Coordinates: 24°39.5′S 25°54.

5′E

Botswana
Botswana (/bɒtˈswɑːnə/), officially the Republic of Botswana (Tswana:
Lefatshe la Botswana), is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa.
Republic of Botswana
Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new Lefatshe la Botswana (Tswana)
name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September
1966.[7] Since then, it has maintained a strong tradition of stable representative
democracy, with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections and
[8]
the best perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at least 1998.
Coat of arms
Botswana is topographically flat, with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Flag
Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Motto: "Pula!" (Tswana)
Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. Its border with "Rain"
Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined but is, at most, a few
Anthem: Fatshe leno la rona (Tswana)
hundred metres long.[9] Blessed Be Our Noble Land

A mid-sized country of just over 2 million people, Botswana is one of the most
sparsely populated countries in the world. Around 10 percent of the population
lives in the capital and largest city, Gaborone. Formerly one of the poorest
countries in the world—with a GDP per capita of about US$70 per year in the
late 1960s—Botswana has since transformed itself into one of the world's
fastest-growing economies. The economy is dominated by mining, cattle, and
tourism. Botswana boasts a GDP (purchasing power parity) per capita of about
$18,825 per year as of 2015, which is one of the highest in Africa.[10] Its high
gross national income (by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa) gives the
country a relatively high standard of living and the highest Human
Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa.[11]

Botswana is a member of the African Union, the Southern African

Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Location of Botswana (dark blue)
Nations. The country has been among the hardest hit by the HIV/AIDS in the African Union (light blue)

epidemic. Despite the success in programmes to make treatments available to Capital Gaborone
those infected, and to educate the populace in general about how to stop the and largest city 24°39.5′S
25°54.5′E
spread of HIV/AIDS, the number of people with AIDS rose from 290,000 in
2005 to 320,000 in 2013.[12]:A20 As of 2014, Botswana has the third-highest Official languages English,
Setswana
prevalence rate for HIV/AIDS, with roughly 20% of the adult population being
infected.[13]
Ethnic groups 79% Tswana
11% Kalanga
3% Basarwa
3% White
Contents 4% Other
(including Shona
Etymology and Kgalagadi)
History
Religion 79% Christian
Early history
Effects of the Mfecane 4.1% African
traditional religion
Colonialism and the establishment of the Bechuanaland
Protectorate 15.2% None/no
Independence religion
 Geography 1.4% Other
Ecology (includes Baha'i,
Environmental problems Hindu, Islam,
Rastafarian)
Politics and government
0.3% Unspecified
Judiciary
(2011 est.)
Foreign relations and military
Human rights Demonym Batswana (plural)
Administrative divisions Motswana
(singular)
Economy
Gemstones and precious metals Government Unitary
parliamentary
Demographics
republic
Language
Religion
• President Mokgweetsi
Masisi[1]
Culture • Vice-President Slumber
Media Tsogwane
Music
Legislature National
Visual arts
Assembly
Food
Sports Independence from the United
Kingdom
Education • Established 30 September
Science and technology (Constitution) 1966
Health Area
General • Total 581,730 km2
HIV/AIDS epidemic (224,610 sq mi)
Tourism (47th)
• Water (%) 2.6
See also
Sources
Population
• 2016 estimate 2,250,260[2]
References (145th)
Further reading • 2011 census 1,914,228[3]
External links • Density 3.7/km2
(9.6/sq mi)
(231st)

Etymology GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate

• Total $41.6 billion[4]
The country's name means "land of the Tswana", referring to the dominant • Per capita $18,863[4]
ethnic group in Botswana.[14] The term Batswana was originally applied to the
GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate
Tswana, which is still the case.[15] However, it has also come to be used • Total $16.636 billion[4]
generally as a demonym for all citizens of Botswana.[16] Many English • Per capita $7,543[4]
dictionaries also recommend the term Botswanan to refer to people of
Gini (2009) 62.5[5]
Botswana.[17]
very high
HDI (2015) 0.698[6]
History medium · 108th
Currency Botswana pula
(BWP)
Early history
Time zone Central Africa
Archaeological digs have shown that hominids have lived in Botswana for Time (UTC+2)
around two million years. Stone tools and fauna remains have shown that all
Date format DD/MM/YYYY
[18] Evidence left
areas of the country were inhabited at least 400,000 years ago.
by modern humans such as cave paintings are about 73,000 years old.[19] The
Drives on the left
original inhabitants of southern Africa were the Bushmen (San) and Khoi Calling code +267
 peoples. Both speak Khoisan ISO 3166 code BW
languages and hunted,
Internet TLD .bw
gathered, and traded over long
distances. When cattle were Website
www.gov.bw
first introduced about 2000
years ago into southern Africa, pastoralism became a major feature of the economy,
since the region had large grasslands free of tsetse fly.[20]

Starting fire by hand. San people in It is unclear when Bantu-speaking peoples first moved into the country from the
Botswana. north, although AD 600 seems to be a consensus estimate. In that era, the ancestors
of the modern-day Kalanga moved into what is now the north-eastern areas of the
country. These proto-Kalanga were closely connected to states in Zimbabwe as well
as to the Mapungubwe state. These states, located outside of current Botswana's borders, appear to have kept massive cattle herds in
what is now the Central District—apparently at numbers approaching modern cattle density.[21] This massive cattle-raising complex
prospered until 1300 AD or so, and seems to have regressed following the collapse of Mapungubwe. During this era, the first
Tswana-speaking groups, the Bakgalagadi, moved into the southern areas of the Kalahari. All these various peoples were connected
to trade routes that ran via the Limpopo River to the Indian Ocean, and trade goods from Asia such as beads made their way to
Botswana most likely in exchange for ivory,gold, and rhinoceros horn.

