8 18 - Sahito Konika Bang

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[ cÖKvkK KZ…©K me©¯^Z¡ msiw¶Z ]
cÖ_g cÖKvk : A‡±vei, 2011
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4. ˆZjwP‡Îi f~Z gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 20
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6. Avgv‡ì †jvKwkí Kvgiyj nvmvb 34
7. myLx gvbyl ggZvR D`&`xb Avng` 41
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9. gsWyi c‡_ wecÖ`vk eoyqv 53
10. evsjv beel© kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb 59
11. evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v ûgvqyb AvRv` 65
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6. Avevi Avwme wd‡i Rxebvb›` `vk 93
7. †`k RmxgD`&`xb 97
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9. Rv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨viv mywdqv Kvgvj 105
10. cÖv_©x myKvš— fÆvPvh© 109
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9| gsoyi c‡_ wecÖ`vk eoyqv 53
10| evsjv beel© kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb 59
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2| e½f~wgi cÖwZ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë 74
3| `yB weNv Rwg iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 78
4| cv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡j Kvwgbx ivq 85
5| bvix KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg 89
6| Avevi Avwme wd‡i Rxebvb›` `vk 93
7| †`k RmxgD`&`xb 97
8| b`xi ¯^cœ ey×‡è emy 101
9| Rv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨viv mywdqv Kvgvj 105
10| cÖv_©x myKvšZ fÆvPvh© 109
11| GKz‡ki Mvb Ave`yj Mvd&dvi †PŠayix 113
AwZw_i ¯§„wZ
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dg©v – 1 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv – 8g

2 AwZw_i ¯§„wZ
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AwZw_i ¯§„wZ 3
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†`vi - `yqvi ev ìRv| evwoi dUK|
KzÄ - jZvcvZvq Av”Qvw`Z e„ËvKvi ¯’vb, Dceb|
†ewi‡ewi - †kv_ RvZxq †ivM, hv‡Z nvZ-cv dz‡j hvq|
Avmvwg - G kãwU w`‡q mvaviYZ Av`vj‡Z †Kv‡bv Aciv‡ai `v‡q Awfhy³ e¨w³‡ì †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|
wKš‘ GLv‡b †ivMvµvšZ‡ì †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cvÊyi - d¨vKv‡k|
gvwj - gvjv iPbvKvix, gvjvKi| †eZ‡bi wewbg‡q evMv‡bi Kv‡R wbhy³ e¨w³|
gvwjbx - gvwji ¯Îx|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
G Mí cv‡Vi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶v_©xiv gvb‡eZi cÖvYxi cÖwZ wbôziZv cwinvi K‡i mnvbyf~wZwki n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Ô†ÌN‡ii ¯§„wZÕ MíwUi bvg cv‡ë Ges Clr cwigvR©bv K‡i GLv‡b ÔAwZw_i ¯§„wZÕ wn‡m‡e
msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvb‡eZi GKwU cÖvYxi m‡½ GKwU Amy¯’ gvby‡li K‡qKw`‡bi cwiP‡qi g‡a¨ w`‡q M‡o DVv
GKwU gg‡Z¡i m¤cK©B G M‡íi welq| †jLK †`wL‡q‡Qb gvby‡l-gvby‡l †hgb †mœn-cÖxwZi m¤cK© Ab¨ Rx‡ei
m‡½I gvby‡li †Zgb m¤cK© M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †mB m¤cK© ¯’vqxiƒc †c‡Z evavMÖ¯’ nq bvbv cÖwZKzjZvi
Kvi‡Y| Avevi GB m¤c‡K©i m~Î a‡i GKwU gvbyl IB Rx‡ei cÖwZ hLb ggZvq wm³ nq ZLb Ab¨ gvby‡li AvPiY
n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i wbg©g| m¤c‡K©i GB wewPÎ iƒcB Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q G M‡í|
†jLK cwiwPwZ
kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 1876 mv‡j cwðge‡½i ûMwj †Rjvi †èvb›`cyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆK‡kvi I †hŠe‡bi
AwaKvsk mgq AwZevwnZ nq fvMjcy‡i, gvZzjvj‡q| `vwi‡`ªï Kvi‡Y K‡jR wk¶v Amgvß _v‡K| fvM¨v‡š^l‡Y †i½yb
Mgb I †mLv‡b Ae¯’vbKv‡j (1903-1916) mvwnZ¨ mvabvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| 1907 mv‡j ÔfviZxÕ cwÎKvq
Ôeow`w`Õ Dcb¨vm cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zuvi mvwnwZ¨K L¨vwZ Qwo‡q c‡o| Gici G‡Ki ci GK MíÑDcb¨vm wj‡L wZwb
Ggbfv‡e cvVKü`q Rq K‡ib †h evsjv mvwn‡Zï me‡P‡q RbwcÖq †jL‡K cwiYZ nb| mvaviY evOvwj cvV‡Ki
Av‡eM‡K wZwb h_vh_fv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : cj−xmgvR, †è`vm,
kªxKvšZ (Pvi LÊ), M„n`vn, †`bvcvIbv, c‡_i `vwe, †kl cÖkœ cÖf„wZ| mvwnZ¨cÖwZfvi ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e wZwb KjKvZv
wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K RMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`K I XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wW.wjU Dcvwa jvf K‡ib| 1938 wLªóv‡ãi 16B
Rvbyqvwi KjKvZvq|
4 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
Kg©-Abykxjb
K. †Zvgvi AwfÁZv †_‡K GKwU ågbKvwnbxi weeiY †jL (†jLK KvR)|
L. ‡Zvgvi wcÖq †Kv‡bv cï ev cwLi †Kvb †Kvb AvPiY †Zvgvi Kv‡Q gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi g‡Zv g‡b nq,
Zvi GKwU eY©bv `vI (GKK KvR)
Abykxjbg~jK KvR
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ :
1. evZ e¨vwaMÖ¯’ †ivMxiv KLb N‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i ?
K. mÜ¨vi c~‡e© L. mÜ¨vi c‡i
M. we‡Kj †ejv N. †Mva~wj †ejv
2. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq wW.wjU Dcvwa †c‡q‡Qb †Kvb wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K ?
K. XvKv L. KjKvZv
M. A·‡dvW© N. †Kw¤^ªR
3. AvwZ‡_ï gh©v`v j•Nb ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?
i. †Kv‡bv wZw_ bv †g‡b Kv‡ivi AvMgb‡K
ii. gvÎvwZwi³ mgq AvwZ‡_qZv MÖnY Kiv‡K
iii. AevwÃZfv‡e †Kv‡bv AwZw_i AwaK mgq Ae¯’vb‡K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. i I ii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
evev-gvi Av`‡ii `yB †Q‡j Kve¨ I M`¨ Gevi K¬vm Uz †Z c‡o| I‡ì evev GKw`b †QvÆ GKwU LuvPvq GKwU gqbv
cvwL wK‡b I‡ì Dcnvi †`q| †mB †_‡K mviv¶Y `yB fvB cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i cvwLwU‡K Lvevi †Ìqv, cvwb †Ìqv,
K_v ejv Avi K_v †kLv‡bvi AvcÖvY †Póv Pvjv‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ GKw`b mKv‡j †`‡L- Bu`yi G‡m iv‡Z cvwLUv‡K
†g‡i †d‡j‡Q| †mB †_‡K †h Zv‡ì A‡Svi avivq Kvbœv, †KD Avi _vgv‡ZB cv‡i bv| AvR †mB gqbvi K_v g‡b
n‡jI Iiv †Ku‡` I‡V|
4. DÏxc‡K ÔAwZw_i ¯§„wZÕÑ M‡íi †h fve cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv-
i. cï-cvwLi mv‡_ gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK m¤cK©
ii. cï-cvwLi mv‡_ gvby‡li †mœnc~Y© m¤cK©
iii. fv‡jvevmvq wm³ cïÑcvwLi we‡”Q` †e`bvq KvZiZv
AwZw_i ¯§„wZ 5

K. i I ii L. i I iii
5. D³ mv`„k¨c~Y© fvewU wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ?
K. evwo wd‡i hvevi AvMÖn g‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv_vI Lyu‡R †cjvg bv|
L. AvwZ‡_ï gh©v`v j•Nb K‡i †m Aviv‡g wbwðšZ n‡q e‡m Av‡Q|
M. AZGe Avgvi AwZw_ K‡i Dcevm
N. AvR ZzB †L‡q hvwe, bv †L‡q hvm‡b eySwj|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :
1. g‡nk| `wi`ª eM©vPvwl Mdz‡ii AwZ Av`‡ii GKgvÎ luvo| wKš‘ `vwi‡`ªï Kvi‡Y I‡K wVKgZ Lo-wePzwj
†L‡Z w`‡Z cv‡i bv| Rwg`v‡ii Kv‡Q mvgvb¨ Lo avi †P‡qI cvq bv| wb‡R bv †L‡q _vK‡jI Mdz‡ii `ytL
†bB| wKš‘ g‡nk‡K Lvevi w`‡Z bv †c‡i Zvi eyK †d‡U hvq| †m g‡n‡ki Mjv Rwo‡q a‡i Kuv`‡Z Kuv`‡Z
e‡jÑg‡nk, ZzB Avgvi †Q‡j| ZzB Avgv‡ì AvU mb cÖwZcvjb K‡i ey‡ov n‡qwQm| †Zv‡K Avwg †cU cy‡i
†L‡Z w`‡Z cvwi‡b, wKš‘ ZzB †Zv Rvwbm Avwg †Zv‡K KZ fv‡jvevwm| g‡nk cÖZz¨Ë‡i Mjv evwo‡q Aviv‡g
†PvL ey‡R _v‡K|
K. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq †ÌN‡i wM‡qwQ‡jb †Kb ?
L. ÔAwZw_ wKQz‡Z wfZ‡i †XvKvi fimv †cjbvÕ †Kb ?
M. DÏxc‡K g‡n‡ki cÖwZ Mdz‡ii AvPi‡Y ÔAwZw_i ¯§„wZÕ M‡íi †h w`KwU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki Mdz‡ii mv‡_ †jL‡Ki †PZbvMZ wgj _vK‡jI †c¶vcU wfbœÑAwZw_i ¯§„wZ M‡íi Av‡jv‡K
gšZe¨wUi h_v_©Zv wePvi Ki|
2. †kicy‡ii bvBgywÏb cÖvq 10 eQi a‡i Zvi †cvlvnvwZ, ÔKvjvcvnvo‡KÕ w`‡q jvKwo Uvbv, Pvl Kiv, mvK©vm
†`Lv‡bv BZ¨vw` KvR K‡i AvmwQj| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b `vwi‡`ªï Kvi‡Y nvwZi †LvivK †RvMvo Ki‡Z bv †c‡i
GKw`b †m Kvjvcvnvo‡K wewµ K‡i w`‡jv| †µZv Kvjvcvnvo‡K wb‡Z G‡m Ii cv‡q evav iwk a‡i nvRvi
UvbvUvwb K‡i GKPzjI bvov‡Z cvij bv| Kvjvcvnv‡oi `y‡PvL †e‡q ïay UcUc K‡i Rj Mwo‡q co‡Q|
ciw`b L‡Ïi AviI †ewk †jvKRb mv‡_ K‡i G‡m Kvjvcvnvo‡K wb‡q hv‡e e‡j P‡j hvq| wKš‘ †fvi‡ejv
bvBgywÏb †`‡LÑ Kvjvcvnvo g‡i c‡o Av‡Q| nvDgvD K‡i †m wPrKvi K‡i Avi e‡jÑ ÔI‡i Avgvi
Kvjvcvnvo, Awfgvb K‡i ZzB P‡j †MwjÕ|
K. kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K †Kvb c`K jvf K‡ib ?
L. †jLK †ÌNi †_‡K we`vq wb‡Z bvbv ARynv‡Z w`b `yB †`wi Ki‡jb †Kb ?
M. Kvjvcvnv‡oi AvPi‡Y ÔAwZw_i ¯§„wZÕ M‡íi †h w`KwU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zvi eY©bv `vI|
N. DÏxc‡Ki bvBgywÏ‡bi Abyf~wZ Avi ÔAwZw_i ¯§„wZÕ M‡íi †jL‡Ki Abyf~wZ GKB avivq DrmvwiZ e‡j
Zzwg g‡b Ki wK ? †Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|
evOvwji evsjv
KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg
evOvwj †hw`b HKë× n‡q ej‡Z cvi‡eÑ ÔevOvwji evsjvÕ

†mw`b Zviv Amva¨ mvab Ki‡e| evOvwji g‡Zv Ávb-kw³ I
†cÖg-kw³ (†eªb †m›Uvi I nvU© †m›Uvi) Gwkqvq †Kb, eywS
c„w_ex‡Z †Kv‡bv RvwZi †bB| wKš‘ Kg©Ñkw³ G‡Kev‡i †bB
e‡jB Zv‡ì GB wè¨kw³ Zgmv”Qbœ n‡q Av‡Q| Zv‡ì Kg©-
wegyLZv, RoZ¡, g„Zz¨fq, Avjm¨, Z›`ªv, wb`ªv, eëmv-evwY‡R¨
Awb”Qvi KviY| Zviv ZvgwmKZvq Av”Qbœ n‡q †PZbv-kw³‡K
nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q| GB Zg, GB wZwgi, GB RoZ¡B Awe`¨v|
Awe`¨v †Kej AÜKvi c‡_ åvwšZi c‡_ wb‡q hvq;
wè¨kw³‡K wb‡¯ZR, g„ZcÖvq K‡i iv‡L| hviv hZ mvwË¡K
fvevcbœ, GB Awe`¨v Zv‡ìB ZZ evav †`q weNœ Av‡b| GB
RoZv gvbe‡K g„Zzï c‡_ wb‡q hvq| wKQz‡ZB Ag„‡Zi cv‡b
Avb‡›ì c‡_ †h‡Z †`q bv| GB Zg‡K kvmb Ki‡Z cv‡i
GKgvÎ i‡Rv¸Y, A_©vr ¶vÎ-kw³| GB ¶vÎkw³‡K bv
RvMv‡j gvby‡li gv‡S †h wek¦-weRqx eªþkw³ Av‡Q Zv Zv‡K
Zg¸‡Yi bi‡K †U‡b G‡b cÖvq msnvi K‡i †d‡j| evOvwj AvRb¥ wè¨kw³m¤cbœ| Zv‡ì ¶vÎkw³ RvM‡jv bv e‡j
wè¨kw³ †Kvb Kv‡R jvM‡jv bvÑevOvwji P›`ªbv‡_i Av‡MœqwMwi AwMœ D`wMiY Ki‡jv bv| GB ¶vÎkw³B wè¨ †ZR|
cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡lB wÎ¸Yvwš^Z| mË¡, iR I Zg GB wZb ¸Y| mË¡¸Y, Hkxkw³ A_©vr mrkw³ me© Amr kw³‡K civwRZ
K‡i c~Y©Zvi c‡_ wb‡q hvq| GB mË¡¸‡Yi cÖavb kÎy Z‡gv¸Y‡K cÖej ¶vÎkw³ `gb K‡i| A_©vr, Avjm¨, Kg©-
wegyLZv, c½yZ¡ Avm‡Z †`q bv| †`n I gb‡K Kg©my›ì K‡i| Rxebkw³‡K wPi-RvMÖZ iv‡L, †hŠeb‡K wbZ¨ †ZR-
cÖ`xß K‡i iv‡L| ˆbivk¨, Awek¦vm, Riv I ˆK¬e¨‡K Avm‡Z †`q bv| evOvwji gw¯Z®‹ I ü`q eªþgq wKš‘ †`n I
gb cvlvYgq| Kv‡RB GB evsjvi AšZ‡i-evwn‡i †h Hk¦h© cig `vZv Avgv‡ì w`‡q‡Qb, Avgiv Zv‡K Ae‡njv K‡i
F‡Y, e¨vwa‡Z, Afv‡e, ˆ`‡b¨, `y`©kvq Rwo‡q c‡owQ| evsjvi wkq‡i cÖnixi g‡Zv †R‡M Av‡Q c„w_exi †kªôZg wMwi
wngvjq| GB wngvj‡q c„w_exi †kªô gywb-FwlÑ†hvMxiv mvabv K‡i‡Qb| GB wngvjq‡K Zuviv me© ˆè-kw³i jxjv-
wb‡KZb e‡j‡Qb| GB wngvj‡qi Mfxi ü`-¸nvi AbšZ †mœnaviv evsjvi kZ kZ b`-b`x iƒ‡c Avgv‡ì gv‡VÑNv‡U
S‡i c‡o‡Q| evsjvi m~h© AwZ Zxeª `n‡b `vnb K‡i bv| evsjvi Puv` wbZ¨ wmœ»| evsjvi AvKvk wbZ¨ cÖmbœ, evsjv
evqy‡Z wPiemšZ I ki‡Zi wbZ¨ gvayh© I kªx| evsjvi Rj wbZ¨ÑcÖvPz‡h© I ï×Zvq c~Y©| evsjvi gvwU wbZ¨-De©i|
GB gvwU‡Z wbZ¨ †mvbv d‡j| GZ avb Avi †Kv‡bv †`‡k d‡j bv| cvU ïay GKv evsjvi| GZ dzj, GZ cvwL, GZ
Mvb, GZ myi, GZ KzÄ, GZ Qvqv, GZ gvqv Avi †Kv_vI †bB| GZ Avb›`, GZ û‡j−vo, AvZ¥xqZv‡eva c„w_exi Avi
†Kv_vI †bB| GZ ag©‡evaÑAvj−vn, fMev‡bi Dcvmbv, Dcevm-Drme c„w_exi Avi †Kv_vI †bB| evsjvi Kqjv
AcwigvY, Zv KLbI dziv‡e bv| evsjvi myeY©-‡iLvi evwj‡Z cvwb‡Z ¯^Y©‡iYy| evsjvi Afve †Kv_vq? evsjvi gv‡V
gv‡V †aby, QvM, gwnl| b`x‡Z
ev½vwji evsjv 7
wS‡j we‡j cyKz‡i †Wvevq cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwaK gvQ| Avgv‡ì gvZ…f~wg c„w_exi ¯^M©, evOvwji evsjv wbZ¨ m‰e©k¦h©gqx|
Avgv‡ì Afve †Kv_vq? AwZ cÖvPzh© Avgv‡ì wejvmx, †fvMx K‡i †k‡l Ajm, Kg©-wegyL RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Q|
Avgv‡ì gvQ avb cvU, Avgv‡ì Hk¦h© kZ we‡`wk jy‡U wb‡q hvq, Avgiv Zvi cÖwZev` †Zv Kwi bv, Dj‡Uv Zv‡ì
`vmZ¡ Kwi; G jyÉ‡b Zv‡ì mvnvh¨ Kwi|
evOvwj ïay jvwV w`‡qB †òkZ eQi Av‡MI Zvi ¯^vaxbZv‡K A¶zYœI ivL‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Q| AvR evsjvi †Q‡jiv
¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ †h AvZ¥`vb K‡i‡Q, †h Amg mvnwmKZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q, BwZnv‡m Zv _vK‡e ¯^Y©-†jLvq wjwLZ|
evsjv me© Hkxkw³i cxV¯’vb| †n_vq j¶ j¶ †hvMx gywb Fwl Zc¯^xi cxV¯’vb, mgvwa; mnmª dwKi-ì‡ek Iwj-
MvwRi `M©v cig cweÎ| †n_vq MÖv‡g nq AvRv‡bi mv‡_ k•LNÈvi aŸwb| GLv‡b †h kvmbKZ©v n‡q G‡m‡Q †mB
¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| evsjvi AvenvIqvq Av‡Q ¯^vaxbZv-g‡šÎi mÄxebx kw³| Avgv‡ì evsjv wbZ¨ gwngvgqx,
wbZ¨ my›ì, wbZ¨ cweÎ|
AvR Avgv‡ì Avj‡mï, Kg©-wegyLZvi †cŠiy‡li Afv‡eB Avgiv n‡q AvwQ mK‡ji †P‡q `xb| †h evOvwj mviv
c„w_exi †jvK‡K w`‡bi ci w`b wbgšÎY K‡i LvIqv‡Z cv‡i ZvivB AvR n‡”Q mK‡ji Øv‡i wfLvwi| hviv N‡ii
cv‡k cvnv‡oi ARMi, e‡bi evN wb‡q evm K‡i, Zviv AvR bxie we‡`wki `vmZ¡ K‡i| ï‡b fxlY †µv‡a nvZ
gywóe× n‡q I‡V, mviv †`ng‡b Av‡m cÖj‡qi K¤cb, mviv e¶ gš’b K‡i Av‡m AkÖy| hv‡ì gv_vq wbZ¨ wmœ»
†gN Qvqv n‡q mÂiY K‡i wd‡i, Hkx Avkxe©v` ARmª m„wóavivq S‡i c‡o, gvqvgq AiY¨ hv‡K †`q wmœ»-kvšZkªx,
e‡Rªi we`y¨r †`‡L hviv †b‡P D‡V,- nvq Zviv GB Acgvb GB `vmZ¡ we‡`wk `my¨‡ì GB Dc`ªe wbh©vZb‡K wK K‡i
mn¨ K‡i? Hkx Hk¦h©Ñ hv Avgv‡ì c‡_ Nv‡U gv‡V Qwo‡q c‡o Av‡Q Zv‡K wemR©b K‡i AR©b K‡iwQ GB ˆ`b¨,
`vwi`ª¨, Afve, jvÃbv| evOvwj ¶vÎkw³‡K Ae‡njv Kij e‡j Zvi GB `yM©wZ Zvi Awfk‡ßi Rxeb| Zvi gv‡Vi
avb cvU iwe dmj Zvi †mvbv Zvgv †jvnv KqjvÑ Zvi me© Hk¦h© we‡`wk `my¨ evUcvwo K‡i WvKvwZ K‡i wb‡q hvq,
†m e‡m e‡m †`‡L| ej‡Z cv‡i bv G Avgv‡ì fMev‡bi `vb, G Avgv‡ì gvZ…-Hk¦h©| Lei`vi, †h iv¶m G‡K
MÖvm Ki‡Z Avm‡e, †h `my¨ G Hk¦h© ¯ck© Ki‡eÑ Zv‡K cÖnv‡iY abÄq w`‡q webvk Kie, msnvi Kie|
evOvwj‡K, evOvwji †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K †Q‡j‡ejv †_‡K ïay GB GK gšÎ †kLvI :
GB cweÎ evsjv‡`k
evOvwjiÑAvgv‡ì|
w`qv cÖnv‡iY abÄq
Zvov‡ev Avgiv, Kwi bv fq
hZ ci‡`wk `my¨ WvKvZ
ivgv‡ì Mvgv‡ì|
evsjv evOvwji †nvK! evsjvi Rq †nvK| evOvwji Rq †nvK|
8 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
kãv_© I UxKv
wè¨kw³ - Hk¦wiK kw³, A‡jŠwKK ¶gZv|
Zgmv”Qbœ - AÜKvive„Z, AÜKv‡i XvKv|
ZvgwmKZv - Z‡gvMyY-wewkó, AÁvb-RwbZ fve, Nb AÜKviv”Qbœ|
Zg, wZwmi - AÜKvi| cÖK…wZi wZb¸‡Yi Z…ZxqwU Zg ev AÜKvi|
mvwË¡K - mË¡¸Y m¤cwK©Z, Kvgbvk~b¨, d‡ji AvKv•¶vwenxb|
Awe`¨v - AÁvb, we`¨vnxbv, g~L©Zv|
RoZv - ‡PZbvnxb, wbR©xe, GLv‡b fyjKg©|
Ag„‡Zi cv‡b - m‡Zï w`‡K, Av‡jvi c‡_, mvd‡jï Kv‡Q|
i‡Rv¸Y - cÖK…wZi wZbwU ¸‡Yi wØZxqwU| hvi cÖfv‡e g‡b †Øl ev An¼vi R‡b¥|
¶vÎkw³ - ¶wÎ‡qi kw³| hy× Kivi ¶gZv|
eªþkw³ - eªþÁvbRwbZ kw³; †ZR|
wÎ¸Yvwš^Z - mË¡, iRt I Zgt- GB wZb¸Y wewkó| gvbyl GB wZb ¸‡Y ¸Yvwš^Z|
mË¡ - cÖK…wZi wZb¸‡Yi cÖ_g I †kªô ¸Y| Gi A_© mËv, wbZ¨Zv, Aw¯ZZ¡, AvZ¥v, Rxeb|
Hkxkw³ - Hk¦wiK kw³, Ck¦icÖ`Ë kw³, Amxg ¶gZv|
Avjm¨ - Ajm, kªgwegyL|
Kg©-wegyLZv - Kv‡Ri cÖwZ Avmw³nxb, Kv‡Ri cÖwZ AvMÖn bv _vKv|
c½yZ¡ - Pjrkw³ iwnZ, Pj‡Z bv cviv|
‰bivk¨ - wbivkv, nZvkv|
Riv - eva©K¨RwbZ `ye©jZv, RxY©Zv, ¯’weiZv|
‰K¬e¨ - †cŠi“lnxbZv, KvcyiylZv|
gw¯Z®‹ I ü`q eªþgq – gw¯Z®‹ A_©vr gv_v I ü`q ci‡gk¦‡ii iƒ‡c cwic~Y©| mªóvi †R¨vwZ‡Z fv¯î|
‡`n I gb cvlYgq – cÖ¯Zi, wkjv, KwVb| A_©vr evOvwji †`n I gb K‡g©i †¶‡Î cvlv‡Yi g‡Zv KwVb| Avcb Kg©
m¤cv`‡b Zviv wbwf©K Ges GKwbô|
wMwi wngvjq - wngvjq ce©Z, fvi‡Zi DËi mxgvbvq Aew¯’Z wek¦weL¨vZ ce©Z‡kªwY|
`nb - AwMœ, `»KiY, R¡vjv|
`vnb - ‡cvov‡bv|
cÖmbœ - mš‘ó, Lywk, Avbw›`Z, m`q, wbg©j, D¾¡j|
wPiemšZ - emšZ-dvêyb ˆPÎ `yB gvm; gaygvm, FZzivR; evsjv‡`‡k AbšZKvj a‡i gaygvm A‡_©|
AvZ¥xqZv‡eva - wbwe©‡k‡l mevB‡K Avcb fvev, wbKURb Ávb Kiv|
¯^Y©‡iYy - ‡mvbvi KYv, A_©vr evsjvi gvwU‡Z †mvbv d‡j|
m‰e©k¦h©gqx - me© Hk¦h©gqx| me w`K †_‡K abm¤c‡` cwic~Y©|
cxV¯’vb - †ew`, cweÎ¯’vb|
mÄxebxkw³ - D¾xweZ Kivi kw³|
wbZ¨ gwngvgqx - cÖwZwbqZ †MŠiegwÛZ, †MŠievwš^Z|
`yM©wZ - `yie¯’v, †kvPbxq Ae¯’v|
evUcvwo - cÖZviYv, VKv‡bv|
cÖnv‡iY abÄq - cÖnvi Øviv kvmb|
ivgv‡ì Mvgv‡ì - GLv‡b evB‡i †_‡K AvMZ RvwZ‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
evsOvwji evsjv 9
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
mvwn‡Zï e~cixwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ`vb I ev½wj RvwZi BwZnvm- HwZn¨ wel‡q m‡PZbv m„wó|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi ÔevOvwji evsjvÕ cÖeÜwU ÔbehyMÕ cwÎKvq 1349 e½v‡ãi 3iv êkvL cÖKvwkZ nq| †jLK
Zuvi cÖe‡Ü evOvwj RvwZi †mvbvwj AZxZ ¯§iY K‡i e‡j‡Qb : G †`k gywb, Fwl, †hvMx, dwKi, ì‡ek, Awj,
MvwR‡ì cxV¯’vb| GLvbKvi gvbyl kZ kZ eQi wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ I ag©‡eva RvMÖZ †i‡L m¤cÖxZgq cwi‡e‡k
emevm Ki‡Q| evsjvi gvwU‡Z †mvbvwj dmj d‡j, gaygq Gi cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek| gvby‡l gvby‡l Ggb Mfxi
AvZ¥xqZv c„w_exi Avi †Kv_vI †bB| G‡`‡ki †fZi w`‡q AmsL¨ b`x cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b Av‡Q grm¨-m¤c`|
f~wgi Mfx‡i Av‡Q cÖPzi Kqjvmn LwbR c`v_©| G Kvi‡Y evi evi we‡`wkiv G‡`k AvµgY K‡i‡Q| G‡`‡ki gvbyl
Ávb-kw³ I †cÖg-kw³‡Z c„w_exL¨vZ| wKš‘ Avjm¨ Zv‡ì `ye©j K‡i †i‡L‡Q| evOvwjiv †h Am¤¢e‡K m¤¢e K‡i
Zzj‡Z cv‡i BwZnv‡m †m mv¶¨ Av‡Q| ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ avivevwnK msMÖv‡g eû evOvwj Av‡Z¥vrmM© K‡i‡Q| GLb
Avjm¨ Avi Kg©-wegyLZvi Rb¨ Zviv wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| GB Avjm¨ Avi Kg©-wegyLZv‡K D‡c¶v K‡i evOvwj‡K †R‡M
DV‡Z n‡e| we‡`wk †h kw³ evOvwji m¤c` I Hk¦h© Pzwi Ki‡Z Pvq †m kw³‡KI Ki‡Z n‡e cÖwZ‡iva| Z‡eB GB
evsjv cÖK…Z A‡_© evOvwji n‡e| evOvwji Rq Aek¨¤¢vex|
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg 1899 wLªóv‡ãi 15 †g (evsjv 1306 mv‡ji 11 ˆR¨ô) ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi
Pziywjqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb we`¨vj‡qi covïbv †kl Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| `kg †kªwYi QvÎ _vKvKv‡j cÖ_g
gnvhy× ïiy n‡j wZwb ¯‹zj †Q‡o evOvwj cë‡b †hvM`vb K‡ib| hy× †kl n‡j 1919 wLªóv‡ã evOvwj cëb †f‡O
†Ìqv nq| bRiyj KjKvZvq wd‡i G‡m mvwnZ¨PP©vq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| G mgq mvßvwnK ÔweRjxÕ cwÎKvq Zuvi
Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZvwU cÖKvwkZ n‡j Pviw`‡K mybvg Qwo‡q c‡o| Zuvi KweZvq civaxbZv I Ab¨v‡qi weiy‡× we‡`ªvn
D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q| AwePvi I †kvl‡Yi weiy‡× wZwb cÖej cÖwZev` K‡ib| GRb¨ Zuv‡K we‡`ªvnx Kwe ejv nq| Zuvi
iPbvewj Am¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbvi GK D¾¡j `„óvšZ|
KweZv, msMxZ, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ I Mí-mvwn‡Zï mKj kvLvq Avgiv Zuvi cÖwZfvi D¾¡j cwiPq †c‡q _vwK|
evsjvq wZwb Bmjvwg Mvb I MRj wj‡L cÖksmv †c‡q‡Qb| wZwb Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi eënv‡i KzkjZv †`wL‡q‡Qb|
`yf©vM¨ †h, gvÎ †ZZvwj−k eQi eq‡m wZwb KwVb †iv‡M AvµvšZ nb Ges Zuvi mvwnZ¨mvabvq †Q` N‡U| evsjv‡`‡ki
¯^vaxbZvi ci 1972 mv‡j Kwe‡K XvKvq G‡b evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wZwb Avgv‡ì RvZxq Kwe|
Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, ÔAwMœexbœvÕ, Ôwe‡li evukxÕ, Ômvgëv`xÕ, Ôme©nvivÕ, ÔwmÜz-wn‡›`vjÕ, ÔPµevKÕ,
Ôwi‡³i †e`bÕ BZ¨vw`| Kwe 1976 mv‡ji 29 AvM÷ XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Kg©-Abykxjb
K. Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZvwU msMÖn K‡i †kªwY-wk¶v_©xiv GKwU Ave„wË cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki (`jxq KvR)|
L. Rw½ev` Ki‡Z Kx eyS? Gi ¶wZKi w`Kmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki (GKK KvR)
M. iPbvwU‡Z †hme kã †Zvgvi Kv‡Q bZzb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖYqb Ki (GKK KvR)
N. evOvwji Amva¨ mvab Kivi BwZnv‡mi †h‡Kvb GKwU Kvwnbx (300 k‡ãi g‡a¨) ‡jL| †hgb :
gyw³hy×, fvlv-Av‡›`vjb BwZnvm (GKK KvR)|
10 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
bgybv cÖkœ
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Awe`¨v Kv‡ì Rxe‡b me‡P‡q †ewk evav weNœ Av‡b?
K. mvwË¡K fvevcbœ‡ì L. ¶vÎkw³ fvevcbœ‡ì
M. iR¸Y fvevcbœ‡ì N. eªþkw³ fvevcbœ‡ì
2. ÔevOvwji evsjvÕ cÖeÜwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq †Kvb cwÎKvq?
K. ayg‡KZz L. behyM
M. jvOj N. AvOyi
3. evOvwj ïay jvwV w`‡qB †òkZ eQi Av‡MI Zvi ¯^vaxbZv‡K A¶zbœ ivL‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Q- ej‡Z GLv‡b Kvi
K_v †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. ¶zwìvg L. m~h©‡mb
M. wZZzgxi N. cÖxwZjZv
DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Zuvi HwZnvwmK 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Y e‡jb, GB evsjvq wn›`y-gymjgvb evOvwj-AevOvwj
hviv Av‡Q Zviv Avgv‡ì fvB| Zv‡ì i¶vi `vwqZ¡ Avcbv‡ì Ici|
4. DÏxc‡K ÔevOvwji evsjvÕ cÖe‡Üi cÖwZdwjZ fve n‡jvÑ
i. ¯^‡`k †PZbv
ii. Amv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbv
iii. msMÖvgx †PZbv
K. ii L. i I ii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
5. D³ fvewU wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y dz‡U D‡V‡Q?
K. evsjv me© Hkxkw³i cxV¯’vb L. Avgv‡ì evsjv wbZ¨ gwngvgqx
M. GB cweÎ †`k evOvwji N. evsjvi Rq †nvK, evOvwji Rq †nvK
evOvwji evsjv 11
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1. abavb¨ cy®cfiv Avgv‡ì GB emyÜiv;
Zvnvi gv‡S Av‡Q †`k GKÑmKj †`‡ki †miv;
I †m ¯^cœ w`‡q ˆZwi †m †`k ¯§„wZ w`‡q †Niv;
Ggb †`kwU †Kv_vI Lyu‡R cv‡e bv‡Kv Zzwg,
mKj †`‡ki ivwb †m †hÑAvgvi Rb¥f~wg|
K. mË¡¸‡Yi cÖavb kÎy †KvbwU?
L. Ôevsjv me© Hkxkw³i cxV¯’vbÕÑej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
M. DÏxcKwU ÔevOvwji evsjvÕ cÖe‡Üi †h w`KwUi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki e³e¨ welq Dc¯’vcbB wK KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi g~j j¶?-ÔevOvwji evsjÕv cÖe‡Üi
Av‡jv‡K hyw³ `vI|
2. 1) ÔPj‡Z Iiv Pvqbv gvwUi †Q‡j
gvwUi c‡i PiY †d‡j †d‡j
Av‡Q APj AvmbLvbv †g‡j
†h hvi Avcb D”P euv‡ki gvPvqÕ
2) Awfhv‡bi exi †mbv`j!

R¡vjvI gkvj, Pj Av‡M Pj!
KzPKvIqv‡Ri evRvI gv`j
MvI cÖfv‡Zi Mvb!
K. evsjvi wkq‡i cÖnixi g‡Zv †R‡M Av‡Q †K?

