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K 9 T 9^DG;FH?LMpD K z ;9<RRLMH8 u u v ?B9<FH;J9ZR 9<8 I _G?BCQAJ8@MwR T 9 x 9 y d
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1 1 x − iy x y
w = f (z) = = = 2 +i − 2
z x + iy x − iy x + y2 x + y2
T 9 T MS8 T 9WR K ?L`S9t K 9
x y
u(x, y) = ∈R v(x, y) = − ∈R
x2 + y2 x2 + y2

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v(x,I y)
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T MHCQA8@AM T 9 T 9YqO8@AsDYA¡H8 T 9W;sFV K 8ODGAJ¡S89ZR d MH?
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f (z) = (x + iy)2 + 1 = x2 − y 2 + 2xyi + 1 = x2 − y 2 + 1 + i(2xy)

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u(x, y) = x2 − y 2 + 1 v(x,
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f (z) = z−2i
D = C − {2i}
~
N u z 2i
ÌBÍ

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x + iy + 1 (x + 1) + iy (x + 1) + iy x − i(y − 2)
f (z) = = =
x + iy − 2i x + i(y − 2) x + i(y − 2) x − i(y − 2)

(x + 1)x + y(y − 2) + i − (x + 1)(y − 2) + yx x2 + x + y 2 − 2y 2x − y + 2
= 2 2
= 2 2
+i 2
x + (y − 2) x + (y − 2) x + (y − 2)2
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d È
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2
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u(x, y) = ln x2 + y 2 v(x, y) = x
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1 1 iθ r2 + 1 r2 + 1 r2 + 1
f reiθ = reiθ + iθ

= re + e = cos θ + i sen θ = cos θ + i sen θ
re−iθ r r r r
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2
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v(r, θ) = θ
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z→z0
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F 0 =MH?\9<;R]9<CQAJ9]ik9v?L9ZFc;
f=(z) MSRLA I =A m MOz/z
N I 9G8@9<C6MwR\ K 9 z = z N=MH?\;M: K 9U9G;tDYMjDYA9G8 I 9 z z/z m Fc;9v0DYMS8OR I Fc8 I 9GCQ9G8 I 9aµ%.9G8
DYMS8ORL9<D K 9G8ODGAFONZ9<;j; CQA I 9 T 9;FV K 8ODGAJ¡S8=MH?x9ZR I F I ?BF{uS9<D I MH?BAsF
9<R d 9<?LM^R]Aj8OMSRFHDG9G?bDGFHC6MwRgF =MH?9<;@R]9<CQAJ9]ik9ACpFc`SAJ8OFH?LAM
=MSRLA I A m MON)=OFc?bF«9<RLMSR= K 8 I MwR^9<R z = −z ¢ = K 9<RWRLA z = iy =OFc?bF 1 y ∈ R+ N}9<R z = 0 + iy =0 −iy = −z £Éuv9<8 I MH8XDY9<Rt9<;
; CQA I 9W=MH?
9<R I F I ?BF{uS9<D I MH?BAFE9<R d gK 9G`SMONj8@MQ9G©~AsR I 9^; CQA I 9 T 9^;sFEV K 8ODYA¡H8UD K Fc8 T M I AJ9<8 T 9[F d
−1 z 0
7 ;WD z ;D K ;JM T 9; CQA I 9 T 9vV K 8ODYAMH8@9ZR T 9 m Fc?BAFHh@;9DYMSC6=O;J9]i]Fa= K 9 T 9POFSDY9<?BRL9F I ?BF m _<R T 9G;^D z ;sD K ;JM T 9; CQA I 9 T 9
V K 8ODGAJMS8@9<R?B9<FH;J9ZR T 9 T MSR m FH?LAsFch@;9<R?B9<FH;J9ZRGNjRL9G`S¤@8RL9^C K 9ZR I ?BFQFQDYMS8 I A8 K FHDYA¡H8gd
/10)´g²X3 ´ 24 d 5X¶6}Âb¿ f (z) ¹jº¿¸b¹jº»G¼½º.» 0cÅÉ¾)ÄJÂ7#G¿SÂ78¥ºO¼7S¿«ÂGº D ⊂ C » 0cºp¾O¿ÀÁÃÂ(WÀLÂb¿cÄÂ[¼ÆÅp¿GÇH¼Æº¿cÀ¼¿ u(x, y)
v(x, y)
L
À Â (e¾@Âb»GÁ ¼ :¿ÅpÂYºXÁ Â;$3)Âb¿cº x , y , a, b ∈ R <>= ¿<ÇS¿cÅ 0?( z = x + iy $@ºOÁ 0º)»bÂ(
9
0 0 0 0 0
lı́m f (z) = a + ib ⇐⇒ lı́m u(x, y) = a lı́m v(x, y) = b

z→z0 (x,y)→(x0 ,y0 ) (x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )
&6ÂYÅ 0)(ÁeÀL¿H»G¼½ºA$
⇒
|~9<F ε > 0 d'B¥Fy K 9 lı́m f (z) = a + ib NO9G©jAR I 9 δ > 0 I Fc;x K 9 |u(x, y) + iv(x, y) − (a + ib)| < ε
I M T F m 9<o
K 9 x + iy ∈ D u 0 < |x + iyz→z − (x + iy )| < δ
0
d@7¥R T 9<DGAJ?ZN
0 0
p
(x, y) ∈ D ∧ 0 < (x − x0 )2 + (y − y0 )2 < δ =⇒ u(x, y) − a + i v(x, y) − b < ε

LÌ

!#"$%
MHCQMa9G;CQ¡ T@K ;JM T 9 K 85DGMHCQ=@;9kikMa9<R«R]A9GCQ=@?B9UCpF{uHMS?pMaAJ` K Fc;t K 9U9G;CQ¡ TjK ;M T 9nR K Ry=OFc? I 9ZRp?B9<Fc;9vAJCpFH`HA8OFc?BAFON
I 9<8@9GCQMSR9G8 I MS8ODY9ZR K 96R]A u 0 < p(x − x )2 + (y − y )2 < δ N)R]9RLF I AsRkVFSDY9E K 9 u(x, y) − a < ε u K 9
v(x, y) − b < ε dj7¥R I M\ K A9G?B9 T 9<DGAJ?É K 9
(x, y) ∈ D

lı́m
0
u(x, y) = a
u
0
lı́m v(x, y) = b
d
|~9<F ε > 0 d~7©jAR I 9 δ > 0 I FH;¦ K 9WR]A (x, y) ∈ D u 0 < (x, y) − (x , y ) < δ Nj9G8 I MS8ODY9ZR |u(x, y) − a| < ε d
(x,y)→(x ,y ) 0 0 (x,y)→(x ,y ) 0 0
FHCEh@A_G8U9G©jAR I 9
⇐
I Fc; K 19RLA u 0 < (x, y) − (x , y ) < δ 0NX9<08 I MH8ODG9<R 1 |v(x, y) − b| < ε d MHCpFc8 T 2M
N I 9<8 T ?B9GCQMSR K 9=OFc?bFWD K Fc;s K AJ9<? z = (x, y) ∈ D DY0MS8 00 < |z 2− z | < δ MjD K ?L?BAJ? z K 9 |u(x,2 y) − a| < ε
δ 2 > 0 (x, y) ∈ D
u |v(x, y) − b| < ε d MH?
;M I Fc8 I MXN
δ = mı́n{δ1 , δ2 } 0 2
2

|f (z) − (a + ib)| = |u(x, y) + iv(x, y) − a − ib| = u(x, y) − a + i v(x, y) − b ≤ u(x, y) − a + v(x, y) − b < ε

