Single Phase Grid Connected Solar Energy Conversion System With

Load Balancing

2017-2018
A Dissertation submitted to
Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal
Towards partial fulfillment of the degree of

Master of Engineering
In
Electrical Engineering

Specialization in
Power Electronics

Supervised By: Suervised By:

Dr. H K Verma M P S Chawla
Assistant Profe Associate Profe
EED, SGSITS EED, SGSITS

Department of Electrical Engineering

Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science
Indore (M.P.)-452003

i
 Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore
[Govt. aided autonomous institute affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal]

2017-2018

RECOMMENDATION

We are pleased to recommend that the desertion work entitled Single Phase Grid
Connected Solar Energy Conversion System With LoadBalancing carried out by
Mr. Abhilash Singh Parihar in partial fulfillment for degree of Master of
Engineering in Electrical Engineering with specialization in Power Electronics
of Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) during the year 2017-
2017. This project has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirement in
respect of project work prescribe for the Master of degree.

Dr. Shailendra Ku. Sharma Dr. H.K.Verma

Supervisor Professor & Head
Electrical Engineering Dept. Electrical Engineering Dept.
SGSITS, Indore SGSITS, Indore

DEAN (ACADEMICS)
SGSITS, Indore

ii
 Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore
[Govt. aided autonomous institute affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal]

2016-2017

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Major work entitled “Single Phase Grid Connected Solar
Energy Conversion System With LoadBalancing”, submitted by Mr. Abhilash
Singh Parihar towards the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
the degree of Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering with specialization
in “Power Electronics” is satisfactory account of his work based on syllabus and is
approved for the degree of Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: - Date:-

iii
 Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore
[Govt. aided autonomous institute affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal]

2017-2018

DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE

In accordance with the requirement for degree of Master of Engineering in

Electrical Engineering with specialization in Power Electronics.
I Abhilash Singh Parihar presents this report entitled “Single Phase Grid
Connected Solar Energy Conversion System with Load Balancing”. This
report/project completed under the supervision of Dr. H. K. Verma, Asst. Prof. EED
S.G.S.I.T.S, Indore and I declare that the work presented in the report is my own
original work and all references taken are duly acknowledged in the text and to the
best of my knowledge, this material has not been submitted in whole or in part of
degree either at this institute or any other institute or elsewhere.

Abhilash Singh Parihar

0801EE16ME19
Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering
(specialization in Power Electronics)

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There is a race for survival in the present world competition in which they have the desire to
succeed in order to come forward. The project is like a bridge between theoretical and practical
work. With this desire I joined the Master of Engineering.
From the bottom of my heart, I would like to pay my courteous thank to my memorable, studious,
and inspirational supervisor Dr. H K Verma for his precious guidance, innovative ideas and gave
me nice direction for future. Who is always encouraged me to work hard and without the help of
his, this project cannot become a real.
I distend my sincere thanks to Dr. H. K. Verma, Professor & Head, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science Indore (M.P), Whose continued
appreciation and encouragement made this work possible.
I am also grateful to Dr. Rakesh Saxena, Director of Shri G. S. Institute of Technology and
Science, Indore, who has permitted me for making the major project.
I manifest my sincere thanks to Prof. B. Sarkar, Prof. B.M. Sharma, Mr. MPS Chawla, Dr.
Arun Parakh, Dr. Sandeep Bhongade, Mr. R.S. Mandloi, and other faculty members of
electrical engineering department, those who have taught me different courses which helped me
in this work.
I want to thank my family and their consolation, without which my study won't be conceivable.
I want to express my honesty to Mrs. Menka Dubey and Mr. B. Joshi for their generous attitude
and friendly behavior.
I am grateful to my friends Abhishek Singh, Anil Patel, Anirudh Sharma, Apurva singh,
Jitendra Gupta, Pemendra Pardhi, Saran Chaurasiya, Shalvi Tyagi, and all other friends,
who have been always helping and encouraging me through out of year.
I would like to thank to all members and employees of Electrical Engineering Department, SGSITS
Indore for their interminable help.

ABHILASH SINGH PARIHAR

v
 ABSTRACT
This thesis proposes a system configuration of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)
based wind energy conversion system (WECS) for supplying to the grid. A novel control strategy
is proposed for PMSG based WECS with fault ride through capability. Vector control strategy is
used for Machine side converter (MSC) and power oriented vector control strategy is used for grid
side converter (GSC). MSC is controlled to control DC link voltage and GSC is responsible for
controlled power injection to the grid. The MSC is having inherent damping ability of torsion
oscillation caused by drive train. The GSC is utilized to control the active and reactive power
requirement according to the grid code.

On the instruction of power system operator (PSO) under grid fault, GSC reduces active power
and inject reactive power to the grid and MSC works to reduce generator’s speed to maintain DC
link voltage and consequently generator’s acceleration neutralize by employing pitch angle
regulation. The estimated pitch angle is obtained using formula of power coefficient. Because of
large time constant and inertia of wind turbine (WT), it can’t decelerate quickly. Super capacitor
based short term energy storage system is used to maintain the DC link voltage. The key feature
of ESS is adopted with class C chopper based bidirectional dc-dc converter. The dc-dc converter
is used for charging and discharging of super capacitor. The proposed control strategy is faster and
has more precise response for improved fault ride through capability.

vi
This thesis is dedicated to my family,
teachers
&
friends

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... x
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................... xii
LIST OF ABREBIATION ..................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1
1.1 BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................................1
1.2 World Energy Crisis .....................................................................................................4
1.3 The Thrust for Renewable Energy ..............................................................................5

1.3.1 Energy scenario of India ....................................................................................6

1.4 Literature Review..........................................................................................................7
1.5 Objectives and Contribution of the Thesis .................................................................7
1.6 Thesis Organization ......................................................................................................7

