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French Revolution
French revolution is one of the important event in the history of modern world and also in the
history of France.
1. Cultural: The Enlightenment philosophy desacralized the authority of the monarchy and
the Catholic Church, and promoted a new society based on reason instead of traditions.
2. Social: The emergence of an influential bourgeoisie which was formally part of the Third
Estate (commoners) but had evolved into a caste with its own agenda and aspired to
political equality with the clergy (First Estate) and the aristocracy (Second Estate).
in the early 18th century the "public sphere" was "critical" in that both sides were active.
Examples of the public sphere included newspapers, journals, masonic lodges, coffee
houses and reading clubs where people either in person or virtually via the printed word
debated and discussed issues. In France, the emergence of the public sphere outside of the
control of the state led to the shift from Versailles to Paris as the cultural capital of
France.
3. Financial: France's debt, aggravated by French involvement in the American Revolution,
led Louis XVI to implement new taxations and to reduce privileges.
4. Economic: The deregulation of the grain market, advocated by liberal economists,
resulted in an increase in bread prices. In periods of bad harvests, it would lead to food
scarcity which would prompt the masses to revolt.
The economy in the Ancien Régime during the years preceding the Revolution suffered
from instability. The sequence of events leading to the Revolution included the national
government's fiscal troubles caused by an inefficient tax system and expenditure on
numerous large wars. The attempt to challenge British naval and commercial power in
the Seven Years' War was a costly disaster, with the loss of France's colonial possessions
in continental North America and the destruction of the French Navy. French forces were
rebuilt, and feeling bitter about having lost many of France's overseas colonies to the
British Empire during the Seven Years' War, Louis XVI was eager to give the American
rebels financial and military support. After the British surrender at the Battle of Saratoga,
the French sent 10,000 troops and millions of dollars to the rebels. Despite succeeding in
gaining independence for the Thirteen Colonies, France was severely indebted by the
American Revolutionary War. France's inefficient and antiquated financial system could
not finance this debt. Faced with a financial crisis, the king called an Estates General,
recommended by the Assembly of Notables in 1787 for the first time in over a century.
5. Political: Louis XVI faced strong opposition from provincial parliaments which were the
spearheads of the privileged classes' resistance to royal reforms.
The effects of the French Revolution is that France government have a constitution and a well
settled government also.
Napolean Bonaparte
The revolution was carry forward by NapoleanBonaprte also known as little corporal, who
fought number of fight for the France. Napoleon Bonaparte (August 15, 1769 to May 5, 1821)
was a military general and the first emperor of France who is considered one of the world's
greatest military leaders. Napoleon revolutionized military organization and training, sponsored
the Napoleonic Code, reorganized education and established the long-lived Concordat with the
papacy.
On March 21, 1804, Napoleon instituted the Napoleonic Code, otherwise known as the French
Civil Code, parts of which are still in use around the world today. The Napoleonic Code forbade
privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and stated that government jobs must be
given to the most qualified. The terms of the code are the main basis for many other countries’
civil codes in Europe and North America.
The Napoleonic Code followed Napoleon's new constitution, which created the first consul — a
position which amounted to nothing less than a dictatorship. Following the Revolution, unrest
continued in France; in June of 1799, a coup resulted in the left-wing radical group, the Jacobins,
taking control of the Directory. Working with one of the new directors, Emmanuel Sieyes,
Napoleon hatched plans for a second coup that would place the pair along with Pierre-Roger
Ducos atop a new government called the Consulate.
With the new guidelines, the first consul was permitted to appoint ministers, generals, civil
servants, magistrates and even members of the legislative assemblies. Napoleon would of course
be the one who would fulfill the first consul's duties. In February 1800, the new constitution was
easily accepted.
Under his direction, Napoleon turned his reforms to the country’s economy, legal system and
education, and even the Church, as he reinstated Roman Catholicism as the state religion. He
also negotiated a European peace, which lasted just three years before the start of the Napoleonic
Wars. His reforms proved popular. In 1802 he was elected consul for life, and two years later he
was proclaimed emperor of France.
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of European wars lasting from 1803 to Napoleon’s second
abdication of power in 1815. In 1803, in part to raise funds for war, France sold its North
American Louisiana Territory to the United States for $15 million, a transaction known as the
Louisiana Purchase. Napoleon then returned to war with Britain, Russia and Austria.
