Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Each section includes a “Language in context” passage, exercises, grammar notes, and a
review passage.
Language in context
Over the last twenty years, the average size of households has fallen dramatically.
The number of one person households has grown, due largely to the ageing of the
population, as has the number of one parent families. Couples having smaller families have
also contributed to the fall in household size.
In 1976, 60% of families were couples with children. By 1996, this had fallen to
51%. Part of this change can be attributed to the increase in one parent families with
dependent children, but most of the change [1]is due to the increase in the proportion of
couple-only families. People [2]are now having children later in life, and [3]are living longer.
Therefore, they [4]are spending more time living in couple-only families, both before they
[5]
have families and after their children have left home.
However, children [6]are leaving home later. In 1981, 34% of children aged 20-24
lived with their parents. By 1991, this had increased to 40%. This increase has, to some
extent, countered the fall in the couples with non-dependent children only.
(Source: ABS Yearbook Australia 1997, Number 79, Australian Government Publishing
Service,ACT,p.81)
[1]
This is a present simple verb.
Here it is used to talk about something that is claimed to be true right now. the change is
due to the increase...
[2]
Are having is a present continuous verb. It describes a trend which may be temporary
and is occurring right now.
[3]
This is a present continuous verb. It describes a trend which may be temporary and is
occurring right now.
[4]
This is a present continuous verb. It describes a trend which may be temporary and is
occurring right now.
[5]
This is a present simple verb.
Here it is used to talk about a timeless fact: people have families. It is true now, will be true
in the future, and was true in the past.
[6]
This is a present continuous verb. It describes a trend which may be temporary and is
occurring right now.
2
Present simple and continuous compared
The present simple may be used to describe The present continuous may be used to
habits and permanent situations. describe a temporary trend or situation.
People now have children later in life People are now having children later in
and live longer. life and are living longer.
They spend more time living in They are spending more time living in
couple-only families. couple-only families.
The present continuous may describe
The present simple may describe general
situations or activities which are occurring
rules and principles and established facts.
right now.
Business cycles follow phases of rapid
Australia is currently experiencing a
growth (expansion) and slow growth
period of rapid economic growth.
(recession).
The housing sector is benefiting from
As prices rise, the purchasing power
low interest rates and rising divorce.
of money declines.
Companies are increasingly
Target marketing helps sellers identify
embracing target marketing.
marketing opportunities better.
2. Present perfect
The highlighted text will be explained, as it contains examples of the tenses in use.
Language in context
Over the last twenty years, the average size of households [1]has fallen dramatically.
The number of one person households [2]has grown, due largely to the ageing of the
population, as [3]has the number of one parent families. Couples having smaller families
[4]
have also contributed to the fall in household size.
In 1976, 60% of families were couples with children. By 1996, this had fallen to
51%. Part of this change can be attributed to the increase in one parent families with
dependent children, but most of the change is due to the increase in the proportion of
couple-only families. People are now having children later in life, and are living longer.
Therefore, they are spending more time living in couple-only families, both before they
have families and after their children [5]have left home.
However, children are leaving home later. In 1981, 34% of children aged 20-24
lived with their parents. By 1991, this had increased to 40%. This increase [6]has to some
extent countered, the fall in the couples with non-dependent children only.
(Source: ABS Yearbook Australia 1997, Number 79, Australian Government Publishing
Service, ACT, p.81)
[1]
This is a present perfect verb. It is used here to describe a continuing trend. The average
size of households began to fall twenty years ago and has continued to fall.
[2]
This is a present perfect verb. It is used here to describe a continuing trend. The number
of one-person households began to grow twenty years ago and has continued to grow.
3
[3]
This is part of a present perfect verb. In this sentence, 'as has' is a brief way of saying:
and the number of one-parent families has grown too.
[4]
Have contributed is a present perfect verb. It describes a contribution to the fall in
household size (couples having smaller families), which began in the past and is
continuing.
Note the position of 'also', which is not part of the verb.
