Design of Concrete University of

Structure I ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ Palestine

Chapter 1

Instructor:
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Concrete and Reinforced Concrete:

Concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates (sand & rock). The

paste, composed of cement and water, coats the surface of the fine
(sand) and coarse aggregates (rocks) and binds them together into a
rock-like mass known as concrete.

Some times one or more admixture are added to change certain

characteristic of the concrete such as its workability, durability, and
time of hardening.
Instructor:
Page 1
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Concrete and Reinforced Concrete:

Concrete has a high compressive strength and a very low tensile

strength.
Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein
the steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the
concrete. Reinforced concrete is used as a prime construction material
universally.
The construction of reinforced concrete structures requires the use of
a form to take the shape of the built member. The reinforcement is
held in place in the form during the casting operation. Once the
concrete has hardened to the required strength, only then the forms are
removed.
Instructor:
Page 2
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Concrete and Reinforced Concrete:

Steel is used as a reinforcement element due to some factors, which are,

 Steel improves the resistance of concrete in the tension regions.
 Steel and concrete have similar thermal expansion coefficients;
0.000010 to 0.000013 for concrete and 0.000012 for steel per degree
Celsius, thus causing negligible internal stresses resulting from
temperature changes, which in turn, means a good bond between
the two materials.
 Steel adds ductility which is required in the design process.

Instructor:
Page 3
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Advantages of Reinforced Concrete:

What distinguishes reinforced concrete from other structural materials

is its durability, ability to be formed in different shapes, rigidity, fire
resistance, low maintenance, and its economy compared to other types
of structural materials.
Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete:
 Low tensile strength (cracking occurs: need good reinforcing detailing)
 Need forms and shoring
 Low strength to weight ratio
 Time dependent properties * Shrinkage (Volume change due to drying)
* Creep (Deflection under constant load)
Instructor:
Page 4
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Types of Concrete Design

Concrete design can be classified into three main categories;
1- Plain Concrete Design
It is mainly used for nonstructural members. This is due to the low
strength of concrete in tension.

Compressive
stresses

Tensile
stresses

Instructor:
Page 5
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Types of Concrete Design

2- Reinforced Concrete Design
The compressive strength of concrete is high while its tensile
strength is low. To alleviate the situation, high tensile strength
reinforcement in the form of steel bars is added in the tension
regions to enhance the capacity of concrete members

Steel bars
embedded

Compressive
stresses

Tensile
stresses

Instructor:
Page 6
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Types of Concrete Design

3- Prestressed Concrete Design

Since the strength of reinforced concrete can be enhanced by the

elimination of cracking, prestressing is used to produce compressive
stresses in tension regions. Prestress is applied to a concrete member
by high-strength steel tendons in the forms of bars, wires, or cables
that are first tensioned and then anchored to the member.
Loads
books

force force

When compared to classical reinforced concrete design, prestressed

concrete design produces lighter sections, thus allowing the economic
use of much longer spans.
Instructor:
Page 7
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Design Versus Analysis

Design involves the determination of the type of structural system to
be used, the cross sectional dimensions, and the required
reinforcement. The designed structure should be able to resist all forces
expected to act during the life span of the structure safely and without
excessive deformation or cracking.

Analysis involves the determination of the capacity of a section of

known dimensions, material properties and steel reinforcement, if any
to external forces and moments.

Instructor:
Page 8
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Limit States of Reinforced Concrete Design

When a structural element becomes unfit for its intended use, it is said
to have reached a limit state.
The limit states are classified into three groups:
1- Ultimate Limit States

These involve structural collapse of some structural elements or the

structure altogether. These limit states should be prevented as they
tend to cause loss of life and property.
Elastic instability, rupture, progressive collapse, and fatigue are forms
of these limit states.

Instructor:
Page 9
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Limit States of Reinforced Concrete Design

2- Service Limit States

These involve the disruption of the functional use of the structure,

not its collapse. A higher probability of occurrence can be tolerated
than in case of an ultimate limit state since there is less danger of loss
of life.
Excessive deflections, immoderate crack widths, and annoying
vibrations are forms of these limit states.
3- Special Limit States

These involve damage or failure due to abnormal conditions such as

collapse in severe earthquakes, damage due to explosions, fires, or
deterioration of the structure and its main structural elements.
Instructor:
Page 10
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Limit States of Reinforced Concrete Design

Generally, for buildings, a limit state design is carried out first in order
to proportion the elements, and second a serviceability limit state is
conducted to check whether these elements satisfy those serviceability
limit states.

