English Version.

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Global Campaign on Unending Modern Armed War between Indonesia and West
Papua

Abstract
After 56 years of silent armed conflict, currently announced a fresh campaign through war
ultimatum by West Papua National Liberation Army (WPNLA/TPNPB), Military wing of the
Free Papua Movement publicly known as OPM dated on 27 January 2018. The TPNPB/OPM
is true national liberation movement and national independence fighter not extremist groups,
therefore, refers to NATIONAL LIBERATION WAR against STATE MILITARY POWER OF
INDONESIA. This long enduring of the armed war is now not silent and not alone since their
declaration and Term of War Regulation absolutely contained a series of humanitarian
principles in accordance to public international humanitarian law and United Nations
charter. Based on the historical fact and current development, it is lawful to be a Non-
International Armed Conflict character and it need to be recognised as a belligerent status.
Therefore, it is eligible to assign the United Nations Security Council for Peacekeeping
Mission and Third International Neutral Party for intervention.

Rationale of Armed War

On 27 January 2018, a war ultimatum declared by the West Papua National Liberation Army
under the National Leadership of the Chief Staff of Operation National Comand, Major
General, Lekkagak Telenggen at Jamby Headquarter in Punjak Jaya District, West Papua.
This declaration referred to a War of National Liberation against Indonesia’s state
colonialism. The WPNLA’s core demand is an official recognition by Indonesia as
Administering Power and State Members at United Nations of the unilateral declaration of
the Republic of West Papua on 1st July 1971. The day of war declaration would be most
significant day in the history but also the day of first time ever the TPNPB declared the war
ultimatum openly in order to attract the Indonesian reaction and the world attention.
However, it was the only first stages of the war statement, and then will be announcing a final
war declaration in the future.

Principally, the TPNPB had published a policy paper shall be called a Term of War
Regulation (TWR) which is acknowledging the international humanitarian rule and law of
armed war. The TWR is a well-presented content in term of upholding international norms
and code of conduct in accordance to non-international armed conflict character because the
TPNPB ruled out war demands, target combatant and colonial properties, assigned the
battlefield, the weapon use criteria and protection of the non-combatant personnel, civilians
and Journalists. Furthermore, TPNPB assigned internal negotiator personnel, third party
negotiation criteria when it will come to internationally mediated table. The TWR is most
vital document to know by everyone but most specifically Indonesian forces as first targeted
combatants, Multinational Ccorporations who operating in West Papua, international
government and world community. Their war ultimatum and the TWR is a war Bible to
follow on, then all interested stakeholders including civilian must to understand it before any
unnecessary things happen.

Indonesia has not release yet the official war announcement but in the reality, Defence
Minister responded to against back the TPNPB. As outcome, Indonesia sent over 1,000 war
personnel heavily deployed to the battlefield in Timika that evolved shooting to the civilians
and killed two TPNPB soldiers. Hence, the TPNPB strongly asking Indonesia to follow this
TWR, even they can delivery warning if Indonesia disobeys the rules. It definitely describes
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how the TPNPB’s seriousness through the open war to defend their rights to self-
determination and independence. In the field, the TPNPB has seen obeyed the rules as their
core obligation during six months war.

By this war of national liberation statement it could be provide an enormous impact that the
56 years of a modern armed war between the WPNLA and Indonesian Military Organs will
not going to be silent. This armed conflict have enough long time being silent, their political
belief disparity and war character never been gain a wider global recognition as well as
special attention for war crime against humanity. It clearly has seen a secret war in the jungle
and it likely be occurring in the non-human populated planet. The time now is come through
for the world society groups to discover why long time being a matter of silent, silent of
attention and silent of international action. The WPNLA strongly believe that enough is
enough to being silent, by this first stage war declaration became a great momentum to open
world eyes at different stages. Hence, their main target is this need to be contribute a positive
impact and it ought to be overseen by world government body toward a final sustainable
resolution by third neutral party such U.N. as mediator.

The only opportunist groups and colonialist state of Indonesia constantly opposed the
definition of this War of National Liberation (WNL). It is incorrect politically. This
incorrectness must be explored the reality what is the sentiment behind it. Indonesia’s
sentimentality is rooted systematically on their discriminative regulations and practices in
particular his domestic affairs. Indonesia’s treason policy is the real example to
discriminating independence movement, killing and jailing pro-independence activist. Other
case is prejudicing a truthful national liberation war into such criminal and terrorist
definition. That is Indonesia’s wrong judgement certainly describe what look likes
opportunist state and colonialist arrogances. This is intolerable for the TPNPB/OPM and
people of West Papuan who is being the 56 years struggling for their future destiny, the
political and legal status of the territory.