=XMS?
;JMp K 9 lı́m f (z) = a + ib
d
z→z0
78?B9<R K CQA T FHRÉD K 9G8 I FSRGN9G;; CQA I 9 T 9 K 8OFpV K 8ODYA¡H8 T 9 m Fc?BAsFch@;9EDYMSCQ=@;J9]i]Fp9Y©jAsR I 9RLA NXuUR]¡S;JMyRLAeNO9Y©jAsR I 9G8v;MSR; CQA I 9<R
T SM h@;9<Rb£ T 9R K R=OFH? I 9<R?B9<FH;@9ÉACpFc`HA8OFH?LAsFt9G8p9G;X= K 8 I M NSuHNH9<8p9<RL9DGFSR]MXN;FSR=OFH? I 9<R?B9<FH;@9ÉACQFH`HA8OFc?BAsF T 9G;O; C6A I 9
R]¢ MS8¦Nj?B9<RL=X9ZD I A m FcCQ9G8 I 9HNj;MSR; CQA I 9<R T 9W;F6=OFH? I 9^?L9ZFc;)u T (x9^0;s,FQy0=O)Fc? I 9ÂCpFc`HA8OFH?LAsF@d
9G?B9GCQMSR6FcP@MS?BFFHRL=X9ZD I MwREFH;J`S9Gh@?bFcAsDYMwR T 9;JMwR[; CQA I 9<R T 9«V K 8ODGAJMS8@9<R T 9 m Fc?BAFHh@;J9«DYMHCQ=@;9ki]FON I 9G8@A9G8 T Mn9<8:CQ9G8 I 9
=@?BMH=@A9 T F T 9<R T 9<;; CQA I 9 T 9EV K 8XDYAMH8@9ZR^?L9ZFc;9<R T 9 T MSR m Fc?BAFHh@;9<R?L9ZFc;9<R ; CQA I 9ZR T 9pR K CpF«M«=O?LM TjK D I M T 9V K 8ODYAMH8O9<RWRL9
MHh I AJ9<8@9G8gNX?B9<RL=X9ZD I A m FcCQ9<8 I 9HNX=XMS?tR K CpFpM\=@?BM TjK D I M T 9E;MSRÉ; C6A I 9ZRA8 T A m A T@K Fc;9<R<N )Z~a %H@ )\: )<¨)
¦ ) +<@ d Fc?bF9<;¦DYMjDYA9G8 I 9HN@POF{u\ K 9W=9 T AJ?ÉF T 9GC z R
K 9W9<;}; CQA I 9 T 9W;sFEV K 8ODYA¡H89G89<; T 9G8@MSCQAJ8OF T MH?
8OMQRL9<F Od
/10)´g²O´ 24"3 d X¶ )Âb¿cº ¸b¹jº)»Y¼ 0cº9Â (Q%» 0Å¾ÄJ7Â #G)¿ ( HÂ 8ºX7¼ H?¿ (pÂGº D ⊂ C (GÂB¿ z ¾)¹jºOÁ 0 HÂ\¿S»Y¹jÅ6¹jÄJ¿H»G¼½º
HÂ
D
$3X¹Z¾ 0º~ÇS¿cÅ 0?( * ¹OÂ
f1 f2
lı́m f (z) lı́m f (z)
1 2
Â S¼ (Á ÂGºn¿cÅ
%0)( $@ºOÁ 0º»b9Â ( 0
z→z0 z→z0
Hµ d
lı́m f1 (z) + f2 (z) = lı́m f1 (z) + lı́m f2 (z)
Êjd z→z0 z→z0 z→z0
lı́m f1 (z)f2 (z) = lı́m f1 (z) lı́m f2 (z)
d ¼¥¿ S ÂYÅ )(Â9(
z→z0 z→z0 z→z0
lı́m f2 (z) 6= 0
ÂGºOÁ 0º)»BÂ9( lı́m f1 (z)
=
lı́m f1 (z)
z→z0
z→z0 z→z0 f2 (z) lı́m f2 (z)

z→z0
&ÂGÅ 0)(Á ÀB¿H»G¼½º$}| K =XMS8@`SFHCQMSR K 9 N u (z) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y) d MSC6M

9Y©jAsR I 9G8 lı́m f (z) u lı́m f (z) N)=XzMS0?t==O?LxMS0=¦+d iyd 5@0N I f9G18O(z) 9GCQ=MSRû 1K (x, MwR+; C6ivA 1I 9Z(x,
96;Jy) R T y)9 u f(x,
2
N 2 N 2
u
y) v1 (x, y) u2 (x, y) v2 (x, y)
9Y©jAsR I 9G8 I M T MSR<NSD K Fc8 T M I A9G8 T 9tF dw7¥8 I MH8ODG9<R>9Y©jAsR I 9G8 I FcCEhOAJ_<8\;JMwR; CQA I 9ZR T 9 u (x, y) + u (x, y) ¢ K 99<R
1 2 1
z→z 0 z→z 0
;F=OFH? I 9?B9<FH; T 9 f + f (x, £>u y)T 9 v (x, y)(x+0v, y(x,0)

¢ ;sFE=XFc? I 9tAJCpFc`SAJ8XFc?BAF T 9 f + f £>D K Fc8 T M 1 (x, y) I A9G82 T 9WF (x , y ) d
78 I MS8ODY9ZRGNj8 K 9 m FHCQ9G8 I 9^=MH?É=@?BMH=gd d 5ON I 9<8@9GCQMSR
K 9
1 2 1 2 y) 1 2 0 0

lı́m f1 (z) + f2 (z) = lı́m u1 (x, y) + u2 (x, y) + i lı́m v1 (x, y) + v2 (x, y)
z→z0 (x,y)→(x0 ,y0 ) (x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )
= lı́m u1 (x, y) + lı́m u2 (x, y) +

(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 ) (x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )
i
v1 (x, y) + ilı́m lı́m v2 (x, y)
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )

= lı́m u1 (x, y) + i lı́m v1 (x, y) +
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 ) (x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )

lı́m u2 (x, y) + i lı́m v2 (x, y)
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 ) (x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )
= lı́m f1 (z) + lı́m f2 (z)

z→z0 z→z0
FSR T G9 CQMSR I ?bFHDGAJMS8@9<R>=OFH?BF9G;¦=O?LM TjK D I MQu\9<;gDYMjDYA9G8 I 9^RLMH8Fc8 z ;MH`SFSRGd

SM ?
9kik9<C6=O;JMXN@RLFHh@AJ9<8 T MQ K 9 j
N H
` b
? H
F G
D
A S
F >
R 6
F s
; 6
F @
= L
? S
M X
= w
M ]
R s
A Y
D
A H
¡
8 c
F 8 I 9<?LAMH?ZNw=XM T 9<C6MwR m 9<?A8@CQ9 T AF I FcCQ9<8 I 9W K 9
lı́m z = z0
O
= H
F B
? 6
F D K H
F
; K
A G
9
? z→zI
9<8 9G?BM 9Y©@DY; K A T MQ9G;gD<FHRLM RLA £Yd
I ?bFWz =@?B=MH=@zA09 T F TpT 9É;MSR>; CQA I 9<R<Nw K 9R]n9<? ¢ z ¤ I A;X=MSR I 9<?LAMH?BCQ9Gz80 I =9SNc09<R K n9<RLA 0K 8XFWV K 8ODGAJ¡S8 I A9G8O99G8 ; CQA I 9 upRL9É;sF
0
n n
lı́mz→z 0
C K ; I A=@;AD<FQ=XMS? K 8XF6V K 8ODYA¡H8vFSDYM I F T F@N@Fc¤O8D K Fc8 T Mp9<R I FQ¤@; I ACpFp8@M I 9G8@`wFQ; CQA I 9HN9G;¦=@?BM TjK D I M\RLAJ` K z9 0 I 9<8@AJ9<8 T 0M\; C6A I 9
0
D K FH8 T M z I A9G8 T 9[F z d
dµ ¶ }Âb¿º
0
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* ¹OÂ Â S¼ (ÁÃ¿p¹jºvÀLÂb¿cÄ~¾ 0?(¼ÆÁ ¼ : 0 M ÁÃf¿Ä * ¹OgÂ ∀z ∈ D, |g(z)|D<⊂MC * ¹OCÂ lı́mz0 f (z) = 0 $@ºOÁ 0º»b9Â ( lı́m fD(z)g(z) = 0 $
z→z0 z→z0
&ÂGÅ 0)(Á ÀB¿H»G¼½º$|~9<F d MHCQ9GCQMSR I Fc;W K 9=XFc?bF I M T M DGMH8 NRL9nRBF I AR]VFc`wF
K 9 f (z) < ε/M d εg K >9G`SMO0N=OFc?bF I M T M δ > 0
z ∈ D
DYMS8 0 < |z − z | <zδ N∈RL9«DD K CQ=@;J09 <K 9 |zf−(z)g(z) < ε d7¥8 I MH8ODG9<R
z0 | < δ
lı́m f (z)g(z) = 0
d 0

z→z0
% !

F T 9YqX8@ADGAJ¡S8 T 9Q; CQA I 9Q9<R I FHh@;9<DY96 K 9Q9G;xCQ¡ T@K ;JM T 9Q;sF T AJV9G?B9G8XDYAsF\9G8 I ?L969G; m Fc;MH? T 96;FyV K 8ODGAJ¡S8nuvR K ; C6A I 9pRL9
POFSDY9pFc?Bh@A I ?bFc?BAFHC69<8 I 9E=9< K 9OF9G8.9G8 I MH?B8@MSR^F T 9<D K F T MwR T 9 z d}7¥R I Mv K AJ9<?L9 T 9ZDYA?[ K 9Q;F«V K 8ODGAJ¡S8.= K 9 T 969ZRLDG?LAh@A?BRL9
DYMSCQMQR K ; CQA I 9WC z RM I ?BFV K 8ODGAJ¡S8 T 9^; CQA I 9[8 K ;JMXd@MS?LCpFc;AsDY9GCQ0 MwR>_ZR I MOd
/10)´g²X3 ´ 24 dµHµw¶
}ÂB¿ f : D ⊂ C → C z ¾¹jºXÁ 0 HÂ
¿S»Y¹jÅ6¹jÄJ¿H»G¼½º SÂ D " L ∈ C $}Â>Á ¼ÂGºÂ * ¹OÂ lı́m f (z) = L
(¼

(G½Ä 0 (¼

Â
S ¼ (ÁÃÂW¹jº¿¸b¹jº»G¼½º
λ:D→C
Á c
¿ Ä
0
* ¹OÂ
∀z ∈ D, f (z) = L + λ(z) lı́m λ(z) = 0
$
z→z 0
z→z0
& 6ÂYÅ 0)(ÁeÀL¿H»G¼½ºA$| K =XMS8@`SFHCQMSRQ K 9 lı́m f (z) = L d Fc?bF z ∈ D NPOFH`SFcCQMwR λ(z) = f (z) − L d h m AsFcCQ9G8 I 9SNx=OFc?bF
D K Fc;s K AJ9<? z ∈ D NXRL9G? z f (z) = L +z→z NuuSFp K 9 lı́m L = L N I 9G8@9<C6MwR K 9 lı́m λ(z) = lı́m f (z) − lı́m L = 0
0
¢ =O?LMS= P@MSd w?BFn

λ(z)
£d z→z 0 z→z z→z z→z
0 0 0
R K =XMS8@`SFHC6MwR[ K 9 ∀z ∈ D, f (z) = L + λ(z) u lı́m λ(z) = 0 dB¥Fn K 9y9Y©jAsR I 9G8:;MSR; CQA I 9<R T 9 λ(z) u
T 9«;FvV K 8ODYA¡H8DYMH8XR I Fc8 I 9 D K FH8 T M I A9G8 T 9F Nx=XMS?E=@?BMHz→z
L z z0
=¦d d @N I 9<8@9GCQMSR6 K 9 lı́m f (z) = lı́m λ(z) + L =
0
lı́m λ(z) + lı́m L = 0 + L = L