[5]
This is a present perfect verb. It is used here to describe a completed activity (their
children left home) which has an impact on the present (the parents live in a couple-only
family).
[6]
Has countered is a present perfect verb. It is used here to describe the current effect of
the 1981-1991 increase in the percentage of children living with their parents: it has to
some extent countered the fall...
Note the position of to some extent, which is not part of the verb.
4
A present perfect passive verb includes:
The present perfect tense links the past and the present. It can be contrasted with the past
simple tense.
The past simple tense may describe The present perfect tense may describe activities
completed activities and past or situations which began in the past and are
situations. still continuing.
In 1976, 60% of families The number of one person households has
were couples with children. grown.
In 1981, 34% of children Over the past twenty years, the average
aged 20-24 lived with their size of households has fallen.
parents.
The past simple may describe
The present perfect may describe completed
activities without linking them to
activities whose impact is felt in the present.
the present.
They have completed the research.
They completed the research
(meaning: a short time ago; here it is).
in 1972.
They have arrived. (meaning: a short time
They arrived yesterday.
ago; here they are).
With past simple verbs, the time With present perfect verbs, indefinite time
may be specified. expressions may be used.
They completed the research
They have just completed the research.
in 1972.
They have already arrived.
They arrived yesterday.
The number of one person households has
The number of one person
grown recently.
households grew last year.
5
Study other examples which show the difference between the Present Perfect and the
Past Simple:
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7
8
3. Past perfect
The highlighted text will be explained, as it contains examples of the tenses in use.
Language in context
In 1976, 60% of families were couples with children. By 1996, this [1]had fallen to
51%. Part of this change can be attributed to the increase in one parent families with
dependent children, but most of the change is due to the increase in the proportion of
couple-only families. People are now having children later in life, and are living longer.
Therefore, they are spending more time living in couple-only families, both before they
have families and after their children have left home.
However, children are leaving home later. In 1981, 34% of children aged 20-24
lived with their parents. By 1991, this [2]had increased to 40%. This increase has to some
extent countered, the fall in the couples with non-dependent children only.
(Source: ABS Yearbook Australia 1997, Number 79, Australian Government Publishing
Service, ACT, p.81)
[1]
This is a past perfect verb. It describes an activity which was completed by 1996. The
past perfect may be used to describe the earlier of two points in the past. The year 1996 is
in the past. The time before and up to 1996 is in the earlier past.
[2]
This is a past perfect verb. It describes an activity which was completed by 1991. The
past perfect may be used to describe the earlier of two points in the past. The year 1991 is
in the past. The time before and up to 1991 is in the earlier past.
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Past perfect and simple past compared
It is easier to understand the past perfect tense if you think of it as an earlier past
tense.
1996 was a date in the past
The fall to 51% occurred before 1996.
It was completed by 1996.
1991 was a date in the past
The increase to 40% occurred before 1991.
It was completed by 1991.
Earlier past events or situations are indicated by the past perfect tense.
The past simple tense and the past perfect tense are often used in the same sentence.
Several senior employees had left the company by the time the new manager
arrived.
This can be shown on a time line
earlier past more recent past present time
Both events were in the past, but one occured earlier than the other.
10
Further examples Comments
4. Future
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is
one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone
else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help
us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we
refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
I will send you the information when I get it.
I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
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I will not do your homework for you.
I won't do all the housework myself!
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
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NOTES
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. ACTIVE
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. PASSIVE
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. ACTIVE
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. PASSIVE
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Simple Present / Present Continuous
Write each verb in the –ing form, then complete the spelling rules below.
Using the words in brackets, complete the sentences below with the appropriate tenses:
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Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) ………………… to a movie tonight with some
friends.
9. The business cards (be, normally ) ………………… printed by a company in New York.
Their prices (be) ………………… inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good.
10. This delicious chocolate (be) ………………… made by a small chocolatier in Zurich,
Switzerland.
