Instructor’s Solutions Manual for Swokowski and Cole’s Algebra and Trigonometry with Analytic Geometry Eleventh Edition Jeffery A. Cole Anoka-Ramsey Community College THOMSON ‘Australia + Canada « Mexico + Singapore + Spain + United Kingdom + United States© 2005 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and Brooks/Cole are trademarks used herein under license, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Instructors of classes adopting Algebra and Trigonometry with Analytic Geometry, Eleventh Edition by Eatl W. Swokowski and Jeffery A. 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Mexico Spain (inclu ‘Thomson Paraninfo Calle Magallanes, 25 28015 Madrid, SpainPreface This manual contains answers to all exercises in the text Algebra and Trigonometry with Analytic Geometry, Eleventh Edition, by Earl W. Swokowski and Jeffery A, Cole, A student version of this manual is also available; it contains solutions (often with more detail) for the odd-numbered exercises in each section, as well as solutions fet many exercises in the review sections. For most problems, a reasonably detailed solution is included. I have tried to correlate the length of the solutions with their difficulty. It is my hope that by merely browsing through the solutions, professors will save time in determining appropriate assignments for their particular class, | appreciate feedback concerning errors, solution correctness or style, and manual style—comments from. professors using previous editions have greatly strengthened the ancillary package as well as the text. Any comments may be sent directly to me at the address below, at jeffcole@anokaramsey.edu, or in care of the publisher: Thomson Higher Education, 10 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002. T would like to thank: Mike Rosenborg and Sudhir Goel for accuracy checking; Joan Cole, my wile, for proofing various features of the manual; Brian Morris and the late George Morris, of Scientific Mlustrators, for creating the mathematically precise art peckage; and Sally Giffand and Gall Magin, of Liftand et al., Bookmakers, for assembling the final manuscript. I dedicate this book to my children, Becky and Brad. Jeffery A, Cole Anoka-Ramsey Community College 11200 Mississippi Blvd. NW Coon Rapids, MN 55433Table of Contents Fundamental Concepts of Algebra.. Real Numbers i 1.2 Exponents and Radicals « 5 1.3 Algebiaic Expressions « 9 14 Fractional Expressions « 3 Chapter 1 Review Exercises © 19 ‘Shapter 1 Discussion Exercises © Equations and Inequalities .. 21 Rquations « - Pu 22 Applied Problems ® a1 3 Quadratie Equations « a4 24 Complex Numbers « 2 25 Other Types of Equations © 44 26 Inequalities © ‘ 5 27 More on Inequalities * » 56 Chapter 2 Review Exercises © 61 Chapter 2 Discussion Exercises © 68 Functions and Graphs. 3.1 Rectangular Coordinate Systems © . n 3.2. Graphs of Equations « 5 33 Lines © seore 87 34 Definition of Function « 96 3.5 Graphs of Funetions « 106 3.6 Quadratic Functions « .. 120 3.7 Operations or Functicns * 130 Chapter 3 Review Exercises « 139 Chapter 9 Discussion Exercises © : : 151 Polynomial and Rational Functions .. 158 4.1 Polynomial Punctioas of Degree Greater Than 2 © 4.2 Properties of Division « .. 4.3 Leros of Polynomials ® seer. : 4.4 Complex and Rational Zeros of Polynomials © 4.5 Rational Functions « 4.6 Variation © . Chapter 4 Review Exercises © Chapter 4 Discussion Bzercives @ 155 166 169 176 180 191 200Inverse, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions... ‘The Trigonometrie Punctions.. 6.1 Angles « 6.2 Trigonometric Functions of Angles * 6.3 Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers. « 64 Values of the Trigonometrie Functions « 6.5 Trigonometric Graphs * 6.6 Additional Trigonometrie Graphs 6.7 Applied Problems « Chapter 6 Review Exercises © Chapter 6 Discussion Exercises © Analytic Trigonometry. 7A Verifying Trigonometric Identities « ... 7.2 Trigonometric Equations .. 7.3 ‘The Addition and Subtraction 7.4 Multiple-Angle Formulas » 3 Product-to-Sum and Sum-to Product Formulas « 7.8 The Inverse Trigonometric Functions © Chapter 7 Review Exercises © Chapter 7 Discussion Applications of Trigonometry. 8.1 The Law of Sines & 8.2 The Law of Cosines © 8.3 Vectors @ 84 The Dot Product « « 85. Trigonometric Form for Complex Numbers 8.6 DeMoivre’s Theorem and nth Roots of Complex Num Table of Contents Inverse Functions © Exponential Functions « ‘The Natural Bxponential Function « Logarithmic Functions « Properties of Logarithms « Exponential and Logatithmic Equations « Chapter § Review Exercises @ .. Chapter 5 Discussion Exercises « Chapter # Review Exercises © Chapter 8 Discussion Exercises «9 Systems of Equations and Inequalities. 81 92 9.3 94 9.5 96 97 98 99 9.10 10 Sequences, Series, and Probability 101 10.2 10.3, 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 11 Topics from Analytic Geometry... ua 112 3 14 1s 16 Table of Contents Systems of Equations « Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables ystems of Inequalities © Linear Programming « Systems of Linear Equations in More Thau Two Variables « ‘The Algebra of Mateices « The Inverse of a Matrix Properties of Determinants © Partial Fractions « sth Chapter 9 Review Exercises « Chapter 9 Discussion Exercises « 527 Infinite Sequences and Summation N Arithmetic Seque Geometric Sequences = : Mathematical Induction The Binomial Theorem © .. Permutations « Distinguishable Permutaiions and Combinatioas 361 Probability « : Chapter {0 Review Exercises « ..