the community around me.

() [ 5.] I often feel overwhelmed by my responsibilities.

() 11. I get frustrated when trying to plan my daily activities because I never accomplish the

() [ 13.] I have difficulty arranging my life in a way that is satisfying to me.

() [ 4.] I don't want to try new ways of doing thingsmy life is fine the way it is.

() [ 6.] When I think about it, I haven't really improved much as a person over the years.

() [ 10.] I do not enjoy being in new situations that require me to change my old familiar ways

() [ 13.] I gave up trying to make big improvements or changes in my life a long time ago.

() [ 2.] Maintaining close relationships has been difficult and frustrating for me

() [ 3.] I often feel lonely because I have few close friends with whom to share my concerns.

() [ 6.] I don't have many people who want to listen when I need to talk.

() [ 8.] It seems to me that most other people have more friends than I do.

() [ 10.] I have not experienced many warm and trusting relationships with others.

() 11. I often feel like I'm on the outside looking in when it comes to friendships.

() 13. I find it difficult to really open up when I talk with others.

() [ 2.] I live life one day at a time and don't really think about the future.

() [ 3.] I tend to focus on the present, because the future nearly always brings me problems.

() [ 5.] My daily activities often seem trivial and unimportant to me.

() [ 6.] I don't have a good sense of what it is I'm trying to accomplish in life.

() [ 7.] I used to set goals for myself, but that now seems like a waste of time.

() [ 11.] I sometimes feel as if I've done all there is to do in life.

() 14. In the final analysis, I'm not so sure that my life adds up to much.

() [ 3.] I feel like many of the people I know have gotten more out of life than I have.

() [ 7.] In many ways, I feel disappointed about my achievements in life.

() [ 10.] My attitude about myself is probably not as positive as most people feel about

() 11. Many days I wake up feeling discouraged about how I have lived my life.

() 14. Everyone has their weaknesses, but I seem to have more than my share.