The key impediment was Indonesian’s a closed-door foreign policy. That is unquestionable if
the all potential problem undoubtedly unseen it by the world community particularly on the
sensitivity matter of the war of national liberation. It is due to ban foreign access (media,
researcher and diplomat) into disputed territory even to battlefield. Furthermore, why
Indonesia persistently rejecting to sign a covenant of the Rome Status of International
Criminal Court (RSICC), of course the reason is Indonesia avoid allowing foreign
humanitarian worker and UN peacekeeping mission. That is disrespectful attitudes need to be
changed, the world government such UN taking a necessary pressure. United Nations Human
Rights Council must be taking more proactive role push Indonesia to sign series of long
pending and or demanding covenants including other war related Universal Periodic Review
points. However, to secure civilian and combatant the United Nations must do some action to
uphold their world obligation.

The Indonesia’s criminalisation strategy was a bed policy that ever been degrading a frank
reputation of this TPNPB/OPM. Indonesia unwilling it to be known widely, oppositely
willing to be silent of outside intervention, that is a reason how Indonesia criminalising West
Papuan national liberation efforts at all. However, due to social mainstream media helped
much more then it is now globally informing enough, subsequently the entire world will
recognises when a stronger network and a proper communication is developed excellently by
WPNLA/OPM. The WPNLA was stigmatised with Indonesian Acronym called KKSB;
Kelompok Kriminal Seperatis Bersenjata (Armed Separatist Criminal Group), this negative
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slogan is the colonialist’s classical tactic but it also give a duel impact on how public can
trust if there was unproven the fact and how WPNLA will get a positive impact on it.

Because of this KKSB had clearly unproven fact, consequently, this WNL by the TPNPB
would be a live to bit an international public trust and its recognition. The TPNPB is a
genuine national liberation army not KKSB or other criminally motivated name. The
liberation army wing of the OPM who bravely announced their war and circulates the all
secret and important document and video throughout media. It simply to find the sources
through the official TPNPB’s Facebook page and more crucially, the term of war regulation
ought to be distributing to all stakeholders. Indonesia could not elude public reaction and
their serious attention when it becomes more available online and trust by come through this
way of campaign.

The TPNPB’s war declaration was legally justifiable under the international humanitarian
law of national liberation war. The combatant fundamentally obligated to maintain the rule of
law and humanities during the war. Nothing is left behind and abandoned by the TPNPB's
action on violations of the law, therefore, nothing illegal under international public law. The
TWR itself and its field application within nearly five months until present had seen truly
manifested the war of national liberation standards. They fully maintained on their term of
war regulation based on the article 2 of Legal basis from point by point. Therefore, Indonesia
has no legal capacity to deny it and stop it. Indonesian colonial law of non-intervention and
domestic law cannot be eliminating the natural law of war according to our current world
rule. In name of the status of international law, the 56 years of this armed war between
Indonesia and TPNPB/OPM need to be consider as belligerent. Therefore, now the right time
and is necessarily to ask world recognition on it.

The open war now is occurring. TPNPB has been openly attacking their targeted enemy since
the announcement, this action will never stop until their main deman is achieved. The
fatalities just recently after three month, four incident occurred which were on12 February
Puncak Jaya, 5 March Puncak Jaya, 15 March and 1 to 5 April at Freeport Mine. The all
statement has already published on their website, social mainstream media and couples of
international media. Despite local and national media in Indonesia banned to cover it up but it
has already posted to the world’s leading media such as, ABC radio, Washington Post, BBC,
Radio New Zealand International and others. Therefore, the world window to watch this
armed war has opened recently. The truth itself able to open world window to see because of
national liberation war is the truth in the field, nothing is hiding when it comes to truth.