L. Ôevsjv evOvwji †nvKÕÑej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
M. DÏxcK-1 G ÔevOvwji evsjvÕ cÖe‡Üi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxcK-1 Gi †jvK¸‡jv‡K DÏxcK-2 Gi †jvK¸‡jv‡Z iƒcvšZwiZ Ki‡Z cvi‡jB KvRx bRiyj
Bmjv‡gi B”Qv c~iY n‡eÑÔevOvwji evsjvÕ cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K gšZe¨wUi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ki|
c‡o cvIqv
wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
Kvj‰ekvLxi mgqUv| Avgv‡ì †Q‡j‡ejvi

K_v| weay, wmay, wbay, wZby, ev`j Ges AviI
A‡b‡K A‡b‡K `ycy‡ii weKU Mi‡gi ci b`xi
Nv‡U bvB‡Z wM‡qwQ| †ejv †ewk †bB| weay
Avgv‡ì `‡ji g‡a¨ eq‡m eo| †m nVvr Kvb
Lviv K‡i ej‡j-H †kvb- Avgiv Kvb Lvov
K‡i ïbevi †Póv Kijvg| wKQz ïb‡Z ev
eyS‡Z bv †c‡i ejjvgÑKx †i? weay Avgv‡ì
K_vi DËi w`‡j bv| ZL‡bv Kvb Lvov K‡i
i‡q‡Q| nVvr Avevi †m e‡j DVj-H-H-
‡kvb- AvgivI Gevi ïb‡Z †c‡qwQ- `~i cwðg-AvKv‡k ¶xY ¸o¸o †g‡Ni AvIqvR| wbay Zvw”Q‡jï m‡½ ej‡j-
I wKQz bv-weay agK w`‡q e‡j DVj-wKQz bv gv‡b? ZzB me eywSm wKbv? êkvL gv‡m cwðg w`‡K IiKg †gN WvKvi
gv‡b ZzB wKQz Rvwbm? So DV‡e| GLb R‡j bvge bv| Kvj‰ekvLx| Avgiv mK‡j ZZ¶‡Y eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ I Kx
ej‡Q| Kvj‡ev‡kLxi So gv‡bB Avg Kzov‡bv! evoy‡h¨‡ì gv‡Vi evMv‡b PuvcvZjxi Avg G AÂ‡j weL¨vZ| wgwó
Kx! GB mg‡q cv‡K| So DV‡j Zvi Zjvq wfoI †Zgwb| †h Av‡M wM‡q †cŠQ‡Z cv‡i ZviB Rq| mevB ejjvg-
Z‡e _vK| wKš‘ ZL‡bv †iv` MvQcvjvi gv_vq w`we¨ i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì A‡b‡Ki g‡bi m‡›`n GL‡bv `~i nqwb|
So-e„wói j¶Y †Zv wKQz †`Lv hv‡”Q bv; Z‡e eû `yivMZ ¶xY †g‡Ni AvIqvR †kvbv hv‡”Q| IiB ¶xY myÎ a‡i
†evKvi g‡Zv PvcvZjxi Zjvq hvIqv Kx wVK n‡e?
weay Avgv‡ì mKj mskq `~i K‡i w`‡j| †hgb †m wPiKvj Avgv‡ì mKj mskq `~i K‡i G‡m‡Q| †m Rvwb‡q w`‡j
†h, †m wb‡R GLywb PuvcvZjxi AvgZjvq hv‡”Q, hvi B‡”Q n‡e †m Ii m‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i|
Gici Avi Avgv‡ì m‡›`n iBj bv| Avgiv mevB Ii m‡½ Pjjvg|
Aí¶Y c‡iB cÖgvY n‡jv I Avgv‡ì †P‡q KZ weÁ| fxlY So DVj, Kv‡jv †g‡Ni ivwk D‡o Avm‡Z jvMj cwðg
†_‡K| eo eo Mv‡Qi gv_v S‡oi †e‡M jywU‡q jywU‡q co‡Z jvMj, ay‡jv‡Z Pvwiw`K AÜKvi n‡q †Mj, GKUz
c‡iB VvÛv nvIqv eBj, ‡dvUv †dvUv e„wó co‡Z co‡Z Po Po K‡i fxlY ev`‡ji el©v bvgj|
eo eo AvgevMv‡bi Zjv¸wj ZZ¶‡Y ‡Q‡j‡g‡q‡Z c~Y© n‡q wM‡q‡Q| Avg Si‡Q wkjve„wói g‡Zv; cÖ‡Z¨K †Q‡ji
nv‡Z GK GK †evSv Avg| AvgivI h‡_ó Avg Kzoyjvg, Av‡gi fv‡i by‡q cojvg GK GKRb| wfR‡Z wfR‡Z
†KD Ab¨ Zjvq P‡j †Mj, †KD evwo P‡j †Mj Av‡gi †evSv bvwg‡q †i‡L Avm‡Z| Avwg Avi ev`j m‡Üï
AÜKv‡i b`xi av‡ii c_ w`‡q evwo wdiwQ| c‡_ †KD †Kv_vI †bB, †QvU-eo Wvjcvjv c‡o c_ †X‡K wM‡q‡Q;
cvKv †bvbvmy× †bvbvMv‡Qi Wvj †Kv_v †_‡K D‡o G‡m c‡o‡Q, KuvUvIqvjv muvBevejvi Wv‡j c_ fwZ©, KuvUv dzUevi
f‡q Avgiv wWwO‡q c_ PjwQ Ava-AÜKv‡ii g‡a¨|
c‡o cvIqv 13
Ggb mgq ev`j Kx GKUv cv‡q †e‡a †nuvPU †L‡q c‡o †Mj| Avgvq ej‡jÑ`¨vL †Zv †i wRwbmUv Kx?
Avwg nv‡Z Zz‡j †`Ljvg GKwU wU‡bi ev·, Pvwe eÜ| G ai‡bi wU‡bi ev·‡K cvovMuv AÂ‡j e‡j, Wej wU‡bi
K¨vk ev·| UvKvKwo iv‡L cvovMuv‡q| G Avgiv Rvwb|
ev`j nVvr eo D‡ËwRZ n‡q coj| ej‡j- †`wL wRwbmUv?
- `¨vL †Zv, wPwbm?
- wPwb, Wej wU‡bi K¨vk ev·|
- UvKvKwo _v‡K|
- ZvI Rvwb|
- GLb Kx Kiwe?
- †mvbvi MnbvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| fvix †`‡LwQm †Kgb?
- Zv †Zv _v‡KB| UvKv Mnbv Av‡QB G‡Z|
wU‡bi K¨vk ev· nv‡Z Avgiv `yR‡b †mB AÜKv‡i †ZuZzjZjvq e‡m cojvg| `yR‡b GLb Kx Kiv hvq ZvB wVK
Ki‡Z n‡e GLv‡b e‡m| Avg †h wcÖq e¯‘, GZ Kó K‡i Rj-So AMÖvn¨ K‡i hv Kzwo‡q G‡bwQ, ZvI GKcv‡k
Abv`„Z Ae¯’vq c‡oB iBj _‡j‡Z ev `woi †evbv †Mu‡R‡Z|
ev`j ej‡j- †KD Rv‡b bv †h Avgiv †c‡qwQ-
- Zv †Zv e‡UB| †K Rvb‡e Avi|
- GLb Kx Kiv hvq ej|
- ev· †Zv ZvjveÜ-
- GLywb BU w`‡q fvwO hw` ewjm †Zv- I, bv Rvwb KZ Kx Av‡Q †i Gi g‡a¨| ZzB Avi Avwg `yR‡b †be, Avi †KD
bv| Lye m‡›`k Lve|
S‡oi SvcUv Avevi G‡jv| Avgiv †ZuZzjMv‡Qi ¸uwoUvi Avov‡j wM‡q Avkªq wbjvg| †ZuZzjMv‡Q f~Z Av‡Q mevB
Rv‡b| wKš‘ f~‡Zi fq Avgv‡ì gb †_‡K P‡j wM‡q‡Q| Ab¨ w`‡b Avgv‡ì `yR‡b mva¨ wQj bv G mgq G
MvQZjvq e‡m _vwK|
ev`j ejj- kx‡Z †Ku‡c giwQ| Kx Kiv hv‡e ej| evwo wKš‘ wb‡q hvIqv n‡e bv| Zvn‡j mevB‡K fvM w`‡Z n‡e,
mevB †R‡b hv‡e| Kx Kiwe?
- Avgvi gv_vq wKQz Avm‡Q bv †i|
- fvwO Zvjv| BU wb‡q Avwm, ZzB _vK GLv‡b|
- bv| Zvjv fvwOm‡b| fvO‡jB †Zv †Mj| Ab¨vq KvR nq Zvjv fvO‡j, †f‡e `¨vL| †Kv‡bv Mwie †jv‡Ki nq‡Zv|
AvR Zvi Kx Kó n‡”Q, iv‡Z Nyg n‡”Q bv| Zv‡K wdwi‡q †è ev·Uv|
ev`j †f‡e ej‡j-†diZ w`we?
- †è fvewQ|
- Kx K‡i Rvbwe Kvi ev·?
- Pj, †m gZje evi Ki‡Z n‡e| Aag© Kiv n‡e bv|
GK gyn~‡Z© `yR‡bi gbB e`‡j †Mj| `yR‡bB nVvr avwg©K n‡q DVjvg| ev· †diZ †`qvi K_v g‡b Avm‡ZB
14 c‡o cvIqv
Avgv‡ì A™¢yZ cwieZ©b n‡jv| ev· wb‡q Rj-S‡o wf‡R mÜ¨vi ci AÜKv‡i evwo P‡j Gjvg| ev`j‡ì evwoi
wePzwjMv`vq jywK‡q ivLv n‡jv ev·Uv| Zvici Avgv‡ì `‡ji GK ¸ß wgwUs emj ev`j‡ì fvOv bvUgw›`‡ii
†Kv‡Y| el©vi w`b-AvKvk †g‡N †gNv”Qbœ| VvÊv nvIqv eB‡Q| ˆR¨ô gv‡mi cÖ_g| †mB Kvj‰ekvLxi So-e„wói ciB
ev`jv †b‡g wM‡q‡Q| GKUv PuvcvMv‡Qi †dvUv Puvcvdzj †_‡K el©vi nvIqvi m‡½ wgwó MÜ †f‡m Avm‡Q| e¨vO
WvK‡Q binwi †evó‡gi †Wvevq|
Avgv‡ì `‡ji m`©vi weayi wb‡`©kg‡Zv G wgwUs e‡mwQj| ev· †diZ w`‡ZB n‡e-G Avgv‡ì cÖ_g I †kl
cÖ¯Zve| wgwUs-G †m cÖ¯Zve †ck Kivi Av‡MB g‡b g‡b Avgiv mevB †mwU †g‡bB wb‡qwQjvg| weay‡K wR‡Ám Kiv
n‡jv ev· †diZ †`qv mg^‡Ü Avgiv mK‡jB GKgZ, AZGe GLb Dcvq VvIiv‡Z n‡e ev‡·i gvwjK‡K Lyu‡R †ei
Kivi| KviI gv_vq wKQz Av‡m bv| G wb‡q A‡bK Kíbv-Ríbv n‡jv| †h †KD G‡m ej‡Z cv‡i ev· Avgvi| Kx
K‡i Avgiv cÖK…Z gvwjK‡K Lyu‡R evi Kie? g¯Z eo K_v| †Kv‡bv gxgvsmvB nq bv|
Ae‡k‡l weay †f‡e †f‡e ej‡j-gZje evi KwiwQ| Nywoi gv‡c KvMR †K‡U wb‡q Avq w`wK|
e‡jwQ-weayi ûKzg Agvb¨ Kivi mva¨ Avgv‡ì †bB| `y-wZbLvbv KvMR H gv‡c †K‡U Ii mvg‡b nvwRi Kiv n‡jv|
weay ej‡j-†jL-ev`j wjLyK| Ii nv‡Zi †jLv fv‡jv|
ev`j ejj-Kx wjLe e‡jv-
- †jL eo eo K‡i| eo nv‡Zi †jLvi g‡Zv| eySwj? Avwg e‡j w`w”Q-
- e‡jv-
- Avgiv GKUv ev· Kzwo‡q †c‡qwQ| hvi ev· wZwb ivqevwo‡Z †LuvR Kiyb| BwZ-weay, wmay, wbay, wZby|
Avwg Avi ev`j AvcwË K‡i ejjvg-ev‡i, Avgiv Kzwo‡q †cjvg, Avi Avgv‡ì bvg _vK‡e bv eywS? Avgv‡ì fv‡jv
bvg †jL|
weay ej‡j-wj‡L `vI| fv‡jvB †Zv| fv‡jv bvg meviB †jL|
wZbLvbv KvMR wj‡L b`xi av‡ii iv¯Zvq wfbœ wfbœ Mv‡Q †e‡ji AvVv w`‡q †g‡i †Ìqv n‡jv|
`y-wZb w`b †K‡U †Mj|
†KD Gj bv|
wZb w`b c‡i GKRb Kv‡jvg‡Zv †ivMv †jvK Avgv‡ì PÊxgÊ‡ci mvg‡b G‡m ùvovj| Avwg ZLb †mLv‡b e‡m
cowQ| ejjvg-Kx PvI?
- evey, BwìfxlY Kvi bvg?
- Avgvi bvg| †Kb? Kx PvB?
- GKUv ev· Avcbviv Kzwo‡q †c‡q‡Qb?
Avgvi bv‡gi weK…Z D”PviY Kiv‡Z Avwg P‡U wM‡qwQ ZLb| weiw³fv‡e ejjvg-Kx iKg ev·?
- Kv‡Vi ev·|
- bv| hvI|
- evey, Kv‡Vi bq, wU‡bi ev·|
- Kx i‡Oi wUb?
- Kv‡jv|
c‡o cvIqv 15
- bv| hvIÑ
- evey ùvovb, ejwQ| †gvi wVK g‡b n‡”Q bv| GB ivOv g‡Zv-
- bv, Zzwg hvI|
‡jvKUv AcÖwZffv‡e P‡j †Mj| weay‡K LeiUv w`‡Z †m ej‡ÑIi bq †i| †jv‡f c‡o G‡m‡Q| Ii g‡Zv KZ †jvK
Avm‡e|
Avevi wZb-Pvi w`b †K‡U †Mj|
weayi Kv‡Q GKRb †jvK Gj Zvic‡i| ZviI eY©bv wgjj bv; weay Zv‡K cÎcvV we`vq w`‡j | hvevi mgq †m bvwK
kvwm‡q †Mj, †PŠwK`vi‡K ej‡e, †`‡L †b‡e Avgv‡ì BZ¨vw`| weay Zvw”Q‡jï my‡i ej‡j- hvI hvI, hv cvi K‡iv
wM‡q| ev· Avgiv Kzwo‡q cvB wb| hvI|
Avi †Kv‡bv †jvK Av‡m bv|
el©v c‡o †Mj fxlY|
‡mevi Avgv‡ì b`x‡Z Gj eb¨v|
eo eo MvQ †f‡m †h‡Z †`Lv †Mj b`xi †mªv‡Z| `y GKUv MiyI Avgiv †`Ljvg †f‡m †h‡Z| A¤îcyi P‡ii Kvcvwjiv
wbivkªq n‡q †Mj| b`xi P‡i I‡ì †QvU †QvU Nievwo †mev‡iI †`‡L G‡mwQ- Kx PgrKvi cU‡ji Avev`, Kzg‡ovi
†¶Z, jvD-Kzg‡ovi gvPv I‡ì P‡i! `y cqmv AvqI †cZ ZiKvwi †e‡P| †Kv_vq iBj Zv‡ì cUj-Kzg‡ovi Avev`,
†Kv_vq †Mj Zv‡ì evwoNi| Avgv‡ì Nv‡Ui mvg‡b w`‡q KZ L‡oi PvjvNi †f‡m †h‡Z †`Ljvg| mevB ej‡Z
jvMj A¤îcyi P‡ii Kvcvwjiv me©¯^všZ n‡q wM‡q‡Q|
GKw`b we‡K‡j Avgv‡ì PÊxgÛ‡c GKUv †jvK Gj| evev e‡m nvZ-ev· mvg‡b wb‡q RgvRwgi wn‡me †`L‡Qb|
MÖv‡gi fv`yB Kz‡gvi Kz‡qv KvUv‡bvi gRywi PvB‡Z G‡m‡Q| AviI `y-GKRb cÖRv G‡m‡Q LvRbv cËi w`‡Z| Avgiv
`y fvB evevi Kov kvm‡b eB‡qi cvZv Iëvw”Q| Ggb mgq GKUv †jvK G‡m ej‡j- `Êer nB, VvKzigkvq|
evev ej‡jb- G‡mv| Kj¨vY †nvK| †Kv_v †_‡K Avmv n‡”Q?
- Av‡Á A¤îcyi †_‡K| Avgiv Kvcvwj|
- †ev‡mv| Kx g‡b K‡i? ZvgvK LvI| mv‡Rv|
‡jvKUv ZvgvK †m‡R †L‡Z jvMj| †m G‡m‡Q G Muv‡q PvKwii †Luv‡R| eb¨vq wbivkªq n‡q wbwe©l‡Lvjvi †Mvqvjv‡ì
PvjvN‡i mcwiev‡i Avkªq wb‡q‡Q| GB el©vq bv Av‡Q Kvco, bv Av‡Q fvZ| `y Avwo avb avi w`‡qwQj †Mvqvjviv
`qv K‡i, †mI Gevi dzwi‡q Gj| PvKwi bv Ki‡j ¯Îx-cyÎ bv †L‡q gi‡e|
evev ej‡jbÑAvR GLv‡b `ywU Wvj-fvZ †LI|
‡jvKwU `xN©wbk¦vm †d‡j ej‡j-Zv Lve| Lvw”QB †Zv Avcbv‡ì| `yie¯’v hLb ïiy nq VvKzigkvB, GB MZ Rwó
gv‡m wbwe©l‡Lvjvi nvU †_‡K cUj †e‡P wdiwQ; †QvU †g‡qUvi we‡q †è e‡j Mnbv Mwo‡q AvbwQjvg| cÖvq AvovB
†kv UvKvi Mnbv Avi cUj †ePv bM` UvKv cÂvkwU GKUv wU‡bi ev‡·i †fZi wQj| †mUv †h nv‡Ui †_‡K wdievi
c‡_ Miyi Mvwo †_‡K †Kv_vq c‡o †Mj, Zvi Avi †LuvRB n‡jv bv| †mB n‡jv ïiyÑAvi Zvici G‡jv GB e‡b¨-
evev ej‡jb-ej Kx? AZ¸‡jv UvKv Mnbv nviv‡j?
- A‡`ó, G‡KB e‡j evey A‡`ó| AvR †m¸‡jv nv‡Z _vK‡j-
Avwg Kvb Lvov K‡i ïbwQjvg| e‡j DVjvg-Kx i‡Oi ev·?
16 c‡o cvIqv
- meyR wU‡bi|
evev Avgv‡ì ev‡·i e¨vcvi wKQzB Rv‡bb bv| Avgvq agK w`‡jb-Zzwg c‡ov bv, †Zvgvi †m †Luv‡R Kx ìKvi?
wKš‘ Avwg ZZ¶‡Y eBcËi †d‡j D‡V c‡owQ| G‡Kev‡i GK Qz‡U weayi evwo wM‡q nvwRi| weay Avgvi K_v ï‡b
ej‡j-ùvov, wmay Avi wZby‡KI wb‡q Avwm| Iiv mv¶x _vK‡e Kx bv?
weayi Lye eyw× Avgv‡ì g‡a¨| I eo n‡j DwKj n‡e, mevB ejZ|
AvaN›Uvi g‡a¨ Avgv‡ì PÊxgÊ‡ci mvg‡b †ek GKwU †QvULv‡Uv wfo R‡g †Mj| ev· †diZ †c‡q †m †jvKUv †hgb
†Kgb nKPwK‡q †Mj| †PvL w`‡q Rj co‡Z jvMj| †Kej Avgv‡ì gy‡Li w`‡K Pvq Avi e‡j- VvKzigkvB,
Avcbviv gvbyl bv †èZv? Mwi‡ei Ici GZ `qv Avcbv‡ì?
weay AZ mn‡R fyjevi cvÎ bq| †m ej‡j-†`‡L bvI gvj me wVK Av‡Q wK bv Avi GB KvKveveyi mvg‡b Avgv‡ì
GKUv iwm` wj‡L `vI, eyS‡j? KvKvevey Avcwb GKUz KvMR w`b bv I‡K-wjL‡Z Rvb †Zv?
bv, I DwKjB n‡e!
Avgvi evev Ggb AevK n‡q †M‡jb e¨vcvi †`‡L †h, Zuvi gyL w`‡q GKwU K_vI †eiyj bv|
kãv_© I UxKv
w`we¨ - PgrKvi| AvkvZxZfv‡e|
mskq - m‡›`n| wØav|
Mnbv - AjsKvi|
Abv`„Z - Ae‡nwjZ| D‡cw¶Z| ¸iyZ¡ †`qv nq wb Ggb|
wePzwjMv`v - av‡bi L‡oi ¯‘c|
bvUgw›ì - ‡ègw›`‡i mvg‡bi Ni †hLv‡b bvP-Mvb nq|
‡evóg - nwibvg msKxZ©b K‡i RxweKv AR©b K‡i Ggb êòe|
AcÖwZffv‡e - weeªZ ev jw¾Zfv‡e|
cÎcvV we`vq - Zr¶Yvr we`vq|
‡PŠwK`vi - cÖnix|
Kvcvwj - Zvwš¿K wn›`y m¤cÖ`vq |
PÊxgÛc - ‡h gÊ‡c ev Qv`hy³ PZ¡‡i `yM©v Kvjx cÖf„wZ †èxi cy‡Rv nq|
`Êer - gvwU‡Z c‡o mvóv‡½ cÖYvg|
Avwo - avb, Mg BZ¨vwì cwigvc we‡kl| avb gvcvi †e‡Zi Szwo ev cvÎ|
c‡o cvIqv 17
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ KZ©e¨civqYZv I ˆbwZK †PZbvi m„wó|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
GwU wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi GKwU weL¨vZ wK‡kvi-Mí| GwU ÔbxjM‡Äi dvjgb mv‡neÕ MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| G
M‡íi wK‡kviiv Kzwo‡q cvIqv A_© m¤c` wb‡q †jv‡fi cwiPq †`q wb| eis Zviv Zv‡ì eq‡mi †P‡qI A‡bK †ewk
`vwqZ¡kxjZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q| †jLK †`wL‡q‡Qb, eq‡m †QvU n‡j Kx n‡e Zv‡ì ˆbwZK Ae¯’vbI †ek `„p| GB
M‡í wK‡kvi‡ì HK¨‡PZbvi †hgb cwiPq cvIqv hvq †Zgwb Zv‡ì DbœZ gvbweK †ev‡aiI cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| Zv‡ì
PvwiwÎK `„pZvi cvkvcvwk Zx¶è we‡ePbv‡evaI cvV‡Ki `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i| wK‡kvi‡ì Ggb mZZv, wbôv I
KZ©e¨‡ev‡a e‡qv‡R¨ôivI wew¯§Z, Awff~Z| wK‡kviiv hLb HKë× n‡q wm×všZ MÖnY K‡i ZLb Zviv Zv‡ì
g‡a¨ †h me‡P‡q †ewk eyw×gvb I we‡ePK Zv‡K gvb¨ K‡i Zvi Ici Av¯’v ¯’vcb K‡i| GwU M‡íi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
w`K| `wi`ª Amnvq gvby‡li cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvi wPÎI dz‡U D‡V‡Q G M‡í|
†jLK cwiwPwZ
wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Rb¥ 1894 mv‡ji 12 †m‡Þ¤î cwðg ciMYv †Rjvi gyivwZcyi MÖv‡g,
gvZzjvj‡q| Zuvi ˆcZ…K evwo cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMYv †Rjvi evivKcyi MÖv‡g| Zvi evj¨ I ˆK‡kviKvj
†K‡U‡Q `vwi‡`ªï g‡a¨| gvZvi bvg g„Yvwjbx †èx| wcZv gnvb›` e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †ckv wQj K_KZv I
†cŠ‡ivwnZ¨| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Gg.G. covKv‡j (1918) Zuvi cÖ_g ¯Îxi g„Zz¨ NU‡j cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v
Amgvß _v‡K| AZtci ¯‹zj wk¶KZvmn bvbv †ckvq Zuvi Rxeb AwZevwnZ nq| Gi evBk eQi c‡i wZwb
wØZxqevi we‡q K‡ib (1940)| †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, w`bwjwc I ågY-Kvwnwb iPbvi g‡a¨B wZwb Rxe‡bi
Avb›` Lyu‡R cvb| Zuvi iwPZ mvwn‡Z¨ cÖK…wZ I gvbeRxeb GK ALÊ Awe”Qbœ mËvq mgwš^Z n‡q‡Q| Zuvi
mvwn‡Z¨ cÖK…wZi Abvwej †mŠ›`h© I MÖvgevsjvi mvaviY gvby‡li RxebvPi‡Yi mRxe I wbLuyZ wPÎ Aw¼Z
n‡q‡Q| Ôc‡_i cuvPvjxÕ, ÔAcivwRZÕ Dcb¨vm ‡hgb Zuvi †kªô KxwZ© †Zgwb evsjv mvwn‡ZïI Ag~j¨ m¤c`|
Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ iPbvi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm : ÔAviY¨KÕ, ÔBQvgZxÕ; MíMÖš’ : Ô†gNgj−viÕ, Ô†gŠixdzjÕ;
ågY, w`bwjwc : ÔZ…Yv¼ziÕ, Ô¯§„wZi †iLvÕ, wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : ÔPuv‡ì cvnvoÕ, Ôwgmwg‡ì KePÕ, ÔnxivgvwbK
R¡‡jÕ| 1950 mv‡ji 1 b‡f¤î Zuvi Rxebvemvb N‡U|
Kg©-Abykxjb
K. fv‡jv KvR Ki‡jI †h Avb›` cvIqv hvq Zvi c‡¶ †Zvgvi AbyfywZ e¨³ Ki (GKK KvR)
L. A‡bï nvwi‡q hvIqv wRwbm cvIqvi ci Kxfv‡e Zzwg Zv h_v_© e¨w³i Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q †`‡e?-
G welq Aej¤^‡b GKwU Mí †jL (GKK KvR)|
18 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
bgybv cÖkœ
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Kv‡ì evMv‡b Avg Kzov‡Z Kvj‡ev‡kwL D‡c¶v K‡i mevB QzUwVQj?
K. PvUz‡h¨‡ì L.gyLy‡h¨‡ì
M. evoy‡h¨‡ì N. Mv½ywj‡ì
2. PuvcvZjxi Av‡gi e¨vcv‡i GZ AvMÖ‡ni KviY Zv-
i cÖPzi cvIqv hvq
ii †L‡Z AZ¨šZ my¯^v`y
iii wbwe©‡Nœ Kzov‡bv hvq
K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. iii
3. †jL‡Ki PgrKvi A‡_© eëüZ Ôw`we¨Õ kãwU Avgiv Avi †Kvb A‡_© eënvi K‡i _vwK ?
K. kc_ L. wek¦vm
M. mskq N. AbeiZ
wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
¯‹z‡ji Svoy`vi kPx| cix¶v †k‡l K¶ cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z wM‡q †m GKwU g~jëvb Nwo †cj| Zvi †jvf n‡jv| fvej,
NwoUv †g‡qi RvgvB‡K Dcnvi †`‡e| †g‡q wbðqB Lye Lywk n‡e| wKš‘ iv‡Z Nygy‡Z wM‡q g‡b n‡jv-G Ab¨vq,
AbywPZ| hvi Nwo Zvi g‡bvK‡ói Kvi‡Y †g‡qi Pig AKj¨vY n‡Z cv‡i| NwoUv KZ…©c‡¶i Kv‡Q Rgv †`qv Zvi
KZ©e¨| †m ciw`b ZvB Kij|
4. kPx Ôc‡o cvIqvÕ M‡íi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi cÖwZf~ ?
K. ev`j L. weay
M. K_K N. wmay
5. Dwj−wLZ ZzjbvUv †Kvb gvb`‡Û wePvh© ? DfqB-
i. b¨vq I KZ©e¨‡ev‡a DØy×
ii. †jvKj¾vi f‡q fxZ
iii. AKj¨vY wPšZvq ZvwoZ
K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. ii I iii
c‡o cvIqv 19
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :
1. Avwid †Uw· K¨ve Pvwj‡q RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| GKevi GKRb Av‡ivnx‡K MšZ‡e¨ †cuŠ‡Q w`‡q †m wekªvg
wbw”Qj| mnmv Mvwoi wfZ‡i `„wó co‡Z †m †`L‡Z †cj GKwU gvwbe¨vM c‡o Av‡Q wm‡Ui Ici| e¨v‡M
A‡bK¸‡jv Wjvi| wKš‘ e¨v‡M †Kvb wVKvbv cvIqv †Mj bv| †m mÜ¨v Aewa A‡c¶v Kij| wbiƒcvq n‡q †m
cwÎKv Awd‡m wM‡q m¤cv`K‡K GKwU weÁwß Qvwc‡q †èvi Aby‡iva Rvbvq|
K. Ôc‡o cvIqvÕ Kx ai‡bi iPbv ?
L. ÔIi g‡Zv KZ †jvK Avm‡eÕ| weayi K_vwUi A_© eywS‡q †jL ?
M. DÏxc‡Ki Avwid‡K †Kvb hyw³‡Z weay‡ì m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv hvq ? eywS‡q †jL|
N. K‡je‡i ¶z`ª n‡jI Avwid PwiÎwU Ôc‡o cvIqvÕ M‡íi g~j myi‡KB aviY K‡i Av‡QÑg~j¨vqb Ki|
2. mÜ¨vq †`Lv †Mj, wb‡R‡ì QvM‡ji mv‡_ AwZwi³ GKwU QvMjI Av_v‡j XyK‡Q| Gkvi bvgvR cvi n‡q
†Mj wKš‘ †KD †LuvR wb‡Z Gj bv| `v`y ej‡jb, bv, bv, Pzc K‡i _vKv wVK n‡e bv| GK KvR Ki, iwdK-
kwdK †ewi‡q co| cÖwZ‡ewk bvwej Avi Zvwjg‡K mv‡_ wb‡q `yRb `yw`‡K †hI| gmwR` †_‡K †Pv½v wb‡q
Muv‡q †NvlYv w`‡q Avm| wKQz¶‡Yi g‡a¨ `y fvB `v`yi civgk© g‡Zv ej‡Z jvMj, fvBme, GKwU QvMj
cvIqv †M‡Q| hv‡ì QvMj Zviv `qv K‡i gwZb wkK`v‡ii evwo †_‡K G‡m wb‡q hvb|
K. †jLK wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq †Kvb ai‡bi †jLK wn‡m‡e mgwaK cwiwPZ ?
L. Ô`yRbB nVvr avwg©K n‡q DVjvgÕ| K_vwU Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?
M. iwdK-kwd‡Ki †Pv½v †duvKvi NUbvwU Ôc‡o cvIqvÕ M‡íi †Kvb NUbvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki `v`y †hb Ôc‡o cvIqvÕ M‡íi g~j †PZbviB cÖwZf~| we‡k−lY Ki|
ˆZjwP‡Îi f~Z
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
GKw`b mKvj †ejv civki Wv³vi wb‡Ri cÖKvÊ jvB‡eªwi‡Z e‡m wPwV wjLwQ‡jb| †Pv‡ii g‡Zv wbtk‡ã N‡i Xy‡K
b‡Mb ax‡i ax‡i GwM‡q wM‡q Zvi †Uwej †Nu‡l ùvovj| civki Wv³vi gyL bv Zz‡jB ej‡jb, †ev‡mv, b‡Mb|
wPwVLvbv †kl K‡i Lv‡g f‡i wVKvbv wj‡L †mwU Wv‡K cvwV‡q w`‡q Z‡e Avevi b‡M‡bi w`‡K ZvKv‡jb|
em‡Z ejjvg †h? G iKg †Pnviv n‡q‡Q †Kb? AmyL bvwK?
b‡Mb ac K‡i GKUv †Pqv‡i e‡m coj| †Pvi‡K †hb wRÁvmv Kiv n‡q‡Q †m Pzwi K‡i wKbv, GBiKg AwZgvÎvq
weeªZ n‡q †m ejj, bv bv, AmyL bq, AmyL Avevi wK‡mi|
¸iyZi wKQz N‡U‡Q †m wel‡q wbtm‡›`n n‡q civki Wv³vi `ynv‡Zi AvOy‡ji WMv¸wj GKÎ K‡i b‡Mb‡K †`L‡Z
jvM‡jb| †gvUv‡mvUv nvwmLywk †Q‡jUvi †Zj PKP‡K Pvgov ch©šZ †hb ïwK‡q †M‡Q, gy‡L nvwmi wPýUzKzI †bB|
PvDwb GKUz D`åvšZ| K_v ejvi fw½ ch©šZ †Kgb LvcQvov n‡q †M‡Q|
b‡Mb Zvi gvgvevwo‡Z †_‡K K‡j‡R c‡o| gvm `yB Av‡M b‡M‡bi gvgvi kªv‡×i wbgšÎY ivL‡Z wM‡q civki
Wv³vi b‡Mb‡K †`‡LwQ‡jb| GB Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ Ggb Kx N‡U‡Q hv‡Z †Q‡jUv GiKg e`‡j †h‡Z cv‡i?
†Q‡j‡ejv †_‡K gvgvevwo‡ZB †m gvbyl n‡q‡Q e‡U wKš‘ gvgvi †kv‡K GiKg Kvwnj n‡q covi g‡Zv AvKl©Y †Zv
gvgvi Rb¨ Zvi †Kvbw`b wQj bv| eo‡jvK K…cY gvgvi †h ai‡bi Avì †ePvwi wPiKvj †c‡q G‡m‡Q Zv‡Z gvgvi
ci‡jvK hvÎvq Zvi Lye †ewk `ytL nevi K_v bq| evB‡i gvgv‡K Lye kª×vfw³ †`Lv‡jI g‡b g‡b b‡Mb †h Zv‡K
cÖvqB h‡gi evwo cvVvZ ZvI civki Wv³vi fv‡jv K‡iB Rvb‡Zb| covi Li‡Pi Rb¨ `ywðšZv
ˆZjwP‡Îi f~Z 21
nIqvi KviYI b‡M‡bi †bB, KviY †kl mg‡q Kx †f‡e Zvi gvgv Zvi bv‡g †gvUv UvKv DBj K‡i †i‡L †M‡Qb|
b‡Mb nVvr Kuv‡`v Kuv‡`v n‡q ejj, ÔWv³viÕ KvKv, mwZ¨ K‡i GKUv K_v ej‡eb? Avwg Kx cvMj n‡q †MwQÕ?
civki Wv³vi GKUz †n‡m ej‡jb, Ô†Zvgvi gv_v n‡q †MQÕ| cvMj nIqv Kx gy‡Li K_v †i evev! cvMj †h nq AZ
mn‡R †m †Ui cvq bv †m cvMj n‡q †M‡QÕ|
ÔZ‡eÕ- wØav f‡i LvwbK¶Y Pzc K‡i †_‡K nVvr b‡Mb †hb gwiqv n‡q wRÁvmv K‡i emj, ÔAv”Qv Wv³vi KvKv,
†cÖZvZ¥v Av‡QÕ?
‡cÖZvZ¥v gv‡b †Zv f~Z? †bBÕ|
‡bB? Z‡e-
A‡bK¶Y BZ¯ZZ K‡i, A‡bK f~wgKv K‡i, A‡bKevi wkD‡i D‡V b‡Mb ax‡i ax‡i Avmj e¨vcviUv Ly‡j ejj|
PgKcÖ` Awek¦vm¨ Kvwnbx| wek¦vm Kiv k³ n‡jI civki Wv³vi wek¦vm Ki‡jb| wg_¨v Mí evwb‡q Zv‡K †kvbvevi
†Q‡j †h b‡Mb bq, wZwb Zv Rvb‡Zb|
gvgv Zv‡KI cÖvq wb‡Ri †Q‡j‡ì mgvb UvKvKwo w`‡q †M‡Qb †R‡b cÖ_gUv b‡Mb G‡Kev‡i ¯Zw¤¢Z n‡q
wM‡qwQj| gvgvi GiKg D`viZv †m †Kv‡bv w`b KíbvI Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| evB‡i †hgb eënviB K‡i _vKzb, gvgv
Zv‡K wb‡Ri †Q‡j‡ì g‡ZvB fv‡jvevm‡Zb †R‡b ci‡jvKMZ gvgvi Rb¨ AvšZwiK kª×vfw³‡Z Zvi gb f‡i
†Mj| Avi †mB m‡½ RvMj GiKg †èZvi g‡Zv gvbyl‡K mvivRxeb fw³ fv‡jvevmvi fvb K‡i VwK‡q‡Q †f‡e
`viyb j¾v Avi AbyZvc| kªv‡×i w`b A‡bK iv‡Î weQvbvq ï‡Z hvIqvi ci AbyZvcUv †hb †e‡o †Mj- ï‡q ï‡q †m
QUdU Ki‡Z jvMj| nVvr GK mgq Zvi g‡b n‡jv, mviv Rxeb †Zv fw³‡kªv×vi fvb K‡i gvgv‡K †m VwK‡q‡Q,
GLb hw` mZ¨ mZ¨B fw³kª×v †R‡M _v‡K jvB‡eªwi N‡i gvgvi ˆZjwP‡Îi cv‡q gv_v †VwK‡q cÖYvg K‡i G‡j
nq‡Zv AvZ¥M−vwb GKUz Kg‡e, gbUv kvšZ n‡e|
ivwÎ ZLb cÖvq wZb‡U †e‡R †M‡Q, mK‡j Av‡jv wbwf‡q ï‡q c‡o‡Q, evwo AÜKvi| GZ iv‡Î Nygv‡bvi e`‡j
gvgvi ˆZjwP‡Îi cv‡q gv_v †VwK‡q cÖYvg Kivi Rb¨ weQvbv †Q‡o D‡V hvIqvUv †h ixwZg‡Zv LvcQvov e¨vcvi n‡e
†m Ávb b‡M‡bi wQj| ZvB KvRUv mKv‡ji Rb¨ ¯’wMZ ‡i‡L †m Ny‡gvevi †Póv Kij| wKš‘ ZLb Zvi gv_v Mig
n‡q †M‡Q| gb GKUz kvšZ bv n‡j †h Nyg Avmevi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebv †bB, wKQz¶Y Gcvk Icvk Kivi ci †mUv fv‡jv
K‡iB †Ui †c‡q †klKv‡j gwiqv n‡q †m weQvbv †Q‡o D‡V coj|
jvB‡eªwiwU b‡M‡bi `v`vgkv‡qi Avg‡ji| jvB‡eªwi m¤c‡K© b‡M‡bi gvgvi we‡kl †Kv‡bv gv_ve¨v_v wQj bv| Zvi
Avg‡j MZ wÎk eQ‡ii g‡a¨ jvB‡eªwiwU wcQ‡b GKwU cqmvI LiP Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv m‡›`n| Avjgvwi K‡qKwU Aí
`vwg Avi A‡bK w`‡bi cy‡iv‡bv, wfZi¸wj †ewkifvM AìKvwi ev‡R eB‡q Vvmv Ges DU‡i eûKv‡ji †Qov
gvwmKcÎ Avi bvbv iKg fvOv‡Pviv N‡ivqv wRwbm Mv`v Kiv| †UwejwU Ges †Pqvi K‡qKwU Lye m¤¢e Ab¨ Ni †_‡K
†cbkb †c‡q G N‡i ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| †`qv‡j wZbwU eo eo ˆZjwPÎ, m¯Zv †d«‡g evav‡bv K‡qKUv mvaviY iwOb Qwe
I d‡Uv UvOv‡bv| Zv Qvov K‡qKUv cyi‡bv K¨v‡jÛv‡ii QweI Av‡Q-†Kv‡bvUv‡Z wW‡m¤î, †Kv‡bvUv‡Z ˆPÎgv‡mi
ev‡iv ZvwiL †jLv KvM‡Ri djK GL‡bv Szj‡Q|
‰ZjwP‡Îi GKwU b‡M‡bi `v`vgkv‡qi, GKwU w`w`gvi Ges AciwU Zvi gvgvi| `v`vgkvq Avi w`w`gvi ˆZjwPÎ
`ywU GKw`‡Ki †`qv‡j cvkvcvwk UvOv‡bv Av‡Q, gvgvi ˆZjwPÎwU ¯’vb Ry‡o Av‡Q cv‡ki †`qv‡ji gvSvgvwS|
Kv‡iv Nyg †f‡O hv‡e f‡q b‡Mb Av‡jv R¡v‡jwb| wKš‘ Zv‡Z Zvi †Kv‡bv Amyweav wQj bv, †Q‡j‡ejv †_‡K G evwoi
AvbvP-Kvbv‡Pi m‡½ Zvi cwiPq| jvB‡eªwi‡Z Xy‡K AÜKv‡iB †m gvgvi ˆZjwP‡Îi Kv‡Q GwM‡q †Mj| AùzU ¯^‡i
Avgvq ¶gv K‡iv gvgv e‡j †hB †m ˆZjwP‡Îi cv‡qi Kv‡Q Av›`v‡R ¯ck© K‡i‡Q-eY©bvi GLv‡b †cuŠ‡Q b‡Mb wkD‡i
Pzc K‡i †Mj| Zvi gyL AviI †ewk d¨vKv‡k n‡q †M‡Q, `y‡PvL we‡ùvwiZ|
22 ˆZjwP‡Îi f~Z
ÔZviciÕ?
b‡Mb †XvK wM‡j wRf w`‡q †VvU †P‡c ejj, Ô†hB Qwe Qz‡qwQ Wv³vi KvKv, †K †hb Avgv‡K †Rv‡i av°v w`‡q †V‡j
‡d‡j w`j| mg¯Z kixiUv SbSb K‡i DVj Zvici Avi wKQz g‡b †bB| Ávb n‡Z †`wL, mKvj n‡q †M‡Q, Avwg
gvgvi Qwei wb‡P †g‡S‡Z c‡o AvwQÕ|
civki Wv³vi M¤¢xi gy‡L wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, Ô†Zvgvi Av‡M †Kv‡bvw`b wdU n‡qwQj b‡MbÕ?
b‡Mb gv_v †b‡o ejj wdU?-bv, Kw¯§bKv‡j I Avgvi wdU nqwb| Avcwb fyj K‡i‡Qb Wv³vi KvKv, G wdU bq,
gi‡j †Zv gvbyl me Rvb‡Z cv‡i, gvgvI Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb UvKvi †jv‡f Avwg wg_¨v fw³ †`LvZvg| ZvB Qwe
†QuvqvgvÎ iv‡M †Nbœvq Avgv‡K av°v w`‡q mwi‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| meUv ïbyb Av‡M, Zv n‡j eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
mg¯Z mKvjUv b‡Mb govi g‡Zv weQvbvq c‡o iBj| GB wPšZvUvB †Kej Zvi g‡b NyicvK †L‡Z jvMj, fw³
fv‡jvevmvq Qjbvq UvKv Av`vq K‡i wb‡q‡Q e‡j ci‡jv‡K wM‡qI Zvi Ici gvgvi GLb †Rviv‡jv weZ…òv †R‡M‡Q
†h Zvi ˆZjwPÎwU ch©šZ wZwb Zv‡K ¯ck© Ki‡Z w`‡Z ivwR bb| hvB †nvK, b‡Mb GKv‡ji †Q‡j, cÖ_g av°vUv
†K‡U hvevi ci Zvi g‡b bvbviKg wØav-m‡›`n RvM‡Z jvMj| †K Rv‡b iv‡Î hv N‡U‡Q Zv wbQK ¯^cœ wKbv| âh©
ai‡Z bv †c‡i `ycyi‡ejv †m Avevi jvB‡eªwi‡Z wM‡q gvgvi ˆZjwPÎ ¯ck© K‡i cÖYvg Kij| GKevi hw` gvgv ivM
‡`wL‡q _v‡Kb, Avevi †`Lv‡eb bv †Kb?
Gevi wKQzB NUj bv| kixiUv Aek¨ Lye Lvivc n‡q Av‡Q, †g‡S‡Z av°v †hLv‡b †j‡MwQj gv_vi †mLvbUv dz‡j
UbUb Ki‡Q Ges mKv‡j jvB‡eªwi‡Z gvgvi ˆZjwP‡Îi wb‡P †g‡S‡ZB Zvi Ávb n‡qwQj| wKš‘ G‡Z eo‡Rvi
cÖgvY nq, iv‡Î Ny‡gi g‡a¨B †nvK Avi RvMÖZ Ae¯’v‡ZB †nvK jvB‡eªwi‡Z wM‡q †m GKUv AvQvo †L‡qwQj| wb‡Ri
ˆZjwP‡Î fi K‡i gvgvB †h Zv‡K av°v w`‡qwQ‡jb Zvi Kx cÖgvY Av‡Q?
b‡Mb †hb ¯^w¯Zi wbk¦vm †d‡j euvPj| wKš‘ †ewk¶Y Zvi g‡bi kvwšZ wUKj bv| iv‡Î Av‡jv wbwf‡q weQvbvq
ï‡qB nVvr Zvi g‡b c‡o †Mj, Zvi †Zv fyj n‡q‡Q| w`‡bi †ejv Zv‡K av°v †`qvi ¶gZv †Zv Zvi gvgvi GLb
†bB, ivwÎ Qvov Zvi gvgv †Zv GLb wKQzB Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv! Kx me©bvk! Z‡e †Zv iv‡Î Av‡iKevi gvgvi ˆZjwPÎ bv
Qz‡q Kvj iv‡Îi e¨vcvi‡K ¯^cœ ejv hvq bv|
GZ iv‡Î Avevi jvB‡eªwi‡Z hvIqvi K_v †f‡eB b‡M‡bi ürK¤c n‡Z jvMj| wKš‘ Ggb GKUv m‡›`n bv wgwU‡qB
ev gvby‡li P‡j Kx K‡i? LvwbKUv c‡i b‡Mb Avevi jvB‡eªwi‡Z nvwRi| f‡q eyK Kuvc‡Q, Qz‡U cvjv‡Z B‡”Q n‡”Q,
wKš‘ Kx GK A`g¨ AvKl©Y Zv‡K †U‡b wb‡q P‡j‡Q gvgvi ˆZjwP‡Îi w`‡K| N‡i Xy‡KB †m myBP wU‡c Av‡jv †R¡‡j
w`j| gUKvi cvÄvwei Ici `vwg kvj Mv‡q gvgv †`qv‡j ùvwo‡q Av‡Qb| gv_vq KvPvcvKv Pzj, gy‡L GK‡Rvov †gvUv
†Mvd, †Pv‡L frm©bvi `„wó| b‡Mb GwM‡q wM‡q gvgvi cv‡qi Kv‡Q Qwe ¯ck© Kij| †KD Zv‡K †V‡j mwi‡q w`j bv,
wKš‘ mg¯Z kixiUv nVvr †hb †Kgb Aw¯’i Aw¯’i Ki‡Z jvMj| ˆZjwPÎ †_‡K Kx †hb Zvi g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek K‡i
†fZi †_‡K Zv‡K Kvwc‡q Zzj‡Q|
Zey b‡Mb †hb euvPj| f‡qi Rb¨ kixi GiKg Aw¯’i Aw¯’i Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mUv mvgvb¨ e¨vcvi|
wd‡i hvIqvi mgq Av‡jvUv wbwf‡qB b‡Mb Avevi _g‡K ùvwo‡q coj| Zvi Av‡iKUv K_v g‡b G‡m‡Q| Kvj Ni
AÜKvi wQj, AvR Av‡jvUv _vKvi Rb¨ hw` gvgv wKQz bv K‡i _v‡Kb? b‡M‡bi fq A‡bKUv K‡g wM‡qwQj,
A‡bKUv wbwðšZ g‡bB †m AÜKv‡i ˆZjwP‡Îi Kv‡Q wd‡i †Mj| †m Rv‡b AÜKv‡i ˆZjwPÎ ¯ck© Ki‡jI wKQz
n‡e bv| N‡i GKUv Av‡jv R¡j‡Q wK R¡j‡Q bv Zv‡Z we‡kl Kx Av‡m hvq? BZ¯ZZ bv K‡iB †m †mvRv ˆZjwP‡Îi
w`‡K nvZ evwo‡q w`j| ci¶‡Y-
wVK cÖ_g iv‡Îi g‡Zv †Rv‡i av°v w`‡q gvgv Avgvq †d‡j w`‡jb Wv³vi KvKv|
AÁvb n‡q †M‡j?
ˆZjwP‡Îi f~Z 23
bv, G‡Kev‡i AÁvb n‡q hvBwb| Aek¨ Av”Q‡bœi g‡Zv A‡bK¶Y †g‡S‡Z c‡o wQjvg, wKš‘ Ávb wQj| Zvici
†_‡K Avwg wVK cvM‡ji g‡Zv n‡q †MwQ Wv³vi KvKv| w`bivZ †Kej GB K_vB fvwe| †ivR KZevi wVK Kwi evwo
†Q‡o †Kv_vI cvwj‡q hve, wKš‘ †h‡Z cvwi bv, wK‡m †hb Avgvq †Rvi K‡i AvU‡K †i‡L‡Q|
civki Wv³vi LvwbK¶Y †f‡e wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, Zvici Avi †Kv‡bvw`b QweUv Qz‡q‡Qv?
KZevi| w`‡b Qz‡qwQ, iv‡Î Qz‡qwQ, Av‡jv †R¡‡j Qz‡qwQ, AÜKv‡i Qz‡qwQ| wVK IBiKg e¨vcvi N‡U| w`‡b ev iv‡Î
Av‡jv †R¡‡j Qz‡q wKQz nq bv, AÜKv‡i †QvqvgvÎ gvgv Avgv‡K †V‡j †`b| mg¯Z kixi †hb SbSwb‡q SvKvwb w`‡q
I‡V| †Kv‡bvw`b AÁvb n‡q hvB, †Kv‡bvw`b Ávb _v‡K|
ej‡Z ej‡Z b‡Mb †hb G‡Kev‡i †f‡O coj, Avwg Kx Kie Wv³vi KvKv? Ggb K‡i Kw`b Pj‡e?
civki Wv³vi ej‡jb, Zvi ìKvi n‡e bv| Avwg me wVK K‡i †è| AvR mK‡j Nywg‡q co‡j ivwÎ wVK ev‡ivUvi
mgq Zzwg evB‡ii N‡i Avgvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v †Kv‡iv, Avwg hve|
GKUz †_‡g Avevi ej‡jb, f~Z e‡j wKQz †bB, b‡Mb|
Zey gvSiv‡Î AÜKvi jvB‡eªwi‡Z civki Wv³vi g„`y GKUz A¯^w¯Z †eva Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| G N‡i evwoi †jvK Lye
Kg Av‡m| N‡ii evZv‡m cyi‡bv KvM‡Ri GKUv fvcmv MÜ cvIqv hvq| b‡Mb k³ K‡i Zvi GKUv nvZ †P‡c a‡i
Kuvc‡Q| Kx‡mi fq? f~‡Zi? ˆZjwP‡Îi f~‡Zi? f~‡Z †h G‡Kev‡i wek¦vm K‡i bv, hvi e×g~j avibv GB †h hZ me
A™¢yZ A_P mZ¨ f~‡Zi Mí †kvbv hvq Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi mvaviY I ¯^vfvweK †Kv‡bv e¨vL¨v Av‡QB Av‡Q, Qwei f~‡Zi
Am¤¢e Avi Awek¦vm¨ f~‡Zi N‡i cv w`‡q Zvi KL‡bv wK fq n‡Z cv‡i? Zey A¯^w¯Z †h †eva n‡PQ †mUv A¯^xKvi
Kivi Dcvq †bB| b‡Mb †h Kvwnbx ïwb‡q‡Q, mvivw`b †f‡eI civki Wv³vi Zvi †Kv‡bv m½Z e¨vL¨v Kíbv Ki‡Z
cv‡ib wb| GKw`b bq, GKevi bq, e¨vcviUv N‡U‡Q A‡bKevi| w`‡b ˆZjwPÎ wb‡¯ZR n‡q _v‡K, iv‡Î Zvi †ZR
ev‡o| †Kej ZvB bq, AÜKvi bv n‡j †m †ZR m¤c~Y© cÖKvk cvq bv| AviI GKUv K_v, ivwÎ evovi m‡½ ˆZjwPÎ
†hb †ewk mRxe n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K| cÖ_g iv‡Î b‡Mb AÜKv‡i ¯ck© Ki‡j Qwe b‡M‡bi nvZUv ïay wQUwK‡q mwi‡q
w`‡q‡Q, gvSiv‡Î ¯ck© Ki‡j GZ †Rv‡i Zv‡K av°v w`‡q‡Q †h †g‡S‡Z AvQ‡o c‡o b‡M‡bi Ávb †jvc †c‡q
†M‡Q|
Akixix kw³ Kíbv Kiv Qvov G mg‡¯Zi Avi Kx gv‡b nq?
nq-wbðq nq; g‡b g‡b wb‡R‡K agK w`‡q civki Wv³vi wb‡R‡K GB K_v ïwb‡q w`‡jb| Zvici †PvL Zz‡j
ZvKv‡jb †`qv‡ji †hLv‡b b‡M‡bi gvgvi ˆZjwPÎwU wQj| GN‡i wZwb Av‡MI K‡qKevi G‡m‡Qb, ˆZjwPÎ¸wji
w`‡K `ywU D¾¡j †PvL Zvi w`‡K R¡jR¡j K‡i ZvwK‡q Av‡Q| †PvL `ywUi g‡a¨ dvK cÖvq †ò nvZ|
wVK GB mgq b‡Mb wdmwdm K‡i ejj, Av‡jvUv R¡vje Wv³vi KvKv?
civki Wv³vi Zvi Mjvi AvIqvR ï‡bB Pg‡K DV‡jbÑbv|
iv¯Zv A_ev cv‡ki †Kv‡bv evwo †_‡K miy GKUv Av‡jvi †iLv N‡ii †`qv‡j G‡m c‡o‡Q| Zv‡Z AÜKvi K‡gwb,
g‡b n‡”Q †hb †mB Av‡jvUzKz‡Z N‡ii AÜKviUvB ¯có †`L‡Z cvIqv hv‡”Q gvÎ|
b‡Mb Avevi wdmwdm K‡i ejj, GKUv K_v Avcbv‡K ej‡Z fy‡j †MwQ Wv³vi KvKv| `v`vgkvq Avi w`w`gvi Qwe
Zuviv gievi ci Kiv n‡qwQj, wKš‘ gvgvi QweUv gievi Av‡M gvgv wb‡R kL K‡i AuvwK‡qwQ‡jb| nq‡Zv ‡mB
R‡b¨B-
b‡M‡bi wknib ¯có †Ui cvIqv hvq| fq †c‡q †M‡Qb?
24 ˆZjwP‡Îi f~Z
ùv‡Z ùvZ jvwM‡q civki Wv³vi ˆZjwP‡Îi w`‡K GwM‡q †M‡jb| KvQvKvwQ †h‡Z R¡jR¡‡j †PvL `ywUi †R¨vwZ †hb
A‡bK K‡g †Mj| nvZ evwo‡q w`‡Z cÖ_‡g Zvi nvZ coj †`qv‡j| hZ mvnm K‡iB GwM‡q G‡m _vKzb, cÖ_‡gB
G‡Kev‡i b‡M‡bi gvgvi Mv‡q nvZ w`‡Z Zvi †Kgb wØav †eva nw”Qj| cv‡ki w`‡K nvZ mwi‡q ˆZjwP‡Îi †d«g
¯ck© Kiv gvÎ ê`y¨wZK AvNv‡Z †hb Zvi kixiUv SbSb K‡i DVj| AùzU †MvOvwbi AvIqvR K‡i wcQb w`‡K `y-
cv wQU‡K w`‡q wZwb †g‡S‡Z e‡m co‡jb|
ci¶‡Y f‡q Aa©g„Z b‡Mb Av‡jvi myBP wU‡c w`j|
wgwbU cuv‡PK civki Wv³vi †PvL ey‡R e‡m iB‡jb, Zvici †PvL †g‡j wgwbU cuv‡PK GK`„‡ó ZvwK‡q iB‡jb
b‡M‡bi gvgvi iƒcvi †d«‡g evav‡bv ˆZjwPÎwUi w`‡K|
Zvici Zxeª Pvcv Mjvq wZwb ej‡jb, Zzwg GKwU Av¯Z M`©f b‡Mb|
ivM GKUz Kg‡j civki Wv³vi ej‡Z jvM‡jb, MvavI †Zvgvi †P‡q eyw×gvb| GZ K_v ej‡Z cvi‡j Avgv‡K Avi
GB K_vUv GKevi ej‡Z cvi‡j bv †h †Zvgvi gvgvi QweUv B‡Zvg‡a¨ i~cvi †d«‡g euvav‡bv n‡q‡Q Avi Qwei m‡½
jvwM‡q `y‡Uv B‡jKwUªK evj¦ wdU Kiv n‡q‡Q?
Avwg Kx Rvwb! Qgvm Av‡M †hgb †`‡L wM‡qwQjvg, Avwg †f‡ewQjvg QweUv GLv‡b †Zgwb Ae¯’v‡ZB Av‡Q|
B‡jKwUªK kK †L‡q eyS‡Z cv‡iv bv Kx‡m kK jvMj, Zzwg †Kvb †`wk †Q‡j? Avwg †Zv kK LvIqv gvÎ †Ui †c‡q
wM‡qwQjvg †Zvgvi gvgvi Qwe‡Z †Kvb †cÖZvZ¥v fi K‡i‡Qb|
b‡Mb D`åv‡šZi g‡Zv ejj, iƒcvi †d«gUv `v`vgkv‡qi Qwe‡Z wQj, Pzwi hvevi f‡q gvgv A‡bK w`b Av‡M wmÜz‡K
Zz‡j †i‡LwQ‡jb| gvgvi kªv‡×i w`b gvwggv †d«gUv evi K‡i gvgvi QweUv euvwa‡qwQ‡jb| Av‡jv `y‡Uv jvwM‡q‡Q
Avgvi gvgv‡Zv fvB c‡ik|
nu¨v| †m G eQi BwÄwbqvwis K‡j‡R fwZ© n‡q‡Q| ZvB ejj, GB mvgvb¨ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ B‡jKwUªK wgw¯Î‡K cqmv †è
‡Kb?
civki Wv³vi GKUz †n‡m ej‡jb, c‡ik †Zvgvi gvgvi Dchy³ †Q‡jB e‡U| wKQz cqmv euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ ev‡ci Qwe‡Z
f~Z G‡b †Q‡o‡Q| G LeiUv hw` Av‡M w`‡Z AvgvqÑ
b‡Mb mskqf‡i ejj, wKš‘ Wv³vi KvKv-
civki Wv³vi ivM K‡i ej‡jb, wKš‘ Kx? GL‡bv eyS‡Z cviQ bv| w`‡bi †ejv †gb myBP Ad Kiv _v‡K, ZvB Qwe
Qz‡j wKQz nq bv Ñ Qwe gv‡b Qwei iƒcvi †d«gUv| iƒcvi †d«gUvi wb‡P KvVdvU wKQz Av‡Q, †`qv‡ji m‡½ †hvM †bB,
bB‡j †Zvgv‡ì B‡jKwUª‡Ki wej Ggb ûû K‡i †e‡o †hZ †h Avevi †Kv¤cvwbi †jvK‡K G‡m wj‡KR LyuR‡Z n‡Zv|
ZzwgI Avevi f~‡Zi Avmj cwiPqUv Rvb‡Z cvi‡Z| mÜ¨vi ci evwoi mg¯Z Av‡jv R¡‡j Avi we`y¨r Zvgvi Zvi
w`‡q hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z †ewk fv‡jvev‡m wKbv, ZvB †m mgq Qwe Qz‡j †Zvgvi wKQz nq bv| G N‡ii Av‡jvUv R¡vj‡jI
ZvB nq| gvSiv‡Î evwoi mg¯Z Av‡jv wb‡f hvq, ZLb QweUv Qz‡j Avi †Kv‡bv c_ †Lvjv †bB †`‡L we`y¨r AMZ¨v
†Zvgvi g‡Zv †evKv nvevi kixiUv w`‡qB-
civki Wv³vi Pzc K‡i †M‡jb| Zvi nVvr g‡b c‡o †M‡Q, my‡hvM †c‡j Zvi kixiUv c_ wn‡m‡e eënvi Ki‡ZI
we`y¨r wØav K‡i bv| wZwb nuvd Qvo‡jb| Kcvj fv‡jv ZwoZvnZ n‡q cÖv‡Y gi‡Z nq wb|
ˆZjwP‡Îi f~Z 25
kãv_© I UxKv
cÖKvÊ - AZ¨šZ e„nr| AwZkq eo|
weeªZ - e¨wZe¨¯Z, e¨vKzj, wePwjZ|
D`åvšZ - wenŸj, w`‡knviv, nZÁvb|
LvcQvov - ‡egvbvb, D™¢U, AmsjMœ, G‡jv‡g‡jv|
kªv× - g„Z e¨w³i AvZ¥vi kvwšZi Rb¨ kª×v wb‡e`‡bi wn›`y AvPvi ev kv¯Îxq Abyôvb|
DBj - †kl B‡”QcÎ| g„Zzï c‡i m¤cwË e›Ub wel‡q gvwj‡Ki B”Qvbymv‡i cÖ¯‘Z eë¯’vcÎ ev
`vbcÎ hv Zvi g„Zzï c‡i ejer nq|
‡cÖZvZ¥v - g„‡Zi AvZ¥v, f~Z|
AbyZvc - Avd‡mvm, K…ZKg© ev AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ Aby‡kvPbv, cwiZvc|
‰ZjwPÎ - †Zji‡O AvuKv Qwe|
cÖYvg - nvZ I gv_v Øviv ¸iyR‡bi PiY ¯ck© K‡i Awfev`b|
AvZ¥M−vwb - wb‡Ri Ici †¶vf I wa°vi, AbyZvc, Aby‡kvPbv|
we‡ùvwiZ - we¯ZvwiZ, cÖmvwiZ, Kw¤cZ|
Kw¯§bKv‡j - †Kv‡bv Kv‡j ev †Kv‡bv Kv‡jB|
Qjbv - KcUZv, kVZv, cÖZviYv, cÖeÂbv, †auvKv|
ürK¤c - ürwc‡Êi ¯c›`b, ey‡Ki Kuvcywb|
gUKv - †ik‡gi †gvUv Kvco|
frm©bv - wZi¯‹vi, agK, wb›`v|
BZ¯ZZ - wØav, ms‡KvP, Mwogwm|
Akixix - †`nnxb, kixinxb, wbivKvi|
aovm - ür¯c›`‡bi kã, aodo|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
f~ZÑwek¦vm wb‡q gvby‡li g‡a¨ †h Kzms¯‹vi weivRgvb Zv wfwËnxb, KvíwbK I AšZtmvik~b¨| weÁvbm¤§Z
wePvieyw×i gva¨‡g GB Kzms¯‹vi I AÜ wek¦vm mn‡RB `~iKiv m¤¢e| MíwU c‡o wk¶v_©xiv G wel‡q fqgy³,
Kzms¯‹vigy³ I m‡PZb n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÔˆZjwP‡Îi f~ZÕ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †jLv GKwU wK‡kvi-Dc‡hvMx †QvUMí| 1941 mv‡ji †deªyqvwi gv‡m †gŠPvK
cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq G MíwU| f~Z-wek¦vm wb‡q gvby‡li g‡a¨ weivRgvb Kzms¯‹vi †h wfwËnxb, gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
G M‡í Zv Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| G M‡í wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb weÁvbeyw×i Rq| Kzms¯‹viv”QbœZvi Kvi‡Y gvbyl bvbv Akixix
kw³i cÖwZ wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡i weåvšZ n‡q c‡o| wKš‘ gvbyl‡K hw` weÁvb †PZbv w`‡q NUbv we‡k−l‡Y DØy× Kiv
hvq Zvn‡j Hme wek¦v‡mi AšZtmvik~b¨Zv aiv c‡o| gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq G M‡í b‡Mb-Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ f~Z-wek¦v‡mi
¯îƒc e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K civki Wv³v‡ii ga¨Kvi weÁvbm¤§Z wePvieyw×i gva¨‡g ¯có K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb
b‡M‡bi wek¦vm I Kzms¯‹v‡ii wfwËnxbZv‡K| g„Z e¨w³i AvZ¥v f~‡Z cwiYZ nq-GiKg wek¦vm mgv‡R cÖPwjZ
_vKvq b‡Mb ê`y¨wZK kK‡K f~‡Zi KvR e‡j mn‡R wek¦vm K‡i‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K civki Wv³vi mewKQz hyw³ w`‡q
wePvi K‡ib e‡j Zvi Kv‡Q ê`y¨wZK k‡Ki welqwU mn‡RB aiv c‡o‡Q|
26 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
†jLK cwiwPwZ
evsjv Dcb¨vm I †QvUMí †jLK wn‡m‡e gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq L¨vwZgvb| 1908 mv‡j wZwb mvuIZvj ciMbvi `ygKvq
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZ…cyiy‡li emwZ wQj evsjv‡`‡ki weµgcyi AÂ‡j| cÙvb`xi gvwS, cyZzjbv‡Pi BwZK_v
cÖf„wZ Dcb¨vm Ges cÖv‰MwZnvwmK, mixm„c, mgy‡`ªi ¯^v`, wUKwUwK, njy` †cvov, nviv‡bvi bvZRvgvB cÖf„wZ
†QvUM‡íi Rb¨ wZwb weL¨vZ n‡q Av‡Qb| wZwb weÁv‡bi QvÎ wQ‡jb| gvby‡li gb we‡k−l‡Yi w`‡KB wQj Zuvi
†SvK| wZwb kªwgK-K…l‡Ki Kj¨v‡Yi K_vI †f‡e‡Qb| †kvlY †_‡K Zv‡ì gyw³i RqMvb †M‡q‡Qb Mí-Dcb¨v‡m|
wZwb gvwSi †Q‡j bv‡g GKwU wK‡kvi-Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi wK‡kvi-Dc‡hvMx M‡íi msL¨v 27| Gi g‡a¨
†Kv_vq †Mj? Rã Kivi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, ÔwZbwU mvnmx fxiyi MíÕ, Ôfq †`Lv‡bvi MíÕ, ÔmbvZbxÕ, Ô`vwoi MíÕ,
Ôm~h©eveyi wfUvwgb mgm¨vÕ cÖf„wZ D‡j−L‡hvM¨| †jLK Rxe‡b Zvui wbZ¨m½x wQj `vwi`ª¨| 1956 mv‡ji 3 wW‡m¤î
KjKvZvq wZwb †klwbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib|
bgybv cÖkœ
1. b‡Mb Kvi evwo‡Z †_‡K †jLvcov KiZ?