In 1805, The British registered an important naval victory against France at the Battle of
Trafalgar, which led Napoleon to scrap his plans to invade England. Instead he set his sights on
Austria and Russia, and beat back both militaries in the Battle of Austerlitz. Other victories soon
followed, allowing Napoleon to greatly expand the French empire and paving the way for
loyalists to his government to be installed in Holland, Italy, Naples, Sweden, Spain and
Westphalia.
Invasion of Russia: In 1812 France was devastated when its invasion of Russia turned out to be a
colossal failure and the beginning of the end for Napoleon. Scores of soldiers in Napoleon's
Grand Army were killed or badly wounded: Out of an original fighting force of some 600,000
men, just 10,000 soldiers were still fit for battle.
News of the defeat reinvigorated Napoleon's enemies, both inside and outside of France. A failed
coup was attempted while Napoleon led his charge against Russia, while the British began to
advance through French territories. With international pressure mounting and his government
lacking the resources to fight back against his enemies, Napoleon surrendered to allied forces on
March 30, 1814.
Exile on Elba: On April 6, 1814, Napoleon was forced to abdicate power and went into exile on
the island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea off of Italy. His exile did not last long, as he watched
France stumbled forward without him. In March 1815, Napoleon escaped the island and quickly
made his way to Paris. King Louis XVIII fled, and Napoleon triumphantly returned to power.
But the enthusiasm that greeted Napoleon when he resumed control of the government soon gave
way to old frustrations and fears about his leadership.
Waterloo: On June 16, 1815, Napoleon led French troops into Belgium and defeated the
Prussians; two days later he was defeated by the British, reinforced by Prussian fighters, at the
Battle of Waterloo. It was a humiliating loss, and on June 22, 1815, Napoleon abdicated his
powers. In an effort to prolong his dynasty he pushed to have his young son, Napoleon II, named
emperor, but the coalition rejected the offer.
France underwent radical changes based on the enlighten the principle of nationalism, liberty,
equality and rights of citizen these changes were accompanied by violence, execution and
repression.
French Revolution results in a number of changes in the politics of France. This resulted in
political and social change in France, Europe as a whole. The French government structure was
previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and catholic clergy.
Culture of France
Language
French is the official language and the first language of 88 percent of the population, according
to the BBC. It is the dominant language of the country's 70 million residents, but there are a
number of variants based on region. French is the second most widely learned foreign language
in the world, with almost 120 million students, according to the French Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and International Development.
About 3 percent of the population speaks German dialects, and there is a small group of Flemish
speakers in the northeast, according to the BBC. Arabic is the third-largest minority language.
Those living near the border of Italy may speak Italian as a second language, and Basque is
spoken by people living along the French-Spanish border.
Other dialects and languages include Catalan, Breton (the Celtic language), Occitan dialects, and
languages from the former French colonies, including Kabyle and Antillean Creole.
Religion
Catholicism is the predominant religion of France.The French take immense great pride in their
nation and government and are typically offended by any negative comments about their country.
Visitors, particularly Americans, often interpret their attitude toward foreigners as rude.
"From around the 16th century, in Europe, culture became a term for the cultivation of the mind,
the intellect, knowledge, learning, creative faculties and acceptable ways of behaving," said De
Rossi. The French embrace style and sophistication and take pride in the fact that even their
public spaces strike a regal tone.
The French believe in égalité, which means equality, and is part of the country's motto: "Liberté,
Egalité, Fraternité." Many say they place a higher importance on equality than liberty and
fraternity, the other two words in the motto.
The French embody romance and passion, and there is an open attitude toward sex outside of
marriage, according to a study by France's National Research Agency on AIDS. Even the
country's top politicians have been known to carry out extramarital affairs without making an
effort to conceal them. As a reflection of the country's secular nature, it is not uncommon for
children are born to unmarried couples.
In addition to traditional marriage, French couples also have the choice of getting a pacte civil de
solidarité (PACS). This is a union that has many of the same benefits of marriage, like tax
breaks, but can be dissolved with a notice or by marrying someone else or instead of a divorce.
Clothing
Paris is known as the home to many high-end fashion houses, such as Dior, Hermes, Louis
Vuitton and Chanel. Many French people dress in a sophisticated, professional and fashionable
style, but it is not overly fussy. Typical outfits include nice dresses, suits, long coats, scarves and
berets.