CHAPTER 2 LITRATURE SURVEY .............................................................................. 8

2.1 Power Conditioning Unit ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.1 Single-Stage PCU ...............................................................................................8

2.1.2 Two-Stage PCU ..................................................................................................8
2.2 Components of the PCU ...............................................................................................9

2.2.1 Photovoltaic System ............................................................................................9

2.2.2 Cell module AND array ......................................................................................9
2.2.3 Inverters ............................................................................................................10
2.2.4 Hysteresis controller.........................................................................................11
2.3 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING ............................................................11

2.3.1 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING TECHNIQUES ..............................12

2.3.2 Perturb and Observe MPPT .............................................................................12

viii
 2.3.3 operation process of P&O MPPT ....................................................................13
CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN AND CONTROL STRETEGY .......................... 15
3.1 System configuration ..................................................................................................15
3.2 SYSTEM DESIGN ......................................................................................................16

3.2.1 DESIGN OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL.............................................................16

3.2.2 DESIGN OF PV ARRAY ...................................................................................18
3.2.3 DESIGN OF BOOST CONVERTER.................................................................18
3.2.4 DESIGN OF DC-Link .......................................................................................21
3.2.5 DESIGN OF INVERTER ..................................................................................21
3.3 CONTROL STRETAGY ...........................................................................................21

3.3.1 BOOST CONVERTER CONTROL ...................................................................21

3.3.2 INVERTER CONTROL STRETAGY .................................................................21
3.4 PROPOSED CONTROL STRATEGY .....................................................................22

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION.................................................................. 27

4.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................27
4.2 PERFORMANCE OF PV PANEL ............................................................................27

4.2.1 UNDER CONSTANT TEMPERATUR ..............................................................27

4.2.2 UNDER CONSTANT IRRADIANCE ................................................................29
4.3 PERFORMANCE OF SECS UNDER CONSTANT IRRADIANCE ....................30

4.3.1 LINEAR LOAD CONNECTED AT GRID SIDE ...............................................30

4.4 PERFORMANCE OF SECS UNDER VARYING IRRADIANCE .......................30

4.4.1 NON LINEAR LOAD CONNECTED AT GRID SIDE......................................30

4.5 PERFORMANCE OF SECS UNDER SUDDEN SAG IN GRID VOLTAGE ......33
4.6 PERFORMANCE OF SECS UNDER SUDDEN SWELL IN GRID VOLTAGE 35

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE .............................................. 38

5.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................38
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE ........................................................................................................38

References................................................................................................................................... 38
APPENDEX .............................................................................................................................. 41

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Evolution of solar power ............................................................................................... 2
Figure 1-2 Type of Solar Energy Conversion System .................................................................... 4
Figure 1-3 ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Figure 1-4 World Electricity Generation By Fules 2015 ................................................................ 6
Figure 2-1 ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Figure 2-2 ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Figure 2-3 PV Cell, PV Module and PV Array ........................................................................... 10
Figure 2-4 Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter ............................................................................... 10
Figure 2-5 Hysteresis Controller ................................................................................................... 11
Figure 3-1 System Configuration.................................................................................................. 15
Figure 3-2 PV Cell Circuit Model ................................................................................................ 17
Figure 3-3 Equivalent Circuit of PV Module ............................................................................... 18
Figure 3-4 Boost Converter circuit ............................................................................................... 21
Figure 3-5 Proposed Control Strategy .......................................................................................... 22
Figure 3-6 Synchronizing Signals ................................................................................................. 23
Figure 3-7 Internal parameter of system ....................................................................................... 25
Figure 4-1 I-V Curve of PV Panel Under Specified Irradiance ................................................ 28
Figure 4-2 P-V Curve of Panel Under Specified Irradiance .................................................. 28
Figure 4-3 I-V Curve of PV Panel Under Specified Temperatures .......................................... 29
Figure 4-4 P-V Curve of Panel Under Specified Temperatures .............................................. 29
Figure 4-5 Performance of System Under Changing Irradiance and Nonlinear load at the Grid. 31
Figure 4-6 Performance of System Under Changing Irradiance and Nonlinear load at the Grid.32
Figure 4-7 Performance of System Under Sudden Sag in Grid Voltage and Nonlinear load at the
Grid. .............................................................................................................................................. 34
Figure 4-8 Performance of System Under Sudden Sag in Grid Voltage and Nonlinear load at the
Grid. .............................................................................................................................................. 35

x
Figure 4-9 Performance of System Under Sudden Swell in Grid Voltage and Nonlinear load at
the Grid. ........................................................................................................................................ 36
Figure 4-10 Performance of System Under Sudden Swell in Grid Voltage and Nonlinear load at
the Grid. ........................................................................................................................................ 37

xi
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 Installed Grid Interactive Power Capacity as of 31 March 2018 ................................... 7
Table 2-1 Boost Converter Design Parameter .............................................................................. 19

xii
 LIST OF ABREBIATION
Cases
EIA Energy Information Administration ................................................................................................... 5
PEC Power Electronic Converter ............................................................................................................... 3
PV Photo Voltaic .......................................................................................................................................... 9
PWM Puls Width Modulation .................................................................................................................... 11

xiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
Energy is one of the most important factor for any developing country. We are need in energy for
industrial, commercial and day to day activities, and we use energy in different forms. Out of all
the form of energy electricity is important one because of its efficient conversion, transmission
and utilization. [1]

Electric energy is widely used and it is source of useful work almost in every field of life. The
increasing demand for the electric energy and declining energy resources such as fossil fuels have
forced mankind to place significant emphasis on renewable energy sources, which emerged as the
interconnection of different clean sources to yield higher reliability, reduced greenhouse gas
emissions and increased power quality

In recent years, with the rapid penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (such as solar
photovoltaic and wind power) into the traditional power system, it is imagined that a mixture of
AC and emerging DC power systems will make out the future form of our power network and
power supplies. In addition, the development of DC power stages increases the need for efficient
converters that can transform power from DC to AC and from AC to DC. Some well-known power
electronic engineers like professor Robert Erickson estimates that by 2030, 80% of all electrical
energy will be processed by power electronics.