K. Lvjvi L. PvPvi
M. gvgvi N. `v`vi
2. b‡M‡bi mv‡_ civki Wv³v‡ii cÖ_g †`Lv nq KLb?
K. 2 gvm Av‡M M. 4 gvm Av‡M
L. 3 gvm Av‡M N. 5 gvm Av‡M
3. b‡Mb cÖvqB Zvi gvgv‡K h‡gi evwo cvVvZ †Kb ?
K. covi LiP bv †`qvq L. fv‡jv eënvi bv Kivq
M. weiw³i fve cÖKvk Kivq N. Abvì Ae‡njv Kivq
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
Av`bvb mÜ¨v †ejv nvmcvZvj †_‡K evwo wdiwQj| GK mgq g‡b n‡jv Zvi †cQ‡b †cQ‡b †KD nuvU‡Q| †m †cQ‡b
wd‡i ZvKvq wKš‘ wKQzB †`L‡Z cvq bv| d‡j †m f‡q KuvcwQj| Ggb mgq we`y¨r P‡j †M‡j †m †Rv‡i wPrKvi w`‡q
I‡V| Zvi gv evwZ wb‡q Qz‡U G‡m †`‡Lb Av`bv‡bi cv‡qi RyZvi Z‡j †c‡iK Muv_v GKUv KvwV| GZ¶‡Y Av`bvb
f‡qi KviY Lyu‡R cvq|
‰ZjwP‡Îi f~Z 27
4. DÏxc‡Ki Av`bvb Gi mv‡_ Ô‰ZjwP‡Îi f~ZÕ M‡íi b‡M‡bi mv`„‡kï KviY-

K. Zv‡ì eqm Kg L. Zviv AÜKvi‡K fq KiZ
M. Zviv fxlY fxZz wQj N. Zviv f~Z †`‡LwQj
5. Giƒc mv`„‡kï g~‡j †KvbwU we`¨gvb?
K. ev¯Ze Áv‡bi Afve L. cÖK…Z wk¶v bv cvIqv
M. gvbwmK weKvk bv nIqv N. mwVK wm×všZ wb‡Z bv cviv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
iwdK mv‡ne kx‡Zi QzwU‡Z fvwMœ mvnvbv‡K wb‡q MÖv‡g †eov‡Z hvb| iv‡Zi †Lvjv AvKvk †`Lvi Rb¨ Zviv †Lvjv
gv‡V hvb| A`~‡iB †`L‡Z cvb gv‡Vi g‡a¨ nVvr GK cÖKvi Av‡jv R¡‡j D‡V Zv mvg‡b GwM‡q hv‡”Q| IUv wK‡mi
Av‡jv Zv Rvb‡Z PvB‡j iwe‡bi gvgv e‡jb, f~‡Zi! iweb fq †c‡q Zvi evev‡K Rwo‡q a‡i| evev ZLb Zv‡K
eywS‡q e‡jb †h, †Lvjv gv‡Vi gvwU‡Z GK cÖKvi M¨vm _v‡K hv evZv‡mi ms¯c‡k© G‡j R¡‡j D‡V| iweb welqUv
eyS‡Z †c‡i ¯^vfvweK nq|
K. Ô‰ZjwP‡Îi f~ZÕ †Kvb RvZxq iPbv ?