15
Complete the text below with the appropriate forms of the verbs given:
A Trekking Journal
November 12, 1997
Today (be) ………………… the second day of my trek around Mount Annapurna. I am
exhausted and my legs (shake) …………………; I just hope I am able to complete the
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trek. My feet (kill, really) ………………… me and my toes (bleed) …………………, but
I (want, still) ………………… to continue.
Nepal is a fascinating country, but I have a great deal to learn. Everything (be)
………………… so different, and I (try) ………………… to adapt to the new way of life
here. I (learn) ………………… a little bit of the language to make communication easier;
unfortunately, I (learn, not) ………………… foreign languages quickly. Although I
(understand, not) ………………… much yet, I believe that I (improve, gradually)
………………….
I (travel, currently) ………………… with Liam, a student from Leeds University in
England. He (be) ………………… a nice guy, but impatient. He (walk, always)
………………… ahead of me and (complain) ………………… that I am too slow. I (do)
………………… my best to keep up with him, but he is younger and stronger than I am.
Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself because I am getting old.
Right now, Liam (sit) ………………… with the owner of the inn. They (discuss)
………………… the differences between life in England and life in Nepal. I (know, not)
………………… the real name of the owner, but everybody (call, just) …………………
him Tam. Tam (speak) ………………… English very well and he (try) …………………
to teach Liam some words in Nepali. Every time Tam (say) ………………… a new word,
Liam (try) ………………… to repeat it. Unfortunately, Liam (seem, also)
………………… to have difficulty learning foreign languages. I just hope we don't get lost
and have to ask for directions.
17
Read the telephone conversation and put the correct auxiliary verb into each gap. Use
the contracted form where possible.
Good afternoon, Apple Helpline here. I’m Damian. How can I help you?
Oh, at last! Hello, Damian. I have a terrible problem with my computer. It
………… working at all!
OK, OK. Tell me your name and your company name and describe what
…………… happened.
My name’s Valerie, Val actually, Valerie Marks. I ………….. (not) work for a
company, I’m self-employed. I work at home and I …………… trying to meet an
important deadline at the moment. This morning I ………….. working away
happily, when suddenly everything stopped and a message came on the screen.
Then the screen went black.
OK, Val, …………….. (not) worry! What …………… the message say?
I can’t remember exactly, because I …………… (not) understand it, but I think it
said something about ‘not enough money’.
It’s OK, Val, I understand. Tell me, Val ………….. you switched the computer off?
No, I …………… (not). It’s still on.
Fine, Val. Now do exactly what I say. Go to your computer, OK? Can you see a ‘W’
in the top right-hand corner? Click on that ‘W’ with the mouse. What ……………
it say? Can you read it to me?
It says three things. There’s a list of three things. First it says…
Using the words in brackets, complete the sentences below with the appropriate tenses:
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4. Sebastian (arrive) ………………… at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she (be,
not) ………………… there. She (study, at the library) ………………… for her final
examination in French.
5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch, also)
………………… television. That's all she ever does!
6. A: I (call) ………………… you last night after dinner, but you (be, not)
………………… there. Where were you?
B: I (work) ………………… out at the fitness center.
7. When I (walk) ………………… into the busy office, the secretary (talk)
………………… on the phone with a customer, several clerks (work, busily)
………………… at their desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly) …………………
methods to improve customer service.
8. I (watch) ………………… a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I
am never going to find out how the movie ends.
9. Sharon (be) ………………… in the room when John told me what happened, but she
didn't hear anything because she (listen, not) ………………….
10. It's strange that you (call) ………………… because I (think, just) …………………
about you.
11. The Titanic (cross) ………………… the Atlantic when it (strike) ………………… an
iceberg.
12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily) …………………
and (try) ………………… to sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt)
………………… for souvenirs. Some young boys (lead) ………………… their donkeys
through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men (argue) …………………
over the price of a leather belt. I (walk) ………………… over to a man who (sell)
………………… fruit and (buy) ………………… a banana.
