Sr.
No Paper Title Experimental Procedure
1. Analysing flux filtration system is composed of
decline in dead- an air-pressurized feed tank
end filtration connected to a 50-mL filtration
cell (Millipore). Filtration
experiments are conducted at
different pressures and different
concentrations of suspension.
The permeate is collected in a
beaker and the cumulative
permeate mass is measured via
an electronic balance
connected to a computer for on-
line data acquisition.
2. Membrane The unstirred batch
filtration of experiments are conducted in a
leather plant 150mL filtration cell made of
effluent: Flux stainless steel. The operating
decline pressures are 414, 552 and 828
mechanism kPa for NF experiments
3. Ultrasound The tests were performed in a
assisted extraction tangential filtration system
and nanofiltration using flat sheet membranes-270
of phenolic Da. the system pressure was
compounds from maintained at 20 bar and
artichoke solid temperature was 25 C. The
wastes initial feed volume was 900 mL
and the concentration process
were carried out to a volume
reduction factor of 2.5.
Data
Collated/Represented/Studied
For a given set of operating
conditions (feed concentration,
transmembrane pressure), the
permeate versus volume data are
collected from a series of five
runs. Plot of cumulative permeate
volume V vs. time t—
comparison between
experimental and calculated
curves for four experiments
(C=10−2 gL−1 and P = 0.3 bar).
[ 0.2μm; 0.8μm; 5μm; 8μm]
The conductivity, total dissolved
solids (TDS), and pH of all
samples are measured at room
temperature. Total solids (TS) of
all the samples are measured.
Flux data taken for 200 DA and
400 Da membranes and
compared with the model
predicted values .During NF,
complete pore blocking prevailed
up to about 150 s; standard pore
blocking controlled the flux
decline thereafter up to about
1650 s and beyond that, the flux
decline was controlled by the
cake formation mechanism.
The volumetric flux of permeate
(Jv) was calculated by Equation
(1), and the average permeate
flux (Js) was obtained from the
straight line inclination described
by the function (in paper). The
flux decrease (Df) was
calculated.
Surface membranes
characterization-
1. Atomic force microscopy
(AFM)
2. Infrared fourier
transformed
spectroscopy. The
attenuated total
reflectance (ATR) was
used to investigate the
 functional groups and
molecular structures on
the membranes surfaces,
before and after the
filtration process
The permeate fluxes shown in
this work, that ranged from 8.42
to 25.27 L/m2h. during the
nanofiltration of 50% EtOH
extract, the reducing volume
factor was reached around
three hours of process (Fig. 4),
whereas for the concentration
process with 75% EtOH extract,
the time required to reach the
same
factor was more than twice. After
the concentration processes, a
significant increase in surface
roughness in relation to virgin
membranes was observed, due to
feed solute deposition on
membranes surface. This result
was another indicator of the cake
formation during concentration.
4. Membrane The different fluxes were At preset time intervals, permeate
performance and monitored over time after a was collected and further
application of period of stabilization analyzed. Gallic acid and tannic
ultrafiltration at a feed flow rate of 4.5 ± 0.25 acid concentration was assessed.
and nanofiltration L h1 and 35oC. Membrane membrane separation operations
to ethanol/water selectivity was evaluated in were carried out in concentration
extract of total recirculation mode. The mode, at 35 C and a fixed TMP -
Eucalyptus bark feed solution was circulated for 14 bar for NF membrane
about 1 h until the steady state.
Afterwards,
5. Separation of a A cross-flow NF device was SEM imaging of membrane done
high-value used. Both self-made and before and after the process. Flux
pharmaceutical commercial membranes were data was studied.
compound from tested. A feed container (3 L)
waste ethanol by supplies the liquid feed solution
nanofiltration to the
membrane cell by a plunger
pump which has a capacity of
420 L/h and a maximal working
pressure of 14 bar.
SEM imaging of membrane
done before and after the
process.
6. Separation and Membrane filtration The retention (R) of selected
purification of experiments were performed by membranes towards specific
phenolic using a lab crossflow compounds was determined. The
compounds from membrane filtration unit. All permeate flux (Jp) was
pomegranate juice experiments were performed at determined. The fouling index
by ultrafiltration a TMP of 10 bar and an (FI) was calculated. Permeate
and nanofiltration operating temperature of 25 ± 1 and retentate samples coming
o
membranes C. from different experiments were
immediately frozen and kept at
18 C until analysed. Samples
were analysed for total phenols,
total soluble solids (TSS),
anthocyanins, sugars and total
antioxidant activity (TAA). the
mass balance of the process at
WRF 5 for total anthocyanins,
polyphenols and sugars, is
reported.