L. b‡M‡bi g‡b `viyY j¾v Avi AbyZvc †R‡MwQj †Kb ?
M. DÏxc‡Ki iwdK Avi ÔˆZjwP‡Îi f~ZÕ M‡íi b‡M‡bi we‡kl wgj †Kv_vq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. iwdK mv‡ne Avi ÔˆZjwP‡Îi f~ZÕ M‡íi civki Wv³vi Dfq‡K AvaywbK gvbwmKZvi AwaKvix ejv hvq
wK? hyw³mnKv‡i eywS‡q †jL|
Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg
†kL gywReyi ingvb
c~e©K_v : 1969 Gi MYAfy¨Ìv‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U cvwK¯Zv‡bi mvgwiK GKbvqK AvBqye Lvb ¶gZvPz¨Z nb| Gici
¶gZvq G‡m bZzb †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb cvwK¯Zv‡b mvaviY wbe©vPb w`‡Z eva¨ nb| wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM GKK
msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i| MYZ‡š¿i aviv Abymv‡i cvwK¯Zv‡bi kvmbfvi cvIqvi K_v AvIqvgx jx‡Mi A_©vr
evOvwji Awemsevw`Z †bZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi| wKš‘ cvwK¯Zvwb kvmK‡Mvôx evOvwj‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv
n¯Zvš—i bv Kivi I MYZš¿ nZ¨vi loh‡š¿ wjß nq| †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb 1971 Gi 3iv gvP© XvKvq cvwK¯Zvb
RvZxq cwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ekb †W‡KwQ‡jb| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv KviY QvovB wZwb nVvr 1jv gvP© GK †NvlYvq RvZxq
cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb ¯’wMZ †NvlYv K‡ib| GB lohš¿g~jK †NvlYv ï‡bB c~e© cvwK¯Zv‡bi me©Î cÖwZev` I
we‡¶v‡fi So I‡V| ÔRq evsjvÕ, Ôexi evOvwj A¯¿ ai evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb KiÕ, Ô‡Zvgvi Avgvi wVKvbv cÙv †gNbv
hgybvÕ, ÔRv‡Mv Rv‡Mv evOvwj Rv‡MvÕ BZ¨vw` †¯−vMv‡b kni e›ì MÖvg Av‡›`vwjZ nq|
GB cUf~wg‡ZB 1971-Gi 7B gvP© XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb †mvnivIqvw`© D`¨vb) cÖvq 10 j¶ †jv‡Ki
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb GK HwZnvwmK fvlY †`b| 18 wgwb‡Ui IB fvl‡Y wZwb evOvwji gyw³ bv
nIqv ch©š— ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| Av‡e‡M, e³‡e¨, w`K-wb‡`©kbvq IB fvlYwU wQj Abe`¨| e½eÜzi
†mB fvlYwU‡K Av‡gwiKvi †cÖwm‡W›U Aveªvnvg wjsK‡bi HwZnvwmK †MwUmevM© fvl‡Yi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv nq|
HwZnvwmK fvlYwU GLv‡b wjwce× n‡jv|
fv‡qiv Avgvi,
AvR `ytL-fvivµvšZ gb wb‡q Avcbv‡ì mvg‡b nvwRi n‡qwQ| Avcbviv meB Rv‡bb Ges †ev‡Sb| Avgiv Avgv‡ì
Rxeb w`‡q †Póv K‡iwQ| wKš‘ `yt‡Li welq, AvR XvKv, PÆMÖvg, Lyjbv, ivRkvnx, iscy‡i Avgvi fvB‡qi i‡³
ivRc_ iwÄZ n‡q‡Q| AvR evsjvi gvbyl gyw³ Pvq, evsjvi gvbyl euvP‡Z Pvq, evsjvi gvbyl Zvi
Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg 29
AwaKvi Pvq| Kx Ab¨vq K‡iwQjvg? wbe©vP‡bi c‡i evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl m¤c~Y©fv‡e Avgv‡K I AvIqvgx jxM‡K †fvU
†`b| Avgv‡ì b¨vkbvj G‡mgwe− em‡e, Avgiv †mLv‡b kvmbZšÎ ˆZwi Kie Ges G †`k‡K Avgiv M‡o Zzje|
G‡`‡ki gvbyl A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ I mvs¯‹…wZK gyw³ cv‡e| wKš‘ `yt‡Li welq, AvR `yt‡Li m‡½ ej‡Z nq, 23
erm‡ii KiyY BwZnvm evsjvi AZ¨vPv‡ii, evsjvi gvby‡li i‡³i BwZnvm| 23 erm‡ii BwZnvm gyg~ly© bibvixi
AvZ©bv‡ì BwZnvm| evsjvi BwZnvm G‡`‡ki gvby‡li i³ w`‡q ivRc_ iwÄZ Kivi BwZnvm| 1952 mv‡j i³
w`‡qwQ|
1952 mv‡j wbe©vP‡b Rqjvf K‡iI Avgiv Mw`‡Z em‡Z cvwi bvB| 1958 mv‡j Avqye Lvb gvk©vj-j Rvwi K‡i 10
eQi ch©šZ Avgv‡ì †Mvjvg K‡i †i‡L‡Q| 1966 mv‡j 6 `dv Av‡›`vj‡b 7B Ry‡b Avgvi †Q‡j‡ì ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v
Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1969 mv‡ji Av‡›`vj‡b Avqye Lv‡bi cZb nIqvi c‡i hLb Bqvwnqv Lvb mv‡ne miKvi wb‡jb, wZwb
ej‡jb, †`‡k kvmbZšÎ †`‡eb,MYZšÎ †`‡eb, Avgiv †g‡b wbjvg| Zvici A‡bK BwZnvm n‡q †Mj, wbe©vPb
n‡jv| Avwg †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb mv‡n‡ei m‡½ †`Lv K‡iwQ|
Avwg, ïay evsjvi bq, cvwK¯Zv‡bi †gRwiwU cvwU©i †bZv wn‡m‡e Zv‡K Aby‡iva Kijvg, 15B †deªyqvwi Zvwi‡L
Avcwb RvZxq cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb †`b| wZwb Avgvi K_v ivL‡jb bv, wZwb ivL‡jb fy‡Æv mv‡n‡ei K_v| wZwb
ej‡jb, cÖ_g mßv‡n- gvP© gv‡m mfv n‡e| Avwg ejjvg wVK Av‡Q, Avgiv G‡mgwe−‡Z eme| GgbwK G ch©šZI
ejjvg, hw` †KD b¨vh¨ K_v e‡j, Avgiv msL¨vq †ewk n‡jI GKR‡bi g‡ZI hw` Zv b¨vh¨ K_v nq, Avgiv †g‡b
†be|
Bqvwnqv Lvb †cÖwm‡W›U wnmv‡e G‡mgwe− †W‡KwQ‡jb| Avwg ejjvg, Avwg hve| fy‡Æv ej‡jb, wZwb hv‡eb bv| 35
Rb m`m¨ cwðg cvwK¯Zvb †_‡K GLv‡b Avm‡jb| Zvici nVvr eÜ K‡i †Ìqv nj, †`vl †Ìqv nj evsjvi
gvbyl‡K, †`vl †Ìqv n‡jv Avgv‡K| eÜ Kivi ci G‡`‡ki gvbyl cÖwZev`gyLi n‡q DVj|
Avwg ejjvg, kvwšZc~Y©fv‡e Avcbviv niZvj cvjb Kiyb| Avwg ejjvg, Avcbviv Kj-KviLvbv mewKQz eÜ K‡i
†`b| RbMY mvov w`j| Avcb B”Qvq RbMY iv¯Zvq †ewi‡q coj, Zviv kvwšZc~Y©fv‡e msMÖvg Pvwj‡q hvevi Rb¨
w¯’i cÖwZÁve× ‡nvb| Kx †cjvg Avgiv? Avgiv Avgv‡ì cqmv w`‡q A¯Î wK‡bwQ ewntkÎyi AvµgY †_‡K †`k‡K
i¶v Kievi Rb¨, AvR †mB A¯Î eënvi n‡”Q Avgvi †`‡ki Mwie-`ytLx wbi¯Î gvby‡li weiy‡×- Zvi ey‡Ki Dci
n‡”Q ¸wj| Avgiv cvwK¯Zv‡b msL¨v¸iyÑAvgiv evOvwjiv hLbB ¶gZvq hvevi †Póv K‡iwQ ZLbB Zviv Avgv‡ì
Dci Suvwc‡q c‡o‡Q|
†Uwj‡dv‡b Avgvi mv‡_ Zvi K_v nq| Avwg e‡jwQjvg, †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb mv‡ne, Avcwb cvwK¯Zv‡bi
†cÖwm‡W›U, †`‡L hvb Kxfv‡e Avgvi Mwi‡ei Dci, Avgvi evsjvi gvby‡li ey‡Ki Dci ¸wj Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kx K‡i
Avgvi gv‡qi †Kvj Lvwj Kiv n‡q‡Q, Kx K‡i gvbyl‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q, Avcwb Avmyb, †`Lyb wePvi Kiyb|
fv‡qiv Avgvi,
25 Zvwi‡L G‡mgwe− Kj K‡i‡Q| i‡³i `vM ïKvq bvB| Avwg wm×vš— wb‡qwQ, 10 Zvwi‡L H kwn‡ì i‡³i Dci
cvov w`‡q Avi.wU.wm-‡Z gywReyi ingvb †hvM`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gmgwe− Kj K‡i‡Qb, Avgvi `vwe gvb‡Z n‡e|
cÖ_‡g mvgwiK AvBb gvk©vj-j withdraw Ki‡Z n‡e| mg¯Z mvgwiK evwnbxi †jvK‡ì e¨viv‡K †dir †h‡Z
n‡e| †hfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Z`š— Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwai Kv‡Q ¶gZv n¯Zvš—i Ki‡Z n‡e|
Zvici we‡ePbv K‡i †`Le, Avgiv A¨v‡mgwe−‡Z em‡Z cvie wK cvie bv| Gi c~‡e© G‡mgwe−‡Z em‡Z Avgiv cvwi
bv|
30 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
Avwg cÖavbgwš¿Z¡ PvB bv| Avgiv G‡`‡ki gvby‡li AwaKvi PvB| Avwg cwi®‹vi A¶‡i e‡j wèvi PvB †h, AvR †_‡K
GB evsjv‡`‡ki †KvU©-KvPvwi, Av`vjZ-†dŠR`vwi, wk¶v cÖwZôvb Awbw`©óKv‡ji Rb¨ eÜ _vK‡e| Mwi‡ei hv‡Z
Kó bv nq, hv‡Z Avgvi gvbyl Kó bv K‡i †mRb¨ Ab¨vb¨ †h wRwbm¸wji Av‡Q †m¸wji niZvj Kvj †_‡K Pj‡e
bv| wiKkv, MiyiMvwo, †ij Pj‡e, jÂ Pj‡e-ïay †m‡µUvwi‡qU, mywcÖg‡KvU©, nvB‡KvU©, RR‡KvU©, †mwg-Mfb©‡g›U
`ßi, Iqvc`v †Kv‡bvwKQz Pj‡e bv| 28 Zvwi‡L Kg©Pvixiv wM‡q †eZb wb‡q Avm‡eb| Gici hw` †eZb †Ìqv bv
nq, Avi hw` GKwU ¸wj P‡j, Avi hw` Avgvi †jvK‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq-†Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q Avgvi Aby‡iva iBj, cÖ‡Z¨K
N‡i N‡i `yM© M‡o †Zvj| †Zvgv‡ì hv wKQz Av‡Q ZvB wb‡q kÎyi †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Rxe‡bi Z‡i
iv¯ZvNvU hv hv Av‡Q mewKQz- Avwg hw` ûKzg wèvi bvI cvwi, †Zvgiv eÜ K‡i †`‡e| Avgiv fv‡Z gvie,cvwb‡Z
cvie| †Zvgiv Avgvi fvB, †Zvgiv e¨viv‡K _vK, †KD †Zvgv‡ì wKQz ej‡e bv| wKš‘ Avi †Zvgiv ¸wj Pvjvevi
†Póv †Kv‡iv bv| mvZ †KvwU gvbyl‡K `vev‡q ivL‡Z cvie bv| Avgiv hLb gi‡Z wk‡LwQ, ZLb †KD Avgv‡ì
`vevqv ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv|
Avi †h mg¯— †jvK kwn` n‡q‡Q, AvNvZcÖvß n‡q‡Q, Avgiv AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †_‡K hÏyi cvwi Zv‡ì mvnv‡h¨
Ki‡Z †Póv Kie| hviv cv‡ib Avgvi wiwjd KwgwU‡K mvgvb¨ UvKv-cqmv †cuŠ†Q †`‡eb| Avi GB 7 w`‡bi niMv‡j
†h mg¯— kªwgK fvB‡qiv †hvM`vb K‡i‡Q cÖ‡Z¨K wk‡íi gvwjK Zv‡ì †eZb †cŠu‡Q †`‡eb| miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡ì
ewj, †h ch©š— Avgvi GB †`‡ki gyw³ bv n‡”Q, ZZw`b LvRbv U¨v· eÜ K‡i †Ìqv n‡jv-†KD †`‡e bv| ïbyb, g‡b
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evOvwj, A-evOvwj hviv Av‡Q Zviv Avgv‡ì fvB| Zv‡ì i¶vi `vwqZ¡ Avcbv‡ì Dci, Avgv‡ì †hb e`bvg bv
nq|
g‡b ivL‡eb, Kg©Pvixiv, †iwWI hw` Avgv‡ì K_v bv †kv‡b Zvn‡j †Kv‡bv evOvwj †iwWI †÷k‡b hv‡eb bv| hw`
†Uwjwfkb Avgv‡ì wbDR bv †`q, †Kv‡bv evOvwj †Uwjwfk‡b hv‡eb bv| 2 N›Uv e¨vsK †Lvjv _vK‡e, hv‡Z gvbyl
Zv‡ì gvB‡b-cÎ wb‡Z cv‡i| c~e©evsjv †_‡K cwðg cvwK¯Zv‡b GK cqmvI Pvjvb n‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Uwj‡dvb,
†UwjMÖvg Avgv‡ì GB c~e©evsjvq Pj‡e Ges evsjv‡`‡ki wbDR evB‡i cvVv‡bv Pj‡e|
wKš‘ hw` GB †`‡ki gvbyl‡K LZg Kivi †Póv Kiv nq, evOvwjiv ey‡Smy‡S KvR Ki‡eb| cÖ‡Z¨K MÖv‡g, cÖ‡Z¨K
gnj−vq AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…‡Z¡ msMÖvg cwil` M‡o †Zvj| Ges †Zvgv‡ì hv wKQz Av‡Q, ZvB wb‡q cÖ¯‘Z _v‡Kv|
g‡b ivLev, i³ hLb w`‡qwQ, i³ AviI †è| G‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K gy³ K‡i Qvoe BbkAvj−vn| Gev‡ii msMÖvg
Avgv‡ì gyw³i msMÖvg| Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg| Rq evsjv|
kãv_© I UxKv
wbe©vP‡bi ci - 1970-G AbywôZ cvwK¯Zvb RvZxq cwil` I c~e© cvwK¯Zvb cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe©vPb
Abyôv‡bi ci| H wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM GKK msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i|
kvmbZšÎ - ivóª cwiPvjbvi Abykvmb I weavbmg~n| msweavb|
b¨vkbvj G‡mgwe− - RvZxq cwil`|
fy‡Æv mv‡ne - cvwK¯Zvb wccjm& cvwU©i ZrKvjxb †bZv RyjwdKvi Avjx fy‡Æv| wZwb cvwK¯Zvwb
mvgwiK miKv‡ii m‡½ nvZ wgwj‡q evOvwj †hb cvwK¯Zv‡bi kvmb ¶gZvq †h‡Z bv
cv‡i †m R‡b¨ nxb loh‡šÎ wjß nb|
Avi.wU.wm. - ivDÛ †Uwej Kbdv‡iÝ| †Mvj †Uwej êVK| mgm¨v mgvav‡bi K_v e‡j †cÖwm‡W›U
Bqvwnqv cÖKv‡k¨ †Mvj †Uwej êVK AvnŸvb Ki‡jI †fZ‡i †fZ‡i c~e© cvwK¯Zv‡b
mvgwiK nvgjv Pvjv‡bvi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z _v‡Kb|
gvk©vj-j - mvgwiK AvBb| cvwK¯Zv‡b MYZvwšÎK kvmb cÖwµqv bm¨vr Kivi Rb¨ 1958 mvj †_‡K
mvgwiK kvmb Pvjy ivLv nq|
withdraw - cÖZ¨vnvi|
e¨vivK - †mbvQvDwb|
‡m‡µUvwi‡qU - ivóª cwiPvjbvi cÖkvmwbK †µ›`ª| mwPevjq|
mywcÖg †KvU© - m‡e©v”P Av`vjZ|
nvB †KvU© - D”P Av`vjZ|
RR †KvU© - ‡Rjv Av`vjZ|
‡mwg-Mfb©‡g›U - Avav-miKvwi|
Iqvc`v - IqvUvi A¨vÛ cvIqvi †W‡fjc‡g›U A_wiwU| cvwb I we`y¨r Dbœqb KZ©„c¶|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
iPbvwU cvV Ki‡j ¯^vaxb evOvwj RvwZ I mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvq RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi
msMÖvg, Ae`vb Ges evOvwj RvwZi AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Zuvi wbiwe”Qbœ mvabvi K_v Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| GB iPbv c‡o
wk¶v_©xiv e½eÜzi Av`k© I †`k‡cÖ‡gi †PZbvq DØy× n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
cvwK¯Zvwb Jcwb‡ewkK ivóªKvVv‡gv †f‡O evOvwji mvwe©K gyw³ AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ 1966 mv‡j e½eÜz †kL gywReyi
ingvb Qq `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡i KviveiY K‡ib| 1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvIqvgx
jxM AR©b Ki wbi¼zk weRq| ZeyI cvwK¯Zvwb kvmK‡Mvôx evOvwj‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯ZvšZi bv K‡i loh‡šÎi
c_ †e‡Q †bq| 1971 mv‡ji 2 gvP© †_‡K e½eÜzi AvnŸv‡b evsjvq me©vZ¥K Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi avivevwnKZvq
7 gvP© 1971-G XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb †mvnivIqvw`© D`¨vb) cÖvq `k j¶ †jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z e½eÜz
†kL gywReyi ingvb 18 wgwb‡Ui HwZnvwmK fvlY †`b| GB fvlY 7B gv‡P©i fvlY wn‡m‡e weL¨vZ|
†jLK cwiwPwZ
nvRvi eQ‡ii †kªô evOvwj †kL gywReyi ingvb ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi ¯’cwZ I evOvwj RvwZmËv
weKv‡ki cy‡ivav e¨w³Z¡| wZwb Avgv‡ì RvwZi RbK| Zuvi Rb¥ 1920 wLªóv‡ãi 17 gvP© †MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi
Uzw½cvov MÖv‡g| Zuvi wcZvi bvg †kL jyrdi ingvb I gvZvi bvg mv‡niv LvZzb| QvÎRxeb †_‡KB wZwb ivRbxwZ
I †`keª‡Z hy³ nb| fvlv Av‡›`vjbmn wewfbœ MYZvwšÎK Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM w`‡q wZwb eûevi KviveiY K‡i‡Qb|
evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì wfwË iPbvq Zuvi Ae`vb Acwimxg| wZwb evOvwji ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe 6 `dv Av‡›`vj‡bi
gyL¨ cÖe³v| †kL gywReyi ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi m~PbvKv‡j 1961 mv‡j e½eÜz Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ
nb| 1971 Gi 25‡k gvP© gaïv‡Zi c‡i cvwK¯Zvwb evwnbx evOvwji GB Awemsevw`Z †bZv‡K Zuvi avbgwÛi
evmfeb †_‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i| †MÖdZv‡ii Av‡M A_©vr 26†k gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv
K‡ib| gyw³hy×Kv‡j e½eÜzi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Zuv‡K ivóªcwZ K‡i MwVZ A¯’vqx evsjv‡`k miKvi hy× cwiPvjbv
K‡i| †`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci 1972 mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi wZwb cvwK¯Zv‡bi KvivMvi †_‡K gy³ n‡q †`‡k †d‡ib
Ges hy×weaŸ¯Z †`k Movi gnvb `vwq‡Z¡ eªZx nb| Zuvi miKviB ¯cí mg‡qi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb iPbv
K‡i (1972)| 1974 mv‡j RvwZmsN mvaviY cwil‡ì Awa‡ek‡b wZwb cÖ_g evsjv fvlvq fvlY w`‡q evsjv‡K
wek¦mfvq gh©v`vi Avm‡b AwawôZ K‡ib|
1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ mvgwiK evwnbxi KwZcq wec_Mvgx m`‡mï nv‡Z e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb mcwiev‡i
wbnZ nb|
32 Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg
Kg©-Abykxjb
K. evOvwj‡ì Rb¨ RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywSeyi ingvb †Kvb ‡Kvb Av‡›`vj‡b Kx RvZxq f~wgKv
†i‡L‡Qb, †m ¤ú‡K© GKwU iPbv †jL (GKK KvR)
L. RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi ˆkke, ˆK‡gvig †hŠeb, e¨w³MZ Rxeb, ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ
†`k‡cÖg BZ¨vw` Aej¤^‡b Qov, KweZv, Mí, cÖeÜ , bvwUKv, Qwe BZ¨vw` iPbv K‡i †`qvwjKv cÖKvk Ki
(†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi KvR)|
M. RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb- G welq Aej¤^‡b †cv÷vi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki
(GKK KvR, cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †cv÷vi †kªwY I wk¶v_x©i bvg I ‡ivj bv¤^vi wjL‡Z n‡e)|
bgybv cÖkœ
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ :
1. KZ e½eÜz †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b HwZnvwmK fvlY †`b Zvwi‡L ?
K. 1969-Gi 7B gvP© L. 1971-Gi 3iv gvP©
M. 1971-Gi 7B gvP© N. 1974-Gi 3iv gvP©
2. †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡bi fvlYB evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv| †KKbv GB fvlY-
K. AvRI ¯^vaxbZvi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q
L. msMÖvg cwil` M‡o †Zvjvi A½xKvi
M. A¨v‡m¤^wj‡Z bv emvi AvnŸvb
N. evOvwji mvwe©K gyw³i j‡¶¨ msMÖv‡gi AvnŸvb
3. Avqye Lv‡bi cZ‡bi ci †K †`‡k MYZ‡šÎi cÖwZkÖywZ w`‡qwQ‡jb ?
K. †kL gywReyi ingvb L. Bqvwnqv Lvb
M. gvIjvbv fvmvbx N. RyjwdKvi Avjx fy‡Æv
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
`w¶Y Avwd«Kvi Awemsev`x †bZv †bjmb †g‡Êjv eY©ev‡ì weiy‡× msMÖvg K‡i †Rj, Ryjyg, wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nb|
wbe©vwmZ Rxeb hvcb K‡ib| ¶gZvmxb kvmK‡Mvôx Zuvi Rxeb †_‡K †K‡o †bq 27wU eQi wKš‘ wZwb KLbI gv_v
bZ K‡ibwb| Ae‡k‡l Rq nq gvbeZvi, Aemvb N‡U eY©ev‡ì|
4. e½eÜz I †bjmb †g‡ÊjvÑ Df‡qi g‡a¨ ‡Kvb ¸‡Yi wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq ?
i. mnbkxjZv
ii. †`k‡cÖg
iii. Av‡cvlnxbZv
5. e½eÜz GB we‡kl ¸Y Avgv‡ì Dcnvi w`‡q‡Q-
K. Mfxi †`k‡cÖg L. evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ
M. ¯^vaxb ivóª N. ‰elg¨ †_‡K gyw³
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1. MYZšÎ hv Awnsmvi gva¨‡g cÖwZwôZ nq †hLv‡b meviB mgvb ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K| †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡KB n‡e Zvi
RMr- wbqšÎv| GUvB †mB MYZšÎ hvnv‡Z Avcbv‡ì AvR AskMÖnY Ki‡Z AvnŸvb RvbvwPQ| GKw`b Avcbviv
eyS‡Z cvi‡eb, wn›`y I gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ fy‡j hvIqv Ges Avcbviv Avcbv‡ì‡K ïaygvÎ fviZxq g‡b
Ki‡eb, Ges mevB GKwÎZ n‡q ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡›`vj‡b eªZx n‡eb|
K. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Rb¥ KZ Zvwi‡L ?
L. Ôevsjvi BwZnvm G‡`‡ki gvby‡li i³ w`‡q ivRc_ iwÄZ Kivi BwZnvmÕÑ ej‡Z Kx eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?
M. DÏxc‡Ki 1g As‡k gnvZ¥vMvÜxi fvl‡Y e½eÜzi fvl‡bi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. i³ hLb w`‡qwQ, i³ Av‡iv †è| G‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K gy³ K‡i Qvoe BbkvAvj−vn| Gev‡ii msMÖvg
¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg e½eÜzi GB e³e¨ gvnvZ¥MvÜxi 2q As‡ki e³‡eï †P‡qI ¯có wQj| g~j¨vqb
Ki|
Lv`¨k‡mï c‡iB evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Rxe‡bi m‡½ †h wRwbmwU AwZ wbweofv‡e Rwo‡q Av‡Q, Zv n‡jv GLvbKvi
KzwUiwkí| GK mg‡q Ni-M„n¯’wji wbZ¨ eënv‡ii cÖvq me cY¨`ªe¨B G‡`‡ki MÖv‡gi KzwU‡i ˆZwi n‡Zv| AvRI A‡bK
wKQzB nq| G¸‡jv KzwUiwk‡íi gva¨‡g ˆZwi n‡jI wkí¸Y wePv‡i G ai‡bi mvgMÖx †jvKwk‡íi g‡a¨ MY¨|
Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wewfbœ †jvKwk‡íi KZK¸‡jv GK mg‡q Ggb D”Pgv‡bi wQj †h, AvRI Avgiv †mme wRwb‡mi K_v
¯§iY K‡i Me©‡eva Kwi|
cÖ_‡g ej‡Z nq XvKvB gmwj‡bi K_v| XvKv kn‡ii A`~‡i †Wgiv GjvKvi ZuvwZ‡ì G Ag~j¨ m„wó GK Kv‡j `ywbqv
Ry‡o Zz‡jwQj cÖej Av‡jvob| XvKvi gmwjb ZrKvjxb †gvMj ev`kvn‡ì wejv‡mi e¯‘ wQj| gmwjb Kvco GZ m~²
myZv w`‡q †evbv n‡Zv †h, †QvÆ GKwU AvswUi wfZi w`‡q Abvqv‡m K‡qK k MR gmwjb Kvco cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q †`qv m¤¢e
wQj| ïay KvwiMwi `¶Zvq bq, G ai‡bi Kvco eybevi Rb¨ wkíxgb _vKvI cÖ‡qvRb| AvR †mB gmwjb †bB| Z‡e
gmwjb hviv eybZ, Zv‡ì eskaiiv hyM hyM a‡i G wkíaviv enb K‡i Avm‡Q e‡j Rvg`vwb kvwo Avgiv AvRI †`L‡Z
cvB| eZ©gvb hy‡M Rvg`vwb kvwo †`‡k-we‡`‡k ïay cwiwPZB bq, M‡e©i e¯‘|
Ggwb Avi GKwU MÖvgxY †jvKwkí AvR jyßcÖvq n‡jI wKQz wKQz bgybv cvIqv hvq| GwU n‡jv bKwkKuv_v| GK mgq
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡g MÖv‡g G bKwkKuv_v ˆZwii †iIqvR wQj| GK GKwU mvaAiY AvKv‡ii bKwkKvu_v †mjvB Ki‡ZI
Kgc‡¶ Qq gvm jvMZ| el©vKv‡j hLb Pviw`‡K cvwb ˆ_ ˆ_ K‡i, Ni †_‡K evB‡i †ei nIqv hvq bv, Ggb †gŠmygB wQj
bKwkKvu_A †mjvB‡qi Dchy³ mgq| †g‡qiv msmv‡i KvR Ki‡Z `ycy‡ii LvIqv `vIqv †m‡i cvwU wewQ‡q cv‡bi evUvwU
cv‡k wb‡q cv‡k‡j em‡Zb G wewPÎ bKkv †Zvjv Kvu_v †mjvB Ki‡Z| cowkivI my‡hvM †c‡j AvmZ Mí Ki‡Z| Avcb
cwi‡ek †_‡KB †g‡qiv Zvu‡ì g‡bi g‡Zv K‡i Kvu_v †mjvB‡qi Aby‡cÖiYv †c‡Zb| Ggwb GK GKwU Kv_v †mjvB KZ
Mí, KZ nvwm, KZ Kvbœvi g‡a¨ w`‡q †kl n‡Zv Zv ejv hvq bv| ïay KZK¸‡jv m~² †mjvB Avi is-‡ei‡Oi bKkvi
Rb¨B bKwkKuv_v ejv nq bv eis Kuv_vi cÖwZwU my‡Pi †duv‡oi g‡a¨ jywK‡q Av‡Q GK-GKwU cwiev‡ii Kvwnbx, Zv‡ì
cwi‡ek, Zv‡ì RxebK_v| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †jvKwkí wewfbœ i~‡c wfbœ wfbœ AÂ‡j cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| ZuvZwkí
evsjv‡`‡ki me GjvKv‡ZB Av‡Q; Z‡e XvKv, Uv½vBj, mvRv`cyi, Kzwgj−v, PÆMÖvg GjvKvq ZuvZwk‡íi †gŠwjK
êwkó¨ †`Lv hvq|
Avgv‡ì †jvKwkí 35
Rvg`vwb kvwoi K_v Avgiv Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| bvivqYMÄ †Rjvi

bIqvcvov MÖv‡gB Rvg`vwb KvwiMi‡ì emevm| kZvãxKvj a‡i G
ZuvZwkí we¯—vi jvf K‡i‡Q kxZj¶¨v b`xi ZxieZ©x G GjvKvq|
êÁvwbK we‡k−l‡Y †`Lv hvq, G kxZj¶¨v b`xi cvwbi ev®c †_‡K †h
Av`ª©Zvi m„wó nq Zv Rvg`vwb †evbvi Rb¨ ïay Dc‡hvMxB bq, eis
GK Acwinvh© e¯‘ ejv P‡j| †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb, AvenvIqv Ges
cwiw¯’wZi Rb¨ ïay AZx‡Zi ZuvwZ‡ì ZuvZwkíB bq, eZ©gv‡bi eo
eo Kvc‡oi KviLvbvI kxZj¶¨v b`xi Zx‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q|
Kzwgj−v, †bvqvLvjx I PÆMÖv‡g cÖ¯‘Z Lvw` ev LÏ‡ii mgvì ïay
MÖvgRxe‡bB bq, kn‡ii AvaywbK mgv‡RI h‡_ó i‡q‡Q| Lvw`
Kvc‡oi we‡klZ¡ n‡”Q, Gi meUvB nv‡Z cÖ¯‘Z| Zzjv †_‡K nv‡Z
myZv KvUv nq| MÖvgevmxiv Aemi mg‡q myZv Kv‡U| G‡ì ejv nq
KvUzwb| MÖv‡g evwoi Av‡kcv‡k Zzjvi MvQ jvMv‡bvi ixwZ Av‡Q| †mB
Mv‡Qi Zzjv w`‡q myZv KvUv I n¯—PvwjZ Zuv‡Z Gme myZvq †h Kvco
cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq, †mB KvcoB cÖK…Z Lvw` ev LÏi| ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi
hy‡M we‡`wk Kvco eR©b K‡i †`wk Kvco
eënv‡ii †h Av`k© cÖewZ©Z n‡qwQj ZviB mvd‡jï ¯^v¶i GB Lvw`|
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi ivOvgvwU, ev›ìevb, ivgMo GjvKvi PvKgv, KzwK I
gyis †g‡qiv Ges wm‡j‡Ui gvwQgcyi AÂ‡ji gwYcyix †g‡qiv Zv‡ì
wb‡R‡ì I cyiyl‡ì cwi‡aq e¯‘ ey‡b _v‡K| G Kvco¸‡jv
mvaviYZ †gvUv I †UKmB nq| bKkv, is I eybb‡KŠkj meB Zv‡ì
wbR¯^ HwZn¨ Abyhvqx nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡g MÖv‡g Kuvmv I wcZ‡ji evmbcÎ GKKv‡j †ek
cÖPwjZ wQj| AvRI kZ kZ MÖvg¨ KvwiMi ˆZwi K‡i wewPÎ ai‡bi
ˆZRmcÎ| cÖ_‡g gvwUi QuvP K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ †X‡j †`q MwjZ Kuvmv|
ax‡i ax‡i G MwjZ avZz VvÊv n‡q Av‡m| ZLb Ici †_‡K gvwUi
QuvPwU †f‡O †dj‡jB wfZi †_‡K †ewi‡q Av‡m e`bv, evwU, M−vm, _vjv
BZ¨vw`| Zvici G¸‡jv cvwjk Kiv nq| G ai‡bi evm‡b bvbviKg
dzj cvZvi bKkv ev digvkKvixi bvg †Lv`vB Kiv _v‡K| GgbwK
AvRKvj AwZ AvaywbK M„nm¾vi mvgMÖx wn‡m‡e Zvgv wcZ‡ji Nov,
_vjv, dzj`vwb eëüZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| †cvovgvwUi Kv‡Ri HwZn¨
G‡`‡k eû hy‡Mi| gvwUi Kjm, nuvwo, cvwZj, mvbwK, dzj`vwb,
`B‡qi fuvo, i‡mi
36 mvwnZ¨ wKYKv
wVjv, m‡›`k I wcVvi QuvP, †Ucv cyZzj, wn›`y m¤cÖ`v‡qi `yM©v, mi¯^Zx, j²x BZ¨vwì g~wZ© Moevi Kv‡R evsjv‡`‡ki
cvjcvov I Kz‡gvicvovi Awaevmxiv mviv eQiB e¨¯— _v‡K| AvaywbK iywPi dzj`vwb, QvB`vwb, Pv‡qi †mU, †KŠUv,
ev· ev Ni mvRvevi bvbv ai‡bi †kŠwLb mvgMÖx me wKQzB gvwU w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv n‡”Q| G Qvov cyiKv‡ji gmwR` ev
gw›`‡ii Mv‡q †hme bKkv`vi BU †`Lv hvq Zv G‡`‡ki †jvKwk‡íi GK AZzjbxq wb`k©b|
cÖZxKag©x gvwUi †Ucv cyZzj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kZ kZ eQi c~‡e©i cvj ev Kz‡gvi‡ì †h KvwiMwi we`¨v Ges wkíxg‡bi
cwiPq cvIqv hvq, Zv Afvebxq|
Kv‡Vi Kv‡Ri Lye †ewk wkí¸Y AvRKvj †`Lv bv †M‡jI AZx‡Zi wKQz wKQz bgybv hv †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq Zv †_‡K
Abygvb Kiv hvq †h, G †`‡k GK mgq M„nwbg©v‡Yi Kv‡R Kvi“Kv‡h©f~wlZ Kv‡Vi eënvi wQj| we‡kl K‡i cyivZb
LvU cvj¼, LyuwU ìRv BZ¨vwì bgybv AvRI †`Lv hvq| G ai‡bi KvR‡K ejv nq nvwmqv| ewikv‡ji Kv‡Vi
†bŠKvi KvRI †ek wbcyYZvi `vwe iv‡L|
Lyjbvi gv`yi Ges wm‡j‡Ui kxZjcvwU mK‡ji Kv‡Q cwiwPZ| MÖx®§Kv‡j eënv‡i Avivg`vqK e‡jB bq,
kxZjcvwUi bKkv GKwU †gŠwjK êwk‡óï cwiPvqK| AZx‡Z kxZjcvwUi eû `¶ KvwiMi wQj| G wkíx‡ì w`‡q
GKKv‡j XvKvi beve cwievi nvwZi ùv‡Zi kxZjcvwU ˆZwi Kwi‡qwQ‡jb| XvKvi Rv`yN‡i Zv msiw¶Z Av‡Q| GwU
Avgv‡ì †jvKwk‡íi GK AZzjbxq wb`k©b|
Avgv‡ì MÖv‡gi N‡i N‡i †h wkKv, nvZcvLv, dzjwcVv ˆZwi Kiv nq, Zv †gv‡UB Ae‡njvi wRwbm bq| G‡ì wewPÎ
bKkv, is Ges KvwiMwi †mŠ›`‡h©i †h wb`k©b †Pv‡L c‡o Zv ïay Avgv‡ì AwZ Avcb e¯‘B bq, †mŠ›`‡h©i w`K
w`‡qI G‡ì ¯’vb eû D‡”P| mvaviY mvgMÖx n‡jI huviv G¸‡jv ˆZwi K‡ib Zuv‡ì †mŠ›`h©wcÖqZvi cÖKvk N‡U Gme
wRwb‡mi ga¨ w`‡q| wkKv M„n¯’vwji wRwbmcËi Szwj‡q ivLvi Rb¨ ˆZwi GK_v mK‡jB Rv‡b| ïay ïay cÖ‡qvRb
wgU‡jB gb f‡i bv e‡j †mŠ›`h©wcÖq gvbyl bvbv bKkv Ry‡o w`‡q Zv‡KI GKwU we‡kl wkíe¯‘‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Q|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k euvk AcÖZzj bq| evu‡ki bvbviKg eënvi Qvov Avgv‡ì Pj‡ZB cv‡i bv| †QvULv‡Uv mvgvb¨
nvwZqv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Avgv‡ì KvwiMiiv euvk w`‡q AvRKvj AvaywbK iywPi bvbv eënvwiK mvgMÖx ˆZwi Ki‡Q hv ïay
Avgv‡ì wb‡R‡ì †`‡kB bq, we‡`‡kI eûj cwigv‡Y eëüZ n‡”Q| G Qvov †mvjvwk‡íi DrK…ó m„Rbkxj bgybvI
†`Lv hvq cyZzj, †Uvci BZ¨vwì g‡a¨|
Kvc‡oi cyZzj ˆZwi Kiv Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †g‡q‡ì GKwU mnRvZ wkí¸Y| A‡bKvs‡k Gme cyZzj cÖZxKag©x| Aek¨
AvRKvj ev¯—eag©x Kvc‡oi cyZzj ˆZwiI ïi“ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv †hgb Avgv‡ì †`‡ki HwZn¨ I Rxe‡bi cÖwZwbwaZ¡
K‡i, †Zgwb we‡`wk cqmvI DcvR©b K‡i|
‡jvKwkí msi¶Y I m¤cÖmvi‡Yi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡ì mK‡ji| evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ kni, kniZwj Ges MÖv‡gi nvRvi
nvRvi bvix-cyi“l Av‡Q, hviv KvR Ki‡Z Pvq A_P Kv‡Ri Afv‡e w`b w`b `vwi‡`ªï wkKvi n‡”Q| mycwiKwíZ
Dcv‡q Ges myiywPc~Y© †jvKwkí cÖ¯‘wZi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM w`‡j Zv‡ì mgm¨vi wKQzUv mgvavb n‡e|
Avgv‡ì mKj‡KB AvR Avcb cwi‡ek Ges cwiw¯’wZi w`‡K ïay †PvL w`‡q ZvKv‡j n‡e bv, ü`q w`‡qI ZvKv‡Z
n‡e| †jvKwk‡íi wfZi w`‡q ü`q g‡bi cÖKvk n‡j Zv we‡`wk‡ì ü`‡q mvov RvMv‡e| Gfv‡e †`‡k †`‡k ü`‡qi
m¤cK© M‡o †Zvjvi Kv‡RI Avgv‡ì †jvKwkí mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
kãv_© I UxKv
cY¨`ªe¨ Ñ wewµ Kiv hvq Ggb wRwbm|

†jvKwkí Ñ †`wk wRwbm w`‡q †`‡ki gvby‡li nv‡Z ˆZwi wkím¤§Z `ªe¨|
†UKmB Ñ gReyZ|
we‡klÁ Ñ we‡kl wel‡q hvi Ávb I `¶Zv i‡q‡Q|
Ag~j¨ Ñ g~j¨ w`‡q hvi wePvi Kiv hvq bv|
wbweo Ñ Nwbô|
AcÖZzj Ñ h‡_ó bq|
`¶Zv Ñ wbcyYZv, KzkjZv|
jyßcÖvq Ñ hv †jvc †c‡Z e‡m‡Q|
‡iIqvR Ñ ixwZ, `¯‘i|
Aby‡cÖiYv Ñ DÏxcbv, Drmvn|
RxebMv_v Ñ Rxe‡bi Kvwnwb|
Acwinvh© Ñ hv Gov‡bv hvq bv, Avewk¨K|
HwZn¨ Ñ AZx‡Zi Me© I †MŠi‡ei e¯‘|
‡Uvci Ñ wn›`y e‡ii gv_vi gyKzU|
gwYcyix Ñ gwYcyi-m¤cwK©Z, gwYcy‡i Drcbœ|
‡UKmB Ñ gReyZ|
cÖZxKag©x Ñ wb`k©bÁvcb, ms‡KZ|
msi¶Y Ñ we‡klfv‡e i¶v Kiv|
m¤cÖmviY Ñ cÖmvwiZ Kiv, we¯Zvi Kiv|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
GB cÖeÜwU cvV K‡i wk¶v_©xiv evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡ji †jvKwkí I †jvK-HwZn¨ m¤c‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡Z
cvi‡e| Zviv †`‡ki †jvKwkí m¤c‡K© AvMÖnx I kª×vkxj n‡e Ges Zv msi¶‡Y Zrci n‡e|
38 Avgv‡ì †jvKwkí
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Avgv‡ì ‡jvKwkí cÖeÜwU Avgv‡ì †jvKK…wó MÖš’ †_‡K M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| †jLK G cÖe‡Ü evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKwkí I
†jvK-HwZ‡nï eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| G eY©bvq †jvKwk‡íi cÖwZ Zuvi Mfxi ggZ¡‡ev‡ai cwiPq i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì
wbZëënvh© AwaKvsk wRwbmB G KzwUiwk‡íi Ici wbf©ikxj| wkí¸Y wePv‡i G ai‡bi wkí‡K †jvKwk‡íi g‡a¨
MY¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| c~‡e© Avgv‡ì †`‡k †h mg¯Z †jvKwk‡íi `ªe¨ ˆZwi n‡Zv Zvi A‡bK¸‡jvB AZ¨šZ
D”Pgv‡bi wQj| XvKvB gmwjb Zvi Ab¨Zg| XvKvB gmwjb Aaybv wejyß n‡jI XvKvB Rvg`vwb kvwo A‡bKvs‡k †m
¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Rvg`vwb kvwo †`‡k-we‡`‡k cwiwPZ Ges Avgv‡ì M‡e©i e¯‘|
bKwk Kuv_v Avgv‡ì GKwU MÖvgxY †jvKwkí| G wkí AvR jyßcÖvq n‡jI Gi wKQz wKQz bgybv cvIqv hvq| Avcb
cwi‡ek †_‡KB †g‡qiv Zuv‡ì g‡bi g‡Zv K‡i Kuv_v †mjvB‡qi Aby‡cÖiYv †c‡Zb| Kuv_vi cÖwZwU my‡Pi †duv‡oi
g‡a¨ jywK‡q Av‡Q GK-GKwU cwiev‡ii Kvwnbx, Zv‡ì cwi‡ek, Zv‡ì RxebMv_v| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Kz‡gvicvovi
wkíxiv wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆZRmcÎ QvovI †cvovgvwU w`‡q bvbv cÖKvi †kŠwLb `ªe¨ ˆZwi K‡i _v‡K| bvbv cÖKvi cyZzj,
g~wZ© I AvaywbK iywPi dzj`vwb, QvB`vwb, Pv‡qi †mU BZ¨vw` Zviv M‡o _v‡K| Lyjbvi gv`yi I wm‡j‡Ui kxZjcvwU
mK‡ji Kv‡Q cwiwPZ|
Avgv‡ì †`‡ki GB †h †jvKwkí Zv msi¶‡Yi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡ì mK‡ji| †jvKwk‡íi gva¨‡g Avgiv Avgv‡ì
HwZn¨‡K we‡k¦i Kv‡Q Zz‡j ai‡Z cvwi|
†jLK cwiwPwZ
Kvgiyj nvmvb 1921 wLªóv‡ã KjKvZvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| GKRb L¨vwZgvb wkíx wn‡m‡e †`‡k-we‡`‡k wZwb
cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib| Zuvi AvuKv Qwe‡Z G‡`‡ki †jvKR Rxe‡bi bvbv Dcv`vb Avgv‡ì HwZn¨-m‡PZb K‡i|
†jvKwkí msi¶‡YI Zuvi cÖ‡Póv wQj cÖksmbxq| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb my`xN©Kvj XvKv Pviy I KviyKjv Bbw÷wUD‡U
Aa¨vcbvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| c‡i wZwb evsjv‡`k ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí wWRvBb †m›Uv‡ii cÖavb (bKkvwe`)
wbhy³ nb| G mgq wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K †jvKwk‡íi bvbv DcKiY msMÖn K‡ib| Qwe AvuKvi wewPÎ
Kjv‡KŠkj Ges †jvKwk‡íi bvbv w`K m¤c‡K© Zuvi †jLv cÎ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi GKwU eB‡qi bvg
evsjv‡`‡ki wkí Av‡›`vjb I Avgvi K_v| 1988 wLªóv‡ãi 2 †deªyqvwi Kvgiyj nvmvb XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
K. †Zvgvi GjvKvi †jvKwk‡íi cwiPq Zz‡j ai (GKK KvR)
L. †Zvgvi †`Lv †Kv‡bv †jvKwkí †kjvi weeiY w`‡q GKwU iPbv †jL (&GKK KvR)
bgybv cÖkœ
1. †KvbwU †gvMj ev`kvn‡ì wejv‡mi e¯‘ wQj ?
K. bKwk Kuv_v L. XvKvB gmwjb
M. LÏ‡ii Kvco N. kxZjcvwU
2. gmwj‡bi KvwiMi‡ì eska‡iiv AvRI †Kv_vq emevm Ki‡Q?