The arrival of the ancestors of the Tswana-speakers who came to control the region has yet to be dated precisely. Members of the
Bakwena, a chieftaincy under a legendary leader named Kgabo II, made their way into the southern Kalahari by AD 1500, at the
latest, and his people drove the Bakgalagadi inhabitants west into the desert. Over the years, several offshoots of the Bakwena moved
into adjoining territories. The Bangwaketse occupied areas to the west, while the Bangwato moved northeast into formerly Kalanga
areas.[22] Not long afterwards, a Bangwato offshoot known as the Batawana migrated into the Okavango Delta, probably in the
1790s.

Effects of the Mfecane

The first written records relating to modern-day Botswana appear in 1824. What
these records show is that the Bangwaketse had become the predominant power in
the region. Under the rule of Makaba II, the Bangwaketse kept vast herds of cattle in
well-protected desert areas, and used their military prowess to raid their
neighbors.[23] Other chiefdoms in the area, by this time, had capitals of 10,000 or so
and were fairly prosperous.[24] This equilibrium came to end during the Mfecane
period, 1823-1843, when a succession of invading peoples from South Africa
entered the country. Although the Bangwaketse were able to defeat the invading
Bakololo in 1826, over time all the major chiefdoms in Botswana were attacked,
British colonial drawing of a
weakened, and impoverished. The Bakololo and Amandebele raided repeatedly, and
"Booshuana village", 1806.
took large numbers of cattle, women, and children from the Batswana—most of
whom were driven into the desert or sanctuary areas such as hilltops and caves. Only
after 1843, when the Amandebele moved into western Zimbabwe, did this threat subside.

During the 1840s and 1850s trade with Cape Colony-based merchants opened up and enabled the Batswana chiefdoms to rebuild.
The Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Batawana cooperated to control the lucrative ivory trade, and then used the proceeds to
import horses and guns, which in turn enabled them to establish control over what is now Botswana. This process was largely
complete by 1880, and thus the Bushmen, the Kalanga, the Bakgalagadi, and other current minorities were subjugated by the
Batswana.[25]

Following the Great Trek, Afrikaners from the Cape Colony established themselves on the borders of Botswana in the Transvaal. In
1852 a coalition of Tswana chiefdoms led by Sechele I resisted Afrikaner incursions, and after about eight years of intermittent
tensions and hostilities, eventually came to a peace agreement in Potchefstroom in 1860. From that point on, the modern-day border
 .[26]
between South Africa and Botswana was agreed on, and the Afrikaners and Batswana traded and worked together peacefully

Due to newly peaceful conditions, trade thrived between 1860 and 1880. Taking advantage of this were Christian missionaries. The
Lutherans and the London Missionary Society both became established in the country by 1856. By 1880 every major village had a
resident missionary, and their influence slowly became felt. Khama III (reigned 1875–1923) was the first of the Tswana chiefs to
make Christianity a state religion, and changed a great deal of Tswana customary law as a result. Christianity became the de facto
official religion in all the chiefdoms by World War I.[27]

Colonialism and the establishment of the Bechuanaland Protectorate

During the Scramble for Africa the territory of Botswana was coveted by both Germany and Great Britain. During the Berlin
Conference, Britain decided to annex Botswana in order to safeguard the Road to the North and thus connect the Cape Colony to its
territories further north. It unilaterally annexed Tswana territories in January 1885 and then sent the Warren Expedition north to
consolidate control over the area and convince the chiefs to accept British overrule. Despite their misgivings, they eventually
acquiesced to this fait accompli.[28]

In 1890 areas north of 22 degrees were added to the new Bechuanaland Protectorate. During the 1890s the new territory was divided
into eight different reserves, with fairly small amounts of land being left as freehold for white settlers. During the early 1890s the
British government decided to hand over the Bechuanaland Protectorate to the British South Africa Company. This plan, which was
well on its way to fruition despite the entreaties of Tswana leaders who toured England in protest, was eventually foiled by the failure
of the Jameson Raid in January 1896.[29]

When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 from the main British colonies
in the region, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, Basutoland (now Lesotho), and
Swaziland (the High Commission Territories) were not included, but provision was
made for their later incorporation. However, the UK began to consult with their
inhabitants as to their wishes. Although successive South African governments
sought to have the territories transferred to their jurisdiction, the UK kept delaying;
consequently, it never occurred. The election of the Nationalist government in 1948,
which instituted apartheid, and South Africa's withdrawal from the Commonwealth
in 1961, ended any prospect of the UK or these territories agreeing to incorporation
Stamp of British Bechuanaland from
into South Africa. 1960

An expansion of British central authority and the evolution of tribal government

resulted in the 1920 establishment of two advisory councils to represent both Africans and Europeans.[30] The African Council
consisted of the eight heads of the Tswana tribes and some elected members.[30] Proclamations in 1934 regulated tribal rule and
powers. A European-African advisory council was formed in 1951, and the 1961 constitution established a consultative legislative
council.