On the whole, the use of renewable energy is a challenge to reduce the CO2 emission and offer
sustainable clean and affordable energy. Energy saving is one of the best cost-effective solution.
But the worldwide energy demand is increasing, and energy saving alone does not tackle the
problem. For that issue, renewable energy is a good option because it gives a green and clean
energy, free of CO2 emission.

1
 Renewable energy is defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally generated
like sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. In recent years, the development of
renewable energy sources has become a global priority which have given rise to intensive research
on renewable energy technologies such as PV, hydroelectric, wind, geothermal, and tidal systems.

PV systems have been used for over 50 years in various specialized applications and grid-
connected PV systems have been in use for over 20 years. At the end of 2016, worldwide installed
PV capacity increased to more than 300 gigawatts (GW). The global PV market grew significantly,
to at least 74,4 GW in 2016. With non-reporting countries, this number could grow up to 75,4 GW,
compared to 50 GW in 2015. This represents a 50% growth year-on-year. Worldwide, maximum
PV systems are utility connected where large amount of PV capacity is involved. But for remote
areas, which are isolated from utility grid, standalone operation is the best option. An evolution of
the PV installations can be seen in figure from the International Energy Agency [1].

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
2009
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008

2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016

Series 1

Figure 1-1 Evolution of solar power

Source IEA1

1
International Energy Agency

2
Abundant and economic energy is the life blood of modern civilization. With the increasing speed
of global economic growth as well as the remarkable development in world industry, the fast rising
demand for sustainable energy has put ever-increasing pressure on human society.

Along with the amazing innovations in the photovoltaic (PV) technology, solar power has
attracted plenty of attention. Due to several reasons including the unlimited energy from the sun,
the relatively high efficiency of modern PV system, the continuously dropping price of solar cells
and the ease of implementation and maintenance of solar systems, the PV industry is taking more
of a role in world power supply.

Photovoltaic energy systems can be grouped as, large-scale PV systems (solar farms involving
MW ratings), medium scale (in tens of kW ratings) put on the roofs of industrial buildings etc.

and finally the residential PV systems typically placed on the roofs of the residential places (several
kW or less).

Of these, the largest market growth and high number of installations has been experienced in the
residential applications. Residential applications can be off-grid with/without a battery back-up
or grid-connected with /without a battery back-up, all of them equipped with power electronic
converters (PEC) as an interface to the loads.

In most of the cases for the off-grid applications, the loads are far away from the utility grid,
therefore PV installations appear with battery back-ups as an alternative to installing long cables.

However, if the load is not a critical one such that the electric power is not always required, battery
back-up is not necessary which is the case for PV energy fed water pumping systems.

In grid-connected systems with battery back-up, the batteries are charged either from the PV
source or from the utility grid. If the batteries are full, excessive power is delivered to the utility
grid. In case of an electric power cut-off, the system operates as an uninterruptible power supply
(UPS) by feeding the local loads from the batteries with the disconnection from the utility grid.

In the case of grid-connected systems (where the grid-connected systems without battery back-up
are intended hereby), battery charging and discharging losses are nonexistent which increases the
system efficiency and cost, sacrificing the UPS operation.

3
Although the choice among these PV systems is application dependent, grid-connected systems
are the most favorable in terms of commerciality, due to their lower cost and size, and less
maintenance.

Figure 1-2 Type of Solar Energy Conversion System

1.2 WORLD ENERGY CRISIS

The world has experienced a huge increase in energy demand during the last 100 years.

FIGURE 1-3 gives the details about the sector wise significant rise of the global energy demand.
Improved technologies and the fast growing population are mainly responsible for this huge
increase. However, it is also clear that the majority of the energy resources that we rely on are not
sustainable. Since crude oil is made over millions of years from an ancient biota, the overuse of
oil means that we cannot depend solely on these resources for very much longer.

4
 Figure 1-3 World Energy Consumption by surce, 1990-2040

Source EIA2

1.3 THE THRUST FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

The other problem caused by burning fossil fuel is pollution, and the consequent environmental
and climate change. Unfortunately, some of the pollution appears to be irreversible. During the
1980s and 1990s, most governments conducted a deregulation policy in their countries, which was
treated as a positive way to encourage the efficient supply and use of energy. An important attempt
to deal with the energy problem and pollution globally was the Kyoto protocol in 1997. Despite
that America and China, being the two largest polluting nations, were not involved, the Kyoto
protocol indicated that more attention should be paid to this serious problem. Renewable resources,
such as solar power and wind power, are being trusted as a replacement of conventional energy
resources in the future. Considerable efforts have contributed to the fast growth of green energy in
the last few years.

Prior to the development of coal in the mid19th century, nearly all energy used by human society
was renewable. Among the energy sources, hydro (in the form of flow of the river wheels) and
wind (in the form of wind mills) have been used for centuries as sources of mechanical power,

2
US Energy Information Administration

5
mainly for agriculture purposes. However, nowadays when we talk about renewable energy, we
are using these resources to generate electrical power.

Green energy is defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished in a
human timescale, including wind power, hydro power, solar energy, geothermal energy and bio
energy. Despite fossil fuel still being responsible for about 78.4% of energy consumption all over
the world, renewable resources now can shoulder as much as one-fifth of our energy needs.
Looking forward to the future, indications are that the need to push in the direction of renewable
energy is being taken seriously and there is a bright future for these technologies.