The term haute couture is associated with French fashion and loosely means fancier garments
that are handmade or made to order. In France, the term is protected by law and is defined by the
Paris Chamber of Commerce, according to Eva Domjian, a London-based fashion writer and
editor. Domjian writes on her blog:
"To earn the right to call itself a couture house and to use the term haute couture in its
advertising and any other way, a fashion house must follow these rules:
Design made-to-order for private clients, with one or more fittings.Have a workshop (atelier) in
Paris that employs at least 15 people full-time.Each season (i.e. twice a year) present a collection
to the Paris press, comprising at least 35 runs/exits with outfits for both daytime wear and
evening wear."
French Art
Art is everywhere in France — particularly in Paris and other major cities — and Gothic,
Romanesque Rococo and Neoclassic influences can be seen in many churches and other public
buildings.
Many of history's most renowned artists, including Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Camille
Pissarro, sought inspiration in Paris, and they gave rise to the Impressionism movement.
The Louvre Museum in Paris is among the world's largest museums and is home to many famous
works of art, including the Mona Lisa and Venus de Milo.
Histoire de la France
Révolutionfrançaise
Causes de la Révolutionfrançaisesont:
Effets de la RévolutionFrançaise
Napoléon Bonaparte
Avec les nouvelles directives, le premier consul a été autorisé à nommer des ministres, des
généraux, des fonctionnaires, des magistrats et même des membres des assemblées législatives.
Napoléon serait bien entendu celui qui remplirait les devoirs du premier consul. En février 1800,
la nouvelle constitution fut facilement acceptée.
Sous sa direction, Napoléon a réformé l'économie, le système juridique et l'éducation du pays, et
même l'Église, en rétablissant le catholicisme comme religion d'État. Il a également négocié une
paix européenne, qui n'a duré que trois ans avant le début des guerres napoléoniennes. Ses
réformes ont été populaires. En 1802, il fut élu consul à vie et, deux ans plus tard, il fut proclamé
empereur de France.
Les guerres napoléoniennes furent une série de guerres européennes qui durèrent de 1803 à la
seconde abdication de Napoléon en 1815. En 1803, en partie pour récolter des fonds pour la
guerre, la France vendit son territoire nord-américain de Louisiane aux États-Unis pour 15
millions de dollars. comme l'achat de la Louisiane. Napoléon est ensuite retourné à la guerre
avec la Grande-Bretagne, la Russie et l'Autriche.
En 1805, les Britanniques enregistrent une importante victoire navale contre la France à la
bataille de Trafalgar, ce qui amène Napoléon à abandonner ses plans d'invasion de l'Angleterre.
Au lieu de cela, il a jeté son dévolu sur l'Autriche et la Russie et a repoussé les deux armées lors
de la bataille d'Austerlitz. D'autres victoires s'ensuivirent, permettant à Napoléon d'étendre
considérablement l'empire français et ouvrant la voie aux loyalistes de son gouvernement
installés en Hollande, en Italie, à Naples, en Suède, en Espagne et en Westphalie.
Invasion de la Russie: En 1812, la France a été dévastée lorsque son invasion de la Russie s'est
révélée être un échec colossal et le début de la fin pour Napoléon. Des dizaines de soldats de la
Grande Armée de Napoléon ont été tués ou gravement blessés: sur une force de combat
originelle de quelque 600 000 hommes, seulement 10 000 soldats étaient encore aptes au combat.
Les nouvelles de la défaite revigorèrent les ennemis de Napoléon, tant à l'intérieur qu'à l'extérieur
de la France. Un coup d'Etat manqué a été tenté pendant que Napoléon menait son accusation
contre la Russie, tandis que les Britanniques commençaient à avancer à travers les territoires
français. Alors que la pression internationale monte et que son gouvernement manque de
ressources pour riposter à ses ennemis, Napoléon se rend aux forces alliées le 30 mars 1814.
Exil sur l'îled'Elbe: Le 6 avril 1814, Napoléon estcontraintd'abdiquer le pouvoir et part enexil sur
l'îled'ElbeenMéditerranée au large de l'Italie. Son exil ne dura pas longtemps, alorsqu'ilregardait
la France trébucher sans lui. En mars 1815, Napoléon s'échappe de l'île et se rend rapidement à
Paris. Le roi Louis XVIII s'enfuit et Napoléon revienttriomphalement au pouvoir.