K. Kzwgj−v L. wm‡jU
M. cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg N. bvivqYMÄ
3. gmwj‡bi HwZn¨ jvjb Ki‡Q †KvbwU ?
K. bKwk Kuv_v L. Rvg`vwb kvwo
M. †UivcyZzj N. kxZjcvwU
4 wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
Kvgvj Zvi eÜzi Rb¥w`‡b Dcnvi w`j GKwU wcZ‡ji Kjm| G‡Z A‡b‡KB Zv‡K wb‡q Dcnvm Ki‡jI
AZx‡Z `ywbqv Ry‡o Avgv‡ì KvwiMi‡ì Kv‡Ri D”Pgv‡bi K_v g‡b K‡i Kvgvj Me©‡eva KiwQj|
Kvgv‡ji †`qv DcnviwU‡K wkí¸Y wePv‡i †Kvb †kªwYi AšZfy©³ Kiv hvq ?
K. AvaywbK wkí L. KzwUi wkí
M. Pviywkí N. g„rwkí
5. Giƒc Dcnvi †`qvi †cQ‡b Kvgv‡ji D‡Ïk¨‡K Avgv‡ì †jvKwkí cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq-
i. A_© mvkªq Kiv
ii. †jvKwkí‡K euvwP‡q ivLv
iii. HwZn¨‡K a‡i ivLv
†KvbwU mwVK DËi?
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :
1. cjvkcyi MÖv‡gi iwngv| `wi`ª n‡jI wkíx g‡bi AwaKvix| †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB †m euvk, †eZ w`‡q msmv‡i
cÖ‡qvRbxq A‡bK wRwbm ˆZwi Ki‡Zv| wKš‘ AvPgKv GKw`b Zvi ¯^vgx gviv †M‡j `yB mšZvb wb‡q c‡_
e‡m iwngv| DcvqšZi bv †`‡L Ae‡k‡l myuB-myZv nv‡Z Zz‡j †bq †m| Zvi myL-`yt‡Li Rxebv‡jL¨ iwngvi
`xNj myZvi Uv‡b fvUv w`‡Z _v‡K| GKw`b †emiKvwi GKwU ms¯’vi gva¨‡g Zvi mywPwkí¸‡jv hvq
we‡`‡k Ges †gvUv As‡Ki A_© cÖvwßi cvkvcvwk cÖPzi mybvg AR©b K‡i|
40 Avgv‡ì †jvKwkí
K. †Kvb GjvKvi Ôgv`yiÕ mK‡ji Kv‡Q cwiwPZ ?

L. ÔXvKvB gmwj‡bi Kì wQj `ywbqv Ry‡oÕ ej‡Z Kx eySvq ?
M. ¯^vgxi g„Zzï ci iwngvi KvRwU Avgv‡ì †jvK wkí cÖe‡Ü Kx‡mi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| eY©bv Ki|
N. ‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b iwngvi Ae`vb Avgv‡ì †jvK wkí cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb Ki|
2. dvwi‡bi ¯‹z‡j PjwQj evwl©K weÁvb I cÖhyw³ †gjv| dvwib Rgv †`q GKUv bKwk Kuv_v| G Kuv_vq dzwU‡q
‡Zv‡j el©v-cÖK…wZ Ges wein KvZi GKRb bvixi Rxeb Mv_v| `k©bv_©x, wePviK Ges cÖwZ‡hvMx mevB gy»
n‡q †`‡Lb GwU| GKRb gšZe¨ †j‡Lb, Avgv‡ì †jvK wkí †h mg„×kvj Zv e‡j †kl Kivi g‡Zv bq|
wKš‘ mgq I iywPi cwieZ©‡b Zv AvR cÖvq aŸs‡mv¤§yL| Avgv‡ì mK‡ji GLbB Gi cÖwZ bRi †`qv DwPZ|
bB‡j AwP‡iB G wkí aviv‡K Avgiv nvive|
K. wkí¸Y wePv‡i Avgv‡ì KzwUiwkí †Kvb wk‡íi g‡a¨ c‡o?
L. el©vKv‡j bKwkKuv_v ˆZwii Rb¨ Dchy³ mgq †Kb ?
M. dvwi‡bi G‡nb D‡`¨vM Avgv‡ì †jvKwk‡íi †h we‡kl w`KwUi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K †jvKwkí euvwP‡q ivLvi †h ZvwM` Abyf~Z n‡q‡Q Zv Avgv‡ì †jvKwkí cÖe‡Üi †jL‡Ki
e³e¨‡K mg_©b K‡i wK ? †Zvgvi DË‡ii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI|
myLx gvbyl
ggZvR D`&`xb Avng`
PwiÎwjwc
bvg eqm
†gvoj 50
KweivR 60
nvmy 45
ingZ 20
†jvK 40
[†gvo‡ji AmyL| weQvbvq ï‡q QUdU Ki‡Q| KweivR †gvo‡ji bvwo cix¶v Ki‡Q| †gvo‡ji AvZ¥xq nvmy wgqv Avi
†gvo‡ji wek¦vmx PvKi ingZ Avjx AmyL wb‡q K_v ej‡Q|
42 myLx gvbyl
nvmy : ingZ, I ingZ Avjx|

ingZ : ïbwQ|
nvmy : fv‡jv K‡i †kvb, H KweivR hZB bvwo †`LyK, †Zvgvi †gvo‡ji wb¯Zvi bvB|
ingZ : Agb fq †`Lv‡eb bv| Zvn‡j Avwg nvDgvD K‡i Kuv`‡Z †j‡M hve|
nvmy : Kuv`, gb DRvo K‡i Kuv`| †Zvgvi †gvoj GKUv KwVb †jvK| Avgv‡ì myeY©cy‡ii gvbyl‡K eo
R¡vwj‡q‡Q| Gi Miy †K‡o, Zvi avb jyU K‡i †Zvgvi †gvoj AvR abx| gvby‡li Kvbœv †`L‡j nv‡m|
ingZ : ZvB e‡j †gvo‡ji e¨vivg fv‡jv n‡e bv †Kb?
nvmy : n‡eB bv †Zv| †gvoj †h AZ¨vPvix, cvcx| g‡bi g‡a¨ AkvwšZ _vK‡j Jly‡a KvR nq bv| †`‡L
wbI, †gvoj gi‡e|
ingZ : Avi Av‡R-ev‡R K_v ej‡eb bv| Avcwb evwo hvb!
KweivR : GZ †Kvjvnj KiI bv| Avwg †ivMxi bvwo cix¶v KiwQ|
ingZ : I KweivR, bvwo Kx ej‡Q! †gvoj euvP‡e †Zv!
KweivR : g~‡L©i g‡Zv K_v ej bv| gvbyl Ges cÖvYx Agi bq| Avwg hv ewj g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ZvB kªeY Ki|
nvmy : Avgv‡K ejyb| †gvoj Avgvi gvgv‡Zv fvB|
ingZ : ‡gvoj Avgvi gwbe|
KweivR : GB wbôzi †gvoj‡K hw` euvPv‡Z PvI, Zvn‡j GKwU KwVb Kg© Ki‡Z n‡e|
nvmy : ev‡Ni †PvL Avb‡Z n‡e?
KweivR : AviI KwVb KvR|
ingZ : wngvjq cvnvo Zz‡j Avbe?
KweivR : cvnvo, mgy`ª, P›`ª, b¶Î wKQzB Avb‡Z n‡e bv|
†gvoj : Avi mn¨ Ki‡Z cviwQ bv| R¡‡j †Mj| nvo †f‡O †Mj| Avgv‡K evuPvI|
KweivR : kvšZ nI| I ingZ, †gvo‡ji gy‡L kieZ †X‡j `vI|
ingZ †gvoj‡K kieZ w`‡”Q|
nvmy : H †gvoj †Rvi K‡i Avgvi gyiwM RevB K‡i †L‡q‡Q| Avwg AvR gyiwMi `vg wb‡q Qvoe|
†gvoj : fvB nvmy Gw`‡K Gm, Avwg me w`‡q †è| Avgv‡K kvwšZ G‡b `vI|
KweivR : ‡gvoj, Zzwg wK Avi †Kv‡bvw`b wg_¨v K_v ej‡e?
†gvoj : Avi eje bv| GB †Zvgvi gv_vq nvZ †i‡L cÖwZÁv KiwQ, Avi †Kv‡bvw`b gvby‡li Ici Rei`w¯Z
Kie bv| Avgv‡K fv‡jv K‡i `vI|
KweivR : †jv‡f cvc, cv‡c g„Zz¨| Avi †Kv‡bvw`b †jvf Ki‡e?
†gvoj : bv| †jvf Kie bv, AZ¨vPvi Kie bv Avgv‡K kvwšZ `vI| myL `vI|
KweivR : Zvn‡j g‡bi my‡L ï‡q _vK, Avwg Jly‡ai K_v wPšZv Kwi|
‡gvoj : myL †Kv_vq cve? Avgv‡K myL G‡b `vI|
nvmy : A‡bï g‡b `ytL w`‡j †Kv‡bvw`b myL cv‡e bv|
myLx gvbyl 43
†gvoj : Avgvi KZ UvKv, KZ eo evwo! Avgvi g‡b `ytL †Kb?

KweivR : Pzc Ki| hZ †Kvjvnj Ki‡e ZZ `ytL evo‡e| nvmy Gw`‡K Gm, Avgvi K_v kªeY Ki| †gvo‡ji
e¨v‡gv fv‡jv n‡Z cv‡i, hw`.....
ingZ : hw` Kx?
KweivR : hw` AvR ivwÎi g‡a¨B
nvmy : Kx Ki‡Z n‡e?
KweivR : hw` GKwU dZzqv msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi|
ingZ : dZzqv?
KweivR : nu¨v, Rvgv| GB Rvgv n‡e GKRb myLx gvby‡li| Zvi RvgvUv †gvo‡ji Mv‡q w`‡j, Zr¶Yvr Zvi
nvo gogo †ivM fv‡jv n‡e|
ingZ : G †Zv Lye †mvRv Jlya|
KweivR : †mvRv bq, Lye KwVb KvR| hvI, myLx gvbyl‡K Lyu‡R †`L| myLx gvby‡li Rvgv bv n‡j AmyLx †gvoj
euvP‡e bv|
†gvoj : Avwg euvPe| Rvgv G‡b `vI, nvRvi UvKv eLwkk †è|
(wØZxq `„k¨)
[e‡bi av‡i AÜKvi ivZ| Puv‡ì ¤−vb Av‡jv| †QvU GKwU Kzu‡oN‡ii mvg‡b nvmy wgqv I ingZ
Mv‡j nvZ w`‡q fve‡Q|]
ingZ : Kx Zv¾e K_v, cuvP MÖv‡g GK RbI myLx gvbyl †cjvg bv| hv‡KB awi, †mB e‡j, bv fvB, Avwg
myLx bB|
nvmy : Avi †Zv mgq bvB fvB, GLb eviUv| myLx gvbyl bvB, myLx gvby‡li RvgvI bvB| †gvoj †Zv Zvn‡j
Gevi gi‡e|
ingZ : Avnv †i, Avgiv GLb Kx Kie! †Kv_vq GKUv gvbyl cve, †h wKbv...
nvmy : cvIqv hv‡e bv| myLx gvbyl cvIqv hv‡e bv| myL eo KwVb wRwbm| G `ywbqv‡Z abx ej‡Q, AviI
ab `vI, wfLvwi ej‡Q, AviI wf¶v `vI, †cUzK ej‡Q, AviI Lvevi `vI| ïay `vI Avi `vI|
mevB AmyLx| KviI myL †bB|
ingZ : AvgivI ejwQ, †gvo‡ji Rb¨ Rvgv `vI, Avgv‡ì eLwkk `vI| AvgivI AmyLx|
nvmy : Pzc Pzc! N‡ii g‡a¨ †K †hb K_v ej‡Q|
ingZ : f~Z bvwK? P‡jb, cvwj‡q hvB| ai‡Z cvi‡j gvQ fvRv K‡i Lv‡e|
nvmy : GB †h, fvB| N‡ii g‡a¨ †K K_v ejQ? †ewi‡q Gm|
ingZ : f~Z‡K WvK‡eb bv|
Ni †_‡K GKRb †jvK †ewi‡q G‡jv|
‡jvK : ‡Zvgiv †K fvB? Kx PvI?
nvmy : Avgiv Lye `ytLx gvbyl| Zzwg †K?
‡jvK : Avwg GKRb myLx gvbyl|
nvmy : Auv! †Zvgvi †Kvb `ytL bvB?
44 myLx gvbyl
‡jvK : bv| mviv w`b e‡b e‡b KvV KvwU| †mB KvV evRv‡i †ewP| hv cvB, ZvB w`‡q Pvj wKwb, Wvj
wKwb| g‡bi my‡L †L‡q †`‡q Mvb MvB‡Z MvB‡Z ï‡q cwo| GK Ny‡gB ivZ Kvevi|
nvmy : e‡bi g‡a¨ GKjv N‡i †Zvgvi fq K‡i bv? hw` †Pvi Av‡m?
†jvK : ‡Pvi Avgvi Kx Pzwi Ki‡e?
nvmy : ‡Zvgvi †mvbv`vbv, Rvgv RyZv?
†jvKwU cÖvY‡Lvjv nvwm nvm‡Q
ingZ : nv nv K‡i cvM‡ji g‡Zv nvmQ †Kb fvB!
‡jvK : ‡Zvgv‡ì K_v ï‡b nvmwQ| †Pvi‡K ZLb eje, wb‡q hvI, Avgvi hv wKQz Av‡Q wb‡q hvI|
nvmy : Zzwg Zvn‡j mwZ¨B myLx gvbyl|
‡jvK : `ywbqv‡Z Avgvi g‡Zv myLx †K? Avwg my‡Li ivRv| Avwg g¯Z eo ev`kv|
ingZ : I ev`kv fvB, †Zvgvi Mv‡qi Rvgv †Kv_vq? N‡ii g‡a¨ †i‡LQ? †Zvgv‡K GKk UvKv †è| RvgvUv
wb‡q Gm|
†jvK : Rvgv!
ingZ : Rvgv gv‡b Rvgv! GB †h, Avgv‡ì GB Rvgvi g‡Zv wRwbm| †Zvgv‡K cuvPk UvKv †è| RvgvUv
wb‡q Gm, †gvo‡ji Lye Kó n‡”Q|
‡jvK : Avgvi †Zv †Kv‡bv Rvgv bvB fvB!
nvmy : wg‡Q K_v ej bv|
†jvK : wg‡Q eje †Kb? Avgvi N‡i wKQz bvB| †mB Rb¨B †Zv Avwg myLx gvbyl|
kãv_© I UxKv
KweivR - ê`¨| Avqy‡e©` kv¯¿ g‡Z whwb wPwKrmv K‡ib|
bvwo cix¶v - KewRi bvwoi Ae¯’v †`‡L †ivM wbY©q|
g~L© - wb‡e©va| †evKv| Awkw¶Z| AÁ|
kªeY - Kv‡b †bIqv|
Rei`w¯Z - †RvivRywi|
e¨v‡gv - AmyL| †ivM| e¨vivg|
Zv¾e - A™¢yZ| we¯§qKi|
cÖvY‡Lvjv - AK…wÎg| D`vi| †Lvjv g‡bi|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
G bvwUKv cvV K‡i wk¶v_©xiv Dcjwä Ki‡e †h, Ab¨vq I A‰bwZKfv‡e DcvwR©Z A_©-weËB gvby‡li AkvwšZi g~j
KviY| eis mr c‡_ wbR cwikª‡gi gva¨‡g RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡jB Rxe‡b kvwšZ †g‡j| myZivs bxwZnxb c‡_ m¤c`
DcvR©‡bi c_ cwinvi KivB DËg|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
myLx gvbyl ggZvR D`&`xb Avng‡ì GKwU bvwUKv| Gi `ywU gvÎ `„k¨| Gi Kvwnbx‡Z Av‡Q, gvbyl‡K VwK‡q,
gvby‡li g‡b Kó w`‡q abx nIqv GK †gvo‡ji Rxe‡b kvwšZ †bB| wPwKrmK e‡j‡Qb, †Kv‡bv myLx gvby‡li Rvgv
Mv‡q w`‡j †gvo‡ji Amy¯’Zv †K‡U hv‡e| wKš‘ cuvP MÖvg Lyu‡RI GKRb myLx gvbyl cvIqv †Mj bv| ‡k‡l
myLx gvbyl 45
GKRb‡K cvIqv †Mj, †h wb‡Ri kª‡g DcvwR©Z Avq w`‡q †Kv‡bvfv‡e RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i my‡L w`bvwZcvZ Ki‡Q|
Zvi †Kv‡bv m¤c` †bB, d‡j †Pv‡ii fq †bB| myZivs kvwšZ‡Z Ny‡gv‡bvi e¨vcv‡i Zvi †Kv‡bv `ywðšZvI †bB| wKš‘
†kl ch©šZ myLx gvbyl GKRb cvIqv †M‡jI †`Lv †Mj Zvi †Kv‡bv Rvgv †bB| myZivs †gvo‡ji mgm¨vi mgvavb
n‡jv bv| †jL‡Ki e³e¨ Lye ¯có| Zv n‡jv, m¤c`B AkvwšZi KviY| myL GKUv Av‡cw¶K e¨vcvi| GKR‡bi
A‡bK m¤ú` †_‡KI myL †bB| Avevi Av‡iKR‡bi wKQz bv _vK‡jI †m myLx _vK‡Z cv‡i|
†jLK cwiwPwZ
ggZvR D`&`xb Avng` cwðge‡½i gvj`n †Rjvq 1935 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq evsjv wefvM
†_‡K mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©‡bi ci wZwb evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wel‡q miKvwi K‡j‡R `xN©w`b Aa¨vcbv †k‡l 1992
mv‡j Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| bvU¨Kvi I bvU¨vwf‡bZv wn‡m‡e wZwb evsjv‡`‡k GK L¨vwZgvb e¨w³Z¡| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨
iPbvÑbvUK : Ô¯^vaxbZv Avgvi ¯^vaxbZvÕ, ÔivRv Aby¯^v‡ii cvjvÕ, ÔmvZ Nv‡Ui KvbvKwoÕ, ÔAvgv‡ì kniÕ, Ônvm¨
jvm¨ fvl¨Õ, cÖeÜ M‡elYv : Ôevsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡Ki BwZe„ËÕ, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki w_‡qUv‡ii BwZe„ËÕ, bvUK wel‡q wewea
cÖeÜ| GQvov wZwb wj‡L‡Qb Mí, Dcb¨vm I mim iPbv| mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb wkï GKv‡Wgx mvwnZ¨-
cyi¯‹vi, evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`Kmn wewfbœ mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb|
Kg©-Abykxjb
K. ÔA_©-Hk¦h©B my‡Li &KgvÎ wbqvgKÕÑ G welq Aej¤^‡b weZK© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki (†kªwYi mKj
wk¶v_©xi AskMÖn‡Y)|
L. †Zvgvi Av‡kcv‡k wewfbœ †kªwY‡ckvi gvby‡qi gZvgZ Aej¤^‡b myL wel‡q GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki
(GKK KvR)
bygbv cÖkœ
eûwbe©vwb cÖkœ :
1. ÔmyLx gvbylÕ bvwUKvi `„k¨msL¨v KZ ?
K. GK L. `yB
M. wZb N. Pvi
2. ÔmyLx gvbylÕ bvwUKvi †gvU PwiÎ msL¨v KZ ?
K. cuvP L. Qq
M. mvZ N. AvU
3. Ôg‡bi g‡a¨ AkvwšZ _vK‡j Jl‡a KvR nq bvÕ G K_vi A_© Kx ?
K. g‡bi cweÎZv my¯’Zvi c~e©kZ© L. cÖK…Z myL †gvngyw³i g‡a¨
M. wb‡j©vf n‡j my¯’ _vKv hvq N. K…cYZvB abx‡ì g~j AmyL
46 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
4. Ôm¤c`B AkvwšZi g~j KviYÕG Dw³i fveMZ msMwZ Av‡Q †KvbwUi m‡½ ?
K. AcPq Kibv, Afv‡e cobv L. jv‡fi ab wcucovq Lvq
M. †jv‡f cvc, cv‡c g„Zz¨ N. AwZ †jv‡f ZuvZx bó
wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cÖkœ ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
GKRb †jv‡Ki AbšZ ¶zav| †m hv cvq ZvB Lvq| †ik‡bi Pvj, Mg, wiwj‡di †jvUvevwU K¤^j| Lvq †ijMvwo
ch©šZ| e` nRg bv n‡q hvq †Kv_vq ? fvigy³ nevi Rb¨ QUdU Ki‡Q| wKš‘ nvRvi gvby‡li `xN©k¦v‡mi e` cÖfve
†h Zvi Ici| †cU KvUv Qvov Dcvq †bB| Avur‡K I‡V †jvKwU| (†gvšZvwmi d¨v›Uvmx Aej¤^‡b)|
5. †jvKwU‡K Kvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq ?
K. ingv‡bi L. †gvo‡ji
M. nvmyi N. Kweiv‡Ri
6. ZzjbvUv G Kvi‡Y †h Zviv DfqB-
i. ciab AcniYKvix
ii. ‰bwZK Av`k© weewR©Z
i i. wb`©q I gvbe‡cÖg k~Y¨

K. i L. i I ii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :
DÏxcKwU c‡o mswk−ó cÖ‡kœ DËi `vI :

1. †Rv‡e` Avjx BDwbqb cwil‡ì GKRb m`m¨| GB wb‡q Uvbv cÂg ev‡ii g‡vZ wZwb wecyj †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ
n‡jb| n‡ebB-ev bq †Kb ? GjvKvi gvby‡li AmyL-wemyL n‡j my¯’ bv nIqv Aewa wZwb Zvi kh¨v Qv‡ob bv|
mgm¨vq co‡j mgvavb wbwðZ bv nIqv ch©šZ Zvi gy‡L Abœ †iv‡P bv| †mB Zvi AmyL n‡j Muv‡qi †jvK †f‡O coj|
†Pv‡Li cvwb‡Z eyK fvwm‡q cÖv_©bv Kij-Avj−vn, Zzwg Avgv‡ì †Rv‡e` fvB‡K my¯’ K‡i `vI|
myLx gvbyl 47
K. Avqy‡e©` kv¯Îg‡Z hviv wPwKrmv K‡i Zv‡ì Kx e‡j ?

L. nvmy †gvo‡ji g„Zz¨ Kvgbv K‡i †Kb ?
M. †Rv‡e` Avjxi m‡½ ÔmyLx gvby‡liÕ †h wgj Av‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. †gvoj hw` †Rv‡e` Avjxi g‡Zv n‡Zb Zvn‡j Zvi wPwKrmvi Rb¨ myLx gvby‡li Rvgv Zvjvk Ki‡Z n‡Zv
bv|Ñ we‡k−lY Ki|
2. †mwjg mv‡ne bvbv Dcv‡q bvbv cš’vq m¤c‡ì cvnvo M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb| b`xi cvo †f‡½ covi g‡Zv B`vwbs
wewfbœ ARynv‡Z †m cvnv‡oi weivU weivU Ask nvZ Qvov n‡q hv‡”Q| iv‡_ `ywðšZvq Nyg nq bv Zvi| Zvi
g‡b n‡”Q hv‡K wZwb GK mgq my‡Li Drm ‡f‡e wQ‡jb ZvB n‡q D‡V‡Q GLb Amy‡Li g~j KviY| fvOb
†hfv‡e †j‡M‡Q Zv‡Z †evSv hv‡”Q Ôcv‡ci ab cÖvqwð‡Ë¨B hv‡eÕ|
K. bvU¨Kvi ggZvR D`&`xb Avng`-Gi †ckvMZ cwiPq Kx ?

L. nvmy †gvo‡ji dzdvZ fvB nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zvi AKj¨vY Kvgbv K‡i †Kb ?
M. †gvoj Pwi‡Îi m‡½ †mwjg mv‡n‡ei Pwi‡Îi mv`„k¨wU e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Ô†gvoj Avi †mwjg mv‡n‡ei Amy‡Li g~j KviY Awfbœ m~‡Î Muv_vÕ Dw³wU we‡k−lY Ki|
wkí Kjvi bvbv w`K
gy¯Zvdv g‡bvqvi
ÔAvb›` aviv ewn‡Q f~e‡YÕ- iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Mv‡bi GB K_v¸wj‡Z wkí Kjvi g~j mZ¨wU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| me
gvbylB Rxe‡bi GB Avb›`‡K cvevi R‡b¨ KZ iKg †Póv K‡i hv‡”Q| Avb›` cÖKvk Rxebx kw³i cÖejZviB
cÖKvk| Avb›`‡K Avgiv eywS iƒc-im-kã-¯ck©-MÜ BZ¨vwì mvnv‡h¨, Bw›`ªqmK‡ji mvnv‡h¨| gvbyl hLb Avb›`
cvq ZLb †m Zvi gb‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z PvqÑbvbv iƒ‡c| ZvB m„wó n‡jv wPÎwkíx, b„Z¨ wkíx, msMxZ wkíx, Kwe,
mvwnwZ¨K| cyivKv‡ji ¸nv gvbyl †_‡K ïiy K‡i eZ©gvb hyM ch©šZ gvbyl wb‡Ri cvIqv Avb›`‡K my›ì‡K Ab¨
gvby‡li g‡a¨ we¯Zvi Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q| ZvB m„wó n‡q‡Q bvbvb Avw½‡Ki wkí Kjv| †hgbÑwPÎKjv, fv¯‹h©,
b„Z¨Kjv, msMxZ Kjv, Awfbq Kjv, Pjw”PÎ, ¯’vcZ¨ BZ¨vw` wewfbœgyLx Kjvfw½| cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB gvbyl Zvi wbZ¨
bZzb Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| wkí Kjvi we¯ZxY© A½‡b| wkí Kjvi GKwU A¯có A_© Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi wKš‘
wkíKjvi mwVK A_© Kx Avi wkíKjvi ¸Yv¸Y Kx, GB cÖkœ hw` †KD K‡i Zvn‡j, DËi †`qv KwVb n‡q c‡o| †hgb
Mvb ï‡b fv‡jv jv‡M, Qwe †`‡L fv‡jv jv‡M, wKš‘ fv‡jv jv‡M †Kb, GB cÖkœ wb‡q gvby‡li gb wPšZv fvebv Ki‡Z
jvM‡jv- †`Lv †Mj, mKj wkíKjvq iƒc Av‡Q, Q›` Av‡Q, myi Av‡Q, is Av‡Q, we‡kl Mob Av‡Q, mewKQz‡K
mvRvevi GKwU myweb¨¯Z wbqg Av‡Q| GB wbqgwU jywK‡q _v‡K, wb‡R‡K cÖKvk K‡i bv, my›`‡ii g‡a¨ wg‡jwg‡k
GKUv eÜb m„wó K‡i| wbqgwU bv Rvb‡jI my›ì‡K †Pbv hvq| GKwU Dcgv †`qv hvK| c„w_exi me dzjB GKB
wbqg †g‡b dzj bvg †c‡q‡Q| Avgiv †`‡L ewj my›ì| Gi wbqgwU n‡jv, GKB we›`y †_‡K mKj cvcwo we›`yi
Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q _vK‡e| wKš‘ GK wbqg †g‡bB KZ iKg dzj| wbqg †g‡bI dzj ¯^vaxb fv‡e dz‡U I‡V| †Zvgv‡ì
GLb my›`‡ii wbqg Rvb‡Z n‡e bv, my›ì jvM‡jB my›ì ej‡e| my›ì †`L‡Z †`L‡ZB GKw`b my›`‡ii we‡kl
we‡kl wbqg¸wj Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| ïay GBUzKz †R‡b iv‡Lv, my›ì‡K Rvbvi †h Ávb Zvi bvg b›`bZË¡| b›`bZË¡ gv‡b
my›ì‡K we‡k−lY Kiv my›ì‡K AviI Mfxifv‡e Dcjwä Kiv| me my›`‡ii m„wói g‡a¨B GKUv iƒc Av‡Q, Zvi bvg
¯^vaxbZÑAci bvg hv Lywk ZvB Kiv| †h KvR mKj‡K Avb›` †`q Lywk K‡i, ZvB my›ì| ¯^v_©ci ev AmsMZ Avwgi
Lywk bq, A‡bK g‡b Lywki we¯Zvi Kiv Avwg| AÜKvi Ni Av‡jvwKZ Kievi R‡b¨ wbqg gvbv cÖ`xc R¡vjv‡Z nq,
N‡i AmsMZ Av¸b jvwM‡q Ni Av‡jvwKZ Kiv bq|
wkí Kjvi bvbv w`K 49
Avgv‡ì cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b, KZ iKg wRwbm cÖ‡qvRb nq- NwU evwU †_‡K weQvbv cÎ| ïay cÖ‡qvRb wgU‡jB gvbyl
Lywk nq bv- gvby‡li gb e‡j cÖ‡qvRb wgU‡jB n‡e bv Zv‡K my›ì n‡Z n‡e| †hgb bKwk Kuv_v, iv‡Î weQvbvq Mv‡q
w`‡q †kvevi Rb¨ GKwU mvgMÖx- †mUv †Zv my›ì Amy›ì nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wKš‘ GB cÖ‡qvR‡bi wRwbm‡K myB
Avi iwOb myZv w`‡q Ac~e© bKkv K‡i mvwR‡q‡Q Muv‡qi euayiv| bKwk Kuv_v †`L‡jB my›ì jv‡M, wRwbmwUi
cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v g‡bB c‡o bv| GB Kvi‡YB mKj Ávbx gvbyl e‡jb, me my›ìB mivmwi cÖ‡qvR‡bi evB‡i|
cÖ‡qvR‡bi KvR wgUj †Zv kixi‡K Z…ß Kij, Avi
cÖ‡qvR‡bi evB‡i †h my›ì Zv gb‡K Z…ß Kij|
A_©vr cÖ‡qvRb Avi AcÖ‡qvRb wgwj‡qB gvby‡li
†mŠ›`‡h©i Avkv c~Y© nq|
Gevi wewfbœ wkíKjv wb‡q msw¶ß K‡i wKQz ejv
hvK| Qwe AvuKv| we‡k¦i mKj †`‡kB wkïiv Qwe
Avu‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki †QvUivI Lye my›ì Qwe AvuK‡Z
cv‡i| Qwe AvuKv gv‡b †`Lv †kLv| †QvUiv cÖK…wZ‡K
†`‡L, gv-evev fvB-‡evb wgwj‡q GKUv mgvR‡K
†`‡L| cÖwZw`‡bi †`Lv, welqe¯‘, is, Mob, AvK…wZ
†`‡L wkï g‡bi Kíbvi m‡½ wg‡j wg‡k hvq| bvbv
iKg Mí ï‡b †`‡ki K_v ï‡b, KweZv Qvov ï‡bI
wkï g‡b Qwe ˆZwi n‡Z _v‡K| GB mKj †`Lv
A‡`Lv e¯‘ wb‡q wkïiv Qwe Avu‡K Kíbv ev¯Ze wgwj‡q| wb‡R‡ì g‡bi K_v cÖKvk Ki‡Z †k‡L|
mKj wkíKjvi g‡a¨ KZ¸wj g~j e¯‘ _v‡K †hgb we›`y, †iLv, is, AvKvi, MwZ ev Q›`, Av‡jvQvqv Mvp nvjKvi
m¤cK© BZ¨vw`| GB mK‡ji wgj‡bB nq Qwe ev fv¯‹h©| Avi Av‡Q gva¨g, A_©vr †Kvb gva¨‡g wkí m„wó n‡q‡Q|
wPÎKjvi gva¨g n‡jv Kvwj-Kjg, Rj is, c¨v‡÷j is, †Zj wgwkªZ is BZ¨vw`| †QvU‡ì Rb¨ c¨v‡÷j I Rj is
eënvi Kiv mnR nq| evsjv‡`‡k cyiv Kv‡j Rj is w`‡qB Qwe AvuKZ wkíxiv| cyivZb cuyw_‡Z ZvjcvZvq AvuKv
Qwei eû wb`k©b Av‡Q| eZ©gv‡bI Rj is AZ¨šZ wcÖq, Z‡e GLb Avi †KD ZvjcvZvq Avu‡K bv, KvM‡R Avu‡K|
fv¯‹h©| big gvwU w`‡q †Kv‡bv wKQzi iƒc †`qv ev k³ cv_i †K‡U †Kv‡bv Mob evbv‡bv| we‡kl GK ai‡bi QuvP
evwb‡q MwjZ †gUvj †X‡j Mob evbv‡bv, GB ai‡bi KvR‡K e‡j fv¯‹h©| Avgv‡ì †`‡k †cvov gvwUi fv¯‹h© Lye
cÖwm× wQj|
Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ ev KvjPvi M‡o D‡V‡Q bvbvb wkíKjvi KviyKvR w`‡q| mKj wkíxi GKwU `vwqZ¡ Av‡Q- †`‡ki
HwZn¨‡K kª×v Kiv| evsjvq GKwU K_v Av‡QÑÔKvwj Kjg gb, †j‡L wZb RbÕÑKvwj bv‡g †`‡ki HwZ‡n¨ nvRvi
eQi cÖevwnZ Kvwj, Kjg n‡jv wkí m„wói eZ©gvb miÄvg, Avi gb n‡jv eZ©gvb hy‡Mi m‡½ HwZ‡nï wgj K‡i
wb‡R‡K cÖKvk Kivi gb| GKwU †`k‡K Rvbv hvq †`‡ki gvbyl‡K Rvbv hvq Zvi wkíKjv PP©vi aviv †`‡L|
wkíKjv PP©v mK‡ji c‡¶ Acwinvh©|
50 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
kãv_© I UxKv
f~eb - c„w_ex, RMr, f~gÊj|
wkíKjv - wPÎKjv, fv¯‹h©, bvP, Mvb cÖf„wZ Gi AšZfy©³|
Rxebfi - Rxebe¨vcx ev mviv Rxeb a‡i|
im - mvwnZ¨ cvV K‡i ev Qwe †`‡L g‡b †h Abyf~wZ Rv‡M|
cyivKvj - cÖvPxbKvj, A‡bK Av‡MKvi mgq|
¸nv-gvbyl - cÖvPxbKv‡j ¸nvq emevmKvix gvbyl|
fv¯‹h© - Bs‡iwR‡Z e‡j (Sculpture) ¯‹íPvi| cv_i †Lv`vB K‡i ev gvwU w`‡q AvKvi ev Mob wbg©v‡Yi
KvR|
¯’vcZ¨ - M„n ev febvw` wbg©v‡Yi KvR| Bs‡iwR‡Z e‡j AvwK©‡U·vi|
cÖvZ¨wnK Rxeb - cÖwZw`‡bi Rxeb|
bKwk Kuv_v - my›ì bKkv m„wó K‡i ˆZwi Kuv_v| evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKwk‡íi GKwU mg„× kvLv|
Mob - AvKvi, AvK…wZ, iƒc, Bs‡iwR‡Z hv‡K e‡j dg©| G iPbvq kãwU G A‡_©B eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
iPbvwU cvV K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡b †mŠ›`h©‡eva m„wó n‡e| wPÎKjv, fv¯‹h© cÖf„wZ m¤c‡K© Zviv AvMÖnx n‡e| Zviv
bZzb wKQz m„wói e¨vcv‡i AbycÖvwYZ n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
GB iPbvwU‡Z †jLK my›`‡ii aviYv e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| wPÎKjv, fv¯‹h© ¯’vcZ¨, msMxZ, b„Z¨, KweZv, me wKQzi ga¨
w`‡qB my›ì‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq| cÖK…wZ RM‡Z my›`‡ii cÖKvk N‡U bvbvfv‡e| Zv †`‡L gvbyl bZzb K‡i my›ì‡K
m„wó K‡i| wewfbœ gva¨‡g P‡j m„wói GB cÖwµqv| KL‡bv †iLvi mvnv‡h¨, KL‡bv i‡Oi mvnv‡h¨, KL‡bv gvwU ev
cv_‡ii mvnv‡h¨ my›ì‡K m„wó Kiv nq| my›ì †eva gvby‡li gb‡K Z…ß K‡i| gvbyl‡K Zv cwikxwjZ K‡i|
my›`‡ii m„wó‡Z mK‡jiB †Póv Kiv DwPZ|
†jLK cwiwPwZ
gy¯Zdv g‡bvqvi GKRb wPÎwkíx| Zuvi Rb¥ 1935 mv‡ji 1 †m‡Þ¤î, wSbvB`n †Rjvi g‡bvnicyi MÖv‡g| Kwe
†Mvjvg †gv¯Zdv Zuvi wcZv| wZwb KjKvZv AvU© K‡j‡Ri K…Zx QvÎ| XvKvq PviyKjv K‡j‡R wZwb Aa¨vcbv
K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©xKv‡j evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb I wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx‡Z gnvcwiPvj‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
evsjv‡`‡k cv‡cU w_‡qUvi I A¨wb‡gkb wkíKjvq AvaywbKZv cÖPj‡b wZwb AMÖ`~‡Zi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb|
GQvov Ôg‡bi K_vÕ bv‡g evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡b `xN©Kvj hver wkï‡ì Dc‡hvMx wkíKjv welqK GKwU RbwcÖq
Abyôvb wZwb cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Qb| 1972 mvj †_‡K cÖPvwiZ wkï cÖwZfv weKv‡ki j‡¶¨ eûj RbwcÖq ÔbZzb KuywoÕ
Abyôv‡bi iƒcKvi wZwb| †Uwjwfk‡bi Abyôvb cÖ‡qvRbvq wZwb †gŠwjKZvi ¯^v¶i †i‡L‡Qb| wewkó b„Z¨
cwiKíbvKvix, msMxZ cwiPvjK, 2q I lô mvd© †Mg‡mi mdj gvmKU wbg©vZv wZwb| ÔGKz‡k c`KÕmn eû c`K I
cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i‡Qb wZwb|
wkí Kjvi bvbv w`K 51
K. mywbw`©ó welq Aej¤^‡b Qwe AvuKvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki (†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi AskMÖn‡Y)|
L. ‡kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©©xi AskMÖn‡Y ¯úó I my›ì n¯—v¶i cwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki|
M. ev¯—‡e ev Qwe‡Z †`Lv †Zvgvi fv‡jv jvMv †Kv‡bv GKwU Av‡jvKwPÎ ev fv¯‹h© ev ¯’vcZ¨ m¤ú‡K© wZb-Pvi
Aby‡”Q‡ì GKwU iPbv †jL|
bgybv cÖkœ
1. gy¯Zvdv g‡bvqvi n‡jb GKRbÑ