- Chapter 10 Discussion Ezercives © 585 Parabolas « 585, Bilipses © esesinniernn ee 7 a ao) Hyperbolas ©... ease 599 Plane Curves and Parametric Pelar Coordinates _ Pelar Equations of Conies © Chapter I Review Exercises « .. Chapter 11 Discussion Exercises @ 608: 622 633 645, 655,To the Instructor In the chapter review sections, the solutions are abbreviated since more detailed solutions were given in chapter sections, Ir. easier groupe of exercises, representative solutions are shown. When appropriate, only Uhe answer is listed, dent's Solutions Manual contains solutions for the odd- The accompanying 5 numbered exercises in each section end for the discussion exercises, as well as solutions for many exercses in the chapter review sections. ‘There are additional explanations in that manual and an emphasis on the applied problems Alll figures have been plotted using computer solrware, offering a high degree of precision. The calculator graphs are from various TI sercens, When possible, we tried to make each piece of art with the same scale to show a realistic and consistent graph, ‘This manual was done using EXP: The Scientific Word Processor. The following notations are used in the manna. Note: Notes to the .usteuetor pertaining to hints on instruction or conventions to follow. rf {comments to the reader are in braces) Ls {Left Side of an equation } RS {Right Side of an equation) > implies, next equation, logically follows } e and only if, is equivalent to} . {ullet, used to separate problem statement from solution or explanation } * {sed to identify the answer to the problem } 5 { section references } v {For all, ie., ¥2 means “for all 2”.} R—{a} {The set of all real numbers except a.} { therefore) QQ {quadrants I, I IH, 1V)Chapter 1: Fundamental Concepts of Algebra E BS res = OH (a) Since z and y have opposite signs, the product zy is negative. (b) Since x? > 0 and y >@, z¥y >0. (6) Since 2 <0 and y>0, §0 and 2 <0, y-2>0. (a) Since = and y have opposite signs, the quotient (2) Since # <0 and y? > 0, 2y? <0. is negative. (©) Since 2=y <0 and zy <0, 274 >0. (d) Since y > 0 and y—2>0, yly—z) >0. [3]. (a) Since ~7 is to the let of ~4 on a coordinate line, ~7[Z]—4. (b) Using a ealeulator, we see that = 15708. Hence, $[3]1.57. (©) VBE (2) Since ~3 is to the right of —5 on a coordinate line ) ( V20rS)7 [Bl (a) Since f= 0.09, 2530.09, {b) Since 2 = 0.8, 3(5 0.6600. j and x = 3.141503, 2759. ‘sing a ealeulator, we see that $= 0.1854. Hence, 5] iG} THBBS7, $CZI0.143.—_(b) Since f= (© Since Y2~ 1.4142, JIC} [i (2) zisnegative 2<0 (b) yis nonnegative @ y>0 (©) qi less than or equal tor q<7 (d) dis between 4 and 2 <@ 29 (i) The absolute value of z is greater than 7 <> [z[ >7 Hl (a) bis postive o> b>0 (b) sis nonpasitive @ 5<0 (c) w is greater than or equal to 4 < w>—4 (@) cis between Fand} + Leech (e) pismot greater than -2 ¢ p<-2 (6) The negative of m is nus nw chan 2 4 —m>~2 (@) The quotient of r and sis at least |< Fah (h) The reciprocal of f is at most 14. <>. (i) The absolute value of zis less than 4 > |r| <42 1.1 EXERCISES —(-10) {since -10 <0} = 10 3) =6-3=3 (©) 18} + 1-9] ( (@) (-5)\3-6| (b) |-6| ((-2) (©) |-T1 + 14) (@) (4)|6-7| =(4)[-1] = (4-1) = 4) =4 (b) 5/|-2| =5/{-(-2)] = 5/2 fe) [=1] + {-9] =-(-1)+-(-9)] = 149510 TB] (2) Since (4~ x) is positive, |4— (b) Since (= 4) is negative, [74] =—(n—4) =4—n. (c) Since (4/ — 1.5) is negative, | /2-1.5 (2-15) =1.5-y2 fa) Since (\/3—1.7) is positive, | Y3-1.7| = 3-17, (b) Since (1.7 ~ V5) is negative, |L.7— V3 © l-$l= =k [15] (a) d(A, B) = |7-3] (b) d(B, C) 7 =12 (©) d(C, B) = 4(B, C) = 12 (a) dA, C) = 3] =|-8| =8 [HB] (a) d(A, B) = |-2-(-6)| = [4] =4 (b) lB, C) -2)| = |6, =6 (©) d(C, B) =4(B, Cc) =6 (a) d(A, C) = |4-(-6)| = | 10] =10 (A (a) dA, B) = ]1-(-9)| = |10) =10 (b) B,C) = [10-1] = 19] =9 (©) d(C, B) =d(B,C)=9 (a) (4, C) = |10-(-9)| = [19] =19 [Bl (a) d(A, B) = }-4-8] = |-12| =12 (b) (B,C) = |-1-(-4) 3] (©) d(C, B)=d(B,C)=3 (a) (4,0) sl = Note: Exer. 19-24: Since |a! ~-a|, the answers could have a different form. For example, |—3—z| >8 is equivalent to |z+3| >8. Tea) > |7-21<6 -Vi-2| > |-Vi-ei>1 3-2) 3 |-3-2/>8 4-2] 5 [4-2] <2 =4| > je-alca 2-(-) = |et2] 3 i2+2/221.1 EXERCISES: 3 Note: Exer. 25-82: Have students substitute a permissible value for the fetter to first test if the expression inside the absolute value symbol is positive or negative. [25] Pick an arbitrary value for = that is less than ~3, say —5. Since 3+ (~5) = —2 is negative, we conclude that if x <—3, then 3+ is negative. Hence, |3+2 -B4x)=-, (26) 1f 2 > 5, then 5~2 <0, and |5—=| (2 <2, then 2-250, and [2-2] = (Bf 2 >—7, then T+2>0,and {7 +2] =T +2 25) fa 6, then a~b>0, and |a—b| =a-b. En} [BQ] Since ~24—1 <0 for every 2, 22-1] = BB Ls Gi From Exercise 33, LSC=IRS. ince 2? 44 >8 for every x, J2?+4| = 2% +4 Heo ae?+1, abt ae ab 4 ae b+! 5 Ls[z)Rs ~b+e. LS{Z]RS (2) Ls = -(a+ 6) = ~a— of Z]RS (-2 +8} GN) (a) [32 ETB] 8.4852 () (ase— 1a 5a x 1028 GB (a) BRP & 0.2515, (b) 7 = 31.0063 (0) Tht gr MBHT = 65571 1077 Hoe Por the TL88 Pas use 1.283/(8.182 + 1.5263), where F is obtained by pressing | 2nd || BE (b) (1.28 x 1074) + V4.5 x 10 a 67.08 = 6.708 x 10° (a) yl3.45 — 1.2 104] + 108 334.7 = 3.347 x 10? () (1.701 x 102) x (9.84 108) = 1,769,844 «1.762 x 108 1B) Construct a right triangle with sides of lengths 3 and 1. ‘The hypotenuse will have length 3. Next construct. aright triangle with sides of lengths V/3 and 3. “The hypotenuse will have length 5. 