d z→z z→z 0

0
z→z0 z→z0
} X
¨ +<§ +Z v : +<[~.~¦§x +< F T 9GqO8@AsDYA¡H8 T 9; CQA I 9É K 9>P@9<CQMSRDYMS8ORLA T 9<?BF T MPXFHR I FtFcP@MS?BF
DYMS?L?B9<RL=MH8 T 9F m Fc;MH?B9<RÉqO8@A I MwRGN)=9G?BMy9Y©jAsR I 9G8nM I ?bFHR m Fc?BAFH8 I 9<R T 96;F T 9YqX8@ADGAJ¡S8nD K Fc8 T M z → ∞ M f (z) → ∞ d)78r9G;
DGFSR]M6?B9<Fc;¦RL9^= K 9 T 9 T AsR I AJ8@` K A?
9G8 I ?B9^;JMwR; CQA I 9<R +∞ u −∞ Nj=X9<?LMQ9<89<;¦DYMSC6=O;J9]ikMpPOF{u K 8¤@8@AsDYMp; CQA I 9WA8jqO8@A I MXd
FSR T 9YqO8OADGAJMS8@9<R
DGMH?B?L9ZR]=MH8 T AJ9<8 I 9<RRLMH8FHR
¦ CQA I 9
AJ8jqX8@A I M wT F T MwR u = K 8 I M T 9ÉFSD K C K ;sFHDYA¡H8 T 9 D N T 9<DGAJCQMSR¥ K 9 lı́m
R]A ∀M ∈ R, ∃δ > 0 : 0 < f : D ⊂ C → C z0
d z→z f (z) = ∞
0
7¥R I MERLAJ`S8@AªqDGFW K 9É=OFH?BFWD<F T 0F M =M T 9GCQMSR¥9G8ODGMH8 I ?bFc? K 8p9G8 I MS?L8OMW?L9 TjK DYA T M T 9 z 9G8p9<;XD K Fc;O9<;OCQ¡ TjK ;M
|z − z | < δ ⇒ |f (z)| > M
T 9^;FV K 8XDYA¡H89<R
CpF{uSMH? K 9 d 0
M
®¯°@±²@³w´ dµZÊX¶·9;sF T 9YqO8@AsDYA¡H8 R K ?B`H9n K 9HN=OFc?bF:D K Fc;s K AJ9<? a ∈ C N9<R lı́m 1 N= K 9<R
z→a z−a = ∞
TFTM NhOFSR I FvDYMS8a9G;9G`SAJ? δ = 1 > 0 NuSF K 9yR]A z RBF I AR]VFHDG9 0 < |z − a| < δ N I 9<8@9GCQMSR6 K 9
M ∈ R
N T 9 T MS8 T 9 1 d
|M |+1
1
0 < |z − a| < |M |+1 z−a > |M | + 1 > M
¦ CQA I 969<8.9G;A8jqO8@A I M gT F T F K 8OFV K 8ODGAJ¡S8 T 96CQM T M I FH;¥ K 9 DYMH8 I 9G8@`wFy9<;9Y© I 9<?LAMH? T 9
Fc;`H¤@8D ?bD K ;M6DGMH8UDY9<8 I ?BM69<8«9<;¦MH?BA`H9G8gNju T fF T : M DL⊂∈ CC N →T 9ZDYCACQMSR
K 9 lı́m D
RLA ∀ε > 0, ∃δ > 0 :
d z→∞ f (z) = L
MHCQM m 9GCQMSR<N f T 9Ghε 9Q9<R I Fc? T 9GqO8@A T Fy9<8nFH;J`S¤@89<8 I MH?B8@M T 9G;xAJ8@qO8@A I MON}uU=XFc?bF\DGF T F ε > 0 T 9Gh96POFch9G?
|z| > δ ⇒ |f (z) − L| <
K 89G8 I MS?L8OM T 9G;AJ8jqX8@A I M\9G89<;D K Fc;¦;MSR m FH;JMS?L9ZR T 9[;sF6V K 8ODYA¡H8 T AªqO9<?L9<8 T 9 9G8UCQ¡ TjK ;Mw£9G8 K 8OFpDGFH8 I A T F T
L ¢
CQ9G8@MS? K 9 d
ε
® ¯°@±²@³w´ dJµ ¶UMwR I ?L9<CQMSR K 9HN@=XFc?bFD K Fc;s K AJ9<? a ∈ C NO9<R lı́m
1 @T F T M NjhOFHR I F6DYMS8
z→∞ z−a = 0 ε>0
9G;9G`SAJ? δ = |a| + 1 > 0 NSuwFE K 9t=OFc?bF[D K Fc;s K AJ9<? z K 9tD K CQ=@;9 |z| > δ N I 9G8@9<CQMSR K 9 |z − a| ≥ |z| − |a| > 1 N
T 9 T MH8 T 9 1 ε d ε
z−a < ε
¦ CQA I 9A8jqO8@A I M9G8p9G;A8jqO8@A I M wT F T F K 8XFWV K 8ODGAJ¡S8 T 9CQM T M I FH; K 9 DYMS8 I 9G8@`wFW9G;X9Y© I 9<?LAMH?
T 9^Fc;`H¤@8yD ?bD K ;JM6DYMH8DY9<8 I ?LM9G8«9G;)MH?BAJ`S9G8¦N T 9ZDYAC6MwfR: DK 9 ⊂ C → C RLA D
d lı́mz→∞ f (z) = ∞ ∀M ∈ R, ∃δ > 0 : |z| > δ ⇒
|f (z)| >
7¥R I MEM K A9G?B9 T 9<DGAJ?> K 9É=OFc?bFWDGF T F M =XM T 9<CQMSR9<8ODYMS8 I ?bFc? K 8p9<8 I MH?B8@M T 9<;OA8jqO8@A I M9G8p9<;XD K Fc;O9<;OCQ¡ TjK ;M
T 9^;FV K 8XDYA¡H89<R
CpF{uSMH? K 9 d
M
®¯°@±²@³w´ dJµ & ¶ 9<FcCQMwR K 9 lı́m 2
HT F T M Nc9<R¥R K qDYA9G8 I 9 I MHCpFc? δ = p1 + |M | > 0 N
uSF6 K 9W=OFc?bF6D K FH; K A9G? z K 9[D K C6=O;J9 |z| > δ N I 9<8@9GCQMSR
K 9 z 2 > 1 + |M | > M d
z→∞ z = ∞ M ∈ R

g
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0
d F
DGMH8 T ADGAJ¡S8 T 9 I 9G8 T 9G? zz F zz0 ?L9ZR K ; I FE9< K A m Fc;9G8 I 9tF[;sF T 9 I 9<8 T 9<? x F x d MH?;M I Fc8 I MXN I 9G8@A9Gz8 = T Mx=@?B+9<RLiy9G8 0I 9;sF
=O?LMS=XMwR]AsDYA¡H8 d 5@Nj?B9<R K ; I F 0 0
u(x, y0 ) + iv(x, y0 ) − u(x0 , y0 ) − iv(x0 , y0 )

f 0 (z0 ) = lı́m
x→x0 x + iy0 − x0 − iy0

u(x, y0 ) − u(x0 , y0 ) v(x, y0 ) − v(x0 , y0 )
= lı́m +i
x→x0 x − x0 x − x0
u(x, y0 ) − u(x0 , y0 ) v(x, y0 ) − v(x0 , y0 )
= lı́m + i lı́m
x→x0 x − x0 x→x0 x − x0
= ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 )
|jAFcPOMH?bFnPXFHDY9<CQMSR I 9<8 T 9<? z F z =MH? K 8OF.; 8@9ZF.=OFc?bFc;9G;sF.Fc;É9]ik9vAJCpFH`HA8OFc?BAJMXN I 9<8 T ?B9GCQMSRp9<8 I MH8XDY9<Ry K 9
z = x + iy
d FQDYMS8 T AsDYA¡H8 T 9 I 9<8 0T 9G? z F z ?B9<R K ; I F69< K A m Fc;9G8 I 9WF6;F T 9 I 9G8 T 9G? y F y d MH?
;M I Fc8 I MON
0 0 0
u(x0 , y) + iv(x0 , y) − u(x0 , y0 ) − iv(x0 , y0 )
f 0 (z0 ) = lı́m
y→y0 x0 + iy − x0 − iy0