K. wPÎwkíx L. fv¯‹h© wkíx
M. ¯’vcZ¨ N. wkíxKviywkíx
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU †`k‡K Rvbv hvq
K. wkíKjv PP©v L.mvwnZ¨ PP©v
M. weÁvb PP©v N.wPÎKjv PP©v
3. me my›ìB mivmwi cÖ‡qvR‡bi evB‡i ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?
i. cÖ‡qvR‡bi g‡a¨ †mŠ›`h© cÖKvk cvq bv
ii. AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask gvbe gb‡K Z…ß K‡i
iii. AcÖ‡qvRbxq As‡k †mŠ›`h© cÖKvk cvq
K. i L. i I ii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
dv‡qR Avn‡g` Kw¤cDUvi mv‡q‡Ý Abvm© co‡Q, mviv¶Y Zvi iy‡gi ìRv Rvbvjv eÜ K‡i Kw¤cDUvi wb‡q †m
e‡m _v‡K| †QvU †evb c~wY©gvi iv‡Z Qv‡` wM‡q Puv` †`L‡Z ej‡j †m e‡j- Qv‡` †h‡q Puv` †`Lvi wK Av‡Q, Rvbvjv
w`‡qB †Zv Puv` †`Lv hvq| Avi me mgq gyLUv †Kgb M¤¢xi K‡i e‡m _v‡K| mevi mv‡_ wg‡kI bv|
4. DÏxc‡Ki dv‡q‡Ri g‡b Kx‡mi Afve Av‡Q ?
K. Avb‡›ì L. fv‡ei
M. Abyf~wZi N. AvKv•¶vi
5. wkíKjvi bvbv w`K cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K dv‡q‡Ri D³ Afve‡eva _vKvi KviY-

K. wkíx g‡bi Afve L. wkíKjvi cÖwZ Abvmw³
M. mvwnZ¨ PP©vi Afve N. cÖK…wZi cÖwZ Abvmw³
52 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :
1. †g‡niy‡bœmv Gevi Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vj‡q evsjv wefv‡M fwZ© n‡q‡Q| bexbeiY †k‡l evÜex‡ì mv‡_
K¨v¤cvm Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z G‡jv †K›`ªxq jvB‡eªwii mvg‡b| †mLv‡b †`‡L- GK nv‡Z e›`yK a‡i GK cv‡qi Ici
ùvwo‡q Av‡Q wekvjvKvi GK fv¯‹h©| bvg- mskßK| wbwðZ g„Zz¨ †R‡bI †h m¤§yL cv‡b GwM‡q hvq Zv‡KB
e‡j mskßK| 71-Gi gyw³‡hv×v‡ì exi‡Z¡i K_v ¯§iY K‡i GB g~wZ©wU evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| gbUv f‡i †Mj
†g‡niy‡bœmvi|
K. ¯’vcZ¨ Kx ?
L. cÖ‡qvRb Avi AcÖ‡qvRb wg‡jB gvby‡li †mŠ›`‡h©i Avkv c~Y©- K_vwU eywS‡q wjL|
M. K¨v¤cv‡m †g‡niy‡bœmv wkíKjvi †Kvb w`KwU †`‡L‡Q? Gi eY©bv `vI|
N. †g‡niy‡bœmvi †`Lv w`KwUB wkíKjvi cÖavb w`K- gšZe¨wUi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ki|
2. b›`jvj emy Zuvi wkíKjv MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb- Ô†h m„wói g‡a¨ gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb mvab A‡c¶v A‡nZzK Avb›`
†ewk, hvnv‡Z gvby‡li ˆRe A‡c¶v AvwZ¥K I gvbwmK Avb›` m„wó †ewk, Zvnv‡K Avgiv jwjZKjv ewjqv
AvL¨vwqZ Kwi‡Z cvwi| Avevi hvnv‡K Avgiv jwjZKjv ewj ZvnvI Av‡iK w`K nB‡Z KviyKjv †kªwYfy³
nB‡Z cv‡i| ¯’cwZwe`¨v cÖm~Z myig¨ cÖvmv`‡K hLb gvby‡li emevm Dc‡hvMx Kwiqv †`wL ZLb Zvnv
Kviywkí| Avevi Dnv‡K hLb iƒcgq Amxg †mŠ›`h© m„wó wn‡m‡e †`wL ZLb Zvnv PviyKjv|Õ
K. cyivKvj k‡ãi A_© Kx ?
L. wkíKjv PP©v mK‡ji c‡¶ Acwinvh© †Kb ?
M. DÏxc‡Ki jwjZKjv ej‡Z wkíKjvi bvbv w`K cÖe‡Üi †h welqwU‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. PviyKjv I PviyKjvi mgwš^Z iƒc wkíKjv- wkíKjvi bvbv w`K cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K we‡k−lY Ki|
gsoyi c‡_
wecÖ`vk eoyqv
m‡Üï Av‡jv-Avuavwi‡Z, 24 †g, 2001, wgqvbgv‡ii mxgvšZ kni gsoyi c‡_ †b‡g Avgvi †bvL, †PvL, Kvb I ü`q A‡Pbv
Av‡e‡M Dc‡P coj|
gsoy Avgv‡ì †UKbv‡di Icv‡i| gvSLv‡b bvd b`x| gsoy evg©vi cwðg mxgv‡šZi kni| weªwUk hy‡Mi eû Av‡M †_‡KB
PÆMÖv‡gi m‡½ Zvi †hvMv‡hvM| KL‡bv wQbœ, KL‡bv wbiew”Qbœ| cv`wi †g‡÷ªv †mevw÷b gvbwiK mß`k kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡_© GB
c‡_| ZviI GKk eQi Av‡M cZ©ywMRiv PÆMÖv‡g emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i| Zviv wb‡R‡ì emwZi RvqMv‡K e¨v‡Êj ejZ| PÆMÖv‡g
GL‡bv e¨v‡Êj †ivW Zv‡ì ¯§„wZ enb Ki‡Q|
m‡Üï Avuavi Nwb‡q Avmvi ci Avgiv Awfevmb I ïé `dZi †_‡K Qvov †c‡q LuvPv-Qvov cvwLi g‡Zv Dovj w`jvg| GB
c‡_ Avm‡Z †c‡i Lywk n‡qwQ, c‡_ AvivKvb co‡e, AvivKvb iv‡Rï aŸsmcÖvß cÖvPxb ivRavbx gªvDK-D †`L‡Z cve| GK
mgq AvivKvb evg©v †_‡K Avjv`v ¯^vaxb ivR¨ wQj| Zvi cwiwa wQj DË‡i †dbx b`x †_‡K Av›`vgvb mvM‡ii KvQvKvwQ cy‡iv
e‡½vcmvMi DcK~j| †mLv‡b G‡m c‡owQ GLb| AvivKvb iv‡Rï ivRmfvq †`ŠjZ KvRx, AvjvIj mvwnZ¨PP©v K‡i‡Qb|
‡Q‡j‡ejv †_‡K PÆMÖv‡gi cv‡k Aciƒc wgqvbgv‡ii K_v ï‡b G‡mwQ iƒcK_vi M‡íi g‡Zv, AvR Zv ev¯Z‡e †f‡m DVj
m‡Üï Av‡jvQvqvq| AÜKvi cÖvq Mvp n‡q G‡m‡Q| AvKv‡k †g‡Ni †Kv‡j ïK¬c‡¶i Puv`| Avgvi nv‡Z I Kuv‡a †SvjvSzwj|
ïé Awd‡mi †PŠnwÏ †cwi‡q cÂvk K`g bv †h‡ZB euv w`‡K eo eo †i¯Ziv, cÖvq Rbgvbenxb|
Wvb w`‡K †gvo Nyi‡ZB GK wgqvbgvi Kzgvix cvbx‡qi cmiv wb‡q e‡m‡Q| G‡Kev‡iB Szcwo †`vKvb| Kzgvixi †`vKv‡bi
cv‡kB Avi GKwU †m iKg †`vKvb| Zvici mvg‡bB ïiy n‡q‡Q evwoNi I †`vKvb| c‡_ †b‡g c‡o‡Q ZiyY-ZiyYx, †g‡q-
cyiyl| c‡_ c‡_ wgqvbgv‡ii iw½jv hyeZx-ZiyYxiv| Kjnv‡m¨ gyLi| evwoi mvg‡b, †`vKv‡bi evB‡i ùvwo‡q Av‡Q †KD †KD|
hyeK, hyeZx, †cÖŠp, e„×| wgqvbgv‡ii mevB jyw½ c‡i| †g‡q‡ì ci‡b jyw½ I Sjg‡j e−vDR RvZxq Rvgv ev †MwÄ| Pz‡j
dzj †MvuRv, wPiywb I wieb-wd‡Z| cvk w`‡q GKUv cvBK¨v P‡j hv‡”Q| wZb PvKvi wiKkv, †hgb †gvUi evB‡Ki cv‡k Avi
GKUv PvKv jvwM‡q K¨vwiqv‡i eD ev”Pv em‡Z cv‡i, GI cÖvq †Zgwb| mviv wgqvbgv‡i Avgv‡ì wiKkvi e`‡j cvBK¨v|
¯’vbxq gymjgvbiv Gi GK‡PwUqv PvjK| gsoyi eëmvI cÖvq I‡ì `L‡j, Avi wn›`yivI Av‡Q| Giv PÆMÖvg †_‡K
54 gsWyi c‡_
G‡m‡Q, `xN©w`b a‡i Av‡Q|

BDbvB‡UW †nv‡U‡j hLb †cuŠQjvg †`wL RvqMv n‡jv bv| Av‡M fv‡M hviv †M‡Q Zviv RvqMv `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q| cÖvq
Abv‡_i g‡Zv †euvPKv-eyPwK wb‡q bZzb †nv‡U‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨ Pjjvg| Avgiv Lyu‡R †c‡Z †h †nv‡Uj †cjvg Zvi Ae¯’v
†kvPbxq ej‡j Kg ejv nq| †eovi N‡ii †`vZjvi gvSeviv›`vq e‡mB †Ui †cjvg GUv PZz_© †kªwYi †nv‡Uj n‡ZI
cv‡i| Kv‡Vi †g‡S| Kv‡Vi †hgb-‡Zgb †`qvj| weQvbvq wM‡q ciL K‡i †`wL DuPz-wbPz Plv Rwgi g‡Zv †ZvkK|
gkvwi‡Z wewPÎ I wecixZag©x bvbv iKg DrKU `yM©Ü| gv_vi Dc‡i cvLv Av‡Q| wKš‘ ivZ bqUvi ci †Zv weRwj
_vK‡e bv| ZLb M−vfm c‡i nvZ †avqvi Ae¯’v n‡e| wbjvg d¨vb Qvov GKwU K¶| c‡i g‡b coj d¨vb _vK‡jB
ev Kx! Avgvi †Zv iv‡Z d¨vb mn¨ nq bv| evwZI _vK‡e bv iv‡Z|
gvSeqmx my›ìx GK igYx Avgv‡ì cÖvq †U‡b wb‡q †h‡Z evwK Zvi i‡qj †i¯Zivq, iv‡Zi LvIqvi Rb¨|
BDbvB‡UW †nv‡U‡j hviv D‡V‡Q Zviv bvwK Iw`‡K GK gymwjg †i¯Zivq †L‡q wb‡”Q| i‡qj †i¯Ziv g›` bq|
my›ì SKS‡K †Uwej-Uzj| evmb-‡Kvmb f`ª| fv‡Zi †`vKvb e‡jB DuPz †Uwej I c−vw÷‡Ki Uzj| m¤¢eZ Pxb †_‡K
Avg`vbx IB Uzj| mvaviY eg©x †i¯Zivq wbPz †Uwej I Uzj _v‡K|
‡i¯Zivi ivLvBb gvjwK‡bi eqm cÖ_‡g eyS‡Z cvwiwb| e‡j Kx! Ii eo †Q‡j K‡j‡R c‡o! K·evRvi I
cUzqvLvjx‡Z ivLvBb Av‡Q| GLb eyS‡Z cvijvg Avgvi †`‡ki ivLvBb‡ì KZ Kg Rvwb| Zv‡ì Lv`¨vf¨vm,
AvPvi-AvPiY, fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ m¤c‡K© cÖvq wKQzB Rvwb bv| Zvn‡j Kx K‡i †`‡ki me gvby‡li m‡½ Avgvi mL¨
wbweo n‡e|
ivbœv Ni †_‡K Qz‡U G‡jv GKwU †g‡q| evOvwj| jyw½ Ges †Kvgi-XvKv e−vDR c‡i‡Q| †g‡qwU w`we¨ PÆMÖvgx fvlvq
GUv-IUv Av‡Q Rvwb‡q ivL‡Z jvMj| Ii bvg Sibv| c~e©cyiy‡li evwo PÆMÖv‡gi ivDRvb| Avgvi cv‡ki _vbv| Ii
g‡Zv AviI GKRb evOvwj †g‡q ivbœvevbœv K‡i| †Pnviv I ¯^v¯’¨ Mwie N‡ii †ivMv-cUKv bvixi g‡Zv|
†cvov j¼v KP‡j byb-‡Zj w`‡q fZ©v Kij| GKUv †c−‡U Zvi m‡½ w`j KwP †jey cvZv| evt| Lvm PÆMÖv‡gi
Lvevi| Avm‡j G‡ì †_‡K PÆMÖv‡gi eoyqviv GB Lvevi wb‡q‡Q| PvKgv gvigviv avwb j¼v cy‡o byb I wcqvR w`‡q
fZ©v K‡i| †cvov ev †m× avwb j¼v KzBR¨vq ev gvwUi nvgvbw`¯Zvq wc‡l †bq| GKUv ivZ †K‡U †Mj AL¨vZ ev
Kzkªx †nv‡U‡j|
ARmª RvwZmËvi AšZgy©Lx RvwZ
25 †g, wØZxq w`b| gnv‡_‡ivi m‡½ gsoyi cÖavb moK a‡i P‡jwQ| evRvi| `ycv‡k evwo, evwoi wb‡P †`vKvb|
†fZ‡ii evwo¸‡jv †m¸b Kv‡Vi _vg ev cvKv _v‡gi Ici| MZ iv‡Z e„wó n‡qwQj| †fRv c_| MvQcvjvi cvZv
PKPK Ki‡Q avZe bZzb UvKvi g‡Zv| e„wó wkixl, Avg, KuvVvj, K…òPzov meB Avgv‡ì g‡Zv| c`vD‡Ki cvZv
jKjK Ki‡Q| c`vD‡Ki †mvbviO dzj †dvUvi GwUB mgq| wgqvbgv‡i I‡ì bvg †mbœv| gsoyi wKQz MvQ weªwUk
Avg‡ji| I‡ì eqm kZvãx ev ZviI †ewk| e„wó wkixl, †ZuZzj Ges GKUz Kg eqmx bvi‡Kvj MvQ| Av‡Q
KvV‡Mvjvc I †mvbvjy| bvi‡Kvj me©Î| evwoi mvg‡bi bvi‡Kvj MvQwUi †Mvovi w`‡K gv_v mgvb DPz‡Z AwK©W
K‡i‡Q| Zv‡Z iwOb I mv`v dzj|
cvBK¨vq †eviKv civ gwnjv| Zvi Ici gv_vq QvZv| Qwe Zzj‡Z †h‡ZB QvZv w`‡q Avovj Zz‡j w`j| nuvU‡Z nvuU‡Z
kn‡ii c~e© w`‡K †kDBRvi †mZz cvi n‡q †Mjvg| b`xi bvg myavi wWqvi| Gcv‡i gsoy, Icv‡i myavi cvov| gymwjg
MÖvg|
‡mZzi Kv‡QB cuvP-mvZRb gvQ wb‡q e‡m‡Q| ZwiZiKvwi wb‡q e‡m‡Q K‡qKRb| MÖv‡gi †QvÆ evRvi| cuvP-QqUv
†eovi †`vKvb| ey‡ov AvOy‡ji mgvb wPswoi wK‡jv 4 †_‡K 5 k P¨v| Avgv‡ì Zzjbvq cvwbi `vg| UvKvi wnmv‡e
40 †_‡K 50 UvKvi g‡a¨| b`xi DRvb w`‡K we‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q wPswoi †Ni| A‡Xj gvQ cvIqv hvq ILv‡b| Pv‡qi
†`vKvb †_‡K †jvKRb Avgv‡ì w`‡K ZvwK‡q Av‡Q| gsoy‡Z GL‡bv c¨v›U †`wLwb| ïay Avgv‡ì ci‡b c¨v›U|
gnv‡_‡iv Pxei c‡i‡Qb| ag©xiv mevB jyw½ c‡i‡Q| Awdm KvQvwi‡ZI jyw½| MZKvj ïé
mvwnZ¨ KwYKv 55
Awd‡mi `yR‡bi c¨v›U †`‡LwQ| Iiv cywjk| Ab¨‡ì jyw½| jyw½, dzw½ I c¨v‡MvWv GB wZb wb‡q wgqvbgvi|
dzw½ n‡jv †eŠ× wf¶z| Mg (fv‡jv), Qv¤§vb ev mv¤cvb, Qv (kveK), _vwg (eg©x igYx‡ì †mjvBwenxb jyw½)
BZ¨vw` A‡bK kã evg©v I AvivKvb †_‡K PÆMÖvg n‡q evsjvfvlvq Xy‡K‡Q|
ev‡mi Pv‡j hvÎx‡ì m‡½ dzw½| c‡_ Nv‡U dzw½| mKv‡j Zviv Lvwj cv‡q wf‡¶ Ki‡Z †ei nb| wf‡¶ Qvov
wf¶z ev dzw½‡ì Pj‡e bv| wf¶vB Zv‡ì RxweKv| wf¶z‡ì cwi‡aq Pxei †mjvBwenxb jyw½i g‡Zv| Mv‡q Avjv`v
Ab¨ GK UzK‡iv Pxei _v‡K| nvZ KvUv I GK Kuva KvUv GKUv †MwÄ _v‡K, †Kvg‡i †eë RvZxq A_©vr †mjvB Kiv
Kvc‡oi †Kvgi eÜbx _v‡K| Gme wg‡j wÎPxei| Avi nv‡Z _v‡K QvevBK ev wf¶vcvÎ| Avw`‡Z GwU KvV ev
†jvnvi n‡Zv| GLb jv¶v w`‡q ˆZwi nq| wf¶z‡ì Pxei we‡kl gv‡c Ges A‡bK †Rvov w`‡q †mjvB Kiv nq| GwU
wbqg| mvaviY jvj I jv‡ji KvQvKvwQ i‡O Pxe‡i iO Kiv nq| evg©vq dzw½‡ì AZ¨šZ m¤§v‡bi †Pv‡L †`Lv nq|
†Q‡j-ey‡ov-hyeK-hyeZx mevi cwiavb jyw½| ¯‹z‡ji †cvkvKI jyw½ I Rvgv ev kvU©| eg©x-gymjgvb-wn›`y-eoyqv-
wLª÷vb mevi jw½| eg©xiv kvU©wU jyw½i wb‡P ¸‡R †`q| gsoyi gymwjgiv kvU© c‡i jyw½i evB‡i| evg©v †_‡K
PÆMÖvg n‡q evsjv‡`‡k jyw½ cÖ‡ek K‡i| gvÎ GKk eQ‡ii g‡a¨ mviv evsjv n‡q cwðge½ ch©šZ jyw½ P‡j
†M‡Q| jyw½, kvU© I eg©x †KvU, gv_vq eg©x Uzwc, cv‡q `yB wd‡Zi gReyZ m¨v‡Êj eg©x‡ì RvZxq †cvkvK|
†jvKRb Avgv‡ì †`L‡Q| Avgv‡ì †cvkvK I Pvj-Pjb I‡ì †_‡K wfbœ| me †`‡ki †jvK we‡`wk‡ì wPb‡Z
cv‡i| †mZz †cwi‡q wd‡i AvmwQ| wKQz`~i G‡m g~j iv¯Zv †_‡K Wvb w`‡K eg©x cvovq Xy‡K cojvg| iv¯Zvi †gv‡o
Lvwj RvqMvq eo e„wó wkixl Mv‡Qi wb‡P wgqvbgv‡ii ZiyYx byWjm wewµ Ki‡Q| fvmgvb †`vKvb| mKv‡ji wUwdb
G iKg GK †`vKv‡b cyjKmn †L‡qwQ| byWjm, †cvov j¼v ¸‡ov, †ZZz‡ji UK, Kjvi †_vo BZ¨vw` mewR w`‡q
my¨c, wWg‡m× wgwk‡q †L‡qwQ| wW‡gi †Lvmv †d‡j KuvwP w`‡q UzK‡iv UzK‡iv K‡i w¶cÖ MwZ‡Z| Avgvi †gvUvgywU
fv‡jvB †j‡M‡Q| mKv‡ji Rb¨ Av`k© Lvevi ejv hvq| m‡½ wewb cqmvq `ya wPwb Qvov Pv w`‡q‡Q| †`vKvwb
gvSeqmx gwnjv| Bw½‡Z, Bs‡iwR‡Z †Kv‡bvg‡Z GK iKg K‡i K_v n‡jv| eyS‡Z cviwQ mviv ågY Gfv‡e Ac~Y©
K_vevZ©v ej‡Z n‡e|
†`vKvbwUi w`‡K GwM‡q †Mjvg| gv_vi Dci QÎvKvi wkixl Mv‡Qi wb‡P cwjw_b Uvw½‡q w`‡q‡Q| j¤^v †ewÂ‡Z
Lvev‡ii eo eo ‡WKwP| Uzj Av‡Q emvi| ZiyYx ejj wewKwKwb †kl| byWjm Av‡Q, wKš‘ gkjvcvwZ I †ZZz‡ji
†Svj dzwi‡q †M‡Q| ILvb †_‡K GKUz GwM‡q Pv‡qi †`vKv‡b XyKjvg| gvjwKb e‡m Av‡Q †Pqv‡i| †ivqvBsMv gymwjg
eq Av‡Q `yRb| Iiv g~jZ PÆMÖv‡gi| gvjwKb‡K eywS‡q w`j Avgv‡ì K_v| wKš‘ we¯‹zU ev †m iKg †Kv‡bv Lvevi
†bB| `ya wPwbi Pv I wewb cqmvi Pv Av‡Q| †`vKv‡bi †fZ‡i Av‡iK gwnjv PziyU wmMv‡iU I cvb †eP‡Z e‡m‡Q|
Ab¨ gwnjviv Av‡Q ivbœvN‡i| Pv evwb‡q w`‡”Q| gwnjviv wPi ¯^vaxb| †`vKv‡bi gvwjK Zviv| meB Lye mvaviY
gv‡bi| Pv †L‡q †ewi‡q Gjvg|
56 gsWyi c‡_
kãv_© I UxKv
wbiew”Qbœ - GKUvbv| Aweivg| wbišZb|
cv`wi - wLª÷vb ag©cÖPviK|
Awfevmb - ¯^‡`k †Q‡o Ab¨ †`‡k emevm|
ïé `dZi - cY¨`ª‡eï Avg`vwb ißvwbi Ici Ki avh© K‡i Ggb Awdm|
†`ŠjZ KvRx - m‡Zi kZ‡Ki Kwe| AviKvb ivRmfvq mvwnZ¨ PP©v K‡ib| †jvivP›`ªvYx Kv‡eï iPwqZv|
AvjvIj - m‡Zi kZ‡Ki Kwe| AviKvb ivRmfvq mvwnZ¨ PP©v K‡ib| cÙveZx Zuvi †kªô iPbv|
ïK¬c¶ - Agvem¨vi ci †_‡K c~wY©gv ch©šZ P›`ªKjvi evovi d‡j|
K¨vwiqvi - Mvwoi †cQ‡b _vKv gvjcÎ ev Rb cwien‡Yi RvqMv|
M−vfm - `¯Zvbv, nvZ‡gvRv|
gvjwKb - gwnjv gvwjK| gvwj‡Ki ¯¿x|
nvgvbw`¯Zv - `ªe¨mvgMÖx ¸u‡ov Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ cvÎ I `Ê|
gnv‡_‡iv - ‡eŠ× ag©xq cÖavb ¸iy|
P¨v - wgqvbgv‡ii UvKv
Pxei - ‡eŠ× wf¶z‡ì cwi‡aq ˆMwiK †cvkvK we‡kl|
dzw` - gvqvbgvi AÂ‡ji †eŠ× mbœ¨vmx ev cy‡ivwnZ|
c¨v‡MvWv - †eŠ×gw›ì|
j¶v - Mvjv| jvj e„¶im we‡kl|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
iPbvwU cvV K‡i wk¶v_©xiv cÖwZ‡ekx GKwU †`‡ki A_©bxwZ I ms¯‹…wZi iƒc m¤c‡K© AewnZ n‡Z cvi‡e| IB †`k
m¤c‡K© Zv‡ì g‡b fv‡jvevmv mÂvwiZ n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Avgv‡ì c~e© w`‡Ki cÖwZ‡ekx †`k wgqvbgvi| †mB †`k åg‡Yi d‡j †jLK †hme AwfÁZv jvf K‡ib Zvi wKQz
weeiY GB iPbvq cwi‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q| wgqvbgv‡ii cwðg mxgv‡šZi kni gsoy w`‡q †jL‡Ki IB †`k mdi ïiy
n‡qwQj| gsoyi gvby‡li †cvlvK-cwi”Q`, Lv`¨vf¨vm, eëmv-evwYR¨ m¤c‡K© GKwU aviYv GB iPbv †_‡K cvIqv
hvq| gsoy‡Z emevmiZ wewfbœ a‡g©i †jvK m¤c‡K©I cwiPq Av‡Q G‡Z| ‡mLvbKvi †g‡qiv A‡bKUv ¯^vaxbfv‡e
eëmv-evwYR¨ K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki PÆMÖvg †_‡K A‡b‡K gsoy‡Z wM‡q ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Q| Avevi GKB ivLvBb
m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvK Av‡Q gsoy‡Z I evsjv‡`‡ki cUzqvLvjx‡Z| d‡j `y †`‡ki fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi wgjI †jLK Gfv‡e
Lyu‡R †c‡q‡Qb| GK mg‡q gsoy wQj AvivKvb bv‡gi GK ¯^vaxb †`‡ki Ask| AvivKv‡b wQj gymjgvb‡ì kvmb|
wgqvbgv‡i †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x‡ì cÖvavb¨ _vK‡jI gsoy‡Z D‡j−L‡hvM¨ msL¨K gymjgv‡bi emevm j¶ K‡i‡Qb †jLK|
mvwnZ¨ KwYKv 57
†jLK cwiwPwZ
wecÖ`vk eoyqvi Rb¥ 1940 mv‡ji 20 †m‡Þ¤î PÆMÖv‡gi BQvgZx MÖv‡g| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv wel‡q
mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©‡bi ci wZwb wkï GKv‡Wgx‡Z Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| mnKvix cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e wZwb Aemi MÖnY
K‡ib| wZwb Mí, Dcb¨vm, bvUK I cÖeÜ iPbv K‡i‡Qb, wj‡L‡Qb wkï‡Zvl Mí Dcb¨vm| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖ‡š’i
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †QvUMí : Ôhy×R‡qi MíÕ, ÔMvOwPjÕ, Dcb¨vm : Ôgyw³‡hv×vivÕ, cÖeÜ : ÔKweZvq evKcÖwZgvÕ; bvUK
ÔKzg‡ovjZv I cvwLÕ; Rxebx : Ôwe`¨vmvMiÕ (1988), Ôcj−xKwe RmxgDÏxbÕ, wkï‡Zvl Mí : Ôm~h© jy‡Vi MvbÕ,
wkï‡Zvl Dcb¨vm : Ô†iveU I dzj †dvUv‡bvi inm¨Õ| wZwb `yevi AMÖYx e¨vsK wkïmvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi Ges evsjv
GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|
Kg©-Abykxjb
K. ÔgsWyi c‡_Õ ågb KvwnbxwUi †Kvb †Kvb welq †Zvgv‡K Avb›` `vb Ges AbycÖvwYZ K‡i‡Q Zvi weeiY `vI|
L. †Zvgvi e¨w³MZ åg‡Yi weeiY w`‡q GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki m( GKK KvR, Qwe †fŠ‡MvwjK wPÎ BZ¨vw`
ms‡hvRb Kiv hv‡e)|
bgybv cÖkœ
1 wgqvbgv‡i †eŠ× wf¶z‡ì Kx ejv nq ?
K. cy‡ivwnZ L. dzw½
M. eªvþY N. gnv‡_‡iv
2. wf¶z‡ì cwi‡aq Pxei †`L‡Z †Kgb ?
K. Kuva KvUv †MwÄi gZ L. †mjvB wenxb jyw½i gZ
M. †mjvB Kiv jyw½i gZ N. †Kvg‡ii †e‡ëi gZ
3. me‡`‡ki †jvK we‡`wk‡ì wPb‡Z cv‡i-
i. †cvkvK cwiPQ` †`‡L
ii. PvjPjb †`‡L
iii. Lvevi `vevi †`‡L
K. i L. i I ii
58 gsWyi c‡_
DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

Aby`vk¼i ivq d«v‡Ýi c¨vwim wb‡q †jLv cvix cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb- Òcvixi hviv Avmj Awaevmx, Lye LvU‡Z cv‡i e‡j
Zv‡ì mybvg Av‡Q| †g‡qiv Mí Kivi mgqI Rvgv †mjvB K‡i| Rvgv-Kvc‡oi kLUv divkx‡ì Am¤¢e iKg
†ewk, we‡kl K‡i divmx †g‡q‡ì I wkï‡ìÓ|
4. DÏxc‡K gsoyi c‡_ cÖe‡Üi wgqvbgvievmxi ms¯‹…wZi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv njÑ
i. †fvRb wejvwmZv
ii. f~lY wejvwmZv
iii. kªgwbôv
K. i L. i I ii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :
1. bvi‡Kj kªxjsKvb‡ì Aw¯Z‡Z¡i m‡½ RwoZ| bvi‡Kj †Zj Qvov Zviv †Kv‡bv Lvevi ivbœv K‡i bv|
Kvwi‡Z bvi‡Kj †Zj QvovI ¸uov ïuUwK gvQ eënvi Kiv nq| GB ¸uov ïuUwK‡K Zviv gmjvi Ask
wn‡m‡e †`‡L| Giv ivbœvq cÖPzi Migmjv Ges jvj gwiP eënvi K‡i|
2. kªxjsKvi iv¯ZvNv‡U †h me ZiyYx‡K †`Lv hvq Zv‡ì †Pnvivq AvKl©Yxq wKQz †bB| Giv †KD
mvR‡MvRI g‡b nq K‡i bv| Sjg‡j †cvkv‡Ki e`‡j gwjb †cvkvK c‡i †ei nq| mevB †Kgb K‡i
†hb nv‡U|
K. †mjvB wenxb jyw½i g‡Zv e¯‘wUi bvg Kx ?
L. ev‡Êj †ivW Zv‡ì ¯§„wZ enb Ki‡Q- ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
M. DÏxcK-1 G gsoyi c‡_ ågY Kvwnbxi †h w`KwU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zvi eY©bv `vI|
N. DÏxcK-1 Ges DÏxcK-2 wg‡j wgqvbgvi evmxi RxebhvÎv I ms¯‹…wZi cy‡iv w`KwUB cÖKvk
‡c‡q‡Q gsoyi c‡_ cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K gšZe¨wUi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ki|
evsjv beel©
kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb
evsjv m‡bi cÖ_g gv‡mi bvg êkvL| cqjv êkv‡L evOvwji beel© Drme| beel© mKj †`‡ki, mKj RvwZiB
Avb›` Drm‡ei w`b! ïay Avb›`-D”Q¡vmB bv, mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ Kj¨vY KvgbviI w`b| AvgivI myL-kvwšZ-mg„w×
I Kj¨v‡Yi cÖZ¨vkv wb‡qB gnv-a~gav‡gi m‡½ Avgv‡ì beel© Drme D`&hvcb Kwi| G‡K Ab¨‡K ewj : ïf
beel©|
evsjv beel© GLb Avgv‡ì cÖavb RvZxq Drme| cÖwZ eQiB G-Drme wecyj gvby‡li AskMÖn‡Y wekvj †_‡K
wekvjZi n‡q DV‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k †h GZUv cÖv‡Yi Av‡e‡M Ges Mfxi fv‡jvevmvq G Drme D`&hvwcZ nq Zvi
KviY cvwK¯Zvb Avg‡j c~e©-evsjvi evOvwj‡K G-Drme cvjb Ki‡Z †`qv nqwb| ejv n‡q‡Q, GUv cvwK¯Zvwb
Av`‡k©i cwicš’x| †m-e³e¨ wQj evOvwji ms¯‹…wZi Ici GK Pig AvNvZ| evOvwj Zvi ms¯‹…wZi Ici G AvNvZ
mn¨ K‡iwb| Zviv Gi weiy‡× iy‡L ùvwo‡q‡Q| ag©-eY©-†MvÎ wbwe©‡k‡l mKj evOvwji G-Drme‡K RvZxq QywUi w`b
†NvlYvi `vwe Rvwb‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †m-`vwe AMÖvn¨ n‡q‡Q| d‡j c~e©-evsjvi evOvwj dzu‡m D‡V‡Q| †mv”Pvi n‡q D‡V‡Q
cÖwZev‡`| Gfv‡eB c~e©-evsjvq evOvwj RvZxqZvev` Ges evOvwj RvwZmËv MV‡bi cÖwµqvi m‡½ hy³ n‡q hvq evsjv
beel© Ges Zvi D`&hvc‡bi Av‡qvRb|
1954 mv‡ji c~e©-evsjvi mvaviY wbe©vP‡b gymwjg jxM miKvi‡K wecyjfv‡e civwRZ K‡i hy³d«‡›Ui miKvi MwVZ
n‡j gyL¨gšÎx I evOvwj‡ì RbwcÖq †bZv †k‡i evsjv G. †K. dRjyj n‡Ki miKvi evsjv bee‡l© QywU †NvlYv K‡ib
Ges †`kevmx‡K bee‡l©i ï‡f”Qv I Awfb›`b Rvbvb| †mUv wQj evOvwji GK Zvrch©c~Y© weR‡qi w`b| wKš‘ †m-
weRq ¯’vqx nqwb| hy³d«›U †f‡O w`‡q Ges mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi K‡i Zv mvgwqKfv‡e iy‡L w`‡q‡Q ˆ¯îvPvix
cvwK¯Zvb miKvi| Zey c~e©-evsjvi evOvwj wcQy n‡Vwb| miKvwifv‡e Avi beel© D`&hvwcZ nqwb cvwK¯Zvb Avg‡j;
wKš‘ †emiKvwifv‡e D`&hvwcZ n‡q‡Q cÖej AvMÖn I MfxiZi Drmvn-DÏxcbvq|
60 evsjv beel©
g‡a¨ me‡P‡q mymsMwVZ Ges mycwiKwíZ D`&‡hvM MÖnY K‡i mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZôvb QvqvbU (1961)| 1967 mvj †_‡K
igbvi cvKzog~‡j QvqvbU bee‡l©i †h-Drme ïiy K‡i ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k ivóªxq evavnxb cwi‡e‡k GLb Zv RbM‡Yi
wecyj AvMÖn-DÏxcbvgq AskMÖn‡Y †`‡ki me©e„nr RvZxq Abyôv‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| ivRavbx XvKvi beel© Drm‡ei wØZxq
cÖavb AvKl©Y XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi PviyKjv Abyl‡ì QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì eY©vX¨ g½j †kvfvhvÎv| GB †kvfvhvÎvq gy‡Lvk,
KvU©ybmn †h-me mvs¯‹…wZK HwZ‡nï cÖZxKag©x wPÎ enb Kiv nq Zv‡Z Avengvb evOvwj‡Z¡i cwiPq Ges mgKvjxb
mgvR-ivRbxwZi mgv‡jvPbvI _v‡K|
Gevi Avgiv evsjv mb I beel© D`&hvc‡bi K_v ewj| evsjv m‡bi BwZnvm GL‡bv my¯úófv‡e Rvbv hvqwb| Z‡e
AwaKvsk HwZnvwmK I cwÊZB g‡b K‡ib gyMj mgªvU AvKei Pv›`ª wnRix m‡bi m‡½ fviZe‡l©i †mŠi m‡bi mgš^q
mvab K‡i 1556 mvj ev 992 wnRwi‡Z evsjv mb Pvjy K‡ib| AvaywbK M‡elK‡ì g‡a¨ †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib gnvgwZ
AvKei me©fviZxq †h Bjvnx mb cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi wfwË‡ZB evsjvq AvKe‡ii †Kv‡bv cÖwZwbwa ev gymjgvb myjZvb
ev beve evsjv m‡bi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| †mRb¨B G‡K ÔmbÕ ev ÔmvjÕ e‡j D‡j−L Kiv nq| ÔmbÕ K_vwU Aviwe, Avi ÔmvjÕ
n‡jv dviwm| GL‡bv mb ev mvjB e¨vcKfv‡e Pvjy| Z‡e e½vãI e‡jb †KD †KD|
evsjv mb Pvjy nevi ci beel© D`&hvc‡b bvbv AvbyôvwbKZv hy³ nq| beve Ges Rwg`v‡iiv Pvjy K‡ib Ôc~Y¨vnÕ Abyôvb|
cqjv êkv‡L cÖRviv beve ev Rwg`vi evwo‡Z AvgwšÎZ n‡Zb, Zv‡ì wgwógyLI Kiv‡bv n‡Zv| cvb-mycvwiiI
Av‡qvRb _vK‡Zv| Z‡e Zvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv LvRbv Av`vq| gyiwk`vev‡ì bev‡eiv G Abyôvb Ki‡Zb| evsjvi
Rwg`v‡iivI Ki‡Zb G Abyôvb| Rwg`vix D‡V hvIqvq G Abyôvb GLb jyß n‡q‡Q|
cqjv êkv‡Li wØZxq e„nr Abyôvb wQj ÔnvjLvZvÕ| G AbyôvbwU Ki‡Zb eëmvqxiv| evsjv‡`k K…wl cÖavb| ZvB dm‡ji
†gŠmy‡g dmj wewµi UvKv nv‡Z bv G‡j K…lKmn cÖvq †KDB bM` UvKvi gyL Lye GKUv †`L‡Z †cZ bv| d‡j mviveQi
evwK‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm bv wK‡b Zv‡ì Dcvq wQ‡jv bv| cqjv êkv‡Li nvjLvZv Abyôv‡b Zviv †`vKvbx‡ì evwKi
UvKv wgwU‡q w`‡Zb| AšZZ AvswkK cwi‡kva K‡iI bZzb eQ‡ii LvZv Lyj‡Zb| nvjLvZv Dcj‡¶ †`vKvbxiv Svji
KvUv jvj bxj meyR †e¸wb KvMR w`‡q †`vKvb mvRv‡Zb| a~cay‡jv R¡vjv‡bv n‡Zv| wgwógyL Kiv‡bv n‡Zv MÖvnK-
LwiÏvi‡ì| nvwm-VvÆv, MíMvQvi g‡a¨ e‡Kqv Av`vq Ges Drm‡ei Avb›` Dc‡fvM `yB-B m¤úbœ n‡Zv| nvjLvZvI
GLb Avi †Zgb mvo¤^‡i D`&hvwcZ nq bv| GLb gvby‡li nv‡Z bM` cqmv Av‡Q| evwK‡Z wewKwKwb GLb Avi Av‡Mi
g‡Zv e¨vcK AvKv‡i nq bv|
evsjv bee‡l©i Avi GKwU cÖavb Abyôvb nj êkvLx †gjv| †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b êkv‡Li cÖ_g w`‡b evwl©K †gjv e‡m|
GBme †gjvi A‡bK¸‡jvB †ek cyi‡bv| GB †gjv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Lye cÖvPxb VvKziMuv †Rjvi ivbxks‰Kj Dc‡Rjvi
†bKgi‡ì †gjv Ges PÆMÖv‡gi gnvgywYi †eŠ×c~wY©gv †gjv| GK mg‡q GBme †gjv Lye a~gav‡gi ga¨ w`‡q AbywôZ
n‡Zv| †m-†gjv GL‡bv e‡m, Z‡e Av‡Mi †m †RŠjym GLb Avi †bB| Av‡M MÖvg-evsjvi GB evwl©K †gjv¸‡jvi ¸iyZ¡
wQ‡jv AmvaviY| KviY ZL‡bv mviv‡`‡k we¯Z„Z †hvMv‡hvM I
hvZvqvZ eë¯’v M‡o I‡Vwb| d‡j gvby‡li RxebhvÎv wQj ¯’wei| GLb †hgb †`‡ki GK cÖvšZ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡šZ
†h‡Z GK w`‡bi †ewk jv‡M bv| Av‡M Zv m¤¢e wQ‡jv bv| †bŠKv, †Nvovi Mvwo, Miyi, †gv‡li Mvwo‡Z gvbyl ev cY¨
cwien‡b eûmgq ev K‡qKw`b †j‡M †hZ| GLb bZzb bZzb cvKv iv¯Zv I `ªyZMwZi hvbevnb Pvjy nIqvq †m-mgm¨v
Avi †bB| Av‡M GBme AvÂwjK †gjv †_‡KB gvbyl mviv eQ‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ wK‡b ivLZ| ZvQvov GBme †gjv
AÂj we‡k‡li gvby‡li wgjb †gjvqI cwiYZ n‡Zv| bvbv msev` Av`vb-cÖ`vb, bvbv wel‡q gZ wewbg‡qiI Av`k©
¯’vbI wQj GB me †gjv| Avevi evrmwiK we‡bv`‡bi RvqMvI wQj †gjv| †gjvq _vKZ KweMvb, KxZ©b, hvÎv, M¤¢xiv
Mvb, cyZzj bvP, bvMi †`vjvmn bvbv Avb›`-Av‡qvRb|
bee‡l©i IB wZbwU cÖavb me©Rbxb Drme QvovI eû AvÂwjK Drme Av‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ PÆMÖv‡gi jvjw`wN gq`v‡b
AbywôZ ejx †Ljv we‡kl D‡j−L‡hvM¨| 1907 mvj †_‡K K·evRvimn e„nËi PÆMÖv‡gi bvbv¯’v‡b GB †Ljvi cÖPjb
Av‡Q| GB weL¨vZ Kzw¯Z †Ljv‡KB ejv nq ejx †Ljv| Ave`yj AvwRR bv‡gi GK e¨w³ G †Ljvi cÖeZ©b K‡ib e‡j
G‡K ÔAve`yj AvwR‡Ri ejx †LjvÕI ejv nq|
evsjv beel© 61
AvgvwbI bee‡l©i GKwU cÖvPxb AvÂwjK gv½wjK Abyôvb| GwU cÖavbZ K…l‡Ki cvwievwiK Abyôvb| ˆPÎ gv‡mi
†klw`‡bi mÜ¨viv‡Z M„nKZ©x GK nuvwo cvwb‡Z ¯^í cwigvY AcK¡ Pvj †Q‡o w`‡q mvivivZ wfR‡Z †`b Ges Zvi
g‡a¨ GKwU KwP Av‡gi cvZvhy³ Wvj ewm‡q iv‡Lb| cqjv êkv‡Li m~h© IVvi Av‡M Ni Svoy w`‡q M„nKZ©x †mB
nuvwoi cvwb mviv N‡i wQuwU‡q †`b| c‡i †mB †fRv Pvj mKj‡K †L‡Z w`‡q Av‡gi Wv‡ji KwP cvZv nuvwoi cvwb‡Z
wfwR‡q evwoi mK‡ji Mv‡q wQuwU‡q †`b| Zv‡ì wek¦vm G‡Z evwoi mK‡ji Kj¨vY n‡e| bZzb eQi n‡e myL,
kvwšZ I mg„w×i| G Abyôvb GLb Lye GKUv †`Lv hvq bv|
bee‡l©i G ai‡bi Av‡iv bvbv Abyôvb Av‡Q| †Zvgiv wbR wbR GjvKvq †LuvR wb‡j Zvi mÜvb cv‡e| †Zvgv‡ì
m‡½ cwiPq NU‡e bvbv HwZn¨ I mvs¯‹…wZK êwP‡Îï| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi cvnvox GjvKvqI bee‡l©i Drme nq
bvbv Avb›`gq µxov-†KŠZ‚‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q Giv êmye, mvsMÖvB I weRy wZbwU‡K GKÎ K‡i ÔêmvexÕ bv‡g Drme K‡i|
MÖvg-evsjvq bee‡l© bvbv †LjvayjviI Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡Zv| gvwbKMÄ gyÝxM‡Ä n‡Zv Miyi †`Šo, nvWyWy †Ljv,
eªvþYevwoqvq †gvi‡Mi jovB, wK‡kviMÄ, †bÎ‡KvYv, bovB‡j luv‡oi jovB cÖf„wZ|
AvaywbKKv‡ji be Avw½‡Ki el©eiY Drm‡ei m~Pbv nq †KvjKvZvi VvKzi cwiev‡i Ges kvwšZwb‡KZ‡b
iex›`ªbv‡_i D‡`¨v‡M| †mB aviv ax‡i ax‡i mviv evsjvq Qwo‡q c‡o| Avgv‡ì beel© Drme Õ52 m‡bi fvlv
Av‡›`vj‡bi ci bZzb ¸iyZ¡ I Zvrch© jvf K‡i| Av‡M mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb QvqvbU-Gi Av‡qvR‡bi K_v e‡jwQ|
GQvov evsjv GKv‡Wgx‡Z êkvLx I KviycY¨ †gjv Ges †MvUv wek¦we`¨vjq I igbv GjvKv cqjv êkv‡Li w`‡b j¶
gvby‡li c`PviYvq gyLi n‡q I‡V| bZzb cvRvgv-cvÄvwe c‡i †Q‡jiv Ges bvbv is‡qi kvwo c‡i gwnjv I evwjKviv
GB Abyôvb‡K ewY©j K‡i †Zv‡j| iex›`ªmsMxZ, bRiy‡ji Mvb, †jvKmsMxZ Ges euvwki my‡i gv‡Zvqviv n‡q I‡V
mg‡eZ Avevj-e„×-ewbZv| Avb›`gq I †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© GB cwi‡ek AvaywbK evOvwj Rxe‡bi GK †MŠiegq welq|
kãv_© I UxKv
cvwK¯—v‡b Avgj Ñ 1947 †_‡K 1971 wLªóv‡ãi c~e© ch©š— mgq|
QvqvbU Ñ evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ PP©vi GKwU HwZnëvwnZ cÖwZôvb|
g½j †kvfvhvÎv Ñ gvby‡li g½jKvgbv K‡i †h wgwQj Kiv nq|
Avengvb Ñ hv Av‡M wQj Ges GL‡bv Av‡Q|
cyY¨vn Ñ cy‡Yï Rb¨ Av‡qvwRZ Abyôvb|
nvjLvZv Ñ c‡njv ‰ekv‡L Av‡qvwRZ Abyôvb-we‡kl|
KweMvb Ñ evsjA Mv‡b we‡kl aviv| `„Rb MvqK cvjv K‡i G‡K A‡bï hyw³ LÛb K‡ib Mv‡b Mv‡b|
KxZ©b Ñ ¸Y-eY©bv, msKxZ©b, †è-‡èxi gwngv ev hk cÖPvig~jK msMxZ|
hvÎv Ñ cÖvPxb evsjvi `„k¨ Kve¨, g‡Â bvP¨vwfbq|
‰emvix Ñ êmye, mvsMÖvB, weRy-Gi cÖ_g wZbwU e‡Y©i mgvnvi|
VvKzi cwievi Ñ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cwievi|
wek¦we`¨vjq Ñ GLv‡b XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
62 evsjv beel©
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©iv evOvwji RvZxq ms¯‹…wZi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Drme m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv cv‡e| Zviv DrmyK
cvnvox‡ì AskMÖnY m¤ú‡K©I Rvb‡e| GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡qvRb KxfA‡e evOvwji ivR‰bwZK NUbv‡K cÖfvweZ
K‡i‡Q wk¶v_©xiv ZvI AeMZ n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
evsjv beel© evOvwji‡ LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Drme| AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k †h ¯^vaxb n‡Z ‡c‡i‡Q, Zvi †cQ‡b bee‡l©i †cÖiYvI
mwµq wQj| KviY cvwK¯—vwbiv evOvwji cÖv‡Yi Drme beel© D`&hvc‡b evaA w`‡qwQj Ges Gi cÖwZev‡` i“‡L `vuwo‡qwQj
Zviv| evOvwji ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡mi m‡½ mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm, we‡kl K‡i beel© D`&hvc‡bi BwZK_v we‡k Av‡Q|
AvRI bee‡l© g½j †kvfvhvÎv †ei Kvi ns| bee‡l©i Drme evOvwji cÖv‡Yi Drm‡e cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
evsjv mb †K, K‡e cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb G wY‡q gZvš—i _AK‡jI a‡i †bIqv nq mgªvU AvKe‡ii mgq G m‡bi MYbv
Avi¤¢ nq| c‡i Rwg`vi I bev‡eiv c~b¨vn Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Zb| bee‡l© nvjLvZv, êkvLx †gjv, †Nvo‡`Šo, wewfbœ
†jvK‡gjvi Av‡qvRb K‡i mvaviY gvbyl G Drme‡K cÖv‡Y aviY K‡i‡Q| evOvwj M„wnbxivI Avgvwbmn bvbv eªZ-Abyôv‡bi
gva¨‡g eQ‡ii cÖ_g w`bwU D`&hvcb K‡i _v‡K| cvnvox AevOvwji Rb‡MvôxI êmvex Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv
K‡i Zviv beel© D`&hvcb K‡i|
m~Pbvi ci †_‡K GB beel© cvj‡b bvbv gvÎv ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e G Drme‡K iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cwievi we‡kl cyi“Z¡
w`‡q cvjb Kivq †m Av‡qvRb †`kgq Qwo‡q c‡o| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ci †_‡K AvgivI beel© Drme e¨vcKfv‡e cvjb
Avi¤¢ Kwi Ges GLb GB Drme evOvwji Rxe‡b GK †MŠiegq Aa¨v‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb 1940 mv‡ji 29†k wW‡m¤î gvwbKMÄ †Rjvi wmsMvBi _vbvi PvwiMÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi
bvg gvngy`yi ingvb Lvb Ges gv‡qi bvg kvgmybœvnvi Lvbg| wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K 1962 mv‡j mœvZK (m¤§vb)
Ges 1963 mv‡j mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib|
†ckvMZ Rxe‡b wZwb wewfbœ K‡jR-wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcbv K‡ib Ges evsjv GKv‡Wgxi cwiPvjK, wkíKjv GKv‡Wgxi
gnvcwiPvjK I RvZxq Rv`yN‡i gnvcwiPvjK wQ‡jb| eZ©gv‡b wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgxi gnvcwiPvjK wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ
Av‡Qb| kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb †jLK, M‡elK I †dvK‡jviwe` wn‡m‡e †`‡k-we‡`‡k L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi iwPZ
D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv : cÖeÜMÖš’- Ôbvbv cÖm½Õ, ÔMYm½xZÕ, ÔgvwU †_‡K gnxiynÕ, Ôe½eÜzi m‡½ Avjvc I
cÖvmw½K K_KZvÕ, Ôgy³eyw×, ag©wbi‡c¶Zv I mgKvjÕ, ÔAvaywbK †dvK‡jvi wPšZvÕ, Ô†dvK‡jviPP©vÕ BZ¨vw`| ig¨-iPbv :
ÔXvKvB i½iwmKZvÕ, ÔMÖvg evsjvi i½iwmKZvÕ BZ¨vw`| wkï mvwnZ¨ : Ô`ywbqv gvZv‡bv wek¦KvcÕ, Ô†jfx eªvþ I
†ZbvjxivgÕ| †QvU‡ì Awfavb (†hŠ_)|
kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb Zuvi wecyj Kg©RM‡Zi ¯^xK…wZ ¯îƒc AMÖYx e¨vsK cyi¯‹vi, Kvjykvn cyi¯‹vi, `x‡bkP›`ª †mb †dvK‡jvi
cyi¯‹vi, Ave`yi ie †PŠayix ¯§„wZ M‡elYv cyi¯‹vi, †Ìqvb †gvZ©Rv cyi¯‹vi, knx` †mvnivIqv`©x RvZxq M‡elYv cyi¯‹vi
I evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi I GKz‡k c`K jvf K‡i|
mvwnZ¨ KwYKv 63
Kg©-Abykxjb
K. †Zvgvi GjvKvi †jvKR ms¯‹…wZi cwiPq `vI (GKK KvR)
L. evsjv bee‡l©i HwZn¨ I êwkó¨ i¶v K‡i Zzwg †Zvgvi we`¨vj‡q Kx ai‡Yi Abyôvb Av‡qvRb Ki‡e †m
m¤ú‡K© GKwU i“c‡iLv ˆZwi Ki| (GKK KvR)
bgbv cÖkœ
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. evsjv mb Pvjy Kiv nq †Kvb mv‡j?
K. 1556 L. 1561
M. 1954 N. 1967
2. mvj K_vwU †Kvb fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q?
K. Aviwe L. evsjv
M. dviwm N. D`y©
3. evsjv beel© evOvwj RvwZmËvi m‡½ hy³ KviY-
i. G Drme Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZi Ask
ii. G mgq Avgiv bZzb Kvco c‡o Avb›` Kwi
iii. GwU cÖwZev` cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gva¨‡g AwR©Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. i I ii
M. i I iii N. ii I iii
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 4 I 5 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

UzUzj †Uwjwfk‡b ga¨hy‡Mi bee‡l©i Abyôv‡bi wKQz Ask †`LwQj| †mLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q abx Mixe mevB Rvgv Kvco c‡o
Rwg`vi evwo‡Z `vIqvZ †L‡Z hv‡”Q| †mLv‡b Zviv LvIqv `vIqv †k‡l Rwg`vi‡K Lywkg‡b Rwgi evwK cwi‡kva K‡i
wd‡i Avm‡Q|
4. UzUz‡ji †`Lv AbyôvbwU‡K wK ejv nq?
K. nvjLvZv L. cyY¨vn
M. ‰emvex N. bevbœ
5. G ai‡bi Abyôv‡bi †cQ‡b g~jZ D‡Ïk¨ wQj †KvbwU?
K. A_©‰bwZK L. ivR‰bwZK
M. mvgvwRK N. ag©xq
64 evsjv beel©
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1. mxgv I ˆPZx `yB evÜex| AvR Zv‡ì Lye Avb‡›ì w`b KviY AvR beel©| Zviv `yR‡b jvj cvo mv`v kvwo
c‡o P‡j hvq igbvi eUg~‡j| †mLv‡b KZ gvby‡li wfo| †Q‡j, †g‡q ey‡ov ev”Pv mevB †mu‡R‡Q bZzb mv‡R|
†mLv‡b mxgvi Lvjv‡Zv †evb Zš^xi mv‡_ †`Lv| mxgv Lvjv Lvjy mevi †LuvR †cj Zš^xi Kv‡Q †_‡K| †QvU
Lvjv‡Zv †ev‡bi Rb¨ wK‡b w`j bvbv †Ljbv| wb‡Ri evwoi Rb¨ wK‡b wbj Kzjv, Szwo, nvwo cvwZj BZ¨vw`|
ˆPwZ g‡bi Avb‡›` †M‡q DVj
ÔZvcm wbk¦vm ev‡q gygyl©y‡i `vI Dfv‡q,

erm‡ii AveR©bv `yi n‡q hvK
g~‡Q hvK M−vwb, Ny‡P hvK Riv
AwMœmœv‡b ïwP †nvK aiv|
K. evsjv mb Pvjy K‡ib †K?
L. nvjLvZv ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
M. ‰PwZi Mv‡b bee‡l©i †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q?
N. DÏxc‡Ki beel© cÖe‡Üi g~j myiwUB †hb dz‡U D‡V‡Q| Dw³wU g~j¨vqb Ki|
evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v
ûgvqyb AvRv`
†Kv_v †_‡K G‡m‡Q Avgv‡ì evsjv fvlv ? fvlv wK Rb¥ †bq gvby‡li g‡Zv ? ev †hgb exR †_‡K MvQ R‡b¥
†Zgbfv‡e Rb¥ †bq fvlv ? bv, fvlv gvbyl ev Zi“i g‡Zv Rb¥ †bq bv| evsjv fvlvI gvbyl ev Zi“i g‡Zv Rb¥
†bqwb, †Kv‡bv KwíZ ¯^M© †_‡KI Av‡mwb| GLb Avgiv †h evsjv fvlv ewj GK nvRvi eQi Av‡M Zv wVK Ggb wQj
bv| GK nvRvi eQi ciI wVK Ggb _vK‡e bv| fvlvi ag©B e`‡j hvIqv| evsjv fvlvi Av‡MI G‡`‡k fvlv wQj|
†m fvlvq G‡`‡ki gvbyl K_v ejZ, Mvb MvBZ, KweZv evbvZ| gvby‡li gy‡L gy‡L e`‡j hvq fvlvi aŸwb| iƒc
e`‡j hvq k‡ãi, e`j N‡U A‡_©i| A‡bKw`b †K‡U †M‡j g‡b nq fvlvwU GKwU bZzb fvlv n‡q D‡V‡Q| Avi †m
fvlvi e`j N‡UB Rb¥ n‡q‡Q evsjv fvlvi|
AvR †_‡K GK k eQi Av‡MI KviI †Kv‡bv ¯có aviYv wQj bv evsjv fvlvi BwZnvm m¤c‡K©| †KD RvbZ bv KZ
eqm G fvlvi| ms¯‹…Z fvlvi A‡bK kã eëüZ nq evsjv fvlvq| GK `j †jvK g‡b Ki‡Zb IB ms¯‹…Z fvlvB
evsjvi Rbbx| evsjv ms¯‹…‡Zi †g‡q| Z‡e `yóz †g‡q, †h gv‡qi K_vg‡Zv P‡jwb| bv P‡j P‡j Ab¨ iKg n‡q
†M‡Q| Z‡e Dwbk kZ‡KB Av‡iK `j †jvK wQ‡jb, huviv g‡b Ki‡Zb evsjvi mv‡_ ms¯‹…‡Zi m¤cK© †ek `~‡ii|
Zuv‡ì g‡Z, evsjv wVK ms¯‹…‡Zi Kb¨v bq| A_©vr mivmwi ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K DrcwË N‡Uwb evsjvi| N‡U‡Q Ab¨
†Kv‡bv fvlv †_‡K| ms¯‹…Z wQj mgv‡Ri DuPz‡kªwYi gvby‡li †jLvi fvlv| Zv K_¨ wQj bv| K_v ejZ gvby‡liv bvbv
iKg ÔcÖvK…ZÕ fvlvq| cÖvK…Z fvlv n‡”Q mvaviY gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi K_¨ fvlv| Zuviv wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h,
ms¯‹…Z †_‡K bq, cÖvK…Z fvlv †_‡KB D™¢e N‡U‡Q evsjv fvlvi|
wKš‘ bvbv iKg cÖvK…Z wQj fviZe‡l©i wewfbœ AÂ‡j| Zvn‡j †Kvb cÖvK…Z †_‡K D™¢e N‡UwQj evsjvi ? G
66 evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v
m¤c‡K© cÖ_g ¯có gZ cÖKvk K‡ib RR© Aveªvnvg wMÖqvimb| eû cÖvK…‡Zi GKwUi bvg gvMax cÖvK…Z| Zuvi g‡Z,
gvMax cÖvK…‡Zi †Kv‡bv c~e©vÂjxq iƒc †_‡K Rb¥ †bq evsjv fvlv| c‡i evsjv fvlvi D™¢e I weKv‡ki we¯—Z … BwZnvm
iPbv K‡ib W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Ges Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L ¯có aiv †`q evsjv fvlvi BwZnvm| †h BwZnvm
ejvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì GKUz wcwQ‡q †h‡Z n‡e| wcwQ‡q †h‡Z n‡e Aš—Z K‡qK nvRvi eQi|
BD‡ivc I Gwkqvi †ek wKQz fvlvi aŸwb‡Z, k‡ã j¶ Kiv hvq Mfxi wgj| G fvlv¸‡jv †h me AÂ‡j wQj I GLb
Av‡Q, Zvi me‡P‡q cwð‡g BD‡ivc Avi me‡P‡q c~‡e© fviZ I evsjv‡`k| fvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv G fvlv¸‡jv‡K GKwU
fvlves‡ki m`m¨ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| IB fvlveskwUi bvg B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvesk ev fviZx-BD‡ivcxq fvlvesk|
B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlves‡k Av‡Q A‡bK¸‡jv fvlv-kvLv, hvi GKwU n‡”Q fviZxq Avh©fvlv| fviZxq Avh©fvlvi
cÖvPxb fvlv¸‡jv‡K ejv nq cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv| cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlvi cÖvPxb iƒc cvIqv hvq F‡M¦‡ì
gš¿¸‡jv‡Z| G¸‡jv m¤¢eZ wjwLZ n‡qwQj whïwLª‡÷i R‡b¥iI GK nvRvi eQi Av‡M, A_©vr 1000 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã|
†e‡ì †k−vK¸‡jv cweÎ we‡ePbv K‡i Zvi Abymvixiv †m¸‡jv gyL¯’ K‡i ivLZ| kZvãxi ci kZvãx †K‡U †h‡Z
_v‡K| gvbyl ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b †h fvlv eënvi KiZ e`‡j †h‡Z _v‡K †m fvlv| GK mgq mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q
`y‡e©va¨ n‡q I‡V †e‡ì fvlv ev êw`K fvlv| ZLb e¨vKiYweìv bvbv wbqg wewae× K‡i GKwU gvbm¤cbœ fvlv
m„wó K‡ib| GB fvlvi bvg Ôms¯‹…ZÕ, A_©vr wewae×, cwikxwjZ, ï× fvlv| wLª÷c~e© 400 A‡ãi Av‡MB G fvlv
wewae× n‡qwQj|
whïi R‡b¥i Av‡MB cvIqv hvq fviZxq Avh©fvlvi wZbwU ¯—i| cÖ_g ¯—iwUi bvg êw`K ev êw`K ms¯‹…Z| wLª÷c~e©
1200 Aã †_‡K wLª÷c~e© 800 Aã G fvlvi Kvj| Zvici cvIqv hvq ms¯‹…Z| wLª÷c~e© 800 A‡ãi w`‡K GwU
m¤¢eZ wewae× n‡Z _v‡K Ges wLª÷c~e© 400 A‡ãi w`‡K e¨vKiYwe` cvwYwbi nv‡ZB GwU P~ovš—fv‡e wewae×
nq| êw`K I ms¯‹…Z‡K ejv nq cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv| cÖvK…Z fvlv¸‡jv‡K ejv nq ga¨fviZxq Avh©fvlv|
†gvUvgywUfv‡e wLª÷c~e© 450 Aã †_‡K 1000 wLª÷vä ch©š— G fvlv¸‡jv K_¨ I wjwLZ fvlviƒ‡c fvi‡Zi wewfbœ
¯’v‡b cÖPwjZ _v‡K| G cÖvK…Z fvlv¸‡jvi †kl ¯—‡ii bvg Acåsk A_©vr hv Lye weK…Z n‡q †M‡Q| wewfbœ Acåsk
†_‡KB Drcbœ n‡q‡Q bvbvb AvaywbK fviZxq Avh©fvlv- evsjv, wnw›`, ¸RivwU, gvivwV, cvÄvwe cÖf„wZ fvlv|
W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq g‡b K‡ib, c~e© gvMax Acåsk †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q evsjv; Avi Avmvwg I Iwoqv fvlv|
ZvB evsjvi mv‡_ Lye Nwbô m¤cK© Avmvwg I Iwoqvi| Avi K‡qKwU fvlvi Nwbô AvZ¥xqZv i‡q‡Q evsjvi m‡½;
†Kbbv †m¸‡jvI R‡b¥wQj gvMax Acås‡ki Ab¨ `ywU kvLv †_‡K| IB fvlv¸‡jv n‡”Q ‰gw_wj, gMwn, †fvRcywiqv|
W±i gyn¤§` knx`yj−vn& evsjv fvlvi DrcwË m¤c‡K© Aek¨ GKUz wfbœ gZ †cvlY K‡ib| wZwb GKwU cÖvK…‡Zi bvg
e‡jb †MŠox cÖvK…Z| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, †MŠox cÖvK…‡ZiB cwiYZ Ae¯’v †MŠo Acåsk †_‡K DrcwË N‡U evsjv
fvlvi|
kãv_© I UxKv
Ziy - e„¶, MvQ|
fvlvZvwË¡K - fvlvi DrcwË I µgweKvk m¤c‡K© huviv M‡elYv K‡ib|
kZvãx - GKk eQi|
‡k−vK - ms¯‹…Z fvlvq iwPZ KweZv, c`¨|
`y‡e©va¨ - hv †evSv KwVb, mn‡R †evSv hvq bv Ggb|
wewae× - wbqg Øviv kvwmZ, wbq‡gi Aaxb|
Nwbô - wbKU, wbweo, Lye Kv‡Qi|
D™¢~Z - Drcbœ, RvZ|
DrcwË - m~Pbv, ïiy, Rb¥|
mvwnZ¨ KwYKv 67
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
wk¶v_©x evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| gvZ…fvlv evsjvi cÖwZ Zvi ggZ¡‡eva RvM‡e Ges †m †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy×
n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v cÖeÜwU ûgvqyb AvRv‡ì K‡Zv b`x m‡ivei ev evOjv fvlvi Rxebx MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G cÖe‡Ü †jLK evsjv fvlvi DrcwË m¤c‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| fvlvi ag©B n‡”Q e`‡j hvIqv| gvby‡li
gy‡L gy‡L e`‡j hvq fvlvi aŸwb| k‡ãiI e`j N‡U Ges †m m‡½ k‡ãi A‡_©iI| GK mgq aviYv Kiv n‡Zv
evsjv G‡m‡Q ms¯‹…Z †_‡K| ZLbKvi w`‡b ms¯‹…Z wQj DPz‡kªwYi gvby‡li †jLvi fvlv| mvaviY gvbyl K_v ejZ
cÖvK…Z fvlvq Avi G cÖvK…Z †_‡K evsjv fvlvi Rb¥| B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlves‡ki GKwU n‡”Q cÖvPxb fviZxq
Avh©fvlv| G cÖvK…Z fvlv¸‡jvi weK…Z iƒc n‡”Q Acåsk| W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq g‡b K‡ib, c~e-©
gvMax AcÖåsk †_‡K evsjv fvlvi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| W±i gyn¤§` knx`yj−vni g‡Z †MŠox cÖvK…‡Zi cwiewZ©Z
iƒc †MŠox Acåsk| †MŠox Acåsk †_‡KB Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q evsjv fvlv|
†jLK cwiwPwZ
ûgvqyb AvRv` 1947 wLªóv‡ã Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi Rb¥¯’vb gyÝxMÄ †Rjvi kªxbMi _vbvi ivwoLvj MÖv‡g| GKRb
K…Zx QvÎ wn‡m‡e wZwb Zuvi wk¶vRxeb †kl K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡M Aa¨vcK
wn‡m‡e wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï GKRb M‡elK wn‡m‡e wZwb L¨vwZ †c‡q‡Qb| Zuvi M‡elYv MÖš’
n‡”Q kvgmyi ivngvb : wbtm½ †kicv, evK¨ZË¡ I wK‡kvi cvVK‡ì Rb¨ †jLv `ywU MÖš’ jvjbxj `xcvewj, K‡Zv
b`x m‡ivei| Zuvi iwPZ Kve¨MÖš’i g‡a¨ A‡jŠwKK Bw÷gvi I R¡‡jv wPZvevN D‡j−L‡hvM¨| wZwb mvwn‡Z¨ we‡kl
Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| ûgvqyb AvRv` 2004 mv‡ji 12 AvM÷ Rvg©vwbi wgDwbL
kn‡i g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Kg©-Abykxjb
K. evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v wb‡q GKwU Av‡jvPbv Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki (†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_x©i AskMÖn‡Y
ûgvqyb AvRv` iwPZ ÔK‡Zv b`x m‡ivei ev evOjv fvlvi RxebxÕ kxl©K MÖš’wU msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡j
fv‡jv nq|)
L. ‡Zvgvi GjvKvi AvÂwjK kã¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i †kªwYwk¶‡Ki wbKU Rgv `vI (GKK KvR)
bgybv cÖkœ
1. A‡b‡KB †Kvb fvlv‡K evsjvi Rbbx g‡b KiZ ?
K. wnw›` L. ¸RivwU
M. ms¯‹…Z N. gvivwV
2. †KvbwU DuPz †kªwYi gvby‡li †jLvi fvlv wQj ?
K. evsjv L. ms¯‹…Z
M. cÖvK…Z N. ‰gw_wj
68 evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v
3. cÖvK…Z fvlv ej‡Z †evSvq-

K. MYgvbyl mPivPi †h fvlvq K_v e‡j
L. wkw¶Z RbMY †h fvlvq K_v e‡j
M. AÂj we‡k‡li gvbyl †h fvlvq K_v e‡j
N. †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_©xiv †h fvlvq K_v e‡j
4. Dwj−wLZ kãwUi weeZ©‡bi wØZxq ¯ZiwUi bvg Kx?
K. ms¯‹…Z L. cÖvK…Z
M. ‰ew`K N. Avh©
5. D³ ¯ZiwU m¤c‡K© mwVK Z_¨ n‡jv-
i. GwU fvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂ‡j cÖPwjZ
ii. GB ¯Z‡ii weewZ©Z iƒcB fviZe‡l©i bZzb fvlv
iii. GB ¯ZiwU eZ©gv‡b LyeB RbwcÖq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK DËi?