8) Use C = 2nr with r = 1, 2, and 10 t0 obtain 2x, dn, and 207 units from the origin. FD The large rectangle has area a(b +) ‘The sum of the areas of the two small rectangles is ab + ae.4 Ll EXERCISES Gt) = 8 (a) 427,000 = 4.27 108 {b) 0.000 000 098= 9.8 10-* (©) 810,000,000 = 8.1 x 108 (50) (a) 85,200 = 8.52« 104 (b) 0.000 005 «107% (c) 24,900,000 = 2.49 x 107 BM (a) 8.3 «10° = 630,000 (0) 20x 167"? = 0.000 000 000 a02 9 (©) 5.63 x 10 = 563,000,000 (a) 22107 = 28,000,000 (b) 7.01 10° = 0,000 000 007 01 (©) 1.25 10° = 12,300,000,000 [53] 0.000 000 090 o90 900 000 000 O91 7 = 1.7 x 10-2 (54) 9.1 x 10-1 = 0.000 090 000 490 900 940 000 000 G00 000 91 186,000 miles 6) seconds 60 minutes 24 hours 365 days 5 12 oon Tininute. i T day Tyear*) Year 5.87 x10" mi [58] (a) 100 billion = 100,990,000,009 = 1 x 101 (b) d= (100,000 y2(5:37 10") = 5,87 10"7 mi 1.01 grams me 18 0 10- x Ba atom 220.1678 x 10% g = 1.678% 10 ma 6.02 x 10 atoms: a [58] (2.5 million)(0.00039%) 2.5% 1098.5 x 10°) = 8.75 529 halibut (5g) 24 frames, 60 50 minutes 48 hours = 4.1472 10° frarnes “second Tminute I hour 2x10 calculations 60 seconds , 60 1 {0 Second Tminute 1 Hee 1.0368 x 10" caleulations (Bi) (o) 107 =144 in? > 144 in? 1.4 Ihfin.? = 201.6 Ib, (b) 40 x8 = 320 {1 = 46,080 in.2; 46,080 x 14 = 64,012 Ibs, 64,512 1b/(2000 Ib /-on) = 32.956 tons (2 (a) We start with 400 adults, 150 yearlings, and 200 calves {total = 750) Number of A:duts = surviving adults + surviving yearlings = (0.90)(400) + (0,80)(150) =480 ‘Number of Yearlings= surviving calves (0.75)(200) = 150 Number of Calves = number of female adults = (0.50)(480) = 240,1.2 EXERCISES (b) 75% of last spring's calves equal the number of this year's yearlings (150), so the number of calves is 200, ‘The number of calves is equal to the number of adult females and this is one-half of the number of adults, so the number of adults is 400. 90% of these (360) are part of the 400 adults this year. ‘Lhe other 40 adults represent 807% of last year's yearlings, so the number of yearlings is 50 @ (-3y 2402 a THT B -2434=-4h=-S4t-3% B (Ht-r4 ww = 1164 = (4/16) = 1/29 =} B 9°? = (Yoo = 35 = 28 ® (0.008) = (/—0 008)? = (~0.2)? = 0.04 = shy [1 (0.008)-?/* 14/008)? = 1/(0.2)? = GH Ge" abe 13) TB) (08) —842)(40") = ~204 HB) £40?) (G84) 204) = 68? (62 (952)? = te 12d Gabe On? = av \2u oe [19] (3u"v)(auo™ (BD) (=4y=9)(—ane} (0 /(0.008)2/ 1/(0.04) 244 ype? ow BU Bty} Ge wy oe ly-3)-? 22-88 = 972-8y! a -2h¢(28) = (ne 25) BBL (yay?) -# = By! Ay * = 3 (a (-3<*6-*)? ag ae 2108" = (ays s 8 88 ar6 1.2 EXERCISES A ay (22°y~*)(6278y\(da"y) = 42~ BB] (52%y-8)(42-Fy4 = 202-8y = 20H (-2r25)5(3r-8s8)? = (—32r265)(9r-248) = —288 085 3x5y! Z 10,8 aot am (2425) =H _ ggt0y ay (5 (40%2)4 ey 5 cxason( 5) eta? BH (408/2)(20'/2) = a? = 802 (-627I9)(228/5) = 1929/5. 199 (BB (32°F9)(802/9) = nant +00) — 9430/8 — 98/2 (8r)¥9(ar82) = (ar4/ jar ¥/2) = ay (2/8) +0078) — 48/6 af) 2P9 = 97-8199 ee er (Panrat 907 lean (asp 12525 2-19) + (0) = 5-8/6 BH (524)-97 = 95-98, (8272/2416 ig) (92'/2)(—209/2) 62" 8899 _ (=e _ te? _ gaa (Sy Gee a ote eV gs (53) pam eae (x) HB) aa 9/2416 = gl 8) ~ (9/8) + (0/8) _ 07 YB = (Mt = 2M Ye a (25) = 28/8 Sas oy =[(a + oF) = (as opr Jax Jo = (04022 Vere a (et +A? BE VP a (8 BU (@) 42°? = as'e? = ae (0) (42)? = (42)! 4/24? = Bae GH @) 442? a4g et ages (b) (442)? = (44a) ta)? = (442) fioe (5B @) 8-y'P=8- a () 6-99 = Yaa BB (a) ay = 8/9 (b) By)" = 8V/9YV9 = 935 Vai = VF =9 Yea = Y= ay (O Y%6 = VF =a Yim = Y= 281.2 EXERCISES 7 Ow P (63) Joe = 30-ys = Vibe = 404? = tat (BB) Yea = 2075-1 ee Yair’ = V3 Yr = ar? Yr 5% a ae Var —s)) =2r-s (au) = 28 vl = Lay? (ew)? = 12] y= 27198 | Yeu — 1 = few — DY = [27] V—V9] = 27/1), or Ay 1 1(¥= 2) Vernet = 74D = [+2)*) Ly, or +27 + 2u| (ary = Squaring the right side gives us (a + 1)? =a? + 2a + 1, Squaring the left side gives (9) since 2n 3 forall values of 1 for example, let r = 1. ? + 1 for all values of a; for example, let a= 1 usa? +1. a? +20418 1.2 EXERCISES 1276 for all values of 2 and y; for example, let = land y uk since —k # 1/k for all values of k; for example, let k (0) (378 = (3929/5 = 9 a 1.5518 (b) (-8)/9 = (5) 4] = 6251/9 ~ 8.5499 (a) (1.2)? = (-1.2)9)/7 = (1.728) 1.0813, () (-5.08)"79 = (-5.08)7)" we (-87,906.38)"/9 = ~44.3624 (a) Vrvi x 20361 () YibT +5" = 3.9670 (a) (2.6 ~1.9)"? = 2.0408 (b) 8Y7 70.6807 (G5) 5200(1.04))°° x $232,825.78 ha 1454 ft > d= 12h = 1.2)/1454 & 45.8 mi BW =200kg > L=0.46\/W = 0469/28 ~ 2.82 m BH L=25.% => W = 0.00162" = 0.0016(25)**" = 3.99 tons w 180 (b= 75 and w= 180 > Wt = Nw s0.6, Yi-w | Yis—35 250 56.9. Vb 35 7 /120 — 35 Its interesting to note that the 75-kg lifter can lift 24 times his/her body weight = 120 and w=250 > W= and the 120-kg lifter can lift approximately 2.08 times his/her body weight, but the formula ranks the 120-kg lifter as the superior lifter. 75 Ib => S = (0.1091) u42°H725 = (0,1091)(175)%25 (729-799 x 21.76 1 (b) A= 66 in. = 5, = (0.1091) w45(66)°7, A 10% increase in weight would be represented by L.1w and thus 2 = (0.1091)(1.1u)°*25(66)-75 SoS, = (1.1) a 1.04, which represents a 4% increase in S. OO) (a) A= [fo w=o.1ssr'? [iteight | 64] 65] 66] 67 | 68] 69] 70[ 71 Weight | 137 | ta | ia | 148 | 152 | 156 | 160 | 164 Weight | 72] 73] 74] 75| 76/ 77] ta] 79 Weight | 168] 172| 176 | 180| 184 | 188 | 192 | 1961.3 EXERCI 9 w=o.osoh! [iidgie | 0] 1] @] 0] 4] solo [Weigtt[ uur [aa [nr [90 [a8 | aa | aa | aa ae | fo] wm) al mw) | «pw Weight | 137 | 140 | 144 | aa7 | 151 | 154 | 58 | 162 1.3 Exercises, (32? 4 42? — Te + 1) + (29 — dz? — 62) = 1209-1382 +1 (725 + 22? — 112) + (—32°— 22" + 52-3) = 42° 62-3 (42° 452-8) — (925+ 22? + 52-7) = 23-2244 (629 — 2? + x 2) ~ (S222) = 62° 102? + 22 (22 +8)(32—1) = (22)(82) + (22)(—T) + (6)(8z) + (5)(-7) = 624142 + 15235 = 62? +235 (Bx —4)(22 +9) = (Bx)(22) + (82)(9) + (—4)(22) +(~4)(9) = 62? +272 — 8x — 36 = 627 + 192-36, (52 + Ty)(Bx + 2y) = (6x)(82) + (5x) (2y) + (7y)(Be) + (7y)(2u) = 152? + zy + 21zy + M4y? (42 —By)(—By) = (42)(2) + (42)(—By) + (By) (2) + (—By)(—By) 42? — 202y — Bey + Vy? = 4a? —BBzy + 16y? BH (2u+3)(u—4) + 4u(u—2) = (Qu? — Su 12) + (Au? — 8u) = 6x? — 13-12 ) (3u—1)(u4-2) + Tulu + 1) = (Bu? + 5u—2) + (Tu? + Tu) = 10u? + 124-2 LD (82 +5)(22? + 92-5) = 32(22? + 92-5) + 5(22? + 92-5) = (623 4.2727 — 162) + (102? 