Coal
Other 12%
Oil 10%
6%

Nuclear Natural Gas

16% 33%

Hydro
23%

Coal Natural Gas Hydro Nuclear Oil Others(Renew)

Figure 1-4 World Electricity Generation By Fuels 2015

Source IEA

1.3.1 ENERGY SCENARIO OF INDIA

India lies in the sunny belt of the world. India is endowed with vast solar energy potential. Most
parts of India get 300 days of sunshine a year. About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energy is incident
over Indian land area with most area receiving 4-7 kWh per sq. meter per day. Hence, both
technology solar thermal and solar photovoltaic can effectively provide huge capability for solar
energy in India.

As per the data given by MNRE see in TABLE, total installed capacity of i

6
 Table 1-1 Installed Grid Interactive Power Capacity as of 31 March 2018

Source Total Installed Capacity (MW) 2022 Target (MW)

Wind Power 34,046 60,000

Solar Power 21,651 100,000

Biomass Power 8,701 10,000

Waste-to-Power 138

Small Hydro 4.486 5,000

TOTAL 69,022 175,000

SOURCE MNRE3

1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW

1.5 OBJECTIVES AND CONTRIBUTION OF THE THESIS

1.6 THESIS ORGANIZATION

This project is organized in the following chapters: Chapter 2.

Chapter 3. Provides a brief description about system modelling and control strategy.

Chapter 4. Deals with the small signal modelling and implementation of all the control strategies
and their stability analysis.

Chapter 5. Contains all the simulation results and its discussion under several parameter
variations.

Chapter 6. The conclusion about the system and the future research scope are written here.

3
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Gov. of India

7
CHAPTER 2 LITRATURE SURVEY

2.1.1 SINGLE-STAGE SYSTEM

In single stage PV system the DC output of array directly fed to the AC-DC inverter, which is used
for both the function, MPP tracking and grid synchronization.

Figure 2-1 Single Stage SECS

2.1.2 TWO-STAGE SYSTEM

Two stage system consist PV panel that converts solar insolation in to DC electrical form. A boost that
increase the level of DC voltage. a MPPT controller that provides switching pulses to BOOST converter
and force the system to works on MPP. This is the first stage.
In the second stage output voltage of BOOST converter fed to the VSI, which convert DC voltage to AC.

Figure 2-2 Two Stage SECS

8
2.2 COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM

2.2.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

A photovoltaic (PV) system directly converts solar radiation (sunlight) into electricity. The PV
system’s basic device is the PV cell. A generic photovoltaic cell can be described as a diode whose
p-n junction is exposed to sunlight. When sunlight strikes the junction, photons (i.e. energy
transported by electromagnetic waves) are absorbed, resulting in the formation of electron-hole
pairs. The photons are small packets of energy which carry electromagnetic radiation who, on
reaching the depletion region, cause the holes to move to the p-side of the junction and the electrons
to move to the n-side, thus resulting in the generation of an electric voltage which can be tapped
by placing electrical contacts, and delivering the voltage to the load. The workings of the whole
PV cell can be described as the absorption of sunlight causing the generation of free carriers at the
p-n junction, resulting in an electric current being generated and collected at the terminals of the
PV cell.

2.2.2 CELL MODULE AND ARRAY

The photovoltaic cell described above can produce a voltage of approximately of 0.5 V, but very
few applications make use of a single cell. Usually, the basic building block of a PV application is
a module. A module is a number of PV cells connected in series and properly packaged. Typically,
a module contains 36 cells in series and is often designated as a “12-V module” [2]; These
different combinations of modules can be referred to as arrays.

FIGURE 2-3 shows us the distinction between cells, modules, and arrays. When a module is in
series, the total voltage of the array is calculated as the sum of the individual module voltages. The
current flowing through all the modules remains the same. In a parallel connection of the modules,
the total current of the array is calculated as the sum of the individual module currents. The voltage
through all modules remains the same. Thus, to achieve a large power from the PV system, various
combinations of series and parallel modules are constructed.

9
 Figure 2-3 PV Cell, PV Module and PV Array

Before connecting a load to a PV module, we need to identify certain important electrical

characteristics such as short circuit current ISC and open-circuit voltage VOC. The current and the
voltage, i.e., the power of the PV system, depend on the temperature and the amount of solar
irradiation. These two parameters keep varying throughout the day, which is why standard test
conditions are established to help compare different modules. These conditions are an irradiance
of 1 kW/m2, a cell temperature of 25 deg. c, and an air mass ratio of AM 1.5.

2.2.3 INVERTERS

The mathematical analysis of single-phase grid connected inverter is adopted. The inverter consists
of the DC source VDC. power electronic switches S1 to S4 freewheeling diodes VD1 to VD4
inductor L and grid voltage us, FIGURE 2-4 shown as

Figure 2-4 Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter

10
The function of an inverter is to change the input DC to an AC output voltage of the desired
magnitude and frequency. Inverters can be three phase or single-phase. The three phase inverters
are mostly used in high power application like, AC motor drives, High Voltage AC (HVAC)
applications, etc. The single-phase inverters are more suited for low power residential applications.
The focus of this thesis is on the single phase inverter systems Fig. 1.9 shows a voltage controlled
voltage source single-phase inverter. The inverter consists of four switches S1, S2, S3 and S4. The
switching patterns for these switches are chosen to produce an AC voltage across the load. To
make the system more efficient and to reduce the size of the filter components considerably, high
frequency PWM switching signals are used for inverter control.

2.2.4 HYSTERESIS CONTROLLER

Hysteresis inverters are used in many low and medium voltage utility applications when the
inverter line current is required to track a sinusoidal reference within a specified error margin.
Hysteresis current control is a method for controlling a voltage source inverter to force the grid
injected current follows a reference current. A block diagram of a hysteresis controller is shown
in FIGURE 2-5

Figure 2-5 Hysteresis Controller

2.3 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

The relationship between the output current Ipv and voltage Vpv determines there is only one point
on the curve that makes the solar cell generate maximum power, and this point is named the
maximum power point (MPP). Without proper terminal conditions, the solar cell will not be kept
at the MPP during operation. the environment conditions such as the solar temperature and sun

11
irradiation will also have a significant influence on the MPP. Thus a series of control
methodologies named the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are introduced to
keep the solar panels remaining at the MPP during operation.

2.3.1 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING TECHNIQUES

Different MPPT methods can be categorized based on their performance. a category is proposed
based on their dependency on solar cell models. This category includes offline methods, online
methods and hybrid methods. Offline and online methods can also be referred to as the model-
based and model-free methods respectively.

Offline methods generally depend on a known model of the solar cells and require one or more
values to be measured periodically. These values could be the short-circuit current Isc, open circuit
voltage Voc, solar temperature T and irradiation S. By utilizing these measured values in the solar
model, the controller can calculate the related MPP and force the system to track that point. Eg
constant voltage method.

online methods usually record the instantaneous values of the solar cells to track the reference
point. Since this kind of MPPT does not rely on the model of solar cells, they focus more attention
on the response of PV cells for the perturbation introduced by the controller, and the next reference
signal is based on this response. Eg Perturb and Observe MPPT and Incremental Conductance
MPPT.

2.3.2 PERTURB AND OBSERVE MPPT

The “perturb and observe” or P & O algorithm searches for the MPP on a P-I or P-V curve by
comparing its sampled power and voltage with its previous power and voltage respectively. The
operating point of a PV array is thus always shifted towards the MPP. The P & O has some
advantages including its ease of operation, its previous implementation with some modifications
to improve its operation, and its fast convergence speed. On the other hand, this algorithm can
oscillate around the MPP and in case of natural perturbations in the circuit due to the switching
converter, the oscillations would increase due to the perturbations of the converter and the
perturbations of the array voltage. Also, the “perturb and observe” algorithm could diverge from
the MPP under rapidly changing climate conditions.

12
Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Hill Climbing algorithms are the most commonly used MPPT
methods in practice. P&O and Hill Climbing are both based on the concept of perturbation— P&O
introduces a perturbation into PV panel voltage while Hill Climbing conducts a perturbation in the
duty cycle of the connected DC converter. The popularity of P&O and Hill Climbing is mostly due
to the ease of implementation and relatively high accuracy.

2.3.3 OPERATION PROCESS OF P&O MPPT

13
Figure 2-6 Flow Chart of the P & O Algorithm

14
CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN AND CONTROL STRETEGY

3.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

The system configuration is shown in FIGURE 3-1 The proposed system consists of SPV string, a
single-phase H bridge VSC, an interfacing inductors, a ripple filter, a single-phase grid and loads.
The PV string which consists of a series parallel combination off small rating panels is connected
across the DC link of the VSC. A single-phase H bridge inverter consists of two insulated gate
bipolar transistor legs is used as a power converter module to interface PV power to the grid. The
interfacing inductor is connected in series of VSC and the grid. The interfacing inductor absorbs
the instantaneous voltage difference between the PWM voltage of VSC and the grid voltage. A
ripple filter is connected in parallel to the grid to absorb switching harmonic ripples in the PCC
voltage. The loads are combinations of linear or non-linear elements. A lagging linear load is
considered for emulating a linear load and a diode bridge rectifier with RL load is considered for
emulating a non-linear load. Overall, the loads are connected at the single-phase grid and VSC is
connected at the PCC via interfacing inductor. The VSC is operated such that the grid experiences
the combination of VSC and load as an equivalent resistance.

ipv Lb Linear/Non linear iS

Boost Converter
+ iL
LOAD

S1 S3 Zs
SPV Array

vpv Grid
Vdc
vS 230 V
50 Hz
S2 S4
RIPPLE FILTER

-
ipv
S1-4
MPPT
Vdc INVERTER DATA SENSOR
CONTROL CONTROL iL iS vS

Figure 3-1 System Configuration

15
3.2 SYSTEM DESIGN

3.2.1 DESIGN OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

The equivalent circuit of the general model of cell is composed of photo current source of
photocurrent generator, diode and parallel resistor expressing the leakage current, and series
resistor describing the internal resistance to the current flow. The I-V characteristic equation of a
PV cell is given as: [2]

𝑞(𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠 ) (𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠 ) (3.1)

𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝑠 (𝑒𝑥𝑝 [ ] − 1) −
𝐾𝑇𝐴 𝑅𝑠ℎ

𝐼𝑝ℎ = [𝐼𝑆𝐶 + 𝐾𝐼 (𝑇𝐶 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )]/𝐺 (3.2)

TC 3 [qEg( 1 − 1 )⁄KA] (3.3)

𝐼S = IRS ( ) e Tref Tc
TRef

from (3.1) where is a light-generated current or photocurrent, mainly depends on the solar cell
working temperature, 𝐼𝑠 is the cell saturation of dark current, varies with the cell temperature, q
(= 1.6 × 10-19 C) is the electron charge, k (= 1.38 × 10-23 J/K) is Boltzmann constant, T is the
cell working temperature, A is the ideal factor which is given by manufacturer, 𝑅𝑠ℎ is the shunt
resistance, and 𝑅𝑠 is the series resistance.

