Cátedra de Mecánica del Continuo – FI-UNER

Cursado: Primer cuatrimestre de 2008

Material de Estudio

Tema III: El tensor de tensiones. Parte I

Introducción

ρ = ρ +

! " # $ # #
% & '
! ! &
'

' % ! '
$! () ) *

+ '# + (
# ' , , *

- + '# " ( *

. % ' #
&

El vector de tensiones y el “principio de tensión” de Cauchy

% '
' $ &/ $
& 0 !$
# ! *# ' 1
# ' ! # &
+ + #
# 3 + ! # +
! &- # + %
& & '
# & " #
0 . & &- #

# + ! 4 5#

ρ = ρ + + + 2
2
2

2 ()

- +"
67& 8 # ) # ' # '
' * & 2

[ρ ]= ρ + + + 2
2
2

2
 ' ! 2 ! 2 () &9 4 5!
$ & ( ! ( &: %

[ρ ]= ρ + + + −
2
;

/ ! 1 →< ! ! 2

<= [ + − ]
=
<= + −

+ ( & ' + #
!

=− − >

/ # 4 ! 5 ' #

$ &

' !# 1 " !
*
! # # 3 #
& $
# ! 1 # 3 &

' 1 + #
+ 1 + +
! &

El Tensor de Tensiones
? # !
+" + # 0 ( &@
# + !
+
& '
& + . & 2!
+" &

[ρ ]= ρ + − + −
2
2 + − + A

"

!
. 2

" # ( B
& - ' ' ! + &
+ ( &C A !
$!

ρ = ρ − ( ⋅ ) − ( ⋅ ) − ( ⋅ ) + D
2

/ 1 →<

$ " + &

;
 <=− ( ⋅ )− ( ⋅ )− ( ⋅ )+
2
E
= ( ⋅ )+ ( ⋅ )+ ( ⋅ )
2

# →< &

= ( ⋅ )+ ( ⋅ )+ ( ⋅ )
= ⋅ [ + + ] <
= ⋅[ ]
3 0 ! % 0 &
+

= # #

# #" & # #

# & : %
& <

= ⋅ [ ]= ⋅( # # )= ⋅( # # )
2
= ⋅

( # #

- ' 2 +" #

= ⋅( # # )= ( ⋅ ) # #
;
= # #

" &- # + ' #1 & ; +"

' 1
+ &
$ " ! $ " 1 !
" ! & +1

=
 #
&

" '
+ &
# 0 + #
$ $ ' +"
3 & . &

& $ +
% > #
+ & . & $ % ' ! 0
=σ !

# =τ # ≠ # &

Simetría del Tensor de Tensiones

@ ' % &
-
# 0+ . & ;&

>
 ×ρ = ×ρ + × =

"

( "! F " F ""

) ) ()

= 2

) ) () ( ! F F "

( !! F ! F !"

! >

) ) ()

. ;

/ # + % +
+ %
( &- , @

[ ρ( × ) ]= ×ρ + × >

/ ! 1 →< + % &

<= % × A
→<

! & A&

A
 <= ⋅ %
→<
× = %
→<
⋅ [ × ] = %
→<
[ " −" ] D

& D # # 3!# 3
% & 8 # ( ( ( !
" ( "& G+ . & ; + +

<= 1 !" −" !

2
+ " − " 2
+ "" − "
2
→< 2 2 2 2
E
+ − !" +" !
2
+ − − " − −" 2
+ − "" + − "
2
; 2 = = >
2 >

2
! 1 →<
" ! +

<= " − " + " − " 2<

2 2 2 2

" = " 2

H ' !" & A + ' #

!" = "! 22

! = ! 2

& 2 2

= # = # 2;

& 2; # " ! +
# # ' &
# >
' # &

D
Tensiones principales y círculo de Mohr

Definiciones
! +

⋅ (λ 2=

# !# ( λ ! # ( && 2=+

λ ! & # ! "
!
&

! " ! ( &
!
& G+ & 2=
#

( ⋅ ( ⋅ (λ 2>

- ' +
&

$ +
1

)λ (< 2A

# +"

λ ) ' λ2 F '2 λ ) ' ( < 2D

' '2 ' '

' ( 2E

'2 ( B2 ## ) # # <

' (
E
! #
# &

Tensiones normales máximas y mínimas

@ $ # ' ! 1
& ! "
# ! ' #
λ ≥ λ2 ≥ λ & !