4 452 ~25) = 629 +372? + 302 — 25 [Bl (72 — 4)(2° 2 +6) = 72(2° — 2 +6) + (-4)(29— 2? +6) (124 ~ 129 +492) + (429 + 42? — 24) = (TB) (0? + 2t —5)(at? — + 2) = (3? — 1 4 2) 4 2e(30? — 1 + 2) + (—5)(3E — 14-2) = (Bt — 8+ 20) + 60 27 +41) + (157 + 5t— 10) = 3e4 +5 — 152+ 91— 10 (7? 82}? + 8r—1) 3s 4 3p —1) + (—8r)(—r? + Br — 1) + (-2)(—r? + Be — 1) Ae 4 e978) 4 (89 — Dar? 4 8) + (Br? — Gr +2) = r+ Le 28 P24 2 +2 (+ 22? 22 +5) = lle +12? — Mlle? +5) = 229 4 2-2-1) +5) = (28-4 2° — 28 + 429 4 525 —5) = 22° + 225 — 224 + 829+ 102? — 102 ~ 10 (18) (22 1)(2? —5)(29—1) = (229 — Sesue a 52? + Bly + dy? aha 1129 +42? + 422-04 We+5)(2—1 228 Wet +329 +274 102-510 1.3 EXERCISES Saty—10s5y _ a2%y?_ sty _ By Baty Bay 543 — 90242 339026? . gab 60°85 — 9076? + at _ 902? | Bab _ 92) 5a 4 4 30h? ‘3a8? Sab? at 20S? + (2 gaat aah hat et Da Gm tet +? By ayts _ b2tys' ay Setvet avte _ Salyst _ ae BH) > + 3y)(22—3y) (22) (52 + 4y)(5x — ay) BB) (2? + 2902-29) (52)? — (4y)? 2 — (ou)? BB] (2? + 9)(27 4) (2 +1)(27- 16) = (27) (32 + 2y)? = (32)? + 2(32)(2y) + (2y)’ (2 —4y)? = (2)? —2(62)(4y) + (4)? = (2? — By}? = (#7)? — 2(27)(3y") + (By?)? = a —627y? + 9y* (22? + 5y2)? = (20%)! + 2(28%)(5y2) + (6y2)? = da" 4 202%y? + 2594 (BI) (x + 2)%(2 ~ 2)? = [we + 2)(2—2)]? = (2? — 4)? = (x2)? - 2(27)(4) + (4)? = 4-82? 416 BB) (+ y)(=—y)? = e+ y\e—v)) = @ — vi? = (2)? —2(24)(02) +)? = at aaty? + yt BS (VE+ VI Ve - Ji) = (V2 = (a =a BA (Vat Ji VE~ Vi = [lve + Vy - VO? = BBB (2S — yl l)(2/8 4 gt 3yt3 4 2h) a2 4 gM 4 PIB) — yg 2194 gy 4 pathy 4 BIS 28/9 _g/9,205 _ I y\(g2 ay 42) 8 g219— gy 4 2) 4g Mg2I9— yl 4 9) Sra ZIYI 4 PP 4 21 gL 4 y m2 4y 2ay + y* sa-y 2y)* = (2)8 — 8(@)*2y) + 3(2)(2u)? — 2v) 6x%y + 122y? — By? (e+ 3y)® = (z)? + 3(2)*(8y) + 3(2)(By)? + (94)? = 29 +92%y + 2Tey? + 27y8 (22 +3y)? = (22)* + 3(22)%(3y) +3(22)(3y)? + (Bu)? = 829 + 362%y + 54ry? + 27 GO) (32 — 4y)? = (82)? — 3(2)%(4y) + 3(82)(4y)? — (Ay)? = 272 — 10804 + 14dzy? — bay?1.3 EXERCISES u Note: Exer. 41d: ‘Treat these as “the sum of the squares plus twice the produet of all possible pairs of terms,” that is, (2-+y-+2)? =a" +y? +2? 4 2ey 4222+ 2p (a+ —0) =a? + 0? +e? + 2ab—2ac—2he Ge? + $1) (24) 42414 229 4204 420 a at + De? + Be? + Be HI BB (22 + y— 32)? = 4x? + +92 + dry — 1222 — bye (2 2y 4 32)? = 2? + 4y? + 929 —Azy + 62 — 12yz re 4 Ast =s(r +41) 4u? —2uv = 2u(2u—») 3026? — 60 = 30°%(b—2) lozy + 152y? = bzy(2 + By) axty® —925y? = 327y?(y — 32) (50) 162°y? + 824y? = 825y(22" + y) (BH 152%y* — 2504y? + 102%y! = 52°y?(ay?— ba + 224y?) BB) tates! + Tika — Bits = 112s Lire 4 Te 5r2) GB) 82? —532~21 = (Be + 32-7) (A 7s? + We-8 = (Te A)(2 +2) (BB 2? + 32 + 4 is irreducible (BB) 32? — 42 + 2 is irreducible 62? + 72 — 20 = (32 —4)(2e +5) 1227 2-6 = (32 +2)(42—3) 122” — 292 +15 = (32—5)(42 3) Qa? 4 Ale + 10 = (Bx 45)(T2 +2) 4x? — 202 + 25 = (2x —5)(2z —5) = (2-5)? Gx? + 2dr + 16 = (32+4)(32-+4) = (20 +4)? (BB) 2527 + 302 +9 = (52 + 8)(52 +8) = (5243)? [GA 162? — 562 +49 = (42—7)(42—7) = (42-7)? 45x? + 38ny + 8y? = (52 + 2y)(92-+ dy) 50s" + A5ny — 18y" = (52 + 6y)(102 ~ 3y) 36r? — 251? = (Gr)? — (5¢)? = (6r + 54)(6r —51) str? — 1622 = (0r)? (40)? = Or +-40)(9r at) 24 — 64? = (22)? — (8w)? = (2? + 8w)(2? - 80) FO] 9y* — 1212? = (y2)? — (112)? = (By? + 112)(3v2 — 112) aie? 4) = 2222) = 2%e + 2)'2—2) 2(z? — 25) = 2(2” — 5) = 2(2 + 5)(2-5) 27425 is irreducible 4z* +9 is irreducible 5a — 48y? = 32522 — 16y*) = 3 [(52)? — (4y)"] = Sx + Ay)(52 —4y) Gtx? — 36y? = 4(162? — 9y%) = 4 [(42)? - (3y)?] = 4(4x + By)(42 — 3y) 642° +27 = (42)? + (3)? = (40 +3) [(42)? — (42)(3) +(3)"] = (Az + 8)(162? - 122 +9) 12523 — 8 = (5z)° — (2)? = (52 — 2) [(52)? + (5x)(2) + (2)?} = (5x —2)(25a? + 102 +4) f= (42) — (2) = (42 —y?) (C42)? + (42)(0") +") = (42 — y?)(1622 + dry? + y*) syBR L 21629 + 125y? = (62°)? + (Su)® = (62° + 5y) (62°)? — (62°)(5y) + (u)"] = (62 + 5y)(3628 — 302%y + 25y?) 3432 + 9? = (72)? + (99) = (72+ y9) [(72)? — (72)(y) + (y?)] = (Ta + y")(492? — Tay? + y°) 28 27y = (27) — (By)? = (2? — By) [(27)? + (27)(3u) + (3y)"] = (2? —By)(o4 + 32%y 4 992) [83] 125 — 2724 = (5) — (92) = (6-32) (6)? + (5)(82) + (8e)] = (5 —32)(25 + 152 +927) 2° +64 = (2)? +(4)® = (@ +4) [()? — (2)(4) + (4))] = (2 + 4) (2? 42 + 18) 2az— Obs + ay — Sby = 22(a 35) + y(a— 36) = (22 + y)(a—3b) 2ay? — azy + 62y ~ 32? = ay(2y — 2) + 32(2y—z) = (ay +32)(2y—2) 2 + 3? — 272-27 = 32 +29 92-9) 32% 4+ 1) -9(e + 1)} = 362? —9)(2 41) = Be + 8)(2—B)(e +1) 2° + 102 — 202 — 40 = H(z + 22? — 42 —8) = 5[r*%(x+2)—4(r+2)) 5(2?—4)(e-+2) = 8(@ + 2)(2~2)(242) = 52 + 2)"(@ 2) a8 428" 2-2 =a%(242)— Me 42) = (27-12 +2) = (2-124? +241) 282329482 — 24 = 22-3) +8(2—3) = (29 + 8)(e~3) = (e+2)(2—3)(2?—22 +4) 0 — 0% + ab? — 0 = a%(a—b) + 0%(a—b) = (a? +0?\(a—8) 6u8 + 17w4+ 12 = (2ut + 3)(3u4 +4) B= (a9)? — 9)? = (@ + 19)(08 1) = (a4 b)(a— Bla? — ab + 82)(a? + ab +8?) 16 = (x)? — 4? = (24+ 4)(x4—4) = (xt +4)(2? + 2)(2? ~2) (B52? 4 42 + 4-99? = (+2)? (By? =(@ +2 + By) + 2-Sy) 2 gy? Gx 4 9 = (2? 62 +9) —4y? = (2 ~ 3)" —(2y)? = (2-3 + By (2-3-2) P27 + By + 16 = (y? + 8y + 16) —2? = (y+ 4)?— (x)? = (vt 4+ a)(vt4—a) ? +9 by —A2" = (y? — by +9) 42? = (y—8)? — (22)? = (y 3 +2a)(y 3-22) P+ TP —8= (+8) —1) = (V+ My? —2y +N? +941) e+ 19 — 27 = (88 + 27)(c8—1) = (Re + 3)(4e? ~ Ge + le Ile? +e +1) PS — 1 = (8 + 1)(@8 - 1) = (a* + 1Yl24 + et - 1) = (28+ 1(et + 1)(2? + Ne? = 1) = 2 + e+ NE? + e+ DE-1) Ae? 4427 42 = o(4e* + 4e $1) = (20+ I)(22 +1) = e221? Area of Lis (2—y)x, area of IFis (2 —»)y, and A= 2? = (e-y)e+(z-vy =(z-v)fe ty).1.4 BXERCISES 13 Volume of Is 2%(z—y), volume of Il is zy(z—y), and volume of II is y2(2— y). Ver-pP=2%(2-y)+2ul2-y+V2-y (a) For the 25-year-old female, use Cy =66.5-+ 18.8w + 5h ~6.8y with w= 59, A= 163, and y = 25. Cy = 66.5 + 13.8(59) + 5(163) — 6.8(25) = 1525.7 calories For the 55-year-old male, use Cy = 655-+9.6 + 1.9h—A-Ty with w= 79, h= 178, and » Cy = 855 + 9.6(75) + 1.9(178) — 4.7(55) = 1454.7 ealories (b) As people age they require fewer calories. ‘The coefficients of w and h are =(e-w(a?tevty). positive because large people requite more calories. = feb ES Qy2- 447 a 2 D sotsom gts ras % io deze5.9_ 8415 9p a 63 2327 2857 237 5 5-5—3(2-3) 8 Es P35 @ H-Le a 7 t= 3 SOB pp ge 5 22247243 _ Qe ti(e+3} 22? —Te-4 zt 1)\e—4) BW 2ettde Ss _(2+5\22—1) _ p04 3224 172410 (e+5)Gr+2) 3eF2 @ w+ 9y _ut5 Ny? + 5y + 25) prays (v+3)(y~3) w a9. w+ M-9) _ a We +2T (y+ 3)(y' @ Bere _G+NU=7) 4 gy ema @+n-0) pr 4 8e Pers) rear Tirta) cy) —get=4 924622440? _ (Be +2)(32—-2) _ 2%(90?