Independence
In June 1964, the United Kingdom accepted proposals for a democratic self-government in Botswana. The seat of government was
moved in 1965 from Mafikeng in South Africa, to the newly established Gaborone, which is located near Botswana's border with
South Africa. Based on the 1965 constitution, the country held its first general elections under universal suffrage and gained
independence on 30 September 1966.[31] Seretse Khama, a leader in the independence movement and the legitimate claimant to the
Ngwato chiefship, was elected as the first President, and subsequently re-elected twice.

The presidency passed to the sitting Vice-President, Quett Masire, who was elected in his own right in 1984 and re-elected in 1989
and 1994. Masire retired from office in 1998. He was succeeded by Festus Mogae, who was elected in his own right in 1999 and re-
elected in 2004. The presidency passed in 2008 to Ian Khama (son of the first President), who had been serving as Mogae's Vice-
President since resigning his position in 1998 as Commander of theBotswana Defence Forceto take up this civilian role.
A long-running dispute over the northern border withNamibia's Caprivi Strip was the subject of a ruling by theInternational Court of
Justice in December 1999. It ruled thatKasikili Island belongs to Botswana.[32]

Geography
At 581,730 km2 (224,607 sq mi) Botswana is the world's 48th-largest country. It is
similar in size to Madagascar or France. It lies between latitudes 17° and 27°S, and
longitudes 20° and 30°E.

The country is predominantly flat, tending toward gently rollingtableland. Botswana

is dominated by the Kalahari Desert, which covers up to 70% of its land surface. The
Okavango Delta, one of the world's largest inland deltas, is in the northwest. The
Makgadikgadi Pan, a large salt pan, lies in the north.

The Limpopo River Basin, the major landform of all of southern Africa, lies partly
in Botswana, with the basins of its tributaries, the Notwane, Bonwapitse,
Mahalapswe, Lotsane, Motloutse and the Shashe, located in the eastern part of the
country. The Notwane provides water to the capital through the Gaborone Dam. The Botswana map of Köppen climate
Chobe River lies to the north, providing a boundary between Botswana and classification.

Namibia's Zambezi Region. The Chobe River meets with the Zambezi River at a
place called Kazungula (meaning a small sausage tree, a point where Sebitwane and
his Makololo tribe crossed the Zambezi into Zambia).

Ecology
Botswana has diverse areas of wildlife habitat. In addition to the delta and desert
areas, there are grasslands and savannas, where blue wildebeest, antelopes, and other
mammals and birds are found. Northern Botswana has one of the few remaining
large populations of the endangered African wild dog. Chobe National Park, found A lechwe in the Okavango Delta
in the Chobe District, has the world's largest concentration of African elephants. The
park covers about 11,000 km2
(4,247 sq mi) and supports about
350 species of birds.

The Chobe National Park and

Moremi Game Reserve (in the
Okavango Delta) are major tourist
destinations. Other reserves include
the Central Kalahari Game Reserve
located in the Kalahari desert in Botswana has the largest elephant
Ghanzi District; Makgadikgadi population in the world
Plains zebra (Equus quagga) in Pans National Park and Nxai Pan
Okavango National Park are in Central District
in the Makgadikgadi Pan. Mashatu Game Reserve is privately owned: located where
the Shashe River and Limpopo River meet in eastern Botswana. The other privately
owned reserve is Mokolodi Nature Reserve near Gaborone. There are also specialised sanctuaries like Khama Rhino Sanctuary (for
rhinoceros) and Makgadikgadi Sanctuary (forflamingos). They are both located in Central District.

Environmental problems
Botswana faces two majorenvironmental problems: drought and desertification. The
desertification problems predominantly stem from the severe times of drought in the
country. Three quarters of the country's human and animal populations depend on
groundwater due to drought. Groundwater use through deep borehole drilling has
somewhat eased the effects of drought. Surface water is scarce in Botswana and less
than 5% of the agriculture in the country is sustainable by rainfall. In the remaining
95% of the country, raising livestock is the primary source of rural income.
Approximately 71% of the country's land is used for communal grazing, which has
A baobab tree (Adansonia digitata)
been a major cause of the desertification and the accelerating soil erosion of the
country.[33]

Since raising livestock has proven to be profitable for the people of Botswana, they continue to exploit the land. The animal
populations have continued to dramatically increase. From 1966 to 1991, the livestock population has increased from 1.7 million to
5.5 million.[33]:64 Similarly, the human population has increased from 574,000 in 1971 to 1.5 million in 1995, a 161% increase in 24
years. "Over 50% of all households in Botswana own cattle, which is currently the largest single source of rural income." "Rangeland
degradation or desertification is regarded as the reduction in land productivity as a result of overstocking and overgrazing, or as a
ef of drought and climate change."[33]
result of veld product gathering for commercial use. Degradation is exacerbated by the fects

Environmentalists report that the Okavango Delta is drying up due to the increased grazing of livestock.[34] The Okavango Delta is
one of the major semi-forested wetlands in Botswana and one of the largest inland deltas in the world; it is a crucial ecosystem to the
survival of many animals.[34]