13. The firemen (rescue) ………………… the old woman who (be) …………………
trapped on the third floor of the burning building.
14. She was so annoying! She (leave, always) ………………… her dirty dishes in the
sink. I think she (expect, actually) ………………… me to do them for her.
15. Samantha (live) ………………… in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live)
………………… there when the Berlin Wall came down.
19
Underline the correct verb form.
1. She worked/was working quietly at her desk when suddenly the door opened/was
opening and her daughter rushed/was rushing in.
2. He stood/was standing up, walked/was walking across the room, and closed/was closing
the window.
3. A strange man walked/was walking into the room. He wore/was wearing red trousers
and a pink skirt.
4. Didn’t you meet/weren’t you meeting your wife while you worked/were working in
Chile?
5. I saw/was seeing you in the park yesterday. You sat/were sitting on a bench with your
arm around Mary.
6. As soon as I walked/was walking into the room, he handed/was handing me the letter.
7. His father was really angry with him because he listened/was listening to music while he
did/was doing his homework.
8. Why didn’t they visit/weren’t they visiting me while they stayed/were staying in
London?
9 As he passed/was passing the bank, a man with a mask knocked/was knocking him onto
the ground.
10. What did you write/were you writing when your computer crashed/was crashing?
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Complete the text below with the appropriate forms of the verbs given:
Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call) …………………. She said she
(call) ………………… me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I
asked her if she (wait) ………………… for class, but she said that the professor was at the
front of the hall lecturing while she (talk) ………………… to me. I couldn't believe she
(make) ………………… a phone call during the lecture. I asked what was going on.
She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep, actually)
………………… in class. Some of the students (talk) ………………… about their plans
for the weekend and the student next to her (draw) ………………… a picture of a horse.
When Angela (tell) ………………… me she was not satisfied with the class, I (mention)
………………… that my biology professor was quite good and (suggest)
………………… that she switch to my class.
While we were talking, I (hear) ………………… her professor yell, "Miss, are you
making a phone call?" Suddenly, the line went dead. I (hang) ………………… up the
phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner. As I (cut) ………………… vegetables for a
salad, the phone rang once again. It (be) ………………… Angela, but this time she wasn't
sitting in class.
21
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form, Past Simple or Past Continuous.
Spot the verb in the present perfect and then translate the text.
22
Simple Past / Present Perfect / Past Perfect
Using the words in brackets, complete the sentences below with the appropriate tenses:
1. When I (arrive) ………………… home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare)
………………… a beautiful candlelight dinner.
2. Since I began acting, I (perform) ………………… in two plays, a television commercial
and a TV drama. However, I (speak, never even) ………………… publicly before I came
to Hollywood in 1985.
3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) ………………… without
me. My boss (be) ………………… furious with me and I (be) ………………… fired.
4. When I (turn) ………………… the radio on yesterday, I (hear) ………………… a song
that was popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not) ………………… the song in
years, and it (bring) ………………… back some great memories.
5. Last week, I (run) ………………… into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We (see, not)
………………… each other in years, and both of us (change) ………………… a great
deal. I (enjoy) ………………… talking to her so much that I (ask) ………………… her
out on a date. We are getting together tonight for dinner.
6. When Jack (enter) ………………… the room, I (recognize, not) ………………… him
because he (lose) ………………… so much weight and (grow) ………………… a beard.
He looked totally different!
7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan;
however, their culture (disappear, virtually) ………………… by the time Europeans first
(arrive) ………………… in the New World.
8. I (visit) ………………… so many beautiful places since I (come) ………………… to
Utah. Before moving here, I (hear, never) ………………… of Bryce Canyon, Zion,
Arches, or Canyonlands.
23
Complete the text below with the appropriate forms of the verbs given:
24
Will / Be Going To
Using the words in brackets, complete the sentences below with the appropriate tenses:
Complete the short exchanges below with the appropriate forms of the verbs given.
25
Sam: No problem, I (hold) ………………… it for you.