⋅ ( ⋅ ⋅ ( ⋅λ (λ ⋅ ( ⋅ ⋅ ( ⋅λ (λ & 2

$ "
(α Fβ 2 Fγ α2 F β2 F γ2 ( # I I(

⋅ ( ⋅ ⋅ ( α Fβ 2 Fγ ⋅ ⋅α Fβ 2 Fγ

⋅ ( α Fβ 2 Fγ ⋅ αλ F β λ2 2 Fγλ

⋅ ( α2 λ F β2 λ2 F γ2 λ

⋅ ( λ ( λ α2 F β2 F γ2 ≥ α2 λ F β2 λ2 F γ2 λ ( ⋅ ;

⋅ ( λ ( λ α2 F β2 F γ2 ≤ α2 λ F β2 λ2 F γ2 λ ( ⋅ & =

#
# ' ! ! #
1 &

Tensiones tangenciales máximas

# ' +
' ! 1 &
#
2 ! &9 ( !

<
 ( ⋅ ( ⋅ ( λ F 2 λ2 2 F λ & >

'

( ⋅ ( λ F 2 λ2 2 F λ ⋅ F 2 2 F

( 2
λ F 2
2
λ2 F 2
λ& A

, ' '

2
(I I2 ) 2

2
( 2
λ 2F 2
2
λ2 2 F 2
λ 2
) 2
λ F 2
2
λ2 F 2
λ 2& D

+ # ' + 1 #
2
2 !

2
(∂ 2
B∂ F∂ 2
B∂ 2 2 F∂ 2
B∂ ( <& E

9 J 1
∂ 2
B∂ ( <& $ $ '

2 2 2
F 2 F ( ;<

# & +
& E

F 2 2 F ( <& ;

& ; + η !
& E +

2
( K∂ 2
B∂ )η L F K∂ 2
B∂ 2 )η 2L 2 F K∂ 2
B∂ )η L (< ;2

∂ 2
B∂ (η ∂ 2
B∂ 2 (η 2 ! ∂ 2
B∂ (η & ;
 & ; 3 & ;<
2 !η& !
+

( < <) (< <) (< < ) ( 2 ± 2 < ) ( 2 <± 2 ) (< 2 ± )

2 & ;;

+
1 $ $ & + %
&: % & ;; & D +

2
( B; λ ) λ2 2
;=

2
( B; λ ) λ 2
;>

2
( B; λ2 ) λ 2
;A

0 + & ;; & + '

+ # % !

' I I ( B2 Kλ( ) λ L ;D

λ( ( ' λ ! λ ( 1 λ & λ( ! λ ' !

1 & #
( ! & ;= ;A
& ;; # ' +
' ! 1 &

Círculo de Mohr.
1
+3 & + ' G $&
9 # ' & /
# M #
# $ " &9 '
1 # !
3 0 & 9 "
σ ≥ σ2 ≥ σ ! !2 ! !
&C # $ + ' #
2
 . & =& /
& ' #

=< ;E

σ2 2

)σ

σ
α

α
σ
!2

!
!

. =

: # % + ! !2
# % +

σ F σ2 2 2 F (< =<

( α! 2 ( α

σ α F σ2 2 αF (< =

9 ! !
. & =& ! !!2 & =

σ α) α) α(< =2

σ2 α) αF α(< =
 +

σ ) ) α(< =;

σ2 ) F B α(< ==

& =; ! ==

σ ) σ2 ) αF B α (< =>

α F B α ( 2B 2α

( 2α σ ) σ2 B2 =A

9 + + & =; ! == +

σ F σ2 ) 2 F B α) α (< =D

! B α) α(2 2α B 2α +

) σ F σ2 B2 ( 2α σ ) σ2 B2 =E

% & =A ! + & =A ! =E
1 # "
1 ) !( ! (

!) () φ ><

) () φ >

% 1 $ & =A ! =E
. & >& ' !
# ' α
& # α ( < πB2 < E<
! σ σ2 #
α ( πB; πB; ;= = % ' ( σ ) σ2 B2
%# ( σ F σ2 B2&

;
 σ −σ 2
2
2α

σ2 σ +σ 2 σ
2

. >

3 !2

σ −σ
2 σ −σ 2
2
σ 2 −σ
2
σ σ2 σ

3!

3!

. A

' ' #
& "
!2 1 1 $ . & A&

=
 + '
+ ' ! # . & A&

. 1 $ + +
#

• ' + 2 #
' ;=N &

• ' ! 1 +
! &

-$ # 1 $ +" %
' λ =σ ! λ2 = σ 2 3
! " !! =σ! =σ ! ! =τ !

# # &
# !! . & D&
! + +
σ! τ! ! σ τ ! . & E&

# ' 1 $ # +3
σ !σ2 # 1 3 & !
. #

σ ! +σ σ ! −σ
2

σ =& + = + + τ !2
2 2
>2
σ ! +σ σ ! −σ
2

σ2 =& − = − + τ !2
2 2

- ' ' )# 1 '

σ! −σ
2
σ −σ2
τ = = + τ !2 >2
2 2

>
/ $ # + "
# !! =σ! =σ !

! =τ ! &

σ
*!
*!
!

σ!

. D

*!

σ
σ
& σ2

σ!
. E