Updated: 27 January 2013

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Lecture #6
(particular solutions, cont.)

Chapra L4 (cont.)

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 1

 Exponential Loading
 W(t)=Weeβet
 We= 1625 kg/d
 βe= 0.04558 /yr
3 We
cp = ( e β e t − e − λt )
V (λ + β e )
Concentration (mg/L)

2.5
1200000

2 1000000

Loading (Kg/y)
800000
1.5 600000

1 400000 Expon

200000
0.5 0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
Time (years)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (years)

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 2

  W(t)=W-bar+ Wasin(ωt-θ)
Sinusoidal Loading 


W-bar= 500,000 kg/yr
Wa = 250,000 kg/yr
θ Tp  Tp = 2π/ω = 1 yr
 phase shift, θ = (0.25)2π=0.5π

1000000
900000
800000
Loading (Kg/y)

700000
600000 Wa
500000
400000
300000
200000
W-bar
100000
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

David A. Reckhow
Time (years)
CEE 577 #6 3
 W-bar= 500,000 kg/yr

Sinusoidal Loading
Wa = 250,000 kg/yr
Tp = 2π/ω = 1 year
phase shift , θ = 0.5π
ω  Response
1.2 ϕ (ω ) = arctan 
λ
  phase shift
Concentration (mg/L)

0.8
0.6
sin (ωt − θ − ϕ (ω ) )
W Wa
cp = (1 − e −λt ) +
0.4 Vλ V λ +ω
2 2

sin (− θ − ϕ (ω ) ) exp( −λt )

Wa
0.2 −
V λ +ω
2 2
0
0 5 10 15 20
1200000

1000000
25

Loading (Kg/y)
Time (years) 800000

600000 Sinusoid
400000

200000

Return 0

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (years)
David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 4
 Q=2x105 m3/d
A=1.1x108 m2

Sinusoidal Loading V=1.75x109 3

k =0
λ = 0.042
Increasing λ

k = 0.0003
λ = 015
.

k = 0.001
λ = 0.42
k = 0.005
λ = 187
.

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 5

 Example (similar to: 11.1 from Reckhow & Chapra)
 Green Lake & Happy Valley
 Hydraulic Parameters
 Q=20x106 m3/yr, V=100x106 m2, As=10x106 m2, H=10m

 Decay: k=1.05/yr
 Loading
 local WWTP: 0.115x104 g/capita/yr, 20,000 people (long term,
but at t=0, WW is pumped to regional plant)
 new paper mill: 50x106g/yr
 new cattle feed lot: 150 animals, increasing by 100 cattle each
year, 0.1x106 g/animal
 New scenario: regional WWTP cannot accept new WW, town of
Happy Valley is growing exponentially at 0.3/yr
 New canning plant: annual cycle, avg=30x106 g/yr
 max on Oct 1; min on Apr 1 (half of average)

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 6

Summation of Loading
Summation
4
Concentration (mg/L)

3.5
Cattle Feed Lot
3
2.5
WWTP
2
1.5
1 Canning plant
0.5
0 Paper Mill
0 5 10 15 20 Decay of
25Co
Time (years)

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 7

 WWTP: dirunal variations
 Figures 1.6 a & b, from Thomann & Mueller

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 8

WWTP: weekly variations
 Figure 1.6 c, from Thomann & Mueller

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 9

WWTP: Seasonal Variations
 Figure 1.6 d, from Thomann & Mueller

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 10

Cultural Eutrophication
 Many correlated WQ problems
 Floating mats of algae
 Low DO
 High P?

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 11

Lake Nutrient Classification
Phosphorus Trophic State Lake Use
Conc. (mg/L)

<0.010 Oligotrophic Suitable for water-based recreation and propagation

of cold water fisheries, such as trout. Very high
clarity and aesthetically pleasing. Excellent as a
drinking water source.

0.010 - 0.020 Mesotrophic Suitable for water-based recreation but often not for
cold water fisheries. Clarity less than oligotrophic
lake.
0.020 - 0.050 Eutrophic Reduction in aesthetic properties diminishes overall
enjoyment from body contact recreation. Generally
very productive for warm water fisheries. High
TOC and algal tastes & odors make these waters less
desirable as a water supply.
> 0.050 Hyper- A typical "old-aged" lake in advanced succession.
eutrophic Some fisheries, but high levels of sedimentation and
algae or macrophyte growth may be diminishing
open water surface area. Generally, unsuitable for
drinking water supply.

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 12

Phosphorus and productivity

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 13

Clarity and productivity

Chapra, pg 541
David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 14
Oxygen depletion and P

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 15

 Empirical Modeling
10
 Vollenweider’s

Areal P Loading
phosphorus

(g/m2/yr)
loading plot 1
Eutrophic
 P=fn(L/Z)
 refer to Chapra, 0.1
pg. 535 Oligotrophic
0.01
1 10 100 1000
Depth is H or Z
Mean Depth (m)

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 16

 Empirical P Models (cont.)

 Vollenweider
modifies
earlier model
for effects of
flushing
 x-axis is
equivalent to
hydraulic
overflow rate, L
Q/As.

Z
David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 τw 17
Simple Lake P Model
 This model is based on a simple mass balance with terms for loading
(W), settling, and outflow. There is no spatial, or temporal resolution
dP
V = W − v s PAs − QP
dt
 Dividing both sides by the surface area (As) gives:
dP
H = L − vs P − qs P
dt
 where, H is the lake depth, L is the areal loading (W/As) and qs is the
overflow rate (Q/As). At steady state (dP/dt =0), the solution becomes:

L
P=
vs + qs
David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 18
Simple Lake P Model (cont.)
 Based on data from 47 northern temperate lakes included in EPA's
National Eutrophication Survey, the settling velocity (in m/yr) was found
to be an empirical function of the overflow rate[1]:

v s = 11.6 + 0.2q s

 so substituting this into the steady state model above, we get:

L
P=
11.6 + 1.2q s

[1] From: Reckhow, 1979 [JWPCF 51(8)2123-2128] “Uncertainty Analysis Applied to Vollenweider’s
Phosphorus Loading Criterion”
David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 19
Simple Lake P Model (cont.) P=
L
 where:
11.6 + 1.2q s
 P = mean annual total phosphorus concentration (g-P/m3 or mg-
P/L)
 L = mean annual areal phosphorus loading (g-P/m2-yr)
 qs = mean annual areal water loading or overflow rate (m/yr) = Q/As
 This model was developed from lakes with the following
characteristics
 phosphorus concentrations in the range of 0.004-0.135 mg/L
 phosphorus loadings of 0.07-31.4 g-P/m2-yr
 overflow rates of 0.75-187 m/yr.
 It should not be used for lakes whose characteristics are
outside of this range.

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 20

Simple Lake P Model (cont.)
 When used properly, the log transform of the model has an
estimated error (smlog) of 0.128. This value was determined
from comparison of observed and predicted phosphorus
concentrations in the 47 lakes. Therefore, considering
error, the model can be written as:

[
L = (11.6 + 1.2q s ) 10
log( P ) ± sm log
]
David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 21
Modeling Perspectives

From Chapra (pg 538)

from: Reckhow, 1979

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 22

  To next lecture

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #6 23