3. Gina: Where are you going?
Ted: I (go) ………………… to the store to pick up some groceries.
Gina: What (you, get) …………………?
Ted: I (buy) ………………… some milk, some bread, and some coffee.
4. John: Wow, it's freezing out there.
Jane: I (make) ………………… some coffee to warm us up. Do you want a piece of pie
as well?
John: Coffee sounds great! But I (have) ………………… dinner with some friends later,
so I'd better skip the pie.
Jane: I (go) ………………… to dinner tonight too, but I'm having a piece of pie anyway.
5. Frank: I heard you're taking a Spanish class at the community college.
Tom: Yeah, I (go) ………………… to Guatemala next spring and I thought knowing a
little Spanish would make the trip easier.
Frank: I (visit) ………………… my brother in Marseilles next year. Maybe I should take
a French class.
Tom: I have a course catalog in the other room. I (go) ………………… get it, and we can
see whether or not they're offering a French course next semester.
6. Michael: Do you think the Republicans or the Democrats (win) ………………… the
next election?
Jane: I think the Republicans (win) ………………… the next election.
John: No way! The Democrats (win) ………………….
7.Susan: We (go) ………………… camping this weekend. Would you like to come along?
Sam: That sounds great, but I don't have a sleeping bag.
Susan: No problem. I (lend) ………………… you one. My family has tons of camping
gear.
8. Barbara: I (buy) ………………… a new car this weekend, but I'm a little worried
because I don't really know much about cars. I'm afraid the salesman (try)
………………… to take advantage of me when he sees how little I know.
Dave: I used to work for a mechanic in high school and I know a lot about cars. I (go)
………………… with you to make sure you are not cheated.
9. Gina: Fred and I (visit) ………………… Santa Fe next summer. Have you ever been
there?
26
Margaret: My family lives in Santa Fe! I (give) ………………… you my parents' phone
number. When you get to Santa Fe, just call them and they (give) ………………… you a
little tour of the town. They can show you some of the sights that most tourists never see.
10. Pam: Can you see my future in the crystal ball? What (happen) ………………… next
year?
Fortune Teller: You (meet) ………………… a man from the East Coast, perhaps New
York or maybe Boston. You (marry) ………………… that mystery man.
Pam: Forget the man! I want to know if I (get) ………………… a new job.
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28
29
30
31
32
PASSIVE VOICE
Recognising passives
The following passage is from a report written by an accounting student.
The passive verbs are highlighted.
The highlighted text will be explained, as it contains examples of the passive voice in
use.
Language in context passage
Executive summary
33
benefits to organisations such as timely, quality and focused information which can initiate
effective management action.
With rapid market changes, constant cost control and quality improvement, as well as
meeting customers' needs, are essential requirements of a management accountant's
portfolio. For this to occur, [6]it is recommended that all accountants familiarise themselves
with these changes and the subsequent effects on management accounting. Furthermore,
consideration [7]should also be given to how these changes [8]could be most efficiently
implemented in accounting workplaces.
(Adapted from: P.V.Cotesta, G.M.Crosling and H.M. Murphy, Writing for Accounting
Students, 1998, Butterworths, Australia. p. 26.)
[1]
The passive voice is used here because it is unimportant to mention or because it is not
known yet who might implement the changes.Note the passive form be implemented after
the modal verb 'need to', which has the meaning should.
[2]
The passive voice is used in the phrase 'It is argued' to avoid using the informal personal
pronoun 'I'. Reports typically adopt a formal impersonal tone.Note that the form of the verb
'to be' always agrees in number and person with its subject, unless preceded by a modal.
[3]
The passive voice is used here to emphasise which people are expected to perform
rather than who expects them to perform.Note that the form of the verb 'to be' always
agrees in number and person with its subject, unless preceded by a modal.
[4]
The passive voice is used in the phrase 'It is further argued' to avoid using the informal
personal pronoun 'I'. Reports typically adopt a formal impersonal tone.Note that the form
of the verb 'to be' always agrees in number and person with its subject, unless preceded by
a modal.