— 6244) . WPotesd etek Gr-2E-D Airy He oer) 4otg det 46244902 (22+3)(22~3) eM4z*+6x4+9) Dette +6 be’ 27a! eter) 2Qr-34e? 46249) 2242) iy Sp 1a44 , 250? + 20044 (5a+42)(a+2) a(a—2) 16 @—2a (a + 4i(at+2(a—2) (ba +2)(5a+2) wreES 1.4 EXERCISES (a+2)a—2) 7 ae = WH De -O TFH2 30-2) 5 @FHE-3) Bie epee eva nl) Ose 7) FT (s+)? (38-41) ie 4 gs A+ s(8=2) _ bat —26 44 Gs= 2 BEB G2) Gs 2) 2ytetl mg esdett 5_de-1,245_5a?—2(2r—I) +245 _ge2por45, a a le ee en t+ St({— 2) + 5e(t+2)— 40 _ gi 4 40-40 _ 4(2t+5)(E—2) _ TET T TB aa Baa Pea rata) 4(2t+5) “aT 418 Min) +448) 18 _ Por 19_ GEL +9) + 3)E= t Bins de 8,2 Ax(z)+84+202—4) a2? 462 _ 22(22+3) _ 22243) teat gag Bae) ae 4) Gea) eT a gle Bg 5 ala) 94 522+ 1) _ 125% 4 102 42 _ 2627 + 52 +1) _ etl tye? etl) eel) eel) 22x 41)Bz+1) _ 28241) “Wary Ea = 2H(2)=8 +32 +2) _ de? 4 de —2 _ Px 1ME +2) Beta ya tae) = Tet E43) Sr 6 2 _ S2(z)-6+2(2r+3) _ bet4de _2(Set+4) _ 5244 8 se53~ a8 pgs tt > ataey3) Tae F3) 7 ae F3) De FS i (p+ 8) _ (p= 8)(p +3) _ P9418 pp—2)-Hp—2) (y= 9)(p—32) (o= 2p? + 29+ lP+9) += Ne-2 [Bw 2ac + be = Gad — Sod o(2a +) —3d(2a+b) _ (e~3d)(2a+b) _ ¢~3d Gac + 2ad + Bbc + bd ~ Bale +d) + H(3c +d) = (2a+b)(Gc+d) ~ Se+d1.4 EXERCISES 16 Bay by MOA HOW) + 2al0) ne sas wut uu + 1) = W@u+1) 2 du _ 4u(u+5)+2(u+5)—3u(u)_ 4220410 Bet a= ae) Oe) eel be 4 3 _ Bet I(e—2) ~ Gala +2) +30? 4 Ae A) _ Peaeed P47 E-3™ (24222) 7 P43e-00 __ (e+5)e-2) ets 242 (e— +27 2-2) (eta) Ue2—3) 45247243) _ a) ~ laz-415 ro b =(3n45)2 2(32-+5) GFHITO=D ~ HHI Mar tay ty) _s2+ayty? etMe-) FHT = _ralr? +2) a CP (x +3) + 22(e +1) GDH _ set 154224 0e_ gate re ss HEED + Met a adeb ett 24 lz47 “EsDe+3) 3(2w-+1)—Gw wew+T) _ éw+3—6w 3 By 8 Burl) + bw ~ Ww +54 8u~ Tew ss etter ery16 1.4 EXERCISES 1-3-1) Na = 1) 3 “@=NG@-h $2 Meter) 2 o, mans)_ og “ar(e—a@)~ ar(z—a) OF gg EMP RH 4 AGP 8e) _tee sth MOE AD) og gg gy ENP Ce +) (oP 52) _ SP + Soh? 4 P+ Bh _ M2? + Beh + OP +5) ib rR re da? 4 Sah +P +5 Bo(e+n? teu GHA _ S(t yt _ eee haa + hy? (32? +32h+h) 3224 32h-+ A? heathy eth) = Tend 12s = 12h 4 4 _ = hG@e+ah— 12-1) > (Ge+Sh=1)Ge=1) 1) BGs 43h — Ge — 5(2r-+3)—5(22 + 2h+3) 5 5 REFIT Get MFHCL+3) We +19~ 12-10 EB BYE SS) 10h rl WQz +h -+ 32243) ~ Qe F2h+ INe+3) 8i2?—16y? _ 812?—16y? 3VE+2VH _ (Or + 4y)(2— AYE +2VD) _ Os 727i 32-29 BPD go Cy WER RYT Wem BY IVE RV a + 4y)(6V2 +20) w Worry 2Ve+ Vi _(te + Nts “AVE + VD _ Bafa ea Wet au : (r+ NQVve+ VD1.4 EXERCISES 7 VE + Vay VE Vea Yar VE i vee Bae 7 8 va avi me - 1 “eF P at Vb a Dla Se © (at as V5) wg Vir yi_vi+ ye vi-ve 1 Poe FeV ae Trae aie Vv) br ave- Ve) aq EET YETI _ VNET ET VTL VIETNTT + VET RET DET (2242h41)-Qe+1) en Kies tI + fet) Viet t1+ fiert wg VEXVEER _ V-VErh e+ VERT _ p-(e+h) _ byaveth hjavath Jet Verh Ijeveth jet Vert) ve Fev ee ooh og Vine Vig _ ISEB Vie vie Ves _ % “Vineah+ fica Gees) = MVi-z—ht V1-a) Ji-e—ht+Vi—e Verh- Vers Vea + Ve 7 Ve+n'+ Valeri + (e+h)—2 : L iJerhi+Yeeth+V Verh aermive a agtl3 -2/3 a2 tbr 22 _ stata oa eet iene NE Saat oe 00818 EXER( Note: You may with to demonstrate the 3 techniques shown in Example 9 with one of these simpler expressions in 65-68. Exercises 65-82 are worked using the factoring concept given as the third method of simplification in Example 9. s 5 Seatea titel) ae GH ot-e ae tu—e)=1S -1/2_ 2/9 a ee eee fa 7? - PP oe 22) = se WBMP +a eM 42) = (22? 32 + 1)(4)(32 +2)5(3) + (32+ 2)"4e—3) = (82 + 2)°[12(22? — 32 +1) + (82 +2)(42 —3)] = (82 +2)°(362? — 372 +6) (62 —5)(2)(2? +. 4)(22) + (2? + 4)%(8)(G2 —5)2(6) = 2(62 —5)%(2? + 4)[22(62 — 8) +9{2? +4)] = 22? + 4)(62 —5)*(212? ~ 102 + 36) FD) (2? 4) 7(3)(22 + 1)?(2) + (22 + 1)°G)le? 4/2022) = est (oa ae et 4) + ofan 4) = CEEDNGEA 220 @-ait [PB (Bx + 2)4/9(2)(42 — 5)(4) + (42 — 8) °A)(32 + 2)-77(8) = (G2 +2)*9(42— 5){8(32 +2) + (42 —5)] = C= 8282 +1) Ge +2" (32 + 1)°)@2 —5)"1/"(2) + (22 —5)'/(6)(32 + 1)°3) = (82 +1)°(22 —5)-/7[(32 +1) + 18(22 —5)] = (32+ 1°32 — 89) e2- 5 (2? 49) Be +6) + (2 +6) 9(A)(a + 9)(22) = Gye? + 9) + 6)-4/[-(22 4+ 9) + 24a(e + 6)) = OSH > a — 9) (62 + 127? + 2) — (929 + 22)(3)(62 + 1)*(6) _ (Gx +1) ~ (62 +1)%[(6e + 1)(272" + 2) — 18(929 + 22)] _ 9727942 42 (Ge +1) oe @=1F @=0F (x? +2) (2x) — 29(3)(x? + 2)%(22) _ (2? + 2)?(22) [(2? +2)? ~ 27(3)] _ +27 = GDP ~ Qe(x? 42-32%) 2e(2— 22%) Ae(1 — (sat teat eat (2? ~ 5)4(322) ~ 2° (4)? - 5)9(22) _ [= 5)? 2%(32—15— 82%) _ 2°52? 52%(2 +8) ea @3FCHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES 19 ry PENNA) — BV Qler +4 Qe) _ (224 G2" +4) a4i2 (2 +4)" a (a? 44) (+ ay? (= 2?)Q2)- O27) (20) 2-24) — 24) +24) 22-24) Oa (42? +9)/7(2) — 2 + 3))(4e? + 9) (80) a (aats oP = (42? +9)" "[2(42" + 9) — 4220 +3) __ 1819 (+9) Ge? + 9)7 wy C242 (an +8) 29(a) +3) @yaz+2)-7(3) (ee 4a GNSe + 2-222 + 3)-7/5a(e +2) - 922 +3)) 62 +19 were 7 6(3r + 2)(22 +32 12 + 2802" — 1502 at BB Table Yy = pup ioe Une and Y, aS 2 Y; Yn 1 0.6923 | 0.6928 2 26.12 | 26.12 3 8.0392, 8.0392, 4 5.8794 5.8794 5 5.3268) 5.3268 ‘The values for Y, and Y, agree. ‘Therefore, the two expressions might be equal. Hi Table ¥, 2 2022 + Az +31 aya y, = “Toate tet ot Y= 7 ye] 1 47 | D 76888 [3 0.92778 0.93889 4 asia | 065 | 5 oa00e7 | 0.0467 | ‘he values or Y, and Y, do not agree. Therefore, the two expressions are not equal. Chapter 1 Review Exercises i20 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES (a) Since 0.1 isto the left of ~0.001 on a coordinate line, -0. (b) Since V9 = 3 and 3 isto the right of ~3 on a coordinate line, /9 (6) Since 4 = 0.18, £C550.166. Bl (a) risnegative «> 2 <0 (b) ais between band $e d [2] <4 B (@) (4, C)= |-3-(-8)| (©) d(B, C) = |-3-4] -(-N=7 D (@) (e+ y)? = 27+ 22y + y?