Because of their political belief and history, it was born as embryonic state who declared their
political manifesto in 1971. This political fundamentalism presented their view of political
good will to establish a modern state of Republic of West Papua after the UN, Netherland
Kingdom, United States and Indonesia have failed to implement international mechanism for
One Man one Vote in 1969. This failure obviously opposed to international law, UN Charter,
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international treaties. However, when it come to
question of the international public law, West Papua’s political manifesto judicially lawful,
therefore, 27 of January’s war declaration based on provisional constitution of the OPM (Free
Papua Movement) was legitimated prudently. The military wing of the OPM is definitely
reasonable when the TPNPB announced the warfare against neo colonialism system of
Indonesia. In one aspect, the TPNPB’s term of war regulation clearly justified this historical
aspect. It also connected with Dutch, their former colony who offered a promise to Indonesia
and West Papua granting their own independence. Resulted Indonesia luckily got her
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independence and reoccupied or took over West Papua illegally; the Dutch failed his promise
to West Papuan people given independence, this is a core reason why the West Papuan now
taking up the weapons as final approach to get their independence.

Historical Fact Review

The armed conflict begun since the Dutch left. In 1963, UNTEA transferred the territory into
Indonesia under the US mediation illegally. In 1971, a pro-independence group of the OPM
has born and declared a Republic State of West Papua. Indonesia has not recognised yet,
however, the OPM with army wing claim their independence sovereignty mostly via non-
violent struggle method and poorly military resource against Indonesia through warfare.

First president of Indonesia announced a triple people command; one of them was ‘Abolished
the Dutch made a puppet state’ of West Papua, to sustain this goal quickly made up a
sustainable military operation policy called Military Operation Region (Daerah Operasi
Militer). As outcome by 32 years military dictatorship leader of Suharto, Indonesia’s second
president introduced more than 12 operations unit been killed 100.000 native Papuan, the
most dangerous operation was sweep operation I and II in 1978-1980s.

The character of armed conflict is truly non-international armed conflict but it has not
internationalised yet. A key impediment that Indonesia is not obligatory nation of the RSICC
and other potential factor inaccessibility of media, foreign diplomat, activist and researcher
report out it, weakness of civil mobilization and disrespect of rule of law. Human Rights
Watch in Jakarta recognized as non-international armed conflict slowly occurring when the
eight Indonesian soldiers killed by WPNLA (TPNPB) in 2013 within one-week warfare. To
gain the world recognition on the war character always to be challenging not like
Afghanistan, Syria, Congo and Burma, hence, there was a reason why without third party
intervention the conflict is prevailing.

From 19 July to August 2014 rose up again a slow-armed war in Lani Jaya District was
resulted two Indonesian soldiers and four police shot-dead. Indonesian army groups attacked
back the West Papuan National Liberation Army (WPNLA) led by Gen. Goliat Tabuni,
resulted six the WPNLA soldiers killed, two churches, public facilities and some housing
burnt down by Indonesian coalition troops. A serious humanitarian crisis such thousand
innocent civilian under fear of military operation and traumatise since that and got sickness,
hunger fled to jungle.

Combatant Groups, Operation Tactics and Their Capability

The classification of the core combatant groups are Pro-Indonesian Armed Groups (PIAG)
versus Pro- West Papuan Independence Armed Groups (PWPIAG). The PIAG has various
force units (mobile police, national army and police, special force) plus foreign military aid
of global anti-terrorist unit of 88 detachments. While the PWPIAG is at least the larger group
of the WPNLA, the Indonesia and International Crisis Groups (ICG) mistakenly assumed the
KNPB as a new-armed group of but no evidence seen it so definitely the KNPB is civil
militant group. Another armed party also were involved as unidentified Groups, this has been
still arguing, the most of NGOs and West Papuan believed that this groups is part of the
PIAG which been involving killing of Papuans in spite of different insight to Indonesia. This
group backing by the TNI/POLRI, identically Indonesian militia’s organ who evolved shot
dead Papuan secretly. However, PWPIAG has a small group of West Papua Revolutionary
Army (TRWP) in the border between PNG and Indonesia. Eventually, now the all PWPAG
has united before the WPNLA announced the war ultimatum.
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They have different scale of military capability both the numbers and the bases. Proportion of
military personnel between the PIAG and PWPIAG totally imbalance and it hardly to
calculate in details from each of units including their war equipment characteristics.
Obviously the PIAG members roughly estimated over quarter of 200 million of entire
population in Indonesia who ranked as fourth biggest military state around the world. The
PIAG now is consists of massive number of regional military command, it has expanded
more district resort into entire districts of West Papuan territory. The PWPIAG or TPNPB
only consists of 30 regional military command around the region with low level of personnel
and military equipment, each of command over thousands personnel but there was no
indication foreign intervention for military aid.