Instructor:
Page 11
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Objectives of Structural Design:

The design of a structure must satisfy three basic requirements:
1) Stability to prevent overturning, sliding or buckling of the structure,
or part of it under the action of loads.
2) Strength to resist safely the stresses induced by the loads in the
various structural members.
3) Serviceability to ensure satisfactory performance under service
load conditions- which implies providing adequate stiffness to contain
deflections, crack widths and vibrations within acceptable limits, and
also providing impermeability, durability.
There are two other considerations that a sensible designer in mind,
viz. economy and aesthetics.
Instructor:
Page 12
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Design Codes
A code is a set of technical specifications that control the design and
construction of a certain type of structures.
There are two types of codes; Structural code and Building code.
Structural code is a code that involves the design of a certain type of
structures (reinforced concrete, structural steel, etc.) The structural
code that will be used extensively throughout this course is The
American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-05), which is one of the
most solid codes.
Building code is a code that reflects local conditions such as
earthquakes, winds, snow, and tornadoes in the specifications.
IBC (UBC,BOCA and SBC).
Instructor:
Page 13
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Design Methods
Two methods of design have long prevalent.
Working Stress Method focuses on conditions at service loads.
Strength Design Method focusing on conditions at loads
greater than the service loads when failure may be imminent.
The Strength Design Method is deemed conceptually more realistic to
establish structural safety.
The Working-Stress Design Method

This method is based on the condition that the stresses caused by

service loads without load factors are not to exceed the allowable
stresses which are taken as a fraction of the ultimate stresses of the
materials, fc’ for concrete and fy for steel.
Instructor:
Page 14
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Design Methods
The Ultimate – Strength Design Method

At the present time, the ultimate-strength design method is the

method adopted by most prestigious design codes.
In this method, elements are designed so that the internal forces
produced by factored loads do not exceed the corresponding strength
capacities and allow for some capacity reduction.
strength required to 
strength provided   
 carry factored loads 
The factored loads are obtained by multiplying the working loads
(service loads) by factors usually greater than unity.
Instructor:
Page 15
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Loads on Structures
All structural elements must be designed for all loads anticipated to act
during the life span of such elements. These loads should not cause the
structural elements to fail or deflect excessively under working
conditions.
Dead load (D.L)
• Weight of all permanent construction
• Constant magnitude and fixed location
Examples: * Weight of the Structure
(Walls, Floors, Roofs, Ceilings, Stairways, Partitions)
* Fixed Service Equipment
(HVAC, Piping Weights, Cable Tray, Etc.)
Instructor:
Page 16
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Loads on Structures
Live load (L.L)
The live load is a moving or movable type of load such as occupants,
furniture, etc. Live loads used in designing buildings are usually
specified by local building codes. Live loads depend on the intended
use of the structure and the number of occupants at a particular
time.
Apartment
Some TypicalBuildings: Stairs and Exit Ways
Uniformly Distributed Live Load 500 Kg/m2
Residential areas and corridors 200 Kg/m2 Schools
Public rooms and corridors 500 Kg/m2 Classrooms 200Kg/m2
Office Buildings: Corridors above first floor 400Kg/m2
Lobbies and first-floor corridors 500Kg/m 2 First-floor corridors 500Kg/m2
Offices 250Kg/m 2
Garages (cars) 250Kg/m2
Corridors above first floor 400Kg/m2
File and computer rooms 400Kg/m2 Retail Stores
Ground floor 500Kg/m2
Storage Warehouses
Upper floors 750Kg/m2
Light 600Kg/m2
Heavy 1200Kg/m2 Wholesale, all Floors 600Kg/m2

Instructor:
Page 17
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Loads on Structures
Wind load (W.L)
The wind load is a lateral load produced by wind pressure and gusts.
It is a type of dynamic load that is considered static to simplify
analysis. The magnitude of this force depends on the shape of the
building, its height, the velocity of the wind and the type of terrain in
which the building exists.
Earthquake load (E.L) or seismic load
The earthquake load is a lateral load caused by ground motions
resulting from earthquakes. The magnitude of such a load depends
on the mass of the structure and the acceleration caused by the
earthquake.
Instructor:
Page 18
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Safety Provisions
Safety is required to insure that the structure can sustain all expected
loads during its construction stage and its life span with an appropriate
factor of safety.
There are three main reasons why some sort of safety factor are
necessary in structural design
• Variability in resistance. *Variability of fc’ and fy, *assumptions are made
during design and *differences between the as-built dimensions and those found in
structural drawings.
• Variability in loading. Real Loads may differ from assumed design loads, or
distributed differently.
• Consequences of failure. *Potential loss of life, *cost of clearing the debris
and replacement of the structure and its contents and *Cost to society.
Instructor:
Page 19
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Safety Provisions
The strength design method, involves a two-way safety measure. The
first of which involves using load factors, usually greater than unity to
increase the service loads. The second safety measure specified by the
ACI Code involves a strength reduction factor multiplied by the
nominal strength to obtain design strength. The magnitude of such a
reduction factor is usually smaller than unity

Factored loads ≤ design strength

Instructor:
Page 20
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Safety Provisions
Load Factors
Dead only
U = 1.4D
Dead and Live Loads
U = 1.2D+1.6L
Dead, Live, and Wind Loads
U=1.2D+1.0L+1.6W
Dead and Wind Loads
U=1.2D+0.8W or U=0.9D+1.3W
Dead, Live and Earthquake Loads
U=1.2D+1.0L+1.0E
Dead and Earthquake Loads
U=0.9D+1.0E
Instructor:
Page 21
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure I Palestine
Introduction

Safety Provisions
Strength Reduction Factors
According to ACI strength reduction factors Φ are given as follows:
a- For tension-controlled sections Φ = 0.90
b- For compression-controlled sections,
Members with spiral reinforcement Φ = 0.70
Other reinforced members Φ = 0.65
c- For shear and torsion Φ = 0.75

Tension-controlled section compression-controlled section

Instructor:
Page 22
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa