Climate Smart Agriculture-Agroforestry and Forestry Nexus

1. Context
To follow up on GHG emission reduction commitments, Government created the GHG National
Action Plan (RAN-GRK). The RAN-GRK arranged to provide a policy framework for central government,
local government, private parties and other stakeholders in carrying out activities directly or indirectly
related to efforts to reduce GHG emissions within 2010-2020. RAN-GRK also synergize with the Long
Term Development Plan (RPJP 2005-2025) and Medium Term Development Plan (RPJM). This RAN-GRK
has ratified in a Presidential Regulation no. 61 Year 2011 and Presidential Regulation No.71 Year 2011.
RAN-GRK proposes mitigation actions in five priority areas (Agriculture, Forestry and Peatland, Energy
and Transport, Industry, Waste Management) and other Supporting activities, an integral part of
national development planning that supports the principles of economic growth, poverty alleviation,
and sustainable development.
In February 2014, the mainstreaming of adaptation in national development plan was initiate in
the form of the National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API). The RAN-API is a
document drawn up in the period 2013-2025 to assist communities in preparing adaptation efforts or
adjustments to the impacts of climate change. The text contains input from governments, development
partners, community organizations and other practitioners in the field of climate change adaptation. The
RAN-API document is then included in the National Medium Term Development Plan 2015-2019. Its
embodiment is the basis for the preparation of programs and activities of governments and other
practitioners who are responsive to the impacts of climate change. In reducing the level of vulnerability
and increasing the resilience at village level, Government of Indonesia (GoI) have developed various
policies and programs. Departed from the national action plan of adaptation to climate change (RAN-
API), GoI has defined five prioritized areas that covers (1) Economic Resiliencei; (2) Livelihood Resilience;
(3) Ecosystem Resilience; (4) Special Areas Resilience; (5) Supporting System.
In 2015 The Ministry of Environment and Forestry socializes Nationally Determined Contribution
(NDC) at the Provincial level. In the NDC Indonesia, the GHG emission reduction target is 29% with
unconditional and up to 41% with conditional support compared to business as usual in 2030. These
conditional targets will be achieve through reductions in GHG emissions sector forestry (17.2%), energy
(11%), agriculture (0.32%), industry (0.10%) and waste (0.38%) in 2030.
In 2017, Indonesian Agriculture Ministry conducted a socialization of implementation of funds
from the United Nations through the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) for Rural
Empowerment and Agricultural Development Program Scaling up Initiative (READ-SI)ii in
provinces/districts/municipalities. The READ-SI is under supervision of Agency for Agricultural Extension
and Human Resource Development (BPPSDMP) in the ministry. READ-SI program aims to improve the
livelihoods both non-farm and farm incomes of the rural households in Sulawesi, West Kalimantan and
NTT. IFAD in association with Indonesian Climate Change Trust Fund (ICCTF) propose the supplementary
climate resilience program for rural households that located in 90-targeted villages of READ-SI program.
The program will be conducted through 4 (four) main components: (i) climate risk assessment, (ii)
climate related knowledge development, (iii) climate-informed policy and regulatory supports, and (iv)
climate actions.

2. Issues and Gaps

Since it involves various ministries and institutions, the coordination among ministries that led
by Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) plays significant role. Especially in developing continuous information
from the Meteorology and Geophysics Office (BMKG), infrastructure development (Ministry of Public
Work), and internal ministerial coordination itself. At this moment, the MoA in cooperation with BMKG,
BPS, and BIG are developing the climate information system that named as Integrated Cropping
Calendar (KATAM). However, the involvement of local government that still has issues of low capacity
needs to be included in the agriculture development. It can be a gap to provide climate smart
agriculture-agroforestry and forestry nexus if not paid attention carefully. Also, the role of village itself
that now should be stronger than before due to the Act No 6/2014 concerning Village Law. As elected
leader, the head of village should have technical capacity to develop program through mid-term village
development plan (RPJM Desa) and estimate the annual budget using the village fund allocation (ADD).
The capacity of village institution to address the future risk of climate change in their planning and
budgeting instruments are still limited. This capacity barrier covers from the human resources in the
village committee to the rural households, including women to the planning and budgeting procedures.
Engagement the private sectors in managing the climate risk is also another impediment that
needed to be solved. Beside of the economic feasibility, the absence of accurate and continuous risk
information would not attract the financial institution to participate in the agriculture development at
village level. The smallholder farmers needs to know how the agribusiness should deal with the future
risk, that has strong relation to the uncertainty that caused by the climate change.