The Department of Forestry and Range Resources has already begun to implement a project to reintroduce indigenous vegetation into
communities in Kgalagadi South, Kweneng North and Boteti.[35] Reintroduction of indigenous vegetation will help with the
degradation of the land. The United States Government has also entered into an agreement with Botswana, giving them $7 million
US dollars to reduce Botswana's debt by $8.3 million US dollars. The stipulation of the US reducing Botswana's debt is that
Botswana will focus on more extensiveconservation of the land.[34]

The United Nations Development Programme claims that poverty is a major problem behind the overexploitation of resources,
including land, in Botswana. To help change this the UNDP joined in with a project started in the southern community of
Struizendam in Botswana. The purpose of the project is to draw from "indigenous knowledge and traditional land management
systems". The leaders of this movement are supposed to be the people in the community, to draw them in, in turn increasing their
possibilities to earn an income and thus decreasing poverty. The UNDP also stated that the government has to effectively implement
policies to allow people to manage their own local resources and are giving the government information to help with policy
development.[36]

Politics and government

The constitution of Botswana is the rule of law, which protects the citizens of
Botswana and represents their rights. The politics of Botswana take place in a
framework of a representative democratic republic, whereby the President of
Botswana is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.
Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both
the government and the Parliament of Botswana. The most recent election, its
eleventh, was held on 24 October 2014. Since independence was declared, the party
system has been dominated by theBotswana Democratic Party.

House of the Parliament of Botswana

Judiciary in Gaborone
The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.[37] Botswana ranks 30th out of 167 states in the 2012 Democracy
Index.[38] According to Transparency International, Botswana is the least corrupt country in Africa and ranks close to Portugal and
South Korea.[39]

It consists of a typical court system of local Magistrates Courts, a High Court and a Court of Appeal. The High Court is a superior
court of record with unlimited original jurisdiction to hear and determine any criminal, civil or constitutional cases under any law.
[40]
Appeals can be heard by the Court of Appeal. The Head of the High Court is the Chief Justice.

The Court of Appeal is the highest and final court in the country and deals with appeals from the High Court and the Industrial Court.
The Head of the Court of Appeal is the Judge President.

Judges are appointed by the President of Botswana on the recommendation of the Judicial Services Commission.

Chief Justices:[41]

1968–1971 John Richard Dendy-Young

1972–1975 Akinola Aguda
1975–1977 George O.L. Dyke
1977–1981 Hayfron Benjamin
1981–1987 O'Brien Quinn
1987–1992 Livesey Luke
1992–1997 Moleleki Didwell Mokama
1997–2010 Julian Mukwesu Nganunu
2010–present Maruping Dibotelo
With regard to the legal profession, although the Law Society of Botswana has been in existence since 1997,[42] there is still no clear
indication in their registry of attorneys as to how certain demographics, such as women, have fared in the legal field.

Foreign relations and military

At the time of independence, Botswana had no armed forces. It was only after the
Rhodesian and South African militaries struck respectively against the Zimbabwe
People's Revolutionary Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe[43] bases that the Botswana
Defence Force (BDF) was formed in 1977.[44] The President is commander-in-chief
of the armed forces and appoints a defence council and the BDF currently consists of
Signs at the Botswana–South Africa
roughly 60,000 servicemen.
border, 2010
Following political changes in South Africa and the region, the BDF's missions have
increasingly focused on prevention of poaching, preparing for disasters, and foreign
peacekeeping. The United States has been the largest single foreign contributor to the development of the BDF, and a large segment
of its officer corps have received U.S. training. The Botswana government gave the United States permission to explore the
possibility of establishing an Africa Command AFRICOM)
( base in the country.[45]

Human rights
Many of the indigenous San people have been forcibly relocated from their land onto reservations. To make them relocate, they were
denied from accessing water from their land and faced arrest if they hunted, which was their primary source of food.[46] Their lands
lie in the middle of the world's richest diamond field. Officially, the government denies that there is any link to mining and claims the
relocation is to preserve the wildlife and ecosystem, even though the San people have lived sustainably on the land for millennia.[46]
On the reservations, they struggle to find employment andalcoholism is rampant.[46]

[47]
Homosexual acts are illegal in Botswana, as in many African countries.

Capital punishment in Botswanaincludes the death penalty by hanging.

 [48]
The Botswana Centre for Human Rights, Ditshwanelo, was established in 1993.

Administrative divisions
Botswana's nine districts are: Southern District,
South-East District, Kweneng District, Kgatleng
District, Central District (Central Serowe/Palapye,
Central Mahalapye, Central Bobonong, Central
Boteti and Central Tutume), North-East District,
North-West District (Ngamiland District,
Okavango District and Chobe District), Ghanzi
District and Kgalagadi District (Kgalagadi South
District and Kgalagadi North District).

Botswana's councils created from urban or town

councils are: Gaborone City, Francistown,
Lobatse Town, Selebi-Phikwe Town, Jwaneng
Town, Orapa Town and Sowa Township.