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1. cviwgZv Aóg †kªwYi QvÎx| GKw`b evsjv e¨vKi‡Y fvlvi wewfbœ êwkó¨ covi mgq `y‡Uv ‰ewk‡óï w`‡K
Ii bRi AvU‡K †Mj| êwkó¨ `ywU n‡jv- (K) fvlv hZ KwVb kã w`‡qB ïiy †nvK bv †Kb, µgvš^‡q
eënv‡ii d‡j Zv mnR I mij n‡q I‡V| †hgb- Pµ > P° > XvKv, Pg©Kvi > P¤§Avi > Pvgvi, n¯Z >
nÌ > nvZ BZ¨vw`| Ges GKmgq GiKg mijxKiY n‡Z n‡Z GKwU bZzb fvlviB D™¢e nq| (L) Kv‡ji
cwiµgvq GKwU fvlv ¯’vwbK I KvwjK wewfbœ êwkó¨ aviY K‡i eûiƒcx n‡q I‡V| †hgb- B‡›`v-
BD‡ivcxqvb fvlvesk †_‡K mviv c„w_ex‡Z eZ©gv‡b cÖvq mv‡o wZb nvRv‡ii g‡Zv fvlv Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q| I
fve‡Z _v‡K|
K. cvwYwbi e¨vKiY MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx ?

L. GK`j †jvK evsjv‡K Ôms¯‹…‡Zi †g‡qÕ g‡b KiZ †Kb ?
M. bs êwkó¨wUi ga¨ w`‡q Ôevsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_vÕ cÖe‡Üi †Kvb w`KwU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?
N. cviwgZvi cwVZ L. bs êwkó¨wU Ôevsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_vÕ cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K we‡k−lY Ki|
gvbeag©
jvjb kvn&
me †jv‡K Kq jvjb Kx RvZ msmv‡i|

jvjb Kq, †R‡Zi Kx iƒc, †`Ljvg bv G bR‡i ||
†KD gvjv, †KD Zm&we Mjvq,

ZvB‡Z Kx RvZ wfbœ ejvq,
hvIqv wKsev Avmvi †ejvq
†R‡Zi wPý iq Kvi †i||
M‡Z© †M‡j K~cRj Kq,

M½vq †M‡j M½vRj nq,
g~‡j GK Rj, †m †h wfbœ bq,
wfbœ Rvbvq cvÎ-Abymv‡i||
RMr †e‡o †Z‡Ri K_v,

†jv‡K †MŠie K‡i h_v-Z_v,
jvjb †m †R‡Zi dvZv
wewK‡q‡Q mvZ evRv‡i||
gvbeag© 71
kãv_© I UxKv
Kq Ñ e‡j|
†R‡Zi Ñ Rv‡Zi|
hvIqv wKsev Avmvi †ejvqÑ Rb¥ ev g„Zzï mgq|
K~cRj Ñ Kz‡qvi cvwb|
M½vRj Ñ M½v b`xi cvwb| GLv‡b cweÎ A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| M½vi Rj wn›`y‡ì Kv‡Q
cweÎZvi cÖZxK|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xiv eyS‡Z m¶g n‡e †h, ag© ev m¤cª`vqMZ cwiwPwZi †P‡q gvbyl wn‡m‡e cwiPqUvB eo|
wk¶v_©xiv RvZ-cvZ ev ag© wb‡q evovevwo ev wg‡_¨ Me© Kiv †_‡K weiZ n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ôme †jv‡K Kq jvjb Kx RvZ msmv‡iÕ MvbwU Ôgvbeag©Õ KweZv wn‡m‡e G MÖ‡š’ M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| G KweZvq jvjb
dwKi gvby‡li RvZ-cwiPq wb‡q cÖkœ DÌvcb K‡i‡Qb| wb‡R †Kv‡bv a‡g©i ev Rv‡Zi Ggb cÖkœ jvjb m¤c‡K©
Av‡MI wQj GL‡bv Av‡Q| jvjb e‡j‡Qb, RvZ‡K wZwb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© g‡b K‡ib bv| gbyläg©B g~jK_v| Rb¥-g„Zz¨ Kv‡j
Kx †Kv‡bv gvbyl Zmwe ev Rcgvjv aviY K‡i _v‡K? †m-mgq †Zv mevB mgvb| gvbyl RvZ I ag©‡f‡` †h wfbœZvi
K_v e‡j jvjb Zv wek¦vm K‡ib bv|
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
jvjb kvn& gvbeZvev`x giwg Kwe| mvaK wmivR muvB ev wmivR kvn&i wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY Kivi ci wZwb jvjb muvB ev
jvjb kvn& bv‡g cwiwPwZ AR©b K‡ib| Mv‡b wZwb wb‡R‡K dwKi jvjb wn‡m‡eI D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| cÖvwZôvwbK
we`¨vjvf bv Ki‡jI wb‡Ri wPšZv I mvabvq wZwb wn›`y I gymjgv‡bi ag©xq kv¯Î m¤c‡K© we‡kl Ávb AR©b
K‡ib| GB Áv‡bi m‡½ wb‡Ri AwfÁZv I Dcjwäi wgj‡b wZwb bZzb GK `k©b cÖPvi K‡ib| Mv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q
Zuvi GB `k©b cÖKvk ‡c‡q‡Q| Aa¨vZ¥fve I giwg ime¨Äbv Zuvi Mv‡bi we‡kl êwkó¨| wZwb mnmªvwaK Mvb m„wó
K‡ib|
jvjb kvn& 1772 wLªóv‡ã wSbvB`n, gZvšZ‡i Kzwóqvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1890 wLªóv‡ãi 17B A‡±vei Kzwóqvi
†QDwiqvq Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq|
Abykxjbg~jK KvR
K. †Zvgvi Pviw`‡K bvbv †kªwY‡ckv I ag©-eY© †Mv‡Îi gvbyl i‡q‡Q| G‡ì m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi mncvVx‡ì g‡bvfve
†R‡b GKwU M‡elYv wbeÜ ˆZwi Ki| wk¶K‡ì mn‡hvwMZvq cÖkœgvjv ˆZwi K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e
Ges Zvi Av‡jv‡K wePvi-we‡k−lY K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| RvwZ, ag©, †MvÎ, †kªwY‡ckv wbwe©‡k‡l mKj
gvbylB †h kªØv I m¤§vb cvIqv †hvM¨-GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e|
72 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
bgybv cÖkœ
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. gvby‡li †Kvb cwiPqwU eo nIqv DwPZ?

K. mvgvwRK cwiPq L. ag©xq cwiPq
M. gvbyl cwiPq N. †ckvi cwiPq
2. jvj‡bi g‡Z gvby‡li Rb¨ ¶wZKiÑ
i. Rv‡Zi eovB
ii. K~‡ci Rj
iii. esk †KŠwjb¨
K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. i I iii
DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
3. jvjb kvn& iwPZ MvbwU Ôgvbeag©Õ wk‡ivbv‡g M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| wk‡ivbvgwUi gg©v_© wb‡Pi †Kvb cOw³‡Z cÖKvk
†cÖ‡q‡Q?
K. G‡mv AvR gywV gywV gvwL †m Av‡jv!
L. ïb n gvbyl fvB
mevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB|
M. Kv‡jv Avi a‡jv evwn‡i †Kej
wfZ‡i mevi mgvb ivOv|
N. c_wkï, biwkï, w`w` gv‡S c‡o
†ùvnv‡i euvwaqv w`j cwiPq †Wv‡i|
4. D³ gg©v‡_© g~jZ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q jvjb kvnÕiÑ
i. a‡g©i cÖwZ Awek¦vm
ii. Amv¤cª`vwqK †PZbv
iii. gvbeZv‡eva
K. i L. ii
mvwnZ¨ KwYKv 73
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
5. RMr Rywoqv GKRvwZ Av‡Q
†m RvwZi bvg gvbyl RvwZ;
GK c„w_exi ¯Z‡b¨ jvwjZ
GKB iwe kkx †gv‡ì mv_x|
evwn‡ii †Qvc AvuP‡o †m †jvc

wfZ‡ii is cj‡K †dv‡U
evgyb, k~`ª e„nr ¶z`ª
K…wÎg †f` ayjvq †jv‡U|
K. ÔK~cRjÕ A_© Kx?

L. RvZÑcvZ wb‡q evovevwo Kiv DwPZ bq †KbÑe¨vL¨v Ki|
M. DÏxcK I gvbeag© KweZvq gvby‡li †h wgj cvIqv hvqÕZv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
N. DÏxcK I gvbeag© KweZvq †Kvb ag©PP©vi cÖwZ we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡QÑe¨vL¨v Ki|
dg©v – 10 mvwnZ¨ KwbKv-8g

e½f~wgi cÖwZ
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
†i‡Lv, gv, `v‡m‡i g‡b, G wgbwZ Kwi c‡`|
mvwa‡Z g‡bi mvay,
N‡U hw` cigv`,
gaynxb K‡ivI bv †Mv Ze gbt†KvKb‡`|
cÖev‡m, ˆ`‡ei e‡k,
Rxe-Zviv hw` L‡m
G †`n-AvKvk n‡Z, bvwn †L` Zv‡n|
Rwb¥‡j gwi‡Z n‡e,
Agi †K †Kv_v K‡e,
wPiw¯’i K‡e bxi, nvq †i, Rxeb-b‡`?
wKš‘ hw` ivL g‡b,
bvwn, gv, Wwi kg‡b;
gw¶KvI M‡j bv †Mv cwo‡j Ag„Z-n«‡`|
†mB ab¨ biK~‡j,
†jv‡K hv‡i bvwn fy‡j,
g‡bi gw›`‡i m` †m‡e me©Rb;-
wKš‘ †Kvb ¸Y Av‡Q,
hvwPe †h Ze Kv‡Q,
†nb AgiZv Avwg, Kn, †Mv, k¨vgv Rb¥ ‡`!
Z‡e hw` `qv Ki,
fyj †`vl, ¸Y, ai
Agi Kwiqv ei †`n `v‡m, myei‡`!
dzwU †hb ¯§„wZ-R‡j,
gvb‡m, gv, h_v d‡j
gaygq Zvgim Kx emšZ, Kx ki‡`!
mvwnZ¨ KwYKv 75
kãv_© I UxKv
wgbwZ Ñ webxZ cÖv_©bv|

cigv` Ñ cÖgv`; fyj-åvwšZ|
†KvKb` Ñ jvj cÙ|
bxi Ñ cvwb; Rj|
kgb Ñ g„Zzï †èZv|
gw¶Kv Ñ gvwQ|
ei Ñ Avkxe©v`|
gvbm Ñ gb|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
GB KweZv cv‡Vi gva¨‡g ¯^‡`‡ki cÖwZ wk¶v_©xi g‡b kª×v I webqfve †R‡M DV‡e| we‡`‡ki Hk¦h© I †RŠjym
m‡Ë¡I wbR †`‡ki cÖwZ g‡bi Mfx‡i AvMÖn‡eva m„wó n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë iwPZ K‡qKwU MxwZKweZvi GKwU Ôe½f~wgi cÖwZÕ| G KweZvq ¯^‡`‡ki cÖwZ Kwei kª×v I
GKvMÖZv Zxeªfv‡e cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| †`k‡K Kwe gv wn‡m‡e Kíbv K‡i wb‡R‡K †f‡e‡Qb Zvi mšZvb| cÖevmx
gaym~`b †f‡e‡QbÑ gv †hgb mš—v‡bi †Kv‡bv †`vl g‡b iv‡Lb bv †`kgvZ…KvI Zvui me †`vl ¶gv K‡i †`‡eb|
Aek¨ wZwb web‡qi m‡½ GI e‡j‡Qb †h, Zvuvi Ggb †Kv‡bv gnr ¸Y †bB, †h-Kvi‡Y wZwb ¯§iYxq n‡Z cv‡ib|
webqx Kwe ZvB `‡kgv`„Kvi Kv‡Q GB e‡j cÖYwZ Rvbv‡”Qb, wZwb †hb †`kgvZ…Kvi ¯§wZ‡Z `Ùdz‡ji g‡Zv dz‡U
_v‡Kb|
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g cÖ_vwe‡ivax †jLK| wZwb gnvKve¨, MxwZKve¨, m‡bU, cÎKve¨, bvUK,
cÖnmb BZ¨vw` iPbv K‡i wPi¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb| ˆkke †_‡K Zuvi g‡b Kwe nevi Zxeª evmbv wQj| wZwb g‡b
K‡iwQ‡jb, we‡jZ bv †M‡j Kwe nIqv hv‡e bv| we‡j‡Z †M‡j myweav n‡e G Avkvq 1843-Gi 9B †deªyqvwi wn›`yag©
Z¨vM K‡i wZwb wLª÷ag© MÖnY K‡ib| d‡j Zuvi bv‡gi Av‡M ÔgvB‡KjÕ kãwU hy³ nq| c‡i wZwb mZ¨ Dcjwä
Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges evsjvq mvwnZ¨ iPbvq eªZx nb| evsjv, Bs‡iwR QvovI wZwb wneªy, divwm, Rvg©vb, BUvwjqvb,
Zvwgj, †Z‡j¸ BZ¨vw` fvlvq cvi`k©x wQ‡jb| cÖ_‡g ÔK¨vcwUf †jwWÕ bv‡g GKwU Bs‡iwR Kve¨MÖš’ wZwb iPbv
K‡ib| c‡i †j‡Lb evsjv fvlvq gnvKve¨ Ô†gNbvèa Kve¨Õ; cÖnmb : ÔG‡KB wK e‡j mf¨ZvÕ, Ôeyo mvwj‡Ki Nv‡o
†ivuÕ; bvUK : Ôkwg©ôvÕ, ÔcÙveZxÕ, ÔK…òKzgvixÕ; cÎKve¨ : Ôexiv½bvÕ BZ¨vw`| fvm©vB bMix‡Z Ae¯’vbKv‡j †j‡Lb
m‡bU ÔPZz`©kc`x KweZvÕ| gaym~`‡bi nvZ w`‡qB evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g cwic~Y© AvaywbKZvi ¯^Y©Øvi D‡b¥vwPZ nq| GB
gnvb mvwnZ¨mªóv 1824 wLªóv‡ãi 25†k Rvbyqvwi h‡kv‡ii mvMiùvwo MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY Ges 1873 wLªóv‡ãi 29 Ryb
KjKvZvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Kg© Abykxjb
K. Ôe½f~wgi cÖwZÕ kxl©K KweZvwU wb‡q Ave„wË Abyó‡bi Av‡qvR‡b Ki (†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi AskMÖn‡Y| ï×
D”PviY, D”Pvi‡Y ¯úóZv, kªeY‡hvM¨Zv, †evaMg¨Zv, Av‡eM-Abyf~wZi cÖKvk BZ¨vw` we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e|)
76 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
bgybv cÖkœ
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. gw¶Kvi mgv_©K kã †KvbwU?
K. †gŠgvwQ L. gvwQ
L. †evjZv N. dwos
2. biK‚‡j ab¨ †K?
K. ¶gZvevb e¨w³ L. `xN©Rxex gvbyl
M. whwb KxwZ©gvb N. gw›`‡ii †meK
wb‡Pi KweZvsk c‡o 3 I 4 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K. Igv †Zvgvi PiY `ywU e‡¶ Avgvi awi,
Avgvi GB †`‡k‡Z Rb¥Ñ†hb GB †`‡k‡Z gwi|
L. †i‡Lv, gv, `v‡m‡i g‡b, G wgbwZ Kwi c‡`|
M. KweZvsk `ywU‡Z cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡QÑ
i. `„p wek¦vm
ii. mywPwšZZ wm×všZ
iii. Mfxi AvKzjZv
K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i I iii
4. KweZvsk `ywU‡Z m‡¤^vwaZ ÔgvÕ †KÑ
K. Kwei gv L. Rbbx Rb¥f~wg
M. †Kv‡bv GK gv N. mKj gv
e½f~wgi cÖwZ 77
bgybv cÖkœ
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1. Avevi Avwme wd‡i avbwmwowUi Zx‡i-GB evsjvq
nq‡Zv gvbyl bqÑnq‡Zv ev k•LwPj kvwj‡Ki †e‡k;
nq‡Zv †fv‡ii KvK n‡q GB KvwZ©‡Ki bev‡bœi †`‡k
Kzqvkvi ey‡K †f‡m GKw`b Avwme G KuvVvjÑQvqvq;
2. †i‡Lv gv, `v‡m‡i g‡b, G wgbwZ Kwi c‡`|

mvwa‡Z g‡bi mva,
N‡U hw` cigv`,
gaynxb K‡iv bv †Mv Ze gbt ‡KvKb‡`|
K. evsjv fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g gnvKv‡eï bvg Kx?

L. Kwe ei cÖv_©bv K‡ib †KbÑe¨vL¨v Ki|
M. KweZvsk `ywU‡Z wK Awgj j¶¨ Kiv hvq?
N. KweZvsk `ywUi g~j myi GKBÑgšZe¨wU we‡k−lY Ki|
`yB weNv Rwg
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
ïay we‡N `yB wQj †gvi fyuB Avi meB †M‡Q F‡Y|
evey ewj‡jb, ey‡SQ D‡cb, G Rwg jBe wK‡b|
Kwnjvg Avwg, Zzwg f~¯^vgx, f~wgi AšZ bvB|
†P‡q †`‡Lv †gvi Av‡Q e‡ov-†Rvi gwievi g‡Zv VuvB|
ïwb ivRv K‡n, evcy, Rv‡bv †Zv †n, K‡iwQ evMvbLvbv,
†c‡j `yB we‡N cÖ¯’ I w`‡N mgvb nB‡e UvbvÑ
IUv w`‡Z n‡e| Kwnjvg Z‡e e‡¶ Rywoqv cvwY
mRj P‡¶, Kiyb i‡¶ Mwi‡ei wf‡ULvwb|
mß cyiyl †h_vq gvbyl †m gvwU †mvbvi evov,
ˆ`‡bï `v‡q †ewPe †m gv‡q Ggwb j²xQvov!
AuvwL Kwi jvj ivRv ¶YKvj iwnj †gŠbfv‡e,
Kwn‡jb †k‡l µ‚i nvwm †n‡m, Av”Qv, †m †`Lv hv‡e|
`yB weNv Rwg 79
c‡i gvm †`‡o wf‡U gvwU †Q‡o evwni nBby c‡_Ñ

Kwij wWwµ, mKjB wewµ wg_¨v †`bvi L‡Z|
G RM‡Z, nvq, †mB †ewk Pvq Av‡Q hvi f~wi f~wi Ñ
ivRvi n¯Z K‡i mg¯Z KvOv‡ji ab Pzwi|
g‡b fvwejvg †gv‡i fMevb ivwL‡e bv †gvnM‡Z©,
ZvB wjwL w`j wek¦wbwLj `y weNvi cwie‡Z©|
mbœ¨vmx‡e‡k wdwi †`‡k †`‡k nBqv mvayi wkl¨
KZ †nwijvg g‡bvni avg, KZ g‡bvig `„k¨!
f~a‡i mvM‡i weR‡b bM‡i hLb †hLv‡b åwg
Zey wbwkw`‡b fywj‡Z cvwi †b †mB `yB weNv Rwg|
nv‡U gv‡V ev‡U GB g‡Zv Kv‡U eQi c‡b‡iv-†lvj Ñ
GKw`b †k‡l wdwiev‡i †`‡k e‡ovB evmbv n‡jv|
bgtbgtbgt my›ìx gg Rbbx e½f~wg!
M½vi Zxi, wmœ» mgxi, Rxeb Ryov‡j Zzwg|
AevwiZ gvV, MMbjjvU Pz‡g Ze cà~wj
Qvqvmywbweo kvwšZi bxo †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv MÖvg¸wj|
cj−eNb AvgªKvbb ivLv‡ji †Ljv‡Mn,
¯Zä AZj w`wN Kv‡jvRjÑwbkx_kxZj †mœn|
eyKfiv gay e‡½i eay Rj j‡q hvq N‡iÑ
gv ewj‡Z cÖvY K‡i AvbPvb, †Pv‡L Av‡m Rj f‡i|
`yB w`b c‡i wØZxq cÖn‡i cÖ‡ewkby wbRMÖv‡gÑ
Kz‡gv‡ii evwo `w¶‡Y Qvwo i_Zjv Kwi ev‡g,
ivwL nvU‡Lvjv, b›`xi †Mvjv, gw›ì Kwi cv‡Q
Z…lvZzi †k‡l cuûwQby G‡m Avgvi evwoi Kv‡Q|
waK waK I‡i, kZ waK †Zv‡i, wbjvR KzjUv f~wg!
hLwb hvnvi ZLwb Zvnvi, GB Kx Rbbx Zzwg!
†m wK g‡b n‡e GKw`b h‡e wQ‡j `wi`ªgvZv
AvuPj fwiqv ivwL‡Z awiqv dj dzj kvK cvZv!
AvR †Kvb ix‡Z Kv‡i fyjvB‡Z a‡iQ wejvm‡ekÑ
cuvPiOv cvZv AÂ‡j Muv_v, cy‡®c LwPZ †Kk!
Avwg †Zvi jvwM wd‡iwQ weevwM M„nnviv myLnxbÑ
80 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
ZzB †n_v ewm I‡i iv¶mx, nvwmqv KvUvm w`b|

abxi Av`‡i Mie bv a‡i! GZB n‡qQ wfbœ
†Kv‡bvLv‡b †jk bvwn Ae‡kl †mw`‡bi †Kv‡bv wPý!
Kj¨vYgqx wQ‡j Zzwg Awq, ¶zavniv myavivwk!
hZ nv‡mv AvR hZ KiI mvR wQ‡j †èx, n‡j `vmx|
we`xY©Ñwnqv wdwiqv wdwiqv Pvwi w`‡K †P‡q †`wLÑ
cÖvPx‡ii Kv‡Q GL‡bv †h Av‡Q, †mB AvgMvQ, GwK!
ewm Zvi Z‡j bq‡bi R‡j kvšZ nBj e¨_v,
G‡K G‡K g‡b Dw`j ¯§i‡Y evjKÑKv‡ji K_v|
†mB g‡b c‡o ˆR¨‡ôi S‡o iv‡Î bvwn‡Kv Nyg,
AwZ †fv‡i DwV ZvovZvwo QzwU Avg Kzovevi ayg|
†mB mygayi ¯Zä `ycyi, cvVkvjv cjvqbÑ
fvwejvg nvq Avi Kx †Kv_vq wd‡i cve †m Rxeb!
mnmv evZvm †dwj †Mj k¦vm kvLv `yjvBqv Mv‡Q,
`ywU cvKv dj jwfj f~Zj Avgvi †Kv‡ji Kv‡Q|
fvwejvg g‡b eywS GZL‡b Avgv‡i wPwbj gvZv,
†mœ‡ni †m `v‡b eû m¤§v‡b ev‡iK †VKvby gv_v|
†nbKv‡j nvq hg`~Z cÖvq †Kv_v n‡Z Gj gvjx,
SuywU-euvav D‡o mßg my‡i cvwo‡Z jvwMj Mvwj|
Kwnjvg Z‡e, Avwg †Zv bxi‡e w`‡qwQ Avgvi meÑ
`ywU dj Zvi Kwi AwaKvi, GZ Zvwi Kjie!
wPwbj bv †gv‡i, wb‡q †Mj a‡i Kuv‡a Zzwj jvwVMvQ
evey wQc nv‡Z cvwil` mv‡_ awi‡Z wQ‡jb gvQ|
ïwb weeiY †µv‡a wZwb Kb, gvwiqv Kwie Lyb|
evey hZ e‡j cvwil` `‡j e‡j Zvi kZ¸Y|
Avwg Kwnjvg, ïay `ywU Avg wfL gvwM gnvkq!
evey K‡n †n‡m †eUv mvay‡e‡k cvKv †Pvi AwZkq|
Avwg ï‡b nvwm AvuwLR‡j fvwm, GB wQj †gvi N‡UÑ
Zzwg gnvivR mvay n‡j AvR, Avwg AvR †Pvi e‡U!
mvwnZ¨ KwYKv 81
kãv_©
we‡N Ñ weNv k‡ãi PwjZ iƒc| Rwgi cwigvc we‡kl| Kzwo KvVv ev 14400 edz ev 1334 eM©
wgUvi cwigvY Rwg|
f~¯^vgx Ñ A‡bK Rwgi gvwjK| Rwg`vi|
w`‡N Ñ ˆ`‡N©| j¤^v w`‡Ki gv‡c|
cvwY Ñ nvZ|
e‡¶ Rywoqv cvwY Ñ ey‡K †Rvo nvZ †i‡L Abybq K‡i|
mß cyiyl Ñ c~e©eZ©x mvZ esk a‡i|
j²xQvov Ñ j²x †Q‡o‡Q Ggb| `yf©vMv| fvM¨nxb|
µzi Ñ wbôzi| wb`©q|
wWwµ Ñ Av`vj‡Zi ûKzg ev wb‡`©kbvgv|
LZ Ñ FYcÎ| F‡Yi `wjj|
f~wi f~wi Ñ cÖPzi|
KvOvj Ñ wbt¯^| `wi`ª|
†gvnMZ© Ñ †gv‡ni ¶z`ª MnŸi|
wek¦wbwLj Ñ †MvUv `ywbqv| mgMÖ c„w_ex|
†nwijvg Ñ †`Ljvg|
avg Ñ Zx_©¯’vb|
f~ai Ñ ce©Z| cvnvo|
bg: bg: bg: Ñ bg¯‹vi| e›`bvÁvcb Awfe¨w³ we‡kl|
mgxi Ñ evZvm| evqy|
jjvU Ñ Kcvj|
†Ljv‡Mn Ñ ‡LjvNi|
wbkx_ Ñ Mfxi ivZ|
wbkx_ kxZj †mœn Ñ ü`qRyov‡bv Mfxi ggZv|
cÖni Ñ wZb N›Uv Kvj| w`bivwÎi AvU fv‡Mi GK fvM|
†Mvjv Ñ km¨ ivLvi givB ev AvoZ|
Z…lvZzi Ñ wccvmv ev Z…òvq KvZi|
cuûwQby Ñ †cŠ‡Q †Mjvg|
jwfj Ñ jvf Kij| †cj|
D‡o Ñ fvi‡Zi Dwol¨v ev Iwoqv cÖ‡`‡ki †jvK|
mßg my‡i Ñ
Kjei Ñ †Kvjvnj| nÆ‡Mvj| ˆn‰P|
cvwil` Ñ †gvmv‡ne| cvk¦©Pi|
N‡U Ñ gv_vi gM‡R| GLv‡b fv‡M¨ A‡_© eëüZ|
82 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
G KweZv cvV K‡i wk¶v_©xiv abx‡ì wbôzi †kvlY I Mwie‡ì `y`©kv m¤c‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| Mwie‡ì cÖwZ Zviv
mnvbyf~wZkxj n‡e| m¤c‡ì gvwjKiv AviI m¤c` Avni‡Yi Rb¨ Kxfv‡e jvjvwqZ nq †mUv †R‡b wk¶v_©xiv Gi
cÖwZ weiƒc n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ô`yB weNv RwgÕ GKwU Kvwnwb-KweZv| GwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔK_v I KvwnwbÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| `wi`ª K…lK
D‡cb Afve-AbU‡b eÜK w`‡q Zuvi cÖvq me Rwg nvwi‡q‡Q| evwK wQj gvÎ `yB weNv Rwg| wKš‘ Rwg`vi Zuvi
evMvb evov‡Z †m Rwgi `Lj wb‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ mvZ cyiy‡li ¯§„wZ weRwoZ †m Rwg D‡cb w`‡Z bv PvB‡j Rwg`v‡ii
†µv‡ai wkKvi nq †m| wg‡_¨ gvgjv w`‡q Rwg`vi †m Rwg `Lj K‡i †bq| wf‡UQvov n‡q D‡cb eva¨ nq c‡_
†eiy‡Z| mvay n‡q †m MÖvg-MÖvgvšZ‡i †Nv‡i| wKš‘ ˆcZ…K wf‡Ui ¯§„wZ †m fyj‡Z cv‡i bv|
GKw`b wPi-cwiwPZ MÖv‡g †m wd‡i Av‡m| MÖv‡gi Ab¨ mewKQz wVKVvK _vK‡jI Zvi wf‡U AvR wbwðý| wKš‘ nVvr
†m j¶ K‡i Zvi †QvU †ejvi ¯§„wZ-weRwoZ †mB Avg MvQwU GLbI Av‡Q| †mB Avg Mv‡Qi QvqvZ‡j e‡m K¬všZ-
kªvšZ D‡cb cig kvwšZ Abyfe Kij| Zvi g‡b coj, S‡oi w`‡b KZ bv Avg †m Kzuwo‡q‡Q GLv‡b| nVvr
evZv‡mi SvcUvq GKUv cvKv Avg coj Zvi †Kv‡ji Kv‡Q| AvgwU‡K †m Rbbxi †mœ‡ni `vb g‡b K‡i MÖnY Kij|
wKš‘ ZLbB Qz‡U G‡jv gvjx| mvay D‡cb‡K †m Avg-‡Pvi e‡j MvjvMvwj Ki‡Z _vKj| D‡cb‡K Rwg`v‡ii wbKU
nvwRi Kiv n‡jv| D‡cb Rwg`v‡ii Kv‡Q AvgwU wf¶v wn‡m‡e PvB‡j Rwg`vi Zv‡K mvay‡ekx †Pvi e‡j wg_¨v
Acev` w`j|
GB KweZvi gva¨‡g Kwe †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, mgv‡R GK †kªwYi jy‡Uiv weËevb cÖej cÖZvc wb‡q evm K‡i| Zviv
mvaviY gvby‡li m¤c` jyU K‡i m¤c`kvjx nq| Zviv A_©, kw³ I `vc‡Ui †Rv‡i Ab¨vq‡K b¨vq, b¨vq‡K Ab¨vq
e‡j cÖwZôv K‡ib| Ô`yB weNv RwgÕ KweZvwU‡Z Kwe G‡ì ¯îcƒ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
Kwe cwiwPwZ
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wek¦Kwe, wek¦bw›`Z Kwe| KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzi cwiev‡i Zuvi Rb¥ 1861 wLªóv‡ãi 7B †g,
1268 e½v‡ãi 25 †k êkvL| †Q‡j‡ejvq we`¨vj‡qi euvavaiv cov‡kvbvq Zuvi gb e‡m wb| covïbvi Rb¨ Zuv‡K
Iwi‡q›Uvj †mwgbvwi, bg©vj ¯‹zj, †e½j GKv‡Wwg-Gme wk¶v-cÖwZôv‡b fwZ© Kiv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ cvV †kl Kievi
Av‡MB wZwb †mme †Q‡o †`b| †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB Zuvi Kwe-cÖwZfvi D‡b¥l N‡U| mvwn‡Zï mKj kvLvq Amvgvb¨
`¶Zvi ¯^v¶i †i‡L‡Qb wZwb| KweZv, msMxZ, †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ, ågYKvwnwb, igïPbv BZ¨vw`
mvwn‡Zï cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB Zuvi c`PviYv wQj ¯^”Q›`, D¾¡j| wZwb GKvav‡i Kwe, `vk©wbK, MxwZKvi, myiKvi,
wk¶vwe`, wPÎwkíx, bvU¨-cÖ‡hvRK I Awf‡bZv| 1913 wLªóv‡ã Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyw`Z ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Kv‡eï Rb¨ wZwb
Gkxq‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ n‡jv : ÔgvbmxÕ, Ô†mvbvi
ZixÕ, ÔwPÎvÕ, ÔejvKvÕ, ÔKíbvÕ, Ô¶wYKvÕ, Ô†muRywZÕ, ÔcybðÕ, Ôˆb‡e`¨Õ, Ôc~iexÕ, ÔgûqvÕ I †kl †jLv| Avgv‡ì RvZxq
msMxZ Avgvi Ô†mvbvi evsjvÕ ZuviB †jLv| iex›`ªbv_ 1941 wLªóv‡ãi 7B AvM÷ (22 kªveY), (1348 e½vã)
KjKvZvq g„Zëib K‡ib|
Kg©-Abkxjb
K. KweZvwU †Zvgvi wbR¯^ fvlvq M‡í, bvwUKvq ev eY©bv`g©x M‡`¨ iƒcvwqZ Ki|
L. †Zvgvi Rvbv †Kv‡bv K…l‡Ki AZ¨vPvwiZ Rxe‡bi GKwU Kvwnwb wjwceä Ki (GKK KvR)|
N. KweZvwUi bvUïƒc `vI Ges †kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi mn‡hvwMZvq Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki|
mvwnZ¨ KwYKv 83
bgybv cÖkœ
1. Ô`yB weNvÕ Rwg †Kvb ai‡bi KweZv ?
K. Kvwnwb KweZv L. MxwZKweZv
L. PZz`©kc`x KweZv N. ¯^‡`k‡cÖ‡gi KweZv
2. †mB g‡b c‡o ˆR¨‡ôi S‡o iv‡Î bvwnK NygÑPiYwU‡Z †h fvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv njÑ
i. ¯§„wZKvZiZv
ii. ¯ck©KvZiZv
iii. Aby`viZv
3. evey mv‡n‡ei †fvMev`x gvbwmKZv dz‡U D‡V‡Q †h Pi‡YÑ
i. evey Kwn‡jb, ey‡SQ D‡cb, G Rwg jBe wK‡b
ii. †c‡j `yB we‡N, cÖ¯Z G w`‡N mgvb nB‡e Uvbv
iii. G RM‡Z nvq, †mB †ewk Pvq Av‡Q hvi f~wi f~wi
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi KweZvsk c‡o 4 I 5 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
GK hyM Av‡M Av‡gwiKvq wM‡q cÖPzi weË-êf‡ei gvwjK n‡q‡Qb wg. kvwgg| wKš‘ Zvi ciI Zvi g‡b myL †bB|
†mLvbKvi cwi‡ek, cÖK…wZ, gvbylRb †KvbwKQzB Zv‡K AvK…ó K‡i bv| mviv¶Y gbUv c‡o _v‡K AvuKv-euvKv †g‡Vv
c‡_i av‡ii Kzu‡o N‡i, †hLv‡b †K‡U‡Q Zvi ˆkke, ˆK‡kv‡ii †mvbvwj mgq|
4 DÏxc‡K wg. kvwg‡gi gvbwmKZvq Ô`yB weNv RwgÕ KweZvi †