Structurally, the PIAG consists of two main troops, which are organic and non-organic
troops; the organic one that is the PIAG based in West Papua and non-organic is additional
troops during the war operation term. Their soldier numbers for additional troops almost over
thousands. The central operation regions are located in the middle highland (Paniai, Timika,
Wamena, Puncak Jaya). It also based on the border areas and including Islands such as
Merauke, Sorong, Manokwari, Nabire, Biak and Serui. The PIAG has been operationalising
multiple attacks (air, suicide and target). Firstly air force with special target in the higher
mountain areas where the PWPAG based; secondly the army was established to military
camp in the strategic places such near the where the native people of Papuan based and public
demonstration; navy operation for the coastal areas to control the sea. The PWPIAG only
used the army such target attacks in the PIAG bases.

Foreign military intervention was emerged in Indonesia after the killing foreigners with Bali
bombing in 2003 by terrorist network of Alkaidah. USA and other 34 states backed up the
military training and facilities for Indonesia and global anti-terrorist unit of 88 detachments
aimed to protect foreign investment and combat the terrorist movement. In fact that this
global security plan misconducted under national authority of Indonesia because of
separatism sensitivity, capitalist and terrorist network interest. A General Commander of
Kelik Walik shot-dead by Indonesian special force in 2009 and along that year of 2010 other
General Commander of Paniai Regional Command, General Tadius Yogi killed during no
wartime. This two incidents became public outcry about the misleading of the 88 detachment
unit which heavily funded by the USA, Australia, New Zealand, UK, China and Russia.

The both combatant groups fighting mostly near the American owned gold and copper mine
of Freeport-McMoRan areas. Indonesian government claimed to American aid worker
shortage by PWPIAG in 2002 with no evidence trial in the court. According to local credible
and well-known activists, Jones Douw reported that the foreign company back up Indonesian
army to against the PWPIAG, currently 2012 local claimed that the PIAG used foreign
company owned helicopter by air strike and target attacking shot dead a General Commander,
Salmon Yogi, and burnt out their base in Paniai.

For the PWPIAG does not have any foreign military aid. Indonesia and Australia are very
sensitive and to encounter it. Although an Australian citizen, Litle stopped at Brisbane
International Airport who wants travel to West Papua via Papua New Guinea. He was
charged him 10 years prison due to claim himself as General Commander (military trainer)
and his trip to West Papua in order to assist military training for the WPNLA soldiers fight
against Indonesia army.

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Slow-armed conflict has never ends because the shooting occurring both during wartime and
no wartime. It has affected to the life of both combatant and non-combatant civilians.
Indonesian force shot dead eight Papuan teenagers in Enarotali, Paniai 2014. The shooting in-
2015 in Timika was killed innocent West Papuan by Indonesian forces, shot dead one
teenager and three of them were injured during the fund rising project. It was a little
crackdown between West Papuan and Indonesian National Police (INP), a weapon crabbed
by member of fund raisers according to news then INP who trained by Australia and New
Zealand shot dead a man and injured other 3 man plus over 20s been jailed.

Two additional PIAG started by 2015-2016. They were second main Indonesian regional
police headquarter at the Bintuni district in West Papua province and another Papua regional
Mobile Police Command (Mako Brimop) in Wamena district of Papua Province. West
Papuan people ever been rejected these projects but unfortunately Indonesian government
continuing to building. Indonesia has been expanding their military capacity is the warning
sign that they will make warfare against not only their combatant of WPNLA solders but also
civilian. Leo Magay Yogii, another General Commander from Paniai regional also killed by
Indonesia force during no wartime in 2015.

Fatality, War Crimes and a massive uncounted numbers of people died in the past 56 years of
the silent armed warfare. It estimated by 1000 incidents via various tactics by PIAG. In 1967
with Operasi Tumpas (obliteration operation) were 1,500 alleged dead in Ayamaru,
Teminabuan and Inanuatan. April of 1969, Aerial bombing of Wissel Lake District of Paniai
were 14,000 peoples fled to the jungle including 2640 dead in 1980s. From the PWPIAG not
always operationalised multiple tactics at least attacking directly to military based around the
areas and it roughly estimated over 300 incidents and killed over 100 Indonesian soldiers
killed by PWPIAG under General Goliath Tabuni after 2005 to April 2018.

