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Malleable and ductile:
metal is deformed
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Electrical conductivity and heat conductivity:
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Melting point and boiling point:
The values of melting point and boiling point are increasing when the
strength of the metallic bond increased.
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Moving along a period from left to right of the periodic table, there is an
increase in the strength of the metallic bond (melting and boiling point
increases).
Example:
Na atom and Mg atom lose 1 and 2
valence electrons, to form Na+ and
Mg2+ ions respectively. The more
electrons “swim” in the electron sea,
the stronger is the attractive force
between metal cation and valence
electrons, therefore the stronger is
the metallic bond produced.
Melting points of the Group 1A(1) and Group 2A(2) elements.
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Melting and Boiling Points of Some Metals
Element mp(0C) bp(0C)
Boiling a metal requires each cation and its electrons to break away
from the others, so the boiling points are quite high.
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For the transition metals, the strength of metallic bonding
first increases with increasing number of electrons and then
decreases.
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Band model proposes that
lower energy MO are occupied by the valence electrons and make up the
valence band.
higher energy MO are empty orbitals that make up the conduction band.
In other words, the electrons are completely delocalized; they are free to
move throughout the piece of metal.
Thus, metals conduct electricity so well because an applied electric field easily
excites the highest electrons into empty orbitals, and they more through the
sample.
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Metallic luster (shininess) is another effect of the continuous band of
MO energy level. With so many closely spaced levels available, electrons
can absorb and release photons of many frequencies as they move
between the valence band and conduction band.
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categories of solids
• based on their conducting properties:
– conductors
– semiconductors
– Insulators
Three categories of materials may be easily
understood by differences in terms of the size of
the energy gaps between the valence and
conduction bands.
•Electrons flow when even a • Thermally excited • The gap between the
tiny electrical potential electrons can across the bands is too large for
difference is applied. gap, allowing small electrons to jump even
• When temperature is raised, current to flow. when the substance is
greater random motion of the • The conductivity of a heated, so no current
atoms hinders electron semiconductor increases is observed.
movement, which decreases when it is heated.
the conductivity of a metal
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• Na: 3s1 : Valence band and Conduction band
are the same
• Mg: 3s2 (fully filed): 3s valence band can not
transport electrons. BUT the vacant 3p
conduction band overlaps the valence band
and can be populated by electrons when
voltage is applied : this permits Mg to be a
conductor. The electrons are delocalised
Why for the transition metals, the strength of metallic bonding
first increases with increasing number of electrons and then
decreases?
Transition metals
Row 4 of elements
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The energy states that lead to the band for transition metals can likewise be
divided into two types:
lower energy states that result from metal-metal bonding interaction.
higher energy states that result from metal-metal antibonding interactions.
The metal chromium possess the correct number of electrons to fill the valence
band and leave the conduction band empty.
Transition metals with a smaller number of electrons than Cr have fewer metal-
metal bonding orbitals occupied.
Transition metals with a greater number of electrons than Cr have more metal-
metal antibonding orbitals occupied.
In each case the metal-metal bonding should be weaker than that in Cr,
consistent with the trends in melting points.
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REVIEW QUESTION
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Valence band: Band occupied by the outermost electrons
Conduction: Lowest band with unoccupied states