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RATIONALE
Over the past few decades, noble metals such as silver exhibited significantly
distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties from their bulk counterparts
(Khouloud et al., 2010). These significant and useful inorganic compounds are currently
attracting attentions because of its wide range of application in the field of medicine and
are in relationship of antibacterial properties, and the use of silver nitrate (AgNO3) as
antibacterial agents is new (Guzman, Dille, & Godet, 2009). With the increasing and
broad and deeper range of understanding on the mechanisms of biological interaction (Ge
et al., 2014).
considered to have many medical effects on the human body, and silver salts have also
Some good examples of common but dreadful bacteria are the bacteria
are all human pathogens, meaning they are found in the human body. They are also found
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in soil, water, skin flora, and most man-made environments throughout the world. They
use a wide range of organic material for food in animals; its versatility enables the
organism to infect damaged tissues or those with reduced immunity. These bacteria are
also held responsible for many infections. Due to upheaval in the resistance of bacteria to
the existing antimicrobial agents, plants are being used as alternative sources for the
development of safe, effective, and inexpensive new agents to treat and prevent bacterial
infections (Pumirat, & Luplertlop, 2013). Recent studies have shown that rice (Oryza
sativa L.), an important source of nutrients and a very great agent in suppressing bacteria,
are very abundant and are greatly consumed by Filipino families, consuming at least 8.9
kg of rice a week, making it 463 kg of rice a year in 2016 (Philippine Statistics Authority,
2010).
evaporation-condensation and laser ablation are the most important physical approach,
meanwhile chemical reduction is the most commonly used technique, which organic and
inorganic agents such as extracts and solutions were gathered then mixed with the
inorganic compound (Iravani et al., 2014). These methods are very effective, however,
they can be very expensive for the sake of some rural areas, and some developing
communities as well.
The need for a lower cost, sustainable, efficient, yet very effective alternatives
have fostered research on creating a solution that can kill bacteria. These natural
materials and inorganic compounds, specifically asian rice (Oryza sativa L.), and silver
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nitrate, when mixed and experimented correctly, can be the answer to the growing
Escherichia coli.
future researchers.
Firstly, pharmaceutical scientists will be able to create a solution that can kill
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli and cure the
diseases that they cause. They can also enhance the effectiveness of the antibacterial
greatly benefitted since they will be able to finance and invest to it once it was proven
that these created solutions can be actually used as an anti-bacterial agent. Thirdly, the
urban community will be free from the destructive effect of these harmful bacteria.
Useless and excess silver can now be also used as an anti-bacterial agent. Lastly, future
researchers can use the research study as a basis and reference for their future
investigative projects.
The research study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of the created
silver nitrate (AgNO3)-induced asian rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. NFA Rice) stock/wash
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1. What is the effect of AgNO3-induced Asian rice wash solution to the growth of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
2. What is the effect of AgNO3-induced Asian rice wash solution to the growth of
Staphylococcus aureus?
3. What is the effect of AgNO3-induced Asian rice wash solution to the growth of
Escherichia coli?
1. AgNO3-induced Asian rice wash solution will inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa.
Staphylococcus aureus.
3. AgNO3-induced Asian rice wash solution will inhibit the growth of Escherichia
coli.
PROCEDURES
Preparation of Materials. The primary materials that will be used in this study
are the rice stock/wash solutions and the 0.01M silver nitrate (AgNO3). In preparing the
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0.01M silver nitrate (AgNO3), one gram of silver nitrate (AgNO3) salt were mixed in 100
mL water. After mixing, 50 mL of the solution were measured and poured into the two 50
mL beakers, having two beakers with 50 mL of 0.01M silver nitrate (AgNO3) each. In
preparing the rice stock/wash solution, Asian Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars- NFA Rice
will be washed in tap water. The 50 mL of sample of rice stock/wash from each were
0.01M silver nitrate (AgNO3) will be mixed together with the 50 mL NFA Rice
stock/wash solution on one of the 100 mL graduated cylinders. The prepared solution
wash solution. The evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the AgNO3-induced Asian
rice wash solution solution against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa will be conducted and done at the Department of Science and
Division Laboratory. The zone of inhibition in millimeter (mm) will be measured and its
According to The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH]
(2015), silver nitrate poses chemical danger when exposed to high temperature for it
forms toxic fumes including nitrous oxide. The substance is toxic to human when the
aerosol will be inhaled or the physical substance will be ingested. To ensure the safety
during the preparation of the rice wash solution, the procedure will be done in a location
far from combustible materials. Also, protective body covering will be worn such as
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for these are
known to be pathogenic. The evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the prepared rice
wash solution will be done by a qualified scientist from the Department of Science and
Division Laboratory following the standard safety precautions by the service laboratory.
DATA ANALYSIS
For the quantitative data to be collected, zone of inhibition (mm), mean will be
obtained. For the qualitative data, reactivity and activity of inhibition, verbal descriptions
will be used. Tables 1 and 2 contain the bases to be used in evaluating reactivity and
activity of inhibition.
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Table 1. The basis for the reactivity rating of the created solutions against the bacteria
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Reactivity Rating Description
Severe 4 Zone extends more than 10 mm beyond the specimen
Moderate 3 Zone extends 5 to 10 mm beyond the specimen
Mild 2 Zone limited under the specimen
Slight 1 Some malformed or degenerated cells under the specimen
None 0 No detectable zone under the specimen
Table 2. The basis for the activity of inhibition of the bacteria Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Activity Rating Description
Complete +++ Absence of microbial growth within zone of inhibition
Partial ++ Few microbial growth within zone of inhibition
Slight + Moderate microbial growth within zone of inhibition
Negative - Severe microbial growth / No zone of inhibition
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ge, L., Li, Q., Wang, M., Ouyang, J. (2014). Nanosilver particles in medical applications:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4037247/
Guzman, M. G., Dille, J., & Godet, S. (2009). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 2(3). Retrieved July 20, 2016 from
http://www.omnis-mg.hr/radovi/4bak-4siz-peru.pdf
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Iravani, S., Korbekandi H., Mirmohammadi, S. V., & Zolfaghari, B. (2014). Research in
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4326978/
Khouloud, M. M., El-Nour, A., Eftaiha, A., Al-Warthan, A. (2010). Synthesis and
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535210000377
rice a week in 2006 (Results from the 2006 Family Income and Expenditure
and
Pumirat, P., & Luplertlop, N. (2013). The In-vitro Antibacterial Effect of Colored Rice
Crude Extracts against Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Skin and Soft
Tissue Infection. Journal of Agricultural Science 5(11). Retrieved July 20, 2016
from http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/viewFile/29040/18297
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The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH]. (2015). Silver
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1116.html