Economy
Since independence, Botswana has had one of the
fastest growth rates in per capita income in the
world.[49] Botswana has transformed itself from
The districts of Botswana. The appropriate article can be found by
one of the poorest countries in the world to an
clicking over the district. City districts are not shown.
upper middle-income country. Although

Botswana was resource-abundant, a

good institutional framework
allowed the country to reinvest
resource-income in order to
generate stable future income.[50]
By one estimate, it has the fourth
highest gross national income at
Headquarters of Debswana Diamond
purchasing power parity in Africa,
Company Ltd in Gaborone
giving it a standard of living around
Graphical depiction of Botswana's that of Mexico.[51]
product exports in 28 color-coded
categories. The Ministry of Trade and Industry
of Botswana is responsible for
promoting business development
throughout the country. According to the International Monetary Fund, economic
growth averaged over 9% per year from 1966 to 1999. Botswana has a high level of
economic freedom compared to other African countries.[52] The government has
maintained a sound fiscal policy, despite consecutive budget deficits in 2002 and
GDP per capita (current), compared
2003, and a negligible level of foreign debt. It earned the highest sovereign credit
to neighbouring countries (world
rating in Africa and has stockpiled foreign exchange reserves (over $7 billion in
average = 100)
2005/2006) amounting to almost two and a half years of current imports.
An array of financial institutions populates the country's financial system, with pension funds and commercial banks being the two
most important segments by asset size. Banks remain profitable, well-capitalised, and liquid, as a result of growing national resources
and high interest rates.[53] The Bank of Botswana serves as a central bank. The country's currency is theBotswana pula.

Botswana's competitive banking system is one of Africa's most advanced. Generally adhering to global standards in the transparency
of financial policies and banking supervision, the financial sector provides ample access to credit for entrepreneurs. The Capital Bank
opened in 2008.[54] As of August 2015, there are a dozen licensed banks in the country.[55] The government is involved in banking
through state-owned financial institutions and a special financial incentives program that is aimed at increasing Botswana's status as a
financial centre. Credit is allocated on market terms, although the government provides subsidised loans. Reform of non-bank
financial institutions has continued in recent years, notably through the establishment of a single financial regulatory agency that
provides more effective supervision. The government has abolished exchange controls, and with the resulting creation of new
[56]
portfolio investment options, the Botswana Stock Exchange is growing.

The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the government respects
this in practice. The legal system is sufficient to conduct secure commercial
dealings, although a serious and growing backlog of cases prevents timely trials. The
protection of intellectual property rights has improved significantly. Botswana is
ranked second only to South Africa among sub-Saharan Africa countries in the 2014

Botswana's trading partners in 2004 International Property Rights Index.[57]

While generally open to foreign participation in its economy, Botswana reserves

some sectors for citizens. Increased foreign investment plays a significant role in the privatisation of state-owned enterprises.
Investment regulations are transparent, and bureaucratic procedures are streamlined and open, although somewhat slow. Investment
returns such as profits and dividends, debt service, capital gains, returns on intellectual property, royalties, franchise's fees, and
service fees can be repatriated without limits.

Botswana imports refined petroleum products and electricity from South Africa. There is some domestic production of electricity
from coal.

Gemstones and precious metals

In Botswana, the Department of Mines[58] and Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security[59] led by Hon Sadique
Kebonang in Gaborone, maintains data regarding mining throughout the country. Debswana, the largest diamond mining company
operating in Botswana, is 50% owned by the government.[60] The mineral industry provides about 40% of all government
revenues.[61] In 2007, significant quantities of uranium were discovered, and mining was projected to begin by 2010. Several
international mining corporations have established regional headquarters in Botswana, and prospected for diamonds, gold, uranium,
copper, and even oil, many coming back with positive results. Government announced in early 2009 that they would try to shift their
economic dependence on diamonds, over serious concern that diamonds are predicted to dry out in Botswana over the next twenty
years.

Botswana's Orapa mine is the largest diamond mine in the world in terms of value and quantity of carats produced annually.[62]
Estimated to have produced over 11 million carats in 2013, with an average price of $145/carat, the Orapa mine was estimated to
[63]
produce over $1.6 billion worth of diamonds in 2013.

Demographics
The Tswana are the majority ethnic group in Botswana, making up 79% of the population. The largest minority ethnic groups are the
BaKalanga, and San or AbaThwa, also known as Basarwa. Other tribes are Bayei, Bambukushu, Basubia, Baherero and Bakgalagadi.
In addition, there are small numbers of whites and Indians, both groups being roughly equally small in number. Botswana's Indian
population is made up of many Indian-Africans of several generations, with some having migrated from Mozambique, Kenya,
Tanzania, Mauritius, South Africa, and so on, as well as first generation Indian immigrants. The white population speaks English and
Afrikaans and makes up roughly 3% of the population.
Population[2]
Since 2000, because of deteriorating economic conditions in
Year Million
Zimbabwe, the number of Zimbabweans in Botswana has
risen into the tens of thousands.[64] 1950 0.4
2000 1.7
Fewer than 10,000 San people are still living their traditional
2016 2.3
hunter-gatherer way of life. Since the mid-1990s the central
government of Botswana has been trying to move San out of
their historic lands.[65] James Anaya, as the Special Rapporteur on the situation of A girl in the Okavango Delta
human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people for theUnited Nations
in 2010, described loss of land as a major contributor to many of the problems facing
Botswana's indigenous people, citing the San's eviction from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) as an especial
example.[66]:2 Among Anaya's recommendations in a report to the United Nations Human Rights Council was that development
programs should promote, in consultation with indigenous communities such as the San and Bakgalagadi people, activities in
[66]:19
harmony with the culture of those communities such as traditional hunting and gathering activities.

