ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND DRIVES

BPB37103/BPB31304

TRANSFORMER
Topic Contents
 Overview, Applications and Types of Transformer
 Basic Construction
 Working Principles – Faraday’s Law
 EMF Equation
 Ideal Transformer
 Practical Transformer
 What is a TRANSFORMER ?
 It is a stationary electrical machine that
converts ac electric energy at one level
into ac electric energy at another level
(can be either voltage or current).

What do we use a transformer for?

 To step up/down the voltage or current.
 To act as impedance matching device.
 To isolate (no physical connection) one portion of a
circuit from another.
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Voltage/Power Transformer

415V/240V

Distribution Transformer
30kV/115kV 115kV/22kV/6.6kV/415V

Current Transformer

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Basic Construction of Transformer

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 Working Principles : Faraday’s Law
• V1 is applied to Electromagnetic
the primary Induction
• Resulting current, • The alternating
i1 produce total flux links both the
• If load is
flux,  flowing windings and
connected across
through the core induces E1 and E2
the secondary
winding, E2 will
cause current
flows through the
load.

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i. The transformer action is based on the laws of
electromagnetic induction.

ii.There is no electrical connection between the primary

and secondary. The a.c. power is transferred from
primary to secondary through magnetic flux.

iii.There is no change in frequency i.e., output power has

the same frequency as the input power.

iv.The losses that occur in a transformer are:

(a) core losses-eddy current and hysteresis losses
(b) copper losses-in the resistance of the windings
 EMF Equation
According to Faraday’s Law, instantaneous emf e1 induced in the primary is
dΦ
e1   N1 and  is sinusoidal flux produced by the primary
dt which is Φ  Φm sin ωt

d
  N1 (Φ m sin ωt )
dt
 ωN1Φ m cos ωt
  2 π f N1Φ m cos ωt
 2 π f N1Φ m sin(ωt - 90o )

maximum induced emf in the primary, E m1  2 π f N1Φm

Thus, rms value for emf 2 π f N1Φ m
E1  E1  4.44 f N1 Φm
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similarly E 2  4.44 f N 2 Φm
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Voltage Transformation Ratio, a

iP iS
+ +
EP N P
 a EP NP NS ES
ES N S
_ _
 IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 For ideal transformer, we assume
that :
 The permeability of the core, r
approaches infinity
 No core losses
 No resistance in the windings
 No leakage flux
 Therefore,

Vp  E p Vs  Es
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 Since the power losses are ignored, the input power must be
equal to output power :

VP iP =VS iS
Hence,
 Voltage and current angles are unaffected by the ideal
transformer.

Pin = VP IP cos θP Pout = VSIS cos θS

since θP = θS = θ  Pin = Pout
 Therefore, NP and NS of an ideal transformer have the same
power factor.
 Reactive power going into the primary winding is also
equal to reactive power going into the secondary winding.
Qin = VP IP sin θ = VS IS sin θ = Qout

 The same relationship also applies to apparent power S.

Sin = VP IP = VS IS = Sout

iP NS iS
NP
+ +
VP = EP ES = VS
_ _
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 IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Im I2=0 I1 I2
+ + + +
V1 = E1 E2 V1 = E1 E2=V2 Z
_ _ _ _
N1 N2 N1 N2

E2 V1, E1
E2 V1, E1
θ
90o
I1
Im
I2

Φm Phasor diagram (no-load) Φm Phasor diagram (under-load)

 IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Impedance Transformation
• The impedance of the load is
I1 I2 V2
+ + Z 
I2
V1 • However, the source sees an
ZX  V1 V2 Z
impedance between the
I1 primary terminals as
_ _
V1
ZX 
I1
 We know that V1 = aV2 and I1 = I2 /a, therefore

aV2 a 2 V2
ZX   a Z
2

I2 / a I2
the impedance seen by the primary side is a2 times the real
impedance of the secondary side. 14
 I1 I2
+ + • An ideal
transformer can
V1 V2 Z modify the value of
any component.

_ _ ZX  a Z 2

 Example : A 1000  resistor placed across the

secondary of an ideal transformer with turns ratio of
1:5 will appear across the primary as having a
resistance of 1000 x (1/ 5)2 = 40 .

 It is also possible to use the ideal transformer to

match the magnitude of the load impedance to the
source impedance by adjusting the turns ratio. 15
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER Losses
 There are THREE major losses that occur in a real
transformer :-

 Core losses  Eddy current losses + Hysteresis losses

 Copper losses
 Leakage flux

 We need to take into account these losses to accurately

model and then analyze a real transformer using its
equivalent circuit
 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Core Losses
 The losses make up by the hysteresis and eddy current losses
also known as iron losses.
 The core-loss current can be modeled by a resistance Rm
across the primary voltage source.
Rm

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 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Copper Losses
 Resistive heating losses through the primary and secondary
windings
 Can be modeled by a resistor R1 in the primary circuit and
resistor R2 in the secondary circuit of the transformer

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 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Leakage Flux

There will be no power loss due to leakage reactance.

However, the presence of leakage reactance in the windings
changes the power factor as well as there is voltage loss due
to IX drop.

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 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Exact Equivalent Circuit

excitation
branch
 To analyze practical circuits with real transformers, we
need to convert the above circuit to an equivalent circuit
at a single voltage level. 20
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
 The equivalent circuit can be referred either to its
(a) primary side or to its (b) secondary side.
I1 R1 jX1 a2R2 ja2X2 I2 /a
+ +
V1 Rm jXm aV2

_ _ (a)

aI1 R1 /a2 jX1 /a

2
R2 jX2 I2
+ +
V1 /a Rm /a2 jXm /a2 V2

_ _ (b)
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 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Simplified Equivalent Circuit

 To analyze practical circuits with real transformers, we need

to convert the above circuit to an equivalent circuit at a single
voltage level.
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Simplified Equivalent Circuit Referred to Primary
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Simplified Equivalent Circuit Referred to Secondary
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Approximate Equivalent Circuit

No excitation branch included in the primary side

 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Voltage Regulation
 The voltage regulation (VR) of a transformer is defined as the variation of
secondary voltage between no-load and full load with the primary voltage
being assumed constant.
 It can be expressed as either a per unit or a percentage of no-load voltage.
This is also known as regulation “down”.
VS,nl - VS,fl
Voltageregulation, VR  100%
VS,fl
where VS,nl = secondary voltage at no load
VS,fl = secondary voltage at full load
 NOTE : VR can also be calculated using no-load and full-load primary
voltages, applied to the equivalent circuit referred to the primary.
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 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Voltage Regulation
 At no-load, the secondary side is
open-circuited and current flowing
through the circuit is zero, therefore V p / a - VS,fl
Voltageregulation, VR  100%
VS = VS,nl = Vp /a. VS,fl

 When the secondary side is

connected to a load, current flows aIP Reqs jXeqs IS
through the series impedances.
Therefore,
+
VS = VS,fl VP /a ZL VS,fl
= Vp /a – IS (Reqs + jXeqs)
Vp /a = VS + IS (Reqs + jXeqs) _
Approximate Simplified Equivalent
Circuit referred to secondary
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 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Efficiency
 The efficiency of a transformer is defined by
Pout
  100%
Pin
Pout
  100%
Pout  Ploss

 When a transformer is connected to a load, there are two

power losses to be considered :
 Copper losses, PCu (I12R1 + I22R2)
 Core losses, Pcore (V12/Rm)
 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Efficiency
 Output power is defined by Pout  VS I S cos 
 S cos 
where cos  is the load power factor.

Efficiency is
VS I S cos 
 100%
PCu  Pcore  VS I S cos 

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