[F]z” + y? for every nonzero z and nonzero y. 1 vet¥a_ e+ va Fo fe (a) 98,700,000,000 = 9.37 x 101° (b) 0,000 004 02 = 4.02 x 10-8 Bl (a) 68x10? = 68,000,000 (b) 7.3 10-4 = 0.000 73 @ fe <-3, then 24+3<0, and [x+3| =-(2+3)=-2-3, [10] 1f2 <2 <3, then r-2>0and 2—-3<0. ‘Thus, (r—2)(2—3) <0 and (2=2)(z-3)| = -(2—-2)(2—3), or, equivalently, (2—z)(2 -3). Ts 42 94g _2 wt+phaaord Msp (3076)?(2ab%) = (9a%?)(2ab%) = 18058 [14] gy? 4 16-2 Bry? _ By wy a) (2nee y ebCHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES a wt lees a(t aa a8 498 _ grey? _ 16ute Fuh (aut or oer BB 2p AAI (188-190 6/0 = _(ad)erenete (eryteute 1 = 1/6) tue Br? —y t= 3g Yer f= ev WR = sty tas SD VG ET = VPP YE = rye {ad = Yieke = YFTY IA BH) Ha) vee wh Yew = VIF = ont wa Ee Pee fr (Has BP 040 oe ee ae WE _ Ort eNte—Wibye—V9) eae — VET WE ._ 22 34 4 VE B+ VE_ BH byE+9 mvt A a (4B) (329 — 42? 42-7) 4 (24209 +22 +5) et 22h?2 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES (det = 322 41) = 229442? —4) 2424322 41-44 bars B24 423 32? 44241 (BW (2+ 4)(2 +3) ~ (22-125) = (2? + Te +12) — (22? 112 45) = 2? + 182 $7 (A) (40 —5)(22* + 3x —7) = (4n)(22" + 32—7) + (—5)(Q2? + 32-7) = (829 4 1227 — 282) + (102 — 152 +35) = 82° 4 22? — 432 +35 Bd) (3p? — 29? + y+ 4)(y?—3) = (By? —2y? + y+ 4)y? + (By? — 2? + + 4)(—3) (Bu° — 2y! +9? + 4y) + (9p? + 6y? — By — 12) = dy® ~ 294 — By? + 10y? ~ By —12 (HB) (32 + 2)(e —5)(52 44) = (G2 42)(52? — 212-20) = (1525 — 632? — 602) + (102 — 42 — 40) = 1523 53z?— 1022 ~ 40 (BH (a 1)( + a + ab? +09) = (ot 4 ab + a0? + ab) ~ (ab + a2? + ab 4 18) = afoot coy fee morte + Boe _apte’_optet soe apy Bpig? Bp?” Spy Bil (3a 56)(2a +76) = 6a? + 1106 — 356? (BQ (4r? ~ 35)? = far}? — 2(4r?) (38) + (85)? = 1604 — 24r?s + 95? (BB) (130? + 46)(180 — 4b) = (1302)? ~ (48)? = 1690" — 160 BA (a3 — 02)? = (a)? — 2(0°)(a?) + (a2)? = 0-208 4a (BB (20 +b)® = (20)? + 3(20)"(b) + 3(26)(6)? + (6)® = 8a? + 120% + ab? +5? BH 22) = (08) 2) + (2)? — (4)? = Bed? 4 acta — a Bil (Se + 2y)%(Be— 2y)? = [2 + 2y)(Be—2y)]? = (922 — 4y?)? = B24 ~ 7222y? + 16y" BB (atb+etd) =a +t? 4e? 4d? +2Uabtac+ad+be+bd ted) BY 60rw + 70w = 10w(62 +7) (Bi) ars? — gets! = 2243(r2— 452) = 2r45%r + 26)(r ~28) (Gi) 282? + 4e 9 = (142 + 922 ~1) BD 1608 + 24076? + 964 = (4a? + 36°)(4a? + 98%) = (402 + 6%)? (63) 2uy + 3yz — 8we ~ 1220 = yl2w +30) — 42(2w + dx) = (y—42)(Qw +32) GH 23 ~ 122? + de ~ 18 = 26(e~6) + 3(¢~6) = (2c? + 8)(e~8) [GB] 829 + G4y® = 8(2° + 8y°) = 8[(2)* + (2y)°] = 8(e + 2u)(2? — 2ey + dy?) Solo ~ u)(v? + wo + ut) (wt + apt — 94) = (t+ at? +08 p? a (rt +a? +P + a(P—a9) (BH at — 809 + 162? = 2%(2? 82 + 16) = 2%(2—4)(2—4) = 2424)? BH v1 = (w+ (1)? = (w? + 1Nlwt uw? +1) i] 32 +6 =3(e +2) i 2? +36 is irveducible = Sp%q— 29" + SpCHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES (DI 2? — 495? — 14 +49 = (2? — 142 +49) — 494? = ~ (y= (e-T+TW)(e-7- 7) I 2° — 42° 4 80? 92 = (2? —4) 4 8(e% 4) = (2 + 8)(24—4) = (e+ 2)(2?- 22 +4)(2 +2)(e- 2) = (2 —2)(2 + 2)°(2?— 22 + 4) aa + 12294 202? = 4a%(a? 4 32 45) 62? — 72 (3: (22 +1) _ 32-5 4 ated) Geers) 24 B_O-OG7 ++?) _ Parga eto) ee geile t,2etage_OetMQe—9)e42 ae oe Gta) 4 a5 = cent EFT) — Wale +2) + 32(z) ~ (2 +2)? _ . 3@ +2)? Te? + Mr + $2 — 52” — 0: 52" — 6x —20 (e+ 2)? a(e+2)? Ue + e+ 3) — 22-43) —Sa(241) _ Hat He +3) = et4e+3—22—6— 32? 32 i= G2)" = ats (+2244) 2? Bete +3) znd BFE HET (22+ 19a) +5) + (2 + 5G? + 222) = (a? + 1)/ex + 5) [4(a? +1) + 3a(z +5)] = (2? + 1)"(x +5) 372? + 1b + 4) (4-27) Q)6x + 17/6) = (62 +1) (—20) | Gy = (62 +1)7"/9[a(4 24) 422(6241))_ 0242248 _ 2052? +2 +4) (4-27)? 2 +1(4— 22)? Ge +129)?on CHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES 75 x 109 ted blood cells (65 iers(n0° HREEY 0 5 = (0.007184)u?-425A9-725 — (0,097184)(13)%25(86)2-725 w 0.54 m?. p= 40 dyne/em? and v= 60m? = = po! = 40(60)-!4 ~ 0.13 dyne-em. Chapter 1 Discussion Exercises ] [1 gallon = 0.13368 ft? is a conversion factor that would help. ‘The volume of the tank is 10,000 gallons « 1336.8 ft9. Use V = 42r° to determine the radius r = 6.833 ft and then use $= 417? to find the surface area—about 586.85 12 BI squ us a+64, Now a? + 2ab+6? will equal a?+5 only if 2ab =0. ‘The expression 2ab equals zero only if either a = 0 or 6 = 0. IB] We firs: need to determine the term that needs to be added and subtracted. If we ‘ng the right side gives us (2-+6)* =a" + 2ab +82. Squaring the left side gives add and subtract 10x, we will obtain the square of a binomial—ie., (224102 425) 102 = (2 +5)? 102. We ci difference of two squares, (x-+5)?—10r = (245+ Viz\(2 +5 — Y'102). [@ The first expression can be evaluated at 2 now factor this expression as the |; Whereas the second expression is undefined at 2 = 1 BB) They get elose to the ratio of leading coefficients as x gots larger. 2 2+ Ile~2)_ ae : Set pSnnd Get He} _ 22-24. aluntng the orignal exprewion and the simplified expression with any 2 # £2 gives us the same value, ‘This evaluation does not prove that the expressions are equal for any value of x other than the one selected, ‘The simplification proves that the expressions are equal for all values of 2 except 2 = 2.CHAPTER 1 DISCUSSION EXERCISES 25 Follow the algebraic simplification given. 1 Write down his/her age. Denote the age with 2. 2 Multiply it by 2. de 3 Add 5. 245 4 Multiply this sum by 50. 50(22 +5) = 1002 +250 5 Subtract 365. (1002 + 250) ~ 365 = 1002 — 115 6 Add his/her height (in inches). 