Language
The official language of Botswana is English although Setswana is widely spoken across the country. In Setswana, prefixes are more
important than they are in many other languages, since Setswana is a Bantu language and has noun classes denoted by these prefixes.
They include Bo, which refers to the country, Ba, which refers to the people, Mo, which is one person, and Se which is the language.
For example, the main ethnic group of Botswana is the Tswana people, hence the name Botswana for its country. The people as a
whole are Batswana, one person is a Motswana, and the language they speak is Setswana.

Other languages spoken in Botswana includeKalanga (sekalanga), Sarwa (sesarwa), Ndebele, !Xóõ and, in some parts, Afrikaans.

Religion
An estimated 77% of the country's citizens identify as Christians.
Religion in Botswana (Pew Research)[68]
Anglicans, Methodists, and the United Congregational Church of religion percent
Southern Africa make up the majority of Christians. There are also Protestant 66%
congregations of Lutherans, Baptists, Roman Catholics, Latter-day None 20%
Saints (Mormons), the Dutch Reformed Church, Mennonites, Seventh- Catholic 7%
Folk 6%
day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses in the country. In Gaborone, a
Other 1%
Lutheran History Centre is open to the public.

According to the 2001 census, the country has around 5,000 Muslims, mainly from South Asia, 3,000 Hindus and 700 Baha'is.
[69]
Approximately 20% of citizens espouse no religion. Religious services are well attended in both rural and urban areas.

Culture
Besides referring to the language of the dominant people groups in Botswana, Setswana is the adjective used to describe the rich
cultural traditions of the Batswana—whether construed as members of the Tswana ethnic groups or of all citizens of Botswana. In
Botswana most of the tribes have different ways that they use to greet one another, but for easy communication and connection
batswana use a three way hand shake or one can just greet another by saying "Dumelang" as a way of saying "hello" without having
to use hand shakes. In community celebrations like Dikgafela or during marriage ceremonies batswana women show excitement and
happiness by the use ofululations as part of their culture.

Media
Botswana has two TV stations one of which is owned by the government (Botswana
television); five radio stations and seven newspapers that publish on a weekly basis.

Music
Botswana music is mostly vocal and performed, sometimes without drums
depending on the occasion; it also makes heavy use of string instruments. Botswana
folk music has instruments such as setinkane (a sort of miniature piano),
segankure/segaba (a Botswana version of the Chinese instrument erhu), moropa
(meropa -plural) (many varieties of drums), phala (a whistle used mostly during
celebrations, which comes in a variety of forms). Botswana cultural musical
instruments are not confined only to the strings or drums. The hands are used as
musical instruments too, by either clapping them together or against phathisi (goat
skin turned inside out wrapped around the calf area, only used by men) to create
music and rhythm. For the last few decades, the guitar has been celebrated as a
versatile music instrument for Tswana music as it offers a variety in string which the
Dance at a cultural day.
segaba instrument does not have. The national anthem is "Fatshe leno la rona".
Written and composed by Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete, it was adopted upon
independence in 1966.

Visual arts
In the northern part of Botswana,
women in the villages of Etsha and
Gumare are noted for their skill at
crafting baskets from Mokola Palm
and local dyes. The baskets are A rondavel at a lodge near the
generally woven into three types: Kalahari Desert.
large, lidded baskets used for
storage, large, open baskets for
Textile art
carrying objects on the head or for winnowing threshed grain, and smaller plates for
winnowing pounded grain. The artistry of these baskets is being steadily enhanced
through colour use and improved designs as they are increasingly produced for international markets.

Other notable artistic communities includeThamaga Pottery and Oodi Weavers, both located in the south-eastern part of Botswana.

The oldest paintings from both Botswana and South Africa depict hunting, animal and human figures, and were made by the Khoisan
(!Kung San/Bushmen) over twenty thousand years ago within theKalahari desert.

Food
The cuisine of Botswana is unique but also shares some characteristics with other cuisine of Southern Africa. Examples of Botswana
food are pap (maize porridge), boerewors, samp, Magwinya (fried dough bread) and mopani worms. Foods unique to Botswana
include seswaa, heavily salted mashed-up meat.

Sports
Football is the most popular sport in Botswana, with qualification for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations being the national team's
highest achievement to date. Other popular sports are softball, cricket, tennis, rugby, badminton, handball, golf, and track and
field.[70][71] Botswana is an associate member of the International Cricket Council. Botswana became a member of The International
Badminton Federation and Africa Badminton Federation in 1991. The Botswana
Golf Union offers an amateur golf league in which golfers compete in tournaments
and championships.

Botswana won the country's first Olympic medal in 2012 when runner Nijel Amos
won silver in the 800 metres. In 2011, Amantle Montsho became world champion in
the 400 metres and won Botswana's first athletics medal on the world level. High
jumper Kabelo Kgosiemang is a three-time African champion.