The needs of IT application in supporting the multi-usage of climate change information are
emerged. According to Heimerl et al. (2015), the smartphone penetration in the village reaches 16
percent during period of august to December 2014. The rate is the similar with Indonesian average that
varies between 12-24 percent for 2014. This emerging internet user in the village is the potential area
for developing certain IT application that can help farmers not only in knowing the commodity prices in
the market, but in also knowing the information related to climate change.
Generally, the impediments in climate smart agriculture, agroforestry and forestry nexus to
develop a resilient rural community are:
(1) The absence of a deep examination of future risk at village level that can provide more
accurate information regarding the potential loss and damages due to the related disasters;
(2) The minimum and across information related to climate change, from national to village
levels, and among farmer groups;
(3) The need of new IT application that can make an easier access to climate information;
(4) The need of policy and regulatory support at village level that can provide better programs
for building resilience; and
(5) The capacity building of the smallholder farmers, including women head of household in
understanding the climate risks and defining adaptation practices individually and
communally.
The climate smart agriculture-agroforestry and forestry nexus would address these impediments
and gaps by:
 Mainstreaming of adaptation and mitigation in Spatial City Planning.
 Preservation activities based on local village.
 More Research in climate change assessment, building resilience of peat land ecosystem,
and sustainable aquaculture.
 Community Capacity Building.
 3. Existing Interventions
Result desk study in key organization is:
ICRAF. ICRAFiii was established in 1993 in Bogor, West Java. They have been researching issues critical to
sustainable national development, such as landscape restoration, enhanced agroforestry systems for
improved livelihoods, value chains and markets, environmental services' schemes and co-investment,
land-use planning for low-emission development, biodiversity conservation, peatland restoration and
resolution of conflict over land tenure. They research sites over the last decades extend from Aceh
through Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Sulawesi, and islands in east and west Nusa Tenggara to West Papua
and Papua provinces.
CIFOR. CIFORiv conducts research on the most pressing challenges of forest and landscape
management. CIFOR top funding are: CGIAR Fund, European Union (EU), Norwegian Agency for
Development Cooperation (NORAD), Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) /
Australian Aid, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and BMZ / BMUB.
WRI. WRIv focuses on six critical issues at the intersection of environment and development: climate,
energy, food, forests, water, and cities and transport. Based on WRI Annual Report (2015) they raised
$74.15 million. European government is largest donors, such as: Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, the
Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. In 2015, funding from foundations increased 41
percent over the previous year, to $20.8 million. The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation as a major
new donor through their support of Global Forest Watch.
UNDP. UNDP focuses on three main areas: Sustainable development, Democratic governance and
peacebuilding, Climate and disaster resilience. Funding increased from $4.486 billion in 2015 to $4.866
billion in 2016, an increase of 8 per cent. Of the total contributions, $2.092 million or 43 per cent was
from donor country governments, $1.778 million or 37 per cent was from multilateral partners, and
$996 million or 20 per cent was from programme country governments. UNDP's climate change
adaptation works across six signature programmes to support vulnerable communities in building
resilience to climate change: (1) Supporting Integrated Climate Change Strategies, (2) Advancing Cross-
Sectoral Climate Resilient Livelihoods, (3) Ecosystem-Based Adaptation, (3) Fostering, (4) Resilience for
Food Security, (5) Climate Resilient Integrated Water Resource and Coastal Management and (6)
Promoting Climate Resilient Infrastructure and Energy
UK-CCU. UKCCU’svi goal is to support Indonesia to reduce its emissions by 29% by 2030 by addressing
the governance and market failures impeding the sustainable management of forests and land-use in
Indonesia. They main objectives are:
 A strengthened, accountable and responsive government at national and provincial level for the
sustainable management of forests and land-use in Indonesia.
 Improved civil society capacity for transparent and accountable land-use decision-making and
implementation, addressing the rights and sustainable livelihood opportunities of local
communities particularly women and girls.
 Mobilizing the private sector to implement good governance and good practices for sustainable
and responsible business land-use.
IFAD. IFAD has focused exclusively on rural poverty reduction, working with poor rural populations in
developing countries to eliminate poverty, hunger and malnutrition; raise their productivity and
incomes; and improve the quality of their lives. IFAD’s investment in ongoing programmes and projects
in rural areas was worth US$6.0 billion in 2016. At the end of the year, there were 211 programmes and
projects at work around the world, funded by IFAD in partnership with 97 recipient. External cofinancing
and funds from domestic sources for the ongoing portfolio amounted to US$7.3 billion. The total value
of these programmes and projects was US$13.4 billion. Over the last 35 years, IFAD and the Government
of Indonesia have been investing almost US$1 billion in rural people to strengthen inclusive and
environmentally sustainable economic growth:
 IFAD's projects are successful in the most remote and vulnerable areas of the country that also
usually have the highest incidence of poverty. In Papua, for example, where many development
projects previously failed, the IFAD-supported National Programme for Community
Empowerment in Rural Areas promoted community assistance and better farming techniques
and empowered women to take up income-generating activities.