100 — 115 + y, where y is the height 7 Add 1s. 1002 — 115 + y+ 115 = 10024 y [As a specific example, suppose the age is 21 and the height is 68. ‘The number obtained by following the steps is 1002 + y = 2168 and we can see that the first two. digits of the result equal the age and the last two digits equal the height. = RXi_) _Vin(__RX: Vous = Tin(~ Mig) = 78(— ft) {definition of fig} 7 me — hike lefinition of Z = pepe gen (we) {definition 0.) Ville x0) X?—3RXi RXi Rex oats = BRE v, let X=R rR san Vn) { } - iw, EL Wig)Chapter 2: Equations and Inequalities e—2) > Se-A= 22-4 > 3x=0 > 2=0 Bl AQy+5)=36y-2) = 8y+20=1y-6 > %=Ty = Bl 6(2y+3)—My—5)=0 = 12y+18—3y +15 =12-202 + 352 35 => M435e=20-62 = Aie=-1 24B)12 > Ge-maute = Seas > 2 §jaaevn > bora 148 » Wade = 2-2 p= ag] (2-221) > Wr +3= 632-18 > U=He = 2 Gls aCe 00 4 927-412-290 = We = 2 (+543 =(e-27 = 2410242 +3=2?-A244 > Me =-M = 2 8 (62—7)(22+1)—10z(2—4)=0 = 102*- 92-7102" +402 =0 > Blz=7 > 7 a BO 2249403) = 827-12 + 822490227 = 827-12 + B0r=15 + 2=h Std - BAS] (62-42-18) > 128?—a5e—18 = 12524-26010 > 7H bz rag Set? n8 2 = tos? was BS} aos-m20+3) > 10224 192 +6 = 1027-32424 > ie=18 > 2=8 4 2 =r} 5Q2+1) + (424+2)44=35 > 42=29 >28 2.1 EXERCISES al [p=2 y+ ty =8)-6(e-3) > -5(2)44(6) = 52-3) > 29-52 > 2-8 30(r—2) => 3(15)—5(10)=3(6)(2—2) > 18e=31 > 30(2+3) = 9(15)—7(6) =2(10)(2 +3) > 33 Or => 0 = no solution since the numerator is never 0. 4 Wr) and the solutions consist of every number in the domains of the given expressions. ‘Thus, the solutions are all real numbers except 3, which we denote by R ~ (3) lop an identi Betp an identity. R- = zh] (y+2)y-2) + T-Aly-2) =5(y+2) > 5 Brisas rs] (2u43)(2u—3) 3 42u+3)410= 20-3 = bu=-25 > Hl (2 +3)9—(3e— 1)? = 2944 > (24 902 + 2724-27) —(02"—G2 +1) = Pid o Mez-2 = 22-3 (BA (2-1) = (2419-62? > 28-32? 432 =1, This is a contradiction and there is no solution BB [gft pa 2+ gekyf (Oe- > 99=2Ge-1) 49 > See oes > (23432243241) —622 => 3 [22 Re+3 1 + 2=4, which is not in the domain of the given expressions. No solution 5]: 2022+3) > 2%22)+6=5()2r43) > cm to 02430 => 24 42 +6 be = —$, which is not in the domain of the given expressions. No solution 3__3e+8 wetted aig, (e4M 2-4) > 244344) =3248 > 2 | i [rbrs+aey= StS} Ce+mes—2) = 2(2e—3)+4Qe+3)=52+6 > Tr=0 > 2=0 Sg=6] (2422-2) 3 (2-2) 4242=52-6 4 0=0, indicating an identity. R—( +2}2.1 EXERCISES 29 aa 2 3 wy] (2r+5)Q2-5) = WEST ae 222-5) +322 +5) =10r+5 = 1r+5=10r-+5, indicating an identity. R-{2) 2 2247 alge mo gett) (24 1Qe-1) > 222-1) -32e41)= 2247 > Bab = 27 > 527, a contradiction. No solution eee a 322-5) +4Qe45)= Me +3 > Me+5=1de+3 > 2=0, a contradiction, No solution | rly He] (22+3)(Q2-3) => 5(22—3)44(2243)=12+3 > 18e-3=14e+3 + de 6 enh which a not inthe domain ofthe given expressions. No solution alse 7 ey (e449 (e-4) 3 -B(e—4) 47244) = Sed > 4r+40=—Sr+4 = 92=-35 >t ‘which is not tn the domain of the given expressions. No solution | (42 — 3)? — 182? = (162? 242 +9) — 162? = 9-242 (G2 ~4)(2241) +52 = 622—52~4 452 = 62? —4 =9_(e+3)(2-3) 3 2248 _ (e+2)(07—2244) opps payee cae Ty ee Qr+4 SE 48-8430 oy Aostangs = Ce +85) _ ay 45 Substituting -2 for 2 in 42-414 2c = 5¢—32-+6 yields -7+ 2c = 5e-+12 => de=-19 3c BD Substituting 4 for x in Se—2 + 6¢ = 2e~ Be +1 yields 10-466=2e~19 4e=-29 > © and the two equations are equivalent sinee they have the same solution. (b) No, 5 is not a solution of the first equation BA (a) Yes (b) No, 7 is not a solution of the first equation [BB] Substituting § for # yields Sa-+6 = 0, or, equivalently, b = ~§ Choose any a and b such that (56) Substituting § for z yields Fa +3 = Choose any a and & such that —Ja. For example, let a=3 and 0 =-§ |, or, eivalently, b= fa. ~ fo. For example let a=3 and b=30 2.1 EXERCISES Division by the variable expression 2 ~2 is not allowed, wetlazt2 Division by the variable expression 2+3 is not allowed, wedda2tl QO EK+L=D-TK + EK+TK=D-L + K(E+T)=D-L = L KoEoT W)cb+C=PC+N > CD4C-PC=N > C(D4+1-P)=N > qui Dti-P Gy =25* = Mg=Q+1 > MQ-Q=1 + QM-1)=1 > mart Be a > B-fa=a > B=atfa = = 4 G=a(1+9) > o=pey Bli=Prt > GA C=20r = (G5) A=}bh > 2A=bh > aa BV =f > vente 3 na mM, Pa Matt + re agmu = m= FE @ r=} = kav = r=} we A=PHPrt > A-P=Prt > 5 14 2w > Paw > w Pal a A Ho th)h = Yas rh > 0 2 (2 2s gt? soho trgt > 2x? +2ugt > 2g = 2p > vy =z HE -—? eo -Sp= S=aypaeq * S1t+Se-a)=P > Sa+Sp—Spa=p > Sa-Spq=p-Sp => Sq(l-p)=p(l-s) > S=2Alwthwthl) > S$ w+ 2hw+2hl = S—w=2A(w+l) > pa Sa tho 2w+ 1) Fo bt g {multiply by Sa} => pr=fatfp > pa-fa=sp > fp ap-D=sp > g= bh Ra wy wey He (matty by RRR Rs} > Ry RyRy = RRgkty + RR, Ry + RRR, > By RyMy— RRg Ky — RR, Ry = RR Ry > Keyl" Ry— RRs — RR) = RRR, > RRRs 12 * R= Rl =F,2.2 EXERCISES 31 the y-value decreases 1.2 units for each 1 unit increase in the x-value, The data is best described by equation (I), y= —122-+2. ‘The yvalues are increasing rapidly and can best be described by equation (4), yaa 42-10, TBD cee as [I] Let x denote the score on the next test. TART EMSS gy 5 g1242=5(80) + 2 = 400-12 =88 2480465478460 5 ‘The pre-final average is = Tl. If z denotes the score on the final exam, then X71) +4(2)=76 > d2=% > 2=86. [B]_ Let x denote the ross pay. Gross pay —deductions = Net (take-home) pay => 2-002 = 492 + 0.602=492 + 2 = 820. @ Let x denote the amount of the bill before the tax and tip are added, Bill} Tax+Tip=70 > 240.062 +0.15(2 40.062) =70 => 1.062 +0.15(1.062) = 70 = 1.15(1.062)=70 > 12192=70 > 572 mental age (MA) @ (©) 19= Fronologieal age (CA) (®) CA= 15 and 1Q= 140 + 140=MAxi00 > MA= 14028, = 21 100 = 15100 = 100 = 45100 = 126. {B] Let $ denote the surface area of the earth. ‘Then, 0.7085 = 361x10° => $= s61 x 108 0-708 Let 2 denote the number of months needed to recover the cost of the insulation. ‘The = $ 910% 10° km?. savings in one month is 10% of $6086. 