Lack of UN Attention
The United Nations failed in the achievement for a world mandate for peacekeeping force
and ceasefire plan in 1960s. In the fact that two UN bodies were UNTEA and UNSF, led
Pakistan troops of 1000 did not monitor a referendum in 1969. Due to cold war pressure the
UNSF troops removed out on 20 February 1963 before the referendum, hence, the both UN
body automatically dysfunction. The air attack bomb occured couple of places, such Wagethe
in the same year of shamful act of free choiche 1969 if the UNSF active was not occurred.
Even the long enduring war still occurring until today but there is no UN agencies present to
direct monitor and protect civilians including dissemination for the factual information and
first hand data.

The absent of the UN and foreign government concerning the report of the hostilities and or
data of the slow armed warfare only distributed poorly by human rights organizations,
journalist and local social and faith based community groups. They believed that over
600.000 of West Papuan civilian dead from the 1963 until present time and some local groups
stated that over hundred thousand wounded in many incidents in many places. Several
incident in different location and time namely, Arfai operation in 1960s, Biak massacre in
1998, Paniai rebellion in 1971, Wamena in 1978 and other places around the region with
many cases but poor of reporting and dissemination the true fact data information. In term of
capital destruction involved a very higher cost, claimed that over 100 public and private
utilities including civilian property destroyed but poor with statistical data about the kinds of
property to justify the exact figure due to media limitation.

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The lack of legal capacity and the UN intention in the armed situation hardly defined whom
the violator of the war crime, the crime against humanity including most importantly is the
protection for the civilian. Although 76 states ever remained to Indonesia on human rights
matter that some cases effected by armed war in West Papua in relation to important of the
implementation for 180 point of universal periodic review protocols in 2012, but the
achievement of the International Human Rights Law always be problematic. In 2013, a
president of the Human Rights Council responded an offensive force against civilian and
activist, and people of West Papua willing to have a common ceasefire agreement for the
peaceful approach does not work because distrust amongst conflicted party due to
sovereignty sensitivity. Some main weaknesses are lack of internationalisation this slow
armed conflict, no reaction by world government and zero law enforcement it had to be seen
that the International Law of Armed Conflict is absolutely dead.

The Global Security Power Intervention

The global security plan was derived from the world obligation in maintaining international
security who endorsed by these big security power nations. It has emerged since criminalist
and terrorist expanded worldwide and armed warfare everywhere after the 21st century.
Without exemption for entire countries and territories, these global security agenda of counter
world terrorism and crime, and stop-armed warfare are obligated to delivery under the new
world order. Indonesia misconducted in the field in relation to security tension in West
Papua. The case study was used the global anti-terrorist unit of 88 detachment under
Indonesian framework badly threated West Papuan activist and there was no the global
security mission to maintain peace and justice to West Papua. If this global security initiative
aimed to bring a peace for the all people and nation why is silent to response the armed
warfare between Indonesia and West Papua.

The terrorism war in Indonesia is a very hot security matter despite a top leader of Bin Laden
killed by the powerful nation of US under Barack Obama regime in 2012. Most of local
respected groups (NGOs, Faith, political) indicated furtively this terrorist movement has not
connected only to non-state group but it also connected to Indonesia’s forces themselves,
that is why many people assumed the state terrorist groups of Indonesia have been terrorising
and killing of Papuan people, destructing Papuan property and its lifestyle. Ironically, the fact
some credible organisation highlighted that severe radical groups have been empowering by
Indonesian authority with aimed to counters Papuan independence movement and human
rights defenders. It also indicated that their operational fund sourced from 30% of foreign
financial aid, and misallocated those funds in support Indonesian military operation against
civilian in West Papua.

In the name of global security plan, the five-veto power nations at United Nations Security
Council (USA, UK, Russia, China and France) continuingly funding multi million dollars to
Indonesia. Not only funded the money but also empowering with military tools, training,
weaponry industry, warship and airplane. Indonesia gained stronger specifically from the
border crime deal unless West Papua, such deal West Papuan people should be get a mutual
benefit because of the territory is located central borderline, which is Asia and Pacific.
Indonesia gained enough confident to be South East Asian region and South Pacific regional
security leader when they are well empowered with higher military technology and
personnel. For this initiative, Indonesia sold the West Papuan land to share military base for
navy, air force and land force with their alliance such Russia’s Air force based in Biak Island
and much more.