The card game bridge has a strong following; it was first played in Botswana over Boerewors
30 years ago, and it grew in popularity during the 1980s. Many British expatriate
school teachers informally taught the game in Botswana's secondary schools. The
Botswana Bridge Federation (BBF) was founded in 1988 and continues to organise tournaments. Bridge has remained popular and
the BBF has over 800 members.[72] In 2007, the BBF invited theEnglish Bridge Union to host a week-long teaching program in May
2008.[73]

Education
Botswana has made great strides in educational development since independence in
1966. At that time there were very few graduates in the country and only a very
small percentage of the population attended secondary school. Botswana increased
[74]
its adult literacy rate from 69% in 1991 to 83% in 2008.

With the discovery of diamonds and the increase in government revenue that this
brought, there was a huge increase in educational provision in the country. All
students were guaranteed ten years of basic education, leading to a Junior Certificate
qualification. Approximately half of the school population attends a further two
years of secondary schooling leading to the award of the Botswana General Buildings of the new and old
Certificate of Secondary Education (BGCSE). Secondary education in Botswana is Botswana university. Botswana's
economic growth has had a positive
neither free nor compulsory.
impact on the university.
After leaving school, students can attend one of the seven technical colleges in the
country, or take vocational training courses inteaching or nursing. Students enter the
University of Botswana, Botswana College of Agriculture, Botswana International University of Science and Technology and the
Botswana Accountancy Collegein Gaborone. Many other students end up in the numerous private tertiary education colleges around
the country. Notable amongst these is Botho University, the country's first private university which offers undergraduate programmes
in Accounting, Business and Computing. Another international university is the Limkokwing University of Creative Technology
which offers various associate degrees in Creative Arts.[75] Other tertiary institutions include Ba Isago, ABM University College the
largest school of business and management, New Era, Gaborone Institute of Professional Studies,Gaborone University College Of
Law And Professional Studiesetc. Tremendous strides in providing quality education have been made by private education providers
such that a large number of the best students in the country are now applying to them as well. A vast majority of these students are
government sponsored. The nation's second international university, the Botswana International University of Science and
Technology, was completed in Palapye in 2011.

The quantitative gains have not always been matched by qualitative ones. Primary schools in particular still lack resources, and the
teachers are less well paid than their secondary school colleagues. The Botswana Ministry of Education[76] is working to establish
libraries in primary schools in partnership with the African Library Project.[77] The Government of Botswanahopes that by investing
a large part of national income in education, the country will become less dependent on diamonds for its economic survival, and less
dependent on expatriates for its skilled workers.[78] Those objectives are in part pursued through policies in favour of vocational
education, gathered within the NPVET (National Policy on Vocational Education and Training), aiming to "integrate the different
types of vocational education and training into one comprehensive system".[78] Botswana invests 21% of its government spending in
education.[74]

In January 2006, Botswana announced the reintroduction of school fees after two decades of free state education[79] though the
government still provides full scholarships with living expenses to any Botswana citizen in university, either at the University of
Botswana or if the student wishes to pursue an education in any field not offered locally, such as medicine, they are provided with a
full scholarship to study abroad.

Science and technology

Botswana is planning to use science and technology to diversify its economy and thereby reduce its dependence on diamond mining.
To this end, the government has set up six hubs since 2008, in the agriculture, diamonds, innovation, transport, health and education
sectors.[80]

Botswana published its updated National Policy on Research, Science and Technology in 2011, within a UNESCO project sponsored
by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development (AECID). This policy aims to take up the challenges of rapid
technological evolution, globalization and the achievement of the national development goals formulated in high-level strategic
documents that include Botswana'sTenth National Development Planto 2016 and Vision 2016.[80]

The National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011) fixes the target of raising gross domestic expenditure
on research and development (R&D) from 0.26% of GDP in 2012 to over 2% of GDP by 2016. This target can only be reached
[80]
within the specified time frame by raising public spending on R&D.

Despite the modest level of financial investment in research, Botswana counts one of the highest researcher densities in sub-Saharan
Africa: 344 per million inhabitants (in head counts), compared to an average of 91 per million inhabitants for the subcontinent in
2013.[80]

Health

General
The Ministry of Health in Botswana is responsible for overseeing the quality and distribution of healthcare throughout the country.
Life expectancy at birth was 55 in 2009 according to the World Bank, having previously fallen from a peak of 64.1 in 1990 to a low
of 49 in 2002.[81] After Botswana's 2011 census, current life expectancy is estimated at 54.06 years.[10]

The Cancer Association of Botswana is a voluntary non-governmental organisation. The association is a member of the Union for
International Cancer Control. The Association supplements existing services through provision of cancer prevention and health
awareness programmes, facilitating access to health services for cancer patients and offering support and counseling to those
affected.[82]

HIV/AIDS epidemic
Like elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa, the economic impact of AIDS is considerable. Economic development spending was cut by
10% in 2002–3 as a result of recurring budget deficits and rising expenditure on healthcare services. Botswana has been hit very hard
by the AIDS pandemic; in 2006 it was estimated that life expectancy at birth had dropped from 65 to 35 years.[83] However, after
Botswana's 2011 census current life expectancy isestimated at 54.06 years.[10]