16
 Figure 3-2 PV Cell Circuit Model

The approximate model of a PV cell with suitable complexity can be derived from (3.1) via
neglecting the effect of the shunt resistance and be rewritten as [2]:

𝑞(𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠 ) (3.4)

𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝑠 (𝑒𝑥𝑝 [ ] − 1)
𝐾𝑇𝐴

For an ideal PV cell (no series loss and no leakage to ground, i.e., RS = 0 and RSH = ∞,
respectively), the equivalent circuit of PV cell can be further simplified where (3.1) can be
rewritten as:

𝑞𝑉 (3.5)
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝑠 (𝑒𝑥𝑝 [ ] − 1)
𝐾𝑇𝐴

The power that one module can produce is seldom enough to meet requirements of a home or a
business, so the modules are linked together to form an array [2]. The cells should be arranged in
series-parallel configuration on a module to produce enough power.

17
 Figure 3-3 Equivalent Circuit of PV Module

The equivalent circuit for a PV module arranged in NP parallel and NS series cells is shown in
Figure 3-3 The terminal equation for the current and voltage of the array becomes as follows [2].

𝑉 𝐼𝑅 𝑁 𝑉 (3.6)
𝑞 (𝑁 + 𝑁 𝑠 ) ( 𝑁𝑃 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠 )
𝑠 𝑃 𝑆
𝐼 = 𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑠 (𝑒𝑥𝑝 [ ] − 1) −
𝐾𝑇𝐴 𝑅𝑠ℎ

3.2.2 DESIGN OF PV ARRAY

3.2.3 DESIGN OF BOOST CONVERTER

In grid connected PV system regulated dc in maintained at the input of inverter terminals with help
of boost converter. The voltage obtained from PV array can be increased with help of a boost
converter. The role of the DC/DC boost converter is to increase the PV cell voltage, to control the
solar power, and to regulate the voltage. The duty cycle has been varied at a high switching
frequency to convert the unregulated voltage into a regulated supply. A circuit diagram of boost
converter is shown in FIGURE 3-4

The buck-boost converter parameter such as duty cycle (D), inductance value (L) and DC link
capacitor (C) is chosen such a way that the converter always works in continuous conduction mode
(CCM) irrespective of any climatic condition. It is summarizing below in Table. 2.

18
 (3.7)
1
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉
1 − 𝐷 𝑖𝑛

(3.8)
𝑇𝑜𝑛
𝐷=
𝑇

𝑉𝑚𝑝 𝐷 (3.9)
𝐿=
𝐼𝐿 + 𝑓𝑠

𝐼𝑚𝑝 𝑋𝐷 (3.10)
𝐶=
𝑉𝑋𝑓𝑠

Table 3-1 Boost Converter Design Parameter

Data Calculated Data Selected

Parameter

DC

L
C

19
PV cell has non-linear current-voltage characteristics. The power delivered by an array increases
to a point, as the current draw rises MPP tracker (MPPT) devices are used between the PV array
and load to track MPP and ensure that it works at this point. The Perturb and Observe (P&O)
algorithm is the most commonly used in commercial MPPTs. In this method, a small perturbation
in array current is introduced at a regular interval and the resultant power is measured. This is
usually done by slightly varying the duty cycle of the switching converter (the load) driven by the
PV array. Changing the duty cycle changes the load current as well, effecting a small perturbation.
Two sensors, one for PV voltage the other for PV current, are commonly used to determine if the
perturbation resulted in an increase or decrease of instantaneous power

The role of the DC-DC boost converter is to boost the PV source voltage in order to extract
maximum power from the PV array. Fig. 1.8 shows the circuit diagram of a DC-DC boost
converter.

A DC-DC boost converter consists of an inductor L, a diode D, a controllable switch Q (a

MOSFET or IGBT), and a filter capacitor C. The switch Q is switched at a high frequency with a
certain duty cycle. During the on-period the voltage across switch, VSW will be equal to the input
DC voltage Vin. When the switch is OFF the inductor current flows through the diode which makes
VSW equal to V0. At steady state the average voltage across the inductor must be zero and the
equation will be:

𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑛 + (𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑜 )𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 0

20
 Figure 3-4 Boost Converter circuit

3.2.4 DESIGN OF DC-LINK

The required DC link voltage is estimated as

𝑉𝑑𝑐 = √2 𝑋 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √2 𝑋 230 = 325.26

The DC-link in a PCU is an interconnection of single-phase inverter input port and the boost
converter output port. The DC-link comprises of an energy storage component, which decouples
the boost converter from the pulsating AC output power. Single-phase voltage VSC employ
capacitors, whereas current source inverters (CSIs) use inductors for energy storage purpose.

3.2.5 DESIGN OF INVERTER

3.3 CONTROL STRETAGY

3.3.1 BOOST CONVERTER CONTROL

3.3.2 INVERTER CONTROL STRETAGY

The proposed Sinusoidal hysteresis band control as shown in FIGURE 2-5. The proposed system
consists of PV array, boost converter with MPPT controller and a voltage source inverter with
hysteresis controller. The dc-dc converter is used to extract the maximum power from the PV
source. As the power output of the PV array varies, the voltage across the dc link capacitor also
varies. The incremental voltage change provides a measure of the change in the PV output power.
A current reference is generated by comparing VDC with reference voltage feeding the error into
a PI controller as shown in the figure.1. The inverter regulates VDC by facilitating the flow of
power from the PV source (through the boost converter) into the AC grid by using hysteresis
control i.e. by comparing the actual grid current with the reference current and controlling the
switching of its devices appropriately. Harmonics in grid connected PV system can be limited by

21
using an appropriate control in the inverter side. Hysteresis controllers are one of the simplest
controller available for inverter control.