[5]
The passive voice is used here to emphasise what needs to happen rather than who
should do it.Note the passive form be given after the modal verb 'need to', which has the
meaning should.
[6]
The passive voice is used in the phrase 'It is recommended' to avoid using the informal
personal pronoun 'I'. Reports typically adopt a formal impersonal tone.Note that the form
of the verb 'to be' always agrees in number and person with its subject, unless preceded by
a modal.
[7]
The passive voice is used here to emphasise what should happen rather than who should
do it.Note the passive form be given after the modal should. Also note the insertion of the
qualifying word 'also' before the passive verb form.
[8]
The passive voice is used here to emphasise what could be done and how it could be
done rather than who might do it.Note the passive form ' be most efficiently implemented'
after the modal verb 'could'.Also note the insertion of the qualifying words 'most
efficiently' between the two parts of the passive verb form.
1. The Executive Summary is part of an academic report. The passive voice is used to
give the report a formal, impersonal tone, avoiding personal pronouns.
Instead of 'I argue that...', the student writes: It is argued that...
It is further argued that...
It is recommended that...
2. It may be difficult to determine precisely who is doing / should do something.
34
In this case, for example, there may be a general expectation that accountants
should actively facilitate decision-making, hence the student writes, 'accountants
are expected to...'
3. The student emphasises what should happen. Who should do it may be beyond his /
her purpose in this report, or may be considered less important.
'The report suggests...' is an active verb form in which the report becomes the subject
to avoid writing 'I suggest...'
Profit which is earned by a listed company on the stock exchange may be utilised in two
different ways. The company may pay dividends to stockholders or may reinvest the profit.
Both choices are related to each other and need to be based on what is called the dividend
policy.
Spot each passive verb from the passage above into its corresponding box below.
1. First passive verb: .....................................
2. Second passive verb: .....................................
3. Third passive verb:.....................................
4. Fourth passive verb:.....................................
5. Fifth passive verb:.....................................
to be past participle
Examples
It is recommended...
Changes are being implemented...
They have been incorporated...
35
In this case, for example, there may be a general expectation that accountants should
actively facilitate decision-making, hence the student writes, 'accountants are expected to...'
Examples
Changes could be implemented...
Consideration should have been given...
The active voice places the emphasis on The passive voice places the emphasis on what is
the 'actor' (the subject of the verb) being done / should be done, rather than on who is
doing it / should do it.
Examples Examples
They should implement changes. Changes should be implemented.
We now expect accountants to actively Accountants are now expected to actively facilitate
facilitate decision-making. decision-making.
With some passive verbs the 'actor' is mentioned, usually using the preposition by.
Example
Changes need to be implemented by management accountants.
In this type of sentence, the emphasis is still on:
what needs to happen (changes)
rather than on
who needs to do it (management accountants)
If you need to change an active verb to the passive form, follow these three steps.
These changes
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Active / Passive Overview
Active Passive
Simple Once a week, Tom cleans the Once a week, the house is cleaned
Present house. by Tom.
Present Right now, Sarah is writing the Right now, the letter is being
Continuous letter. written by Sarah.
Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.
Past The salesman was helping the The customer was being helped by
Continuous customer when the thief came the salesman when the thief came
into the store. into the store.
Present Many tourists have visited that That castle has been visited by
Perfect castle. many tourists.
Past Perfect George had repaired many cars Many cars had been repaired by
before he received his George before he received his
mechanic's license. mechanic's license.
Simple Future Someone will finish the work by The work will be finished by 5:00
WILL 5:00 PM. PM.
Used to Jerry used to pay the bills. The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always My mother would always make The pies would always be made by
the pies. my mother.
Future in the I knew John would finish the I knew the work would be finished
Past work by 5:00 PM. by 5:00 PM.