u(x0 , y) − u(x0 , y0 ) v(x0 , y) − v(x0 , y0 )
= lı́m +i
y→y0 i(y − y0 ) i(y − y0 )
u(x0 , y) − u(x0 , y0 ) v(x0 , y) − v(x0 , y0 )
= −i lı́m + lı́m
y→y0 y − y0 y→y 0 y − y0
= vy (x0 , y0 ) − iuy (x0 , y0 )
|~A¦A` K FH;FHCQMSR;FSR T MSR9G©j=@?L9ZR]AMH8O9<R=OFH?BF f 0 (z ) Fc8 I 9G?BAJMS?LCQ9G8 I 9MSh I 9<8@A T HF R<NODYMS8ODY; K A C6MwR
K 9 u (x , y ) = v (x , y ) u
uy (x0 , y0 ) = −vx (x0 , y0 )
d 0 x 0 0 y 0 0

F T 9<C6MwR I ?BFSDYA¡H8Fc8 I 9<?LAMH?8@MwR T AsDY9 I FHCEh@A_G8U K 9SN@9G8UDGFSR]M T 9[RL9G? T 9G?BA m FchO;J9 G9 8 N@9<; m Fc;MH? T 9W;sF T 9<?LA m F T FQRL9
= K 9 T 9WMHh I 9G8@9<?ÉF6=OFc? I A? T 9 u u v T 9^D K Fc;s K A9G?bF T 9W;sFHR T MwRVMH?BCpFHRR]A` K JA 9<8 I 9<R f z0
f 0 (z0 ) = ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 ) − iuy (x0 , y0 )
®¯°@±²@³w´ dËÊ X¶ MS8ORLA T 9<?L9<CQMSR
;sF\V K 8ODYA¡H8 DYMS8 u
y 2 v(x, y) = y − x
d
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8@MXNy)
u m +Fc;iv(x,
9G8 u y)(x, y) =u(x,1 N y)u =(x,xy)+ = N
u v (x, y) = 1 d 9GCQMSRE K 9\D K FH; K A9G?W= K 8 I M (x, y) RLF I AsRkVFSDY9\ K 9 u (x, x y
N9G8 I FH8 I MU
2y K vx (x, y) T = −1
9p;FUDGMH8 ADGAJ¡S8
y
L
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¡
; E
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R
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S
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8
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D ; K AC6MwR9G8 I MH8ODG9<R¥ K 9SNwDGMH8 I M I FH;
y)
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uy (x, y) = −vx (x, y)
C z 6= 1 d I ?BF m _<R T 9Q;sFHR^9<D K FHDGAJMS8@9<R T 9
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= K 9ZR
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9G8 K 8= K 8 I MXd

® ¯°@±²@³~´ dËÊ +X¶W|j9<F f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) DYMS8 u(x, y) = p|xy| u v(x, y) = 0 d 9G?B9GCQMSRW K 9SN¦=OFH?BF«9<R I F

V K 8ODGAJ¡S8¦NR]9rRLF I AsRkVFSDY9G8%;sFHR«DYMS8 T AsDYAMH8@9ZR T 9 F K DbP~uwl ÈÉAJ9<CQFH8@89G859<;MS?LA`H9<8¦N¥u%RLAJ8 9GCEhXFc?B`HM.8@M¨9ZR T 9G?BA m FchO;J9FH;J; N
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u(h, 0) − u(0, 0) 0−0
ux (0, 0) = lı́m = lı́m =0
h h
uHN=XMS?RLAJCQ9 I ? F T 9y;sF T 9YqX8@ADGAJ¡S8 T 9 9G8 I _G?BC6A8@MwR T 9 9 N I FcCEhOAJ_<8a9<R d
T <9 C z <R NRLAJ9<8 T M DYMH8XRkl
h→0 h→0
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MH?
M I ?LMQ;sF T MXN
p p p
f (z) − f (0) |xy| (x − iy) x |xy| y |xy|
= = 2 − i
z−0 x + iy (x − iy) x + y2 x2 + y 2
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8@MQ9Y©jAsR I 9 f 0(0) N@=9<RL9[FQRLF I AsRkVFSDY9<?Bz−0 RL9tFH;J; ;sFHR9<D K FHDGAJMS8@9<R T 9 F K DbP~u~È
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Â ¿¹O» ¼ÂYÅp¿ºXº ÂYº5ÂGÄ
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9Y©j=@?B9<RLA¡H8 T 9W;FVMH?BCpF
u(x, y) = u(x0 , y0 ) + (x − x0 )ux (x0 , y0 ) + (y − y0 )uy (x0 , y0 ) + (x − x0 )ε1 (x, y) + (y − y0 )ε2 (x, y)
v(x, y) = v(x0 , y0 ) + (x − x0 )vx (x0 , y0 ) + (y − y0 )vy (x0 , y0 ) + (x − x0 )ε3 (x, y) + (y − y0 )ε4 (x, y)
DGMH8 lı́m ε1 (x, y) = lı́m ε2 (x, y) = lı́m ε3 (x, y) = lı́m ε4 (x, y) = 0
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 ) (x,y)→(x0 ,y0 ) (x,y)→(x0 ,y0 ) (x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )
MH?
;M I Fc8 I MON
f (z) − f (z0 ) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) − u(x0 , y0 ) − iv(x0 , y0 )
= u(x, y) − u(x0 , y0 ) + i v(x, y) − v(x0 , y0 ))
= (x − x0 )ux (x0 , y0 ) + (y − y0 )uy (x0 , y0 ) + (x − x0 )ε1 (x, y) + (y − y0 )ε2 (x, y) +
i(x − x0 )vx (x0 , y0 ) + i(y − y0 )vy (x0 , y0 ) + i(x − x0 )ε3 (x, y) + i(y − y0 )ε4 (x, y)
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A9GCpFc8@8«9G8 (x0 , y0 )
N I 9<8@9GCQMSR
K 9
f (z) − f (z0 ) = (x − x0 )ux (x0 , y0 ) − (y − y0 )vx (x0 , y0 ) + (x − x0 )ε1 (x, y) + (y − y0 )ε2 (x, y) +
i(x − x0 )vx (x0 , y0 ) + i(y − y0 )ux (x0 , y0 ) + i(x − x0 )ε3 (x, y) + i(y − y0 )ε4 (x, y)

= (x − x0 ) + i(y − y0 ) ux (x0 , y0 ) + i (x − x0 ) + i(y − y0 ) vx (x0 , y0 ) +