3.4 PROPOSED CONTROL STRATEGY

The interfacing of VSC ensures several functions such as maintaining DC-link voltage to set
reference (estimated by MPPT controller), reactive power compensation, harmonics mitigation
and feeding extracted SPV energy into the grid such that effective power factor at the grid is unity.
FIGURE 3-5 shows the control algorithm for H-bridge VSC. A total of five quantities are sensed;

which are, grid voltage, grid current, load current, PV string voltage and its current. The sensed
quantities are given to ADC (analog-to-digital convertor) of DSP controller, where a set of
orthogonal unit vectors are derived from the grid voltage. The unit vector in phase with the grid
voltage is the synchronizing signal whereas unit vector orthogonal to synchronizing signal is used
for load feed-forward term calculation. The peak grid voltage is estimated as [3].
vsp

Vp
Up=sin(wt) isref
vsp
Vs=Vpsin(wt) Peak Estimation
Vp Uq=cos(wt)
+π/2
vsq Isp
vsq

Vdce S1
PI Iloss
vdc LPF
CONTROLLER + S2
CURRENT S3
CONTROLLER
Vdc*
S4

vpv Ppv PV FEED Ipvp

FORWARD -

ipv
up is

+
ILp
iL LPF +

+π/2 +

uq

Figure 3-5 Proposed Control Strategy

22
 (3.11)
𝑉𝑝 = √(𝑣𝑠𝑝 2 + 𝑣𝑠𝑞 2 )

where 𝑣𝑠𝑝 is the grid voltage and 𝑣𝑠𝑞 is the grid voltage with 90° phase lead see (3.14). The SPV
system feeds the power into the grid at unity power factor. For feeding the power at unity power
factor synchronizing signal is estimated as shown in FIGURE 3-6. The synchronizing signal is
estimated as [3]

𝑣𝑠𝑝 (3.12)
𝑢𝑝 = ,
𝑉𝑝

𝑣𝑠𝑞 (3.13)
𝑢𝑞 =
𝑉𝑝

Figure 3-6 Synchronizing Signals

𝑉𝑠𝑝 = 𝑉𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡), 𝑉𝑠𝑞 = 𝑉𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡) (3.14)

The output of PI controller is considered as the loss component of VSC which is estimated as

𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 (𝑘 − 1) + 𝐾𝑝 {𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑒 (𝑘) − 𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑒 (𝑘 − 1)} + 𝐾𝑖 𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑒 (𝑘) (3.15)

23
The load feed-forward term is the active power component of the load current. The sensed load
current is multiplied with the synchronizing unit vector and a 90° shifted load current is multiplied
with the quadrature unit vector, and their sum is then passed through a low-pass filter to estimate
active power component of the load current. The mathematical equation for estimation of active
power component of load current is as.

ℎ=∞ (3.16)
𝑖𝐿 (𝜔0 𝑡) = 𝐼𝐿𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝐼𝐿𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡 + ∑ 𝑖ℎ
ℎ=2

where 𝐼𝐿𝑝 is magnitude of fundamental load current in phase with PCC voltage. 𝐼𝐿𝑞 is the magnitude
of fundamental load current quadrature to PCC voltage and 𝑖ℎ denotes harmonic component of load
current.

ℎ=∞ (3.17)
𝑖𝐿 (𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜋⁄2) = 𝐼𝐿𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡 − 𝐼𝐿𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + ∑ 𝑖ℎ′
ℎ=2

where 𝐼𝐿𝑝 and 𝐼𝐿𝑞 are the same as in (3.1) and 𝑖ℎ′denotes the phase shifted harmonic components of
load currents.

′
𝐼𝐿𝑝 = 𝑖𝐿 (𝜔0 𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑖𝐿 (𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜋⁄2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡 (3.18)

On substituting values of 𝑖𝐿 (𝜔0 𝑡) and 𝑖𝐿 (𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜋⁄2) in (3.17)

24
 ℎ=∞ (3.19)
′
𝐼𝐿𝑝 = (𝐼𝐿𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝐼𝐿𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡 + ∑ 𝑖ℎ ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
ℎ=2

ℎ=∞

+ (𝐼𝐿𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡 − 𝐼𝐿𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + ∑ 𝑖ℎ′ ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡

ℎ=2

𝑖𝐿′ = 𝑖𝐿𝑝 + ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 (3.20)

′
By passing 𝐼𝐿𝑝 through low pass filter it will gives active component of load current.

2𝑃𝑝𝑣 (3.21)
𝐼𝑝𝑣𝑝 =
𝑉𝑝

Figure 3-7 Internal parameter of system

The physical significance of 𝐼𝑝𝑣𝑝 is peak grid current for a given solar power and the grid voltage,
without load compensation for a lossless system. Only PI controller-based system can also feed
power into the grid, however, the dynamic response of that system is poor. It can be observed from
that the PV feed forward term consists of two terms, 𝑃𝑝𝑣 and 𝑉𝑝 . Both these terms help with the
fast dynamic response. It can easily be observed that PVFF term is directly proportional to PV
power and inversely proportional to the grid voltage magnitude. The 𝑃𝑝𝑣 term helps during
changing atmospheric conditions, whereas the 𝑉𝑝 helps in fast dynamic response during sudden
voltage sag or swell. The amplitude of grid current is estimated from these components. The load

25
and system losses demand positive active power from the grid. Whereas, the PV string supplies
active power to the grid. Hence, considering this the peak value of grid current, for overall UPF
(unity power factor) operation is estimated as.

𝐼𝑠𝑝 = 𝐼𝐿𝑝 + 𝐼𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝐼𝑝𝑣𝑝 (3.22)

The estimated peak current is then multiplied with synchronizing signal to estimate instantaneous
reference grid current. The reference and sensed grid currents are then given to the current
controller and an indirect current control approach is used. The outputs of current controller are
the switching pulses for the VSC. The VSC is switched with these switching pulses such that the
grid current follows the estimated reference grid current, and hence an overall UPF operation is
achieved.