6r= 1080 = z= 180 months (or 15 yr). {8 Let » denote the number of hours the workman made $15 per hour. 40($10) + 2($15) = $595 > 2=13 ke. D] Tet x denote the amount invested in the 8% account. 20.08) + (100,000 ~ 2)(0.064) = 7500 = 0.016 =1100 = » = 68,750. Since only $50,000 can be insured in the 8% account, swe cannot fully insute the money and earn annual interest of $7,500. (10) Let = denote the amount (in millions) invested in bonds. 2(0.12) + (50 —2)(0.10) =5.2 > 0.022 financed by selling $10 million in bonds and borrowing $40 million. (1 Let 2 denote the number of children Receiptsajrizen + Receiptssguis = Receltsyyat + 2(2)+ (600~2)(5) 32 = 600 = 2=10. The arena should be 400 = 200 children.32 2.2 EXERCISES Let x denote the engineer’s houts. Billeagineer + Bill, 60(2) +20(2—5) = 580 => 80: ‘The e illeorat 680 > 2 =85. Jncer spent 8.5 hr on the job and the assistant spent 8.5 ~5 Let x denote the number of ounces of glucose solution. (0.30) + (7 ~2)(0) =7(0.20) = O.32=14 > Use 44 00 of the 30% glucose solation and 7 ~!#=Z op of water. (1 Let x denote the number of mL. of 1% solution. 2(1) + (15 —2)(10) = 15(2) {all in%} = -9e=-120 3 « Use 42 ml. of the 19 solution and 15 ~42=$ ml of the 10% solution. us Let x denote the number of grams of British sterling silver. (0.075)x + 1(200 ~ 2) = (0.10)(200) > 180 =0.92%5r + 2 = 1946. Use 194.6 g of British sterling silver and 5.4 g of copper. Let x denote the number of mL. of the elixir. 2(6) + (100 —2)(0) = 100(2) = 5 =40, Use 40 ml of the elixir and 100— 40 = 60 ml, of the cherry-flavored syrup. (a) Let t denote the desired number of seconds. 1.5+2t=224 = 1 =64 see (©) 64(1.5) = 96 m and 64(2) = 128 m, respectively Let £ denote the number of seconds that the seeond ra yer has been running, ‘The distance of the first runner at time ¢ is 6t + 6(). ‘The distance of the second runner is 8¢. Equating yields 6¢+4=8¢ = t=4hr, or 15 min. Let r denote the rate of the snowplow. At 8:30 A.M. the ear has traveled 15 miles and the snowplow has been traveling for 24 hours. ‘Thus, §r=15 => r=6 mifhr. Let t denote the tin ‘The first child's distance is 1 + 4¢ miles and the second child’s distance is 6t (44) +61=2 > Bil (a) Let r denote the rate of the river's current hours after 1:15 Pv. 1 bbe or 6 min, After 1:21 pat Distanceypsecam = Distaneeggyngtream > (—T)E= (+N = BS—r) =A +r) = 25-Sr=2044r = 5=9r > r= $ nif 42. ‘Phe total distance is 2 (b) The distance upstream is (5 Dt 0 9 mi Let denote the number of gallons used in the city Miles ity Mos1b2 > 2 + Milesyighway =MileSjq > (25) + (61 ~z)(40) = 1800 => (6. The number of miles driven in the city is 16-25 = 400 mi [23] Let x denote the distance to the target. Timese garger + TM om target =TMorad > Rt TOD = > 2432 = 1.5(3300) = 42 = 4950 = 2 = 1297.5 ft.2.2 EXERCISES 33 BA] Let x denote the miles in one direction. A G-minute-ile pace is equivalent to a rate off mile/imin, Minutes, Minotesgygy = MiMateaqq) > 6 3 ‘The total distance is 2-45 = 99, or 61 mi, [2B] Let I denote the length of the side parallel to the river bank, P= 2w-+1 (a) P=2w+2w= () P=2w+} Geta % Oette=4 = z= ju; 4w = 180 w= 45 fe and A= (45)(90) = 4050 £2 = 180 > w= 72 feand A=(72)(96) = 2502 1 (©) P= 2w+ w= Su; Sw = 180 = w= 60 A and A = (60)(60 ‘The first story has erose-sectional area 830 = 240. ‘The second story has crose-sectional area (303) + 2(8)(15)(h—3) = 90+ 15h —45 = 15h445, Equating yields 15h-+45 = 240 > 15h=195 > h= 13 Astrtshy >» m=bQP4(h-$3 > h-$o8-% 19_ar 1885 8,32 fe BI A=Nyt+ijh > 5=1G+4)(1) + =7R Let hy denote the height of the eylinder. 25.64 Im, [Bi] Let x denote the desired time. Using the rates (in minutes), d+ dy=b < 22+32=180 = 2=36 min, [2] Let x denote the desired time. Using the hourly rates, 2+4=4 = 2 =49hr. 8 [33] Let x denote the desired time. Using the rates (in minutes), y+h= 35 424180=92 > 2=36 min, [BA The larger pomp will empty # of the tank in 4 hours. ‘The smaller pump can empty the remaining } tank in } of 8 hours, or 1 hr 36 min. Start the smaller pump at 3:24 pM First, a simple example of ealeulating a GPA. Suppose a student gets a S-credit A (worth 4 honor points) and a 4-credit © (worth 2 honor points). ‘Then, total weighted honor points _ 34.0) +4(2.0) _ 1248 = Oe GPA eal credit hows SET Oe (continued)u 2.2 EXERCISES Let 2 denote the number of additional credit hours. 48(2.75) + 2(4.0) _ cP. Fee = 32 = 92442 =220842) = =32 4 132442 = 15364522 + 216-082 > 2=BP=a7. (BB) Let 2 denote the numerical amount to be added to V and R. OSE 5 aangn+2)=s4010+2) = 170: 5500 = = $50. Decrease both V and R by $82-~ 32.86, (e) A= 5280 and 7y=10 > 7 =70~-(,35h)s080 = 068 10-(83)s >» GH (a) T= 70 and D=55 > h=227(70~55; (b) k= 3500 and D= 65 => 3500 =227(7-65) = T= 30+ 05.0 80.4F (b) T=32 + 32 0-10) H9)m 600. (89) B= 85 and b= 10,000 4009 = 6000 = T= 95-(;25)6000) = a7. GD (a) 2=30 > A= 65-43.14(80) = 159.2 em. (b) 2=34 = h=73.6+3(34)=175.6 cm, ‘The height of the skeleton has decreased by 175.6—174 = 1.6 cm due to aging after age 30. gif a 27 years. ‘The male was approximately 30-+27 = 57 years old at death. 2.3 Exercises G22 42-12=0 > (2243)G2-4)=0 3 2 4242-1420 > (e42\(tr-7)=0 5 2=-2,F 1527-12582 = 1527+82-12=0 = (52r+6X32-2)=0 > 2 1529-14 = 292 > 152"— 292-14 =0 + G242)(32-7) 2, 2e(de 415) =27 = 822430227 =0 = (22 49)(42-3)=0 = 2=-8, 2@2+10)=77 > Ss?+10r—77=0 > (2+7)(82-11)=0 + = Toe? +352-10=0 > 1he?+72-2=0 = (2+2)(G2-1)=0 + 2 482? + 122-900 > Se? +22-15=0 > (22+8)(42— 12x? $602 +75 =0 = 4e?4202+25=0 = (2r45)"=0 + = (0) 4277249240 > 2? 182+81=0 = (r-9)?=0 > 2=9 [ae 45 18, mm f2e5+5- On [Pay t8-t= ais a @ a 6 go }xet9 = Q(z) +5(e+3)—4(2? +3) = 18 > O=2t4 7243 > Qetlle+8)=0 + 4} { 3 is not in the domain of the given expressions}