(x − x0 ) ε1 (x, y) + iε3 (x, y) + (y − y0 ) ε2 (x, y) + iε4 (x, y)
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z z0
f (z) − f (z0 )
= ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 ) +
z − z0
È
9 (z − z0 ) 5
C (z − z0 )
ε1 (x, y) + iε3 (x, y) + ε2 (x, y) + iε4 (x, y)
z − z0 z − z0
MH?
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(z − z 0 ) 5 (z − z0 )
≤1 ≤1

z − z0 z − z0
uyF T 9GC z R<Nj=MH?
=@?BMH=MSRLADGAJ¡S8 d 5ON

lı́m ε1 (x, y) + iε3 (x, y) = 0 = lı́m ε2 (x, y) + iε4 (x, y)
z→z0 z→z0

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lı́m ε1 (x, y) + iε3 (x, y) = 0 = lı́m ε2 (x, y) + iε4 (x, y)
z→z0 z − z0 z→z0 z − z0
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f (z) − f (z0 )
f 0 (z0 ) = lı́m = ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 )
z→z0 z − z0
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r θ
1 1
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r r
uHN@RLA¦9Y©jAsR I 9 f 0 (z)
NO_<R I FQR]9^= K 9 T 9[D<Fc;sD K ;sFc?CQ9 T AsFc8 I 9

i
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r
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N
v = v(r, θ) r = x2 + y 2 tan θ = y
p u N@R]9<? z r = cos θ N r = sen θ N θ = − sen θ u θ = cos θ N T 9 T MH8 T 9
x x y x r y r
sen θ cos θ
ux = ur cos θ − uθ uy = ur sen θ + uθ
r r
sen θ cos θ
vx = vr cos θ − vθ vy = vr sen θ + vθ
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T 9GC z RGNS=OFc?bF
ur = 1/r uθ = 0 vr = 0 vθ = 1
u NS;sFHR¥9Y©j=@?B9<RLAJMS8@9<R N N N N θ N − sen θ N sen θ u cos θ R]MS8 I M T FSR¥DYMS8 I A8 K FHR<N
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z0 = r 0 e 0
ur0 6= 0
N m FH;J9
−π < θ0 < π
1 −iθ0 1 1
f 0 (z0 ) = ur (r0 , θ0 ) + ivr (r0 , θ0 ) e−iθ0 =

e = =
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D K FH8 T MpRL9tA8 I 9<?BRL9<D<Fc89G8= K 8 I MwR T AsR I AJ8 I MwR T 9G;gMH?BAJ`S9G8¦dj789<;¦MH?BAJ`S9G8«8@MpPOF{u\=9G?B=X9<8 T AsD K ;sFc?BA T F T Nj=9G?BMQ9<RLMQ8@MQ9<R K 8XF
DYMS8 I ?BF T AsDGDYA¡H8Fc; I 9GMH?B9GCpF6Fc8 I 9<?LAMH?ZN~= K 9ZR f 0 (0) = 0 d
10
7.5
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-5
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¦ ,j@*)

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( º
0«Â9(6¿º)¿Ä ÆÁe¼»b¿UÂYº
z0
¾OÂYÀ 0\Á 0; 0«ÂYºXÁ 0cÀº 0 HÂ z »%0ºOÁe¼ÂGzº0ÂE¹jº6¾¹jºOÁ 0 0Aº HÂ f Â (E¿º)¿Ä ÆÁe¼»b¿ $ f f
0
® ¯°@±²@³w´ d & 5X¶ f (z) =

z 2 − 3z d FSRV K 8ODYAMH8@9ZR z 2 − 3z u (z + 2) (z − 5i) R]MS8n9<8 I 9G?bFHR<N)uv9G8 I MS8ODY9ZRGN
=XMS?
9G; I 9GMH?B9GCpF d @N~;FSR
R]A8@` K (z;FH?L+A T 2)
F T (z
9<R −T 9 5i)
f (z)
RLMH8 z = −2 u z = 5i d
®¯°@±²@³w´ d & X¶ g (z) = |z|2 dAC6MwR9<8\9G;9kik9<C6=O;JM d W K 99ZR I F^V K 8ODGAJ¡S8p8@ME9ZR¥Fc8XFc; ªI AD<F^9G8\8@A8@`S¤@8\= K 8 I MONH=MH?
;JM I Fc8 I MQ8@M I A9G8O9[R]A8@` K ;FH?LA T F T 9<R<d

%
®¯°@±²@³~´ d X¶ h (z) = 1 dfÉMp9ZRÉFc8OFH; JI AsDGFQ9<8Q8@Ag9<8U;JMwR m FH;JMS?L9ZR T 9 z K 9[FH8 K ;FH8UF sen(1/z) N@ K 9[RLMH8
;MSR
?B9<FH;J9ZR T 9[;sF6VMH?BCpF 1 =OFcsen(1/z) ?bFpD K FH; K A9G? k ∈ Z dO78 I M T MSR
;MSRM I ?LMwR m FH;JMS?L9ZR T 9 z N@;sF6V K 8ODGAJ¡S8U9<RFH8OFc; JI AsDGF@d MS?É;M
I FH8 I MONj;sFHR
RLA8@` K ;sFc?BA T F T 9ZR T 9 R]MS8 6u«;JMwR?L9ZFc;9<R T 9^;F6VMS?LCpF 1 DYMH8
2kπ d
h k∈Z
|~A z 9ZR K 8XF«RLAJ8O` K ;sFc?BA T F TUT 9 K 8OF\V K 8ODYA¡H8 f N)u9G©jAR I 9 K 89<8 I MH?B8@M T 9 z 9G8v9<;xD K Fc;x8@M«POF{uM I ?BF\RLA8@` K ;sFc?BA T F T
2kπ
=OFH?BF f NX09G8 I MS8ODY9ZR z RL9 T AsDY9 )Z ,X@{ O5@ )ZO T 9 f d FHRÉRLAJ8O` K ;sFc?BA T F T 09ZR T 9[;sFQV K 8ODGAJ¡S8 T 9<;g9kik9<CQ=@;JM d & 5pRLMH8
FcChOFHRFHARL;F T FH4R .~9G80?B9G;sFHDYA¡H8Fc;}9]ik9GCQ=@;M d @N 68@Mp9ZR
R]A8@` K ;FH?LA T F T FcAsR];sF T F@N~uy;sFHRM I ?bFHRR d
9G?B9GCQMSR
FQDGMH8 I A8 K FHDGAJ¡S8 K 8 I A=Mp9<RL=X9ZDYAsFc; T 9[RLAJ8O` K ;sFc?BA T F T Nj K 9W?B9<R K ; I FRL9G?
8OMQFHARL;sF T FOd
XgS* ) +Z X{¨ )S 8XF
V K 8ODGAJ¡S8EC K ; I AªVMS?LCQ9 MC K ; I A m FH; K F T Fw£ T 9 K 8EDGMH8i K 8 I M F K 8EDGMH8i K 8 I M