WOULD
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Add the past participle to the following sentences. Choose from the verbs in the box. Use
each verb once only.
grow produce make pull down take deliver include employ decorate
speak
Active or passive? Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form, Present Simple Active or
Present Simple Passive.
Catching a plane
When you ……………… (arrive) at an airport, you should go straight to the check-in-desk
where your ticket and luggage ……………… (check).
You …………….. (keep) your hand luggage with you but your suitcases ……………
(take) to the plane on a conveyor belt. You can now go to the departure lounge.
If you are on an international flight, your passport …………….. (check), and then you and
your bags ………………. (x-ray) by security cameras, sometimes you ……………. (give)
a body search and your luggage …………….. (search) by a security officer. You
…………… (wait) in the departure lounge until your flight …………… (call) and you
……………. (tell) which number gate to go to.
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Finally you ……………. (board) your plane and you …………… (show) to your seat by a
flight attendant.
Change the following sentences into passive. Do not mention the agent unless necessary.
1. Someone broke into our house last night.
The following sentences have been rewritten. Choose the correct form.
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1. IFL bought Nessafe.
a) Nessafe had been bought by IFL.
b) Nessafe was bought by IFL.
c) Nessafe is bought by IFL.
2. Fred asked Simon.
a) Simon was asked by Fred.
b) Simon had been asked by Fred
c) Simon is asked by Fred.
3. Caroline paid for the meal.
a) The meal is paid for by Caroline.
b) The meal has been paid for by Caroline.
c) The meal was paid for by Caroline
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1. You must make a decision.
A decision ……………………………………………….…………………...
2. They will have to clean it up.
It ……………………………………………….…………………....
3. They are looking up the customer's name.
The customer's name ……………………………………………….…………………....
4. Someone should tell him that the meeting is at 10 PM.
He …………………………….…………………... that the meeting is at 10 PM.
5. We will clean your swimming-pool this weekend.
Your swimming-pool ………………………………….…………………... this weekend.
6. Transform these sentences into the passive voice. Add "by ..." to the transformation
when (by) is indicated in the active sentence. Some of the sentences may have two
possibilities.
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1. He did the work.
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THE ARTICLE. THE NOUN
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There are four kinds of noun in English:
a) common nouns: dog, man, table
b) proper nouns: France, Madrid, Tom, Mary
c) abstract nouns: beauty, charity, courage, fear, joy
d) collective nouns: crowd, flock, group, swarm, team
Proper nouns:
a) names of persons: Deborah, Kerry, Smith, Craig; Mr. Jackson, Dr. Jackson, Queen
Victoria
b) days, months, celebrations: Sunday; January; Christmas, Independence Day
c) names of towns, countries, continents, lakes, oceans etc.: London, Bucharest,
Britain, Africa, Europe, The Pacific Ocean, The Danube, The Black Sea, the Carpathians
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46
47
48
49
50
51
52
THE ADJECTIVE
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54
55
56
57
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THE PREPOSITION
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60
61
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MODAL VERBS
CAN
Modal Examples Negative forms You can
Use also
use:
1. General I can speak English. I can’t speak Be able
ability I could speak English Chinese. to
when I was a kid. I couldn’t speak
I will be able to speak Chinese.
English by the time I I won’t be able to
finish this course. speak Chinese.
He was able to escape
through a window.
2. I can drive Susan’s car I can’t drive Susan’s May
Permission when she is out of town. car when she is out
I was allowed to drive of town.
Susan’s car when she I wasn’t allowed to
was out of town last drive Susan’s car
week. when she was out of
town.
3. Request Can I have a glass of Can’t I have a glass Could /
water? of water? May
Can you give me a lift to Can’t you give me a
school? lift to school?
Can you hurry up,
please?
4. Anyone can become rich It can’t cost more Could
Possibility if they are lucky. than a dollar!
/ You can’t be 45! You
Impossibili look much younger!
ty You can’t be
serious!