26
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 GENERAL
The proposed SPV system is simulated in MATLAB Simulink and sim-power system tool boxes.
The performance of SPV system is shown under different operating conditions. Fig. 3 shows the

simulated performance of the proposed system. The proposed system is simulated under different
loading conditions along with abnormal grid conditions. In case of linear loads, the VSC supplies
the reactive power required for the load and handles all active power from PV string. In case of
non-linear loads, the VSC supplies all harmonics required by the load and at the same time VSC
feeds the extracted energy from PV string. The performance of the system under different loads
and SPV insolation level changes are shown along with grid voltage abnormality.

4.2 PERFORMANCE OF PV PANEL

In this section performance of PV panel depicted under different weather condition. The input of
solar panel is solar irradiance (W/m2) and Temperature the gives the output of current and voltage.

4.2.1 UNDER CONSTANT TEMPERATUR

Under constant temperature (25 deg C) the I-V characteristics of PV panel plotted for different
solar irradiance as shown in FIGURE 4-1.

27
Figure 4-1 I-V Curve of PV Panel Under Specified Irradiance

Figure 4-2 P-V Curve of Panel Under Specified Irradiance

28
4.2.2 UNDER CONSTANT IRRADIANCE

Figure 4-3 I-V Curve of PV Panel Under Specified Temperatures

Figure 4-4 P-V Curve of Panel Under Specified Temperatures

29
4.3 PERFORMANCE OF SECS UNDER CONSTANT IRRADIANCE

4.3.1 LINEAR LOAD CONNECTED AT GRID SIDE

4.4 PERFORMANCE OF SECS UNDER VARYING IRRADIANCE

4.4.1 NON LINEAR LOAD CONNECTED AT GRID SIDE

When single phase diode bridge connected as a nonlinear load. Due to which load current becomes
non sinusoidal.

Figure 4-5 shows the performance of the system for the change in SPV insolation level. The
system has been working under steady-state conditions before time t =2 .3 s. The VSC performs

30
the function of harmonics mitigation and feeding real power into the grid. At time t=2.3 s, the SPV
insolation level is changed from 1000 to 500 W/m2. The PV power decreases as a result of changes
in the SPV insolation level. The effect can be seen in terms of decrease in VSC current and the
grid current. The load current is the same during this time and the active power component of VSC
current decreases. The harmonics demanded by the load remain the same, hence that part of VSC

current remains same before and after time t = 2.3 s.

Figure 4-5 Performance of System

Under Changing Irradiance and Nonlinear load at the Grid.

31
Figure 4-6 Performance of System Under Changing

Irradiance and Nonlinear load at the Grid.

32
4.5 PERFORMANCE OF SECS UNDER SUDDEN SAG IN GRID
VOLTAGE
Figure 4-7 shows the performance of the system under non-linear load and sudden voltage sag.
The system is under steady-state conditions before t = 2.3 s. The grid voltage before t = 2.3 s, is
nominal (230 V). The grid current is sinusoidal whereas the load current is non-sinusoidal. The
grid current is out of phase of supply voltage which shows that the power is being fed into the grid.
The VSC

supplies all harmonics required by the load along with feeding real power into the distribution
system. The difference of PV power and load power is fed into the grid. At time t = 2.3 s, a sudden
sag (from 230 to 170 V) is observed in the grid. No appreciable effect is observed in PV voltage
(vpv), current (ipv) and power (Ppv) as a result of this voltage sag. An increment in the grid current is

observed because of a decrease in grid voltage along with a decrease in the load current. Even
under deep voltage sag, the dynamic performance is satisfactory and the VSC continues to feed
the extracted SPV power and load current harmonics required to maintain sinusoidal grid currents.

33
Figure 4-7 Performance of System Under Sudden Sag in Grid Voltage and Nonlinear load at the Grid.

34
 Figure 4-8 Performance of System Under Sudden Sag in Grid Voltage and Nonlinear load at the Grid.

4.6 PERFORMANCE OF SECS UNDER SUDDEN SWELL IN GRID

VOLTAGE
Figure 4-9 shows performance of the system under non-linear load and sudden voltage swell.
Before time t = 2.3 s, the system is under steady-state conditions along with nominal grid voltage.
At time t =2 .3s, a sudden voltage swell (230–270 V) is observed. No appreciable effect is observed
in PV voltage (vpv), current (ipv) and power (Ppv) as a result of swell. The load power is increased
whereas PV power remains the same, and hence a decrement in the grid current is observed. Owing
to an increment in voltage at PCC the VSC has to feed reduced current to feed the same real power,

35
hence a decrease in VSC current is also observed. The dynamic performance of the system is found
satisfactory even under sudden voltage swell.

Figure 4-9 Performance of System Under Sudden Swell in Grid Voltage and Nonlinear load at the Grid.

36
Figure 4-10 Performance of System Under Sudden Swell in Grid Voltage and Nonlinear load at the Grid.

37
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 GENERAL
Simulink model of Single phase grid tied solar energy conversion system developed.

Grid always works on unity power factor despite the load conditions. when solar irradiance
changes from 1000 w/m2 to 500 w/m2, the power output of the PV panel become half due to
decrease in the panel current, hence we can conclude that irradiance change affects only the panel
current and not panel voltage.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Only MATLAB/Simulink model of the system developed in this project hence in the future a
prototype can be developed in the laboratory.

Proposed MPPT control algorithm P & O fluctuate around MPP and can be become ineffective
under partial shading condition, so in future system can be develop with any new control algorithm.

Proposed control strategy satisfactorily works with single phase grid but we can check this system
with three phase grid also.

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[16] Carlos Meza Benavides, "Analysis and Control of a Single-Phase Single-Stage Grid-Connected
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[18] hysterisis.

40
APPENDEX

41