N <
9 R K 8OF?L9<;FSDYA¡H8. K 9\FHRLAJ`S8OFFUDGF T F9G;9GCQ9G8 I M T 9 =XMS?[;MUC6¢ 9<8@MSR K 8a= K 8 I M T 9 Ngun9Y©jAsR I 9\=XAMS?[;MUC69<8@MSR K 8
B 9G;9GCQ9<8 I M T 9 A Fc;¦ K 9^;9[DYMH?B?B9<RL=XMS8 T 9G8 T MSRMQC z R9<;J9<A CQ9G8 I MwR T 9 B d B
8OF6V K 8ODYA¡H8C K ; I AªVMS?LCQ9^= K 9 T 9[DYMS8OR]A T 9<?BFH?BRL9DGMHCQM K 8OFQDYMS;J9ZDGDYA¡H8 T 9tV K 8ODGAJMS8@9<R K 8@AJVMH?BC69ZRM K 8@A m FH; K F T FSRGd
®¯°@±²@³~´ d jµw¶ Ft9Y©j=@?B9<RLA¡H8 ln z T 9GqO8@9 K 8XFtV K 8ODYA¡H8QC K ; I AªVMS?LCQ9
DYMS8 T MHCQA8@AJM C − {0} d 8OFtV K 8ODGAJ¡S8 K 8@AªVMS?LCQ9
T9 9<R 8 .GM I ?bFV K 8ODGAJ¡S8 K 8@AJVMH?BCQ9=OFH?BF 9ZR¦;sF T F T F
=MH?g;sFÉ9G©j=@?L9ZR]A¡H8 N I MSCQFH8 T M
=OFH?BlnF zarg zf19G(z) ;}¤@8@=AsDYM T z9^R K RÉFH?L` K CQ9G8 I MwR> K 9W9ZR I z 9G8 Iln?B9 z π u 9π N@uyDGMH8ORLA T 9G?bFc8 T M z 6=f20(z) d = ln |z|+i arg z
c
¿ Q
Å ¿ $ 8XFyV K 8ODYA¡H8 K 8@A m Fc; K F T F T 9 K 8OF«V K 8XDYA¡H8rC K ; I AJVMH?BCQ9HN}uFH8OFc; ªI AD<Fy9<8rDGAJ9<? I M T MHCQAJ8OAJMXN)RL9Q;J;sFcCpF @:
4 4
%
T 9W;sF V K 8ODYA¡H8C K ; I AªVMS?LCQ9^9G89ZR]9 T MSC6A8@AMOd

È
9<DGMH? T Fc?t K 9E9<8 I M T M= K 8 I M T 9G; T MSC6A8@AMON;F\V K 8ODGAJ¡S8 K 8@A m Fc; K F T F T 9Gh9 I MHCpFH? K 8OMyuUR]¡S;JM K 8@M T 9;MSR m FH;JMS?L9ZR
T 9W;sFV K 8ODYA¡H8C K ; I AªVMS?LCQ9Sd
®¯°@±²@³~´ d HÊO¶É·F T F6;F6V K 8XDYA¡H8 K 8@AJVMH?BC69 f (z) = ln |z| + i arg z DYMS8 − 3π < arg z ≤ π
µSd·9 I 9<?LCQA8OFc?9G;gCQF{uSMH? T MSC6A8@AMQ=OFc?bF K 9 f (z) R]9ZF K 8OFQ?BFHCpF T 9 ln z d 2 2
Ê@d ,FH;J;sFc? f (−2) u f (−1 + i)

Â ( 0Ä ¹O»G¼½º
9
µSd 8 I 9ZR T 9W9<R ILKXT AFH?

;FQFH8OFc;A I ADGA T F T N m 9<FcCQMwRD K z ;}9ZR9G;gDGMH8i K 8 I M T MH8 T 9W;FV K 8ODGAJ¡S89<R
DYMS8 I A8 K F@d
FV K 8ODGAJ¡S868OMt9ZRDYMS8 I A8 K F9<89<;@MH?BA`H9G86=MH?b K 9 8@M^9ZR I z T 9YqO8@A T F^9<8 z = 0 d FcCQ=XMjDGMt9ZRDYMS8 I A8 K F
9G86;Ft=OFH? I 9>=MSRLA I A m F T 9<;@9kik9ACpFc`HA8OFH?LAMON{=MH?x8@MWR]9<?DYln I AJ8 K Mt9G;
MS8 |z| 9<8 T AsDbP@MWRL9GCQAJ9]ik9 ¢ <=XMS? K _ £d ¦K 9<`HMON
9G; T MSCQAJ8@AM T 9[DYMS8 I A8 K A T F T 9ZR D = {z ∈ C : − 3π < arg z < π arg z
d
9<FcCQMwRy K 99ZR I F.V K 8ODGAJ¡S859<R«Fc8OFH; JI AsDGF:9G8 2 D d Fc?bFaMHh 2I 9G∧8O9Gz?y6=;sF 0}T 9<?LA m F T F:=OFHRL9GCQMSR«F:DYM~MS? T 9<8OF T FHR
=XMS;FH?L9ZRGN@DGMH8ORLA T 9G?bFc8 T M f (z) = ln r + iθ f 0 (z) = ∂u + i ∂v e−iθ = 1 + i0 e−iθ = 1 = 1 .O9ZR I F