Maisl'enthousiasme qui a accueilli Napoléon lorsqu'il a repris le contrôle du gouvernement a
rapidementcédé la place à de vieilles frustrations et craintes au sujet de son leadership. Waterloo:
Le 16 juin 1815, Napoléon conduit les troupes françaisesenBelgique et défait les Prussiens; Deux
jours plus tard, il a étébattu par les Britanniques, renforcé par des combattantsprussiens, à la
bataille de Waterloo. Ce futunepertehumiliante et, le 22 juin 1815, Napoléon
abdiquasespouvoirs. Dans un effort pour prolonger sadynastie, ilpoussa à faire nommer son
jeunefils, Napoléon II, empereur, mais la coalition rejetal'offre. La France a subi des
changementsradicauxbasés sur l'éclaircissement du principe du nationalisme, de la liberté, de
l'égalité et des droits du citoyen. Ceschangementsontétéaccompagnés par la violence, l'exécution
et la répression. Révolutionfrançaiseentraîne un certain nombre de changementsdans la politique
de la France. Cela a entraîné des changements politiques et sociauxen France, en Europe dans
son ensemble. La structure du gouvernementfrançaisétaitauparavantunemonarchieabsolue avec
des privilègesféodaux pour l'aristocratie et le clergécatholique.
Culture de France La
Langue
Religion
Relations indo-françaisesjusqu'àl'époque
French President Emmanuel Macron arrived in New Delhi on Friday and is scheduled to meet
Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visit to discuss ways of building closer diplomatic ties.
France’s 40-year-old president was accompanied by his wife and is scheduled to make the almost
obligatory visit to the Taj Mahal and the holy city of Varanasi, which is also the parliamentary
constituency of PM Modi.
During his four-day visit, Macron will reportedly hold talks ranging from ways to build closer
diplomatic ties to defence and nuclear energy sales with Indian leaders.
Au cours de savisite de quatrejours, M. Macron aurait des discussions sur les moyensd'établir des
liens diplomatiques plus étroits avec la défense et les ventesd'énergienucléaire avec les
dirigeantsindiens.
As the visit is expected to strengthen Indo-French ties, let us take a look at the relationship
between the two countries over the years:
Comme la visitedevraitrenforcer les liens franco-indiens, jetons un coup d'œil à la relation entre
les deux pays au fil des ans:
Economic relations:
Relations économiques
Bilateral trade between India and France has increased significantly over the past fifteen years.
At present, more than 1,000 French subsidiaries from a wide spectrum of sectors are present in
India, employing a workforce of around 3,00,000 persons, according to the French Embassy.
France has also collaborated with India under the ‘Smart Cities’ initiative taken up by the Modi
government.
La France a égalementcollaboré avec l'Indedans le cadre de l'initiative «Smart Cities» reprise par
le gouvernement Modi.
Political relations:
Relations politiques:
During the 1980s, France wished to widen the scope of its relations with India. However, a
closer bilateral relationship was established with the creation of a strategic partnership in 1998
and a strategic dialogue a year later.
Au cours des années 1980, la France a souhaitéélargir la portée de ses relations avec l'Inde.
Cependant, une relation bilatérale plus étroite a étéétablie avec la création d'un
partenariatstratégiqueen 1998 et un dialogue stratégique un an plus tard.
A year after PM Modi came to power, he visited France in what was his first visit to a European
country since taking office. He has visited the country twice more since then.
Later erstwhile President Francois Hollande made a state visit to India between January 24 and
January 26, 2016.
Il a visité le pays deuxfois plus depuislors. Plus tard, le président François Hollande a fait
unevisited'ÉtatenInde entre le 24 janvier et le 26 janvier 2016
In 2017, a few months after Emmanuel Macron became the new president of France, PM Modi
visited Paris and met the newly elected PM with an aim to bolster the bilateral strategic ties and
discuss key issues like terrorism and climate change.
“Be it trade and technology, innovation and investment, energy, education and enterprise, we
want to give a boost to India-France ties,” PM Modi had said on the occasion.
India and France have also built scientific and technical cooperation as a key area of their
partnership, which was given a fresh impetus with the establishment of an Indo-French
Commission for Scientific and Technological Cooperation.