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In other side, the US navy based in Darwin has being a very hot issue contended so far.
Indonesia with China and Russia included their counterpart anti-capitalist countries
tentatively responded, indicated their classical geopolitics hegemony were involved.
Indonesian foreign policy experts argued that there was a sign of the US and Australia’s
indirect intervention on West Papua’s course. Many writers assumed on that, West Papuan
people not part of the global security power war but always support the mutual benefit of the
global security agenda itself when it deal to end the 56 years of armed warfare. For this
reason, any country that willing to intervene with course, West Papuan people will be happy
to welcome to build any base on there. Hence, it can be good mutual interest whoever global
supper power nations helps to bring with the current armed war between Indonesian Forces
and West Papua National Liberation Army.

Border security and human security are two embedded factors at the core of global security
agenda. Internationalisation of the border matter is common interest amongst regional
community Groups’ whether independent nation or not. It is also not only bilateral concern
such PNG and Indonesia as state to state, the nature of conflict must to get a special feature in
the global scheme. Pacific regional border issues are very chronic, impacted to political
sentiment amongst Indonesia, PNG, East Timor, Australia, West Papua (Liberation army
groups of the OPM). Even the boat people and smuggling groups are different course but
some related with the politics. The sentiment is the national liberation war between Indonesia
and West Papua in the border. However, the lack of mutual engagement particularly with
West Papua’s victimised community, regional security will be challenging, remained a
multilateral government attention when the human security mission does not implemented
fairly, the global entity groups can do more, only a single U.N. agency unable to tackle out
the worst circumstances, such U.N.H.C.R. The U.N. specialisation institution should be
established and given more accessibility because the border security is remained an immense
case until this day.

Global community groups have being facing difficulty to identify this armed war as non-
international armed conflict character. This armed conflict slowly growing a big tension and
need to be internationalised into global communities for their urgent intension. Shooting in
the border areas still silently are enduring in certain time for long. One example the shooting
incident occurred between TPN/OPM and Indonesia were evolved to Indonesian police chief
in Papua shot and his body guard 2014 including uncounted number killed by Indonesian
border forces. Jokowi’s maritime plan now has been developing on basis of Sorkarno’s old
order policy. The reason definitely to protect their maritime sovereignty, illegal arm supply,
foreign intervention on West Papua’s independence and is to encounter Australia’s
maneuverer and interference.

Global Campaign
After long time, just currently international campaign started to attract the world eyes to look
closer in the field on the ground in West Papua. This public campaign founded by West
Papuan Foreign Diplomat through public declaration on 10 April 2018 in Melbourne,
Australia. The name is Global Campaign for United Nations Peacekeeping Mission to West
Papua (GCUNPM-West Papua). The GCUNPM-West Papua is a global campaign body
represents the voice of West Papuan people through the TPNPB/OPM as principal body of
Independence Movement for West Papua.

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Main goal of the GCUNPM-West Papua is to alert the world attention and their immediate
action on the ongoing 56 years of Armed War between Indonesian Military Organs and The
OPM military wing of TPNPB in order to bring lasting peace and humanitarian assistance.

Target:

 United Nations Intervention

1. United Nations Peacekeeping Mission establishes to West Papua to mediate the armed
warfare through international mechanism democratically and fairly.
2. Indonesia to allow the U.N. Peacekeeping Mission to West Papua, International
Humanitarian Organisation and Independent Journalist entry into the battlefield,

 Ending Foreign Military and Police Aid to Indonesia

1. Five Veto Power (USA, Russia, China, France, England) plus ten non-permanent
members at U.N. Security Council
2. Australia and New Zealand and state members
 Reaction and Action by Multilateral Governmental Organisations
Pacific Islands Forum, European Union, MSG, Non- Alliance Movement, ACP,
African Union)

 Greater Attention by International Solidarity Groups and Undergournd People

Globally

Program Activities:
 Intensive Lobby and Public Campaign
 Political Tour
 Global Petition
 Art Workshop
 Public Protest
 Fundraising
 Research and Publication

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