V K 8ODGAJ¡S89Y©jAsR I 9Q=OFc?bF I M T M z ∈ D N}; K 9<`HMXN9<;xCQF{uSMH? T ∂r MHCQA8@AM«∂r=OFH?BF« K 9;sF«V rK 8ODGAJ¡S8 T F T F«RL9<F reK iθ8OF«?bFczCpF T 9
9ZR D d
Ê@d ln z 8
f (−2) = (−2) = ln 2 + i (−π) ∼ = 0.69315− 3. 1416i
8 √ 5π ∼ d
f (−1 + i) = (−1 + i) = ln 2 + i − = 0. 34657 − 3. 927i
4
9G8@9<?BFH;JAo<FH8 T MQ9G;g9kik9GCQ=@;M\Fc8 I 9G?BAJMS?<NjRL9W= K 9 T 9 m 9G?É K 9 I M T FHR;sFHR
?bFcCpFSR T 9 R K ?B`H9<8 T 9W?B9<R I ?BA8@`HA? arg z F K 8
A8 I 9G? m Fc;M6FHh@AJ9<? I M T 9W;JMS8@`HA ILKXT 2π d ln z
0ÀÁÃÂ4$t|~9v;;FHCpF HX +Z @:§S@H X NM¨RLAJCQ=@;9GCQ9<8 I 9 HX/+< N>F K 8OF:D K ? m Fa K 9RL9 K RBFa=OFc?bF.DY?B9<FH? K 8
T MSC6A8@AM T 9[Fc8OFH;JA I AsDYA T F T d
78U9G;}9]ik9GCQ=@;M dHÊ@Nw9<;gDYMS? I 9 K RLF T M69<R
9<;¦R]9<C6A9kik9W=MSRLA I A m MQAJCpFH`HA8OFc?BAJM6DYMS8«9<;¦MH?BAJ`S9G8¦d
¹jºOÁ 0 SÂpÀL¿cÅ¼ 8»B¿S»Y¼½cº $t|~9p;;FHCQF x
+Z%a@¨§xH@S T 9 K 8OF«V K 8ODYA¡H8.C K ; I AªVMS?LCQ9pFc;x= K 8 I M9G8.DYMHC¤@8
K 9 I A9G8@9<8;JMwR
DYMH? I 9ZR T 9 I M T FSR;FSR?BFHCpFHR T 9^;F6V K 8ODYA¡H8C K ; I AJVMH?BCQ9Hd
8v= K 8 I M T 9[?bFcCQAJqXDGFSDYA¡H8 T 9 K 8XFQV K 8ODGAJ¡S8UC K ; I AJVMH?BCQ9[R]A9GCQ=@?B9W9<R K 8OF\RLAJ8O` K ;sFc?BA T F T 8@M\FcAsR];sF T F T 9ED K FH; K A9G?bF
T 9W;sFHR?bFcCpFHR T 9^;sF6V K 8ODGAJ¡S8«C K ; I AªVMS?LCQ9Sd
®¯°@±²@³~´ d ¶7;= K 8 I M T 9Q?BFHCQAªqXD<FHDGAJ¡S8 T 9 ln z 9ZR z = 0 N T F T M K 9 I M T MSR^;MSR^DYMS? I 9<R^RLMH8.R]9<C6A?B?L9ZD I FSR K 9
=OFH? I 9G8 T 9<R T 9^9G;¦MS?LA`H9<8¦d

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®¯°@± ²@³~´  dËÊO¶· F T FHR

MH?;JM I Fc8 I MXN u d

lı́m f (z) = a + ib ⇐⇒ lı́m u(x, y) = a lı́m v(x, y) = b

z→z0 z→z0 f2 (z) lı́m f2 (z)

&ÂGÅ 0)(Á ÀB¿H»G¼½º$}| K =XMS8@`SFHCQMSR K 9 N u (z) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y) d MSC6M

;F=OFH? I 9 ?B9<FH; T 9 f + f (x, £>u y)T 9 v (x, y)(x+0v, y(x,0)

= lı́m u1 (x, y) + lı́m u2 (x, y) +

= lı́m f1 (z) + lı́m f2 (z)

¢ =O?LMS= P@MSd w?BFn

lı́m λ(z) + lı́m L = 0 + L = L

µHd 7©~AsR I 9 ?B` d

7;gRLAJ` K AJ9<8 I 9^?L9ZR K ; I F T MQ9<R

|0 + ∆z|2 − 0 |∆z|2 ∆z∆z

>K Fc8 T M =MH?

¢ PO9GCQMSR RBF M6;sF6=@?BMH=¦d d w£d@· 9WCQFH8@9G?bFQ 9HN F Mp 9

f (z) = f (z0 ) + (z − z0 ) f 0 (z0 ) + λ1 (z) g(η) = g(η0 ) + (η − η0 ) g 0 (η0 ) + λ2 (η)

FH?BFQD K Fc;s K AJ9<? NOPOFHDGAJ9<8 T M N I 9<8@9GCQMSR9<8 I MH8XDY9<R

ÄJ)¿ (SÂYÀ¼ :¿ S)¿ (

ux (x0 , y0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 ) uy (x0 , y0 ) = −vx (x0 , y0 )

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u(x, y0 ) + iv(x, y0 ) − u(x0 , y0 ) − iv(x0 , y0 )

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¹jºnÂGºOÁ 0Àº 0 HÂ z Á ¿cÄ * ¹OÂ[ÄJ?¿ (EÂB»G¹Of¿H(z) »G¼ 0º)=Â (>u(x,

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=XMS?;M I FH8 I M rf=+mı́n{r u 1 , r2 }

d ·9n9<R I 9rC6M T MXNR K CpFc8 T M:CQAJ9<CEh@?BMF

(e−y +ey ) sen x (−e−y +ey ) cos x

(e−y +ey ) cos x (e−y +ey ) cos x

78 I MS8ODY9ZRGNO=OFc?bF I M T M 2 NXRL9 I A9G8@9[ K 9 d MHCQM m 9GCQMwRGN u 9ZRÉFc?BCQ¡H8@AsDGF69<8 I M T Mp9G;

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|jA u (x , y ) = 0 N 9Gh9RL9G? u (x , y ) 6= 0 NXu«9<8 I MH8XDY9<R r 9<R;FQ?B9<D I FpP@MS?LAoGMS8 I Fc; y = y u r 9ZRÉ;sFQ?L9ZD I F

m 9G? I AsxDGFH; 0x =0 x0 d  FcCh@AJ_<8«9<8y9<R I 9[0 DGFS0R]M r1 u r2 RLMH8=X9<?L=9G18 T AD K ;sFc?B9<R<d 0 2

ux (x0 , y0 ) ux (x0 , y0 ) uy (x0 , y0 ) uy (x0 , y0 )

-10 -7.5 -5 -2.5 2.5 5 7.5 10

® ¯°@± ²@³w´  d & 5X¶ f (z) =

T 9W;sF V K 8ODYA¡H8C K ; I AªV­MS?LCQ9^9G89ZR]9 T MSC6A8@AMOd

Ê@d ,FH;J;sFc? f (−2) u f (−1 + i)

µSd 8 I 9ZR T 9W9<R ILKXT AFH?

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!" #%$'&()$+*-,. /0213,.546$

®¯°@±²@³~´ dËÊO¶·F T FHR

MH?;JM I Fc8 I MXN u d

&ÂGÅ 0)(Á ÀB¿H»G¼½º$}| K =XMS8@`SFHCQMSR K 9 N u (z) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y) d MSC6M

;F=OFH? I 9?B9<FH; T 9 f + f (x, £>u y)T 9 v (x, y)(x+0v, y(x,0)

¢ =O?LMS= P@MSd w?BFn

µHd 7©~AsR I 9 ?B` d

7;gRLAJ` K AJ9<8 I 9^?L9ZR K ; I F T MQ9<R

>K Fc8 T M =MH?

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m 9G? I AsxDGFH; 0x =0 x0 d FcCh@AJ_<8«9<8y9<R I 9[0 DGFS0R]M r1 u r2 RLMH8=X9<?L=9G18 T AD K ;sFc?B9<R<d 0 2

® ¯°@±²@³w´ d & 5X¶ f (z) =

T 9W;sF V K 8ODYA¡H8C K ; I AªVMS?LCQ9^9G89ZR]9 T MSC6A8@AMOd

µSd 8 I 9ZR T 9W9<R ILKXT AFH?