 IFAD supports coastal communities by decreasing their vulnerability to climate change shocks
and by increasing their income from fisheries activities. Fisheries has a large potential to
improve food security and enhance economic growth in Indonesia.
 IFAD has successfully facilitated a number of public-private partnerships, both with international
corporations and national companies in order to maximize impact and resources. Given
Indonesia's significant commodities production potential, collaboration with the private sector is
seen as a priority. This will enable smallholder farmers to gain benefits, such as increased
production of high-value crops. IFAD is well placed to implement these partnerships.
 IFAD supports an enabling policy framework. An effective agricultural and fisheries sector
requires a supportive regulatory and policy environment. IFAD has the knowledge, international
experience and resources to support the development of effective programmes and policies for
smallholders.
i
One sector of economic resilience is the aspect of food security. The main target of RAN-API of food
security are: a). Decreased rate of agricultural and fisheries food production loss due to climate
change; b). New growth areas of food production in areas with low climate risk and minimum
environmental impact are developed; c). Food security system for farmers, fishermen and community
(micro) with a healthy, nutritious and balanced food pattern, and diversified to the optimum level is
developed.
ii
READ SI considered as a potential model for larger strategic investment to achieve priorities and goals
laid out in the 2005-2025 National Long-Term Development Plan and the 2015-2019 Medium-Term
National Development Plan. Particularly the Medium-Term National Development plan gives
prominence to agricultural sector development and aims at ensuring security, self-sufficiency, and
food sovereignty through increase of domestic production capacity.
iii
The World Agroforestry Centre/ICRAF is legally established as the International Centre for Research in
Agroforestry which carries out research to produce five generic-level outputs (knowledge,
understanding, market strategy, capacity or skills, and technology availability). Research priority
outputs are intended to lead to one or more changes in: farmer/community action or attitudes, trader
behavior or value-chain function, landscape governance and environmental condition, institutional
behaviour and competencies, policy enablement. Activities that have been done in Indonesia are :
“Agroforestry and Forestry in Sulawesi”, “Protecting biodiversity through improved community forest
management and agroforestry” etc.
iv
CIFOR has research projects underway in 19 provinces across the Indonesian archipelago. Such as
“Haze crisis Pekanbaru Province”; “Supporting REDD+ implementation for efficient, effective and
equitable outcomes in 8 Province”; “Rural livelihoods: Improving production of timber and non-timber
forest products for smallholders and strengthening marketing strategies and access in 5 province”;
“Sustainability: Improving sustainable forest management by incorporating ecosystem services into
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification in West Kalimantan Province, East Kalimantan Province
and West Nusa Tenggara Province” etc.
v
In Indonesia, WRI specifically focus on the issues of climate, forests, energy, as well as cities and
transport. These include programs that could contribute to the following goals: a). Improved/more
sustainable land use policy and management; b). Moving towards livable and sustainable city; c). More
sustainable coastal/ocean spatial planning and productivity. Activities that have been done in
Indonesia are : “Forest Legality Initiative”, “Forests and Landscape Restoration/ Restorasi Hutan dan
Bentang Lahan (RENTANG)”, “Forests and Landscapes in Indonesia (data diven analysis to support
government and civil society actions)”, “Indonesia Climate Data Explorer - Platform Interaktif untuk
Data Iklim (PINDAI)” etc.
vi
In 2016, ICCTF has signed an agreement with the United Kingdom Climate Change Unit (UKCCU) of £
3,000,000.00 which is allocated to fund programs focused on land restoration and handling of peatland
fire. Partners who obtain funds from UKCCU-ICCTF with self-managed patterns are as follows: Pancur
Kasih Dayak Communities Empowerment Society (PPK) in West Kalimantan; Faculty of Fisheries and
Marine Sciences University of Riau (FAPERIKA UR) in Riau; WALHI Consortium of West Kalimantan in
West Kalimantan; Jambi Peat Restoration Consortium in Jambi; Center for Land and Land
Rehabilitation Studies (P2KLH) of Palangkaraya University in Central Kalimantan; SAMPAN Kalimantan
in West Kalimantan; The Consortium of Hutan Kita Institute in South Sumatra; Riau Women Working
Group (RWWG) in Riau; WALHI Consortium of South Sumatra; Yayasan Mitra Insani in Riau; and the
Borneo Nature Indonesia Foundation in Central Kalimantan.