The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Botswana was estimated at 25.4% for adults aged 15–49 in 2009 and 21.9% in 2013,[12]:A8
exceeded by Lesotho and Swaziland in sub-Saharan African nations. This places Botswana at the third highest prevalence in the
world, in 2013, while "leading the way in prevention and treatment programmes".[13] In 2003, the government began a
comprehensive program involving free or cheap generic antiretroviral drugs as well
as an information campaign designed to stop the spread of the virus; in 2013, over
40% of adults in Botswana had access to antiretroviral therapy.[12]:28 In the age
group of 15–19 years old, prevalence was estimated at about 6% for females and
3.5% for males in 2013,[12]:33 and for the 20–24 age group, 15% for females and
5% for males.[12]:33 Botswana is one of 21 priority countries identified by the UN
AIDS group in 2011 in the Global Plan to eliminate new HIV infections among
children and to keep their mothers alive.[12]:37 From 2009 to 2013, the country saw
Life expectancy in several African
a decrease over 50% in new HIV infections in children.[12]:38 A further measure of
countries from 1960 to 2012.
the success, or reason for hope, in dealing with HIV in Botswana, is that less than Botswana had the highest life
10% of pregnant HIV-infected women were not receiving antiretroviral medications expectancy until HIV/AIDS began to
in 2013, with a corresponding large decrease (over 50%) in the number of new HIV reduce it in the late 1980s.
infections in children under 5.[12]:39, 40 Among the UN Global Plan countries,
people living with HIV in Botswana have the highest percentage receiving
[12]:237
antiretroviral treatment: about 75% for adults (age 15+) and about 98% for children.

With a nationwide Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission program, Botswana has reduced HIV transmission from infected
mothers to their children from about 40% to just 4%. Under the leadership of Festus Mogae, the Government of Botswana solicited
outside help in fighting HIV/AIDS and received early support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Merck Foundation,
and together formed the African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP). Other early partners include the Botswana-
Harvard AIDS Institute, of the Harvard School of Public Health and the Botswana-UPenn Partnership of the University of
Pennsylvania. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, universal access to treatment – defined as 80% coverage or greater – has been
achieved in Botswana.[84]

Potential reasons for Botswana's high HIV prevalence include concurrent sexual partnerships, transactional sex, cross-generational
sex, and a significant number of people who travel outside of their local communities in pursuit of work. The polyamorous nature of
many sexual relationships further impacts the health situation, to the extent that it has given rise to a love vocabulary[85] that is
unique to the region.

Tourism
The Botswana Tourism Organisation[86] is the country's official tourism group.
Primarily, tourists visit Gaborone due to the city having numerous activities for
visitors. The Lion Park Resort[87] is Botswana's first permanentamusement park and
hosts events such as birthday parties for families. Other destinations in Botswana
include the Gaborone Yacht Club and the Kalahari Fishing Club and natural
attractions such as the Gaborone Dam and Mokolodi Nature Reserve. There are golf
courses which are maintained by the Botswana Golf Union (BGU).[88] The
Phakalane Golf Estate is a multimillion-dollar clubhouse that offers both hotel
accommodations and access to golf courses.
Chobe National Park
Museums in Botswana include:

Botswana National Museumin Gaborone

Kgosi Bathoen II (Segopotso) Museum in Kanye
Kgosi Sechele I Museum in Molepolole
Khama III Memorial Museum in Serowe
Nhabe Museum in Maun
Phuthadikobo Museumin Mochudi
Supa Ngwano Museum Centre in Francistown
See also
.bw
Economy of Botswana
Commonwealth of Nations
Communications in Botswana
Science and technology in Botswana
Cuisine of Botswana
International rankings of Botswana
Outline of Botswana
Postage stamps and postal history of Bechuanaland Protectorate
Eleventh National Development Plan (Botswana)
Transport in Botswana
Tuli block

Sources
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 UNESCO Science Report: towards
2030, 546–547, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see
Wikipedia:Adding open license text to Wikipedia. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use.

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Further reading
Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (11 July 2001). "An African Success Story: Botswana"(pdf)
– via mit.edu.
Cohen, Dennis L. "The Botswana Political Elite: Evidence from the 1974 General Election,"Journal of Southern
African Affairs, (1979) 4, 347–370.
Colclough, Christopher and Stephen McCarthy . The Political Economy of Botswana: A Study of Growth and Income
Distribution (Oxford University Press, 1980)
Denbow, James & Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006).Culture and Customs of Botswana. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
ISBN 0-313-33178-2.
Edge, Wayne A. and Mogopodi H. Lekorwe eds.Botswana: Politics and Society(Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik, 1998)
Good, Kenneth. "Interpreting the Exceptionality of Botswana,"Journal of Modern African Studies(1992) 30, 69–95.
Good, Kenneth (September 1994)."Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: A Best-Case Example?" (PDF).
Journal of Modern African Studies. 32 (3): 499–521. eISSN 1469-7777. ISSN 0022-278X. Retrieved 13 July 2018 –
via harvard.edu.
Tlou, Thomas, and Alec C. Campbell.History of Botswana (Macmillan Botswana, 1984)

External links
Official website
"Botswana". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Botswana from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Botswana at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Botswana from the BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Botswana
Key Development Forecasts for Botswanafrom International Futures
Government Directory for Botswanafrom African Directory Services

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