COULD
Modal Use Examples Negative forms
You
can
also
use:
1. Possibility John could be the one Mary couldn’t be Might /
who stole the money. the one who stole May
You could be right. the money.
2. You could spend your -
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Suggestion vacation in Hawaii.
3. Past I could run 10 miles in I couldn’t run more Be able
ability my twenties. than a mile in my to
twenties.
4. Polite Could I have something Couldn’t you help Can /
request to drink? me with this for just May /
Could I borrow your a second? Might
pen?
HAVE TO
MAY
Modal Examples Negative forms You
Use can
also
use:
1. Jack may be upset. Jack may be not upset; Might
Possibility perhaps he is tired.
Mary may be lucky
this time.
2. You may leave the You may not leave the Can
Permissio table now that you’ve table; You haven’t
n finished with your finished with your dinner
dinner. yet.
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You may not make
personal phone calls
during working hours.
3. May I borrow your Can /
Requests eraser? Might
May I make a phone
call?
You may take the last
sweet, if you wish.
MUST
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be problems with
the traffic at that
time of the
evening.
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IRREGULAR VERBS
Group I
Group II
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a ajunge
to deal dealt dealt a se ocupa (cu)
a contracta
a distribui
a repartiza
to dig dug dug a sãpa
a excava
a explora
to dream dreamt dreamt a visa
to feed fed fed a alimenta
a hrãni
a aproviziona
to feel felt felt a (se) simţi
to find found found a gãsi
a descoperi
a constata
to get got got a obţine
a primi
a deveni (a ajunge)
to hang hung hung a suspenda
a agãţa
a pune receptorul în furcã
to have had had a avea
to hear heard heard a auzi
to keep kept kept a ţine
a reţine
a menţine
a întreţine
to lay laid laid a pune
a aşeza
a întinde
to lead led led a conduce
a avansa
a comanda
to learn learnt learnt a învãţa
to leave left left a pleca
a pãrãsi
to light lit lit a aprinde
to lose lost lost a pierde
to make made made a fabrica
a face
to meet met met a (se) întâlni
a intersecta
a încrucişa
to pay paid paid a plãti
a achita
to read read read a citi
to run ran run a alerga
a funcţiona
a administra
to say said said a spune
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to sell sold sold a vinde
to send sent sent a trimite
to smell smelt smelt a mirosi
to spell spelt spelt a scrie literã cu literã
a silabisi
to spend spent spent a petrece
a cheltui
a întrebuinţa
to spill spilt spilt a vãrsa
a risipi
a turna
to stand stood stood a sta (vertical)
a rezista
a suporta
to teach taught taught a preda
to tell told told a spune
to think thought thought a reflecta
a gândi
a socoti cã
to understood understood a înţelege
understand
to win won won a câştiga
Group III
to be was/were been a fi
to beat beat beaten a bate
a lovi
a învinge
to begin began begun a începe
to break broke broken a sparge
a rupe
a sfãrâma
a concasa
a degrada
to choose chose chosen a selecta
a alege
to draw drew drawn a desena
a schiţa
a atrage
to drink drank drunk a bea
to drive drove driven a acţiona
a conduce
to eat ate eaten a mânca
to fall fell fallen a cãdea
a da la rebut
to fly flew flown a zbura
a lansa
to forget forgot forgotten a uita
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to freeze froze frozen a îngheţa
a refrigera
to give gave given a da
a acorda
a transmite
a preda
to go went gone a merge
a funcţiona
a circula
to grow grew grown a se mãri
a dezvolta
to hide hid hidden a ascunde
to know knew known a şti
a cunoaşte
to ring rang rung a suna
a chema (la telefon)
to see saw seen a vedea
to show showed shown a arãta
a manifesta
to sing sang sung a cânta
to speak spoke spoken a vorbi
to steal stole stolen a fura
to swear swore sworn a jura
to take took taken a lua
a capta
a necesita
to throw threw thrown a arunca
to wake woke woken a (se) trezi
to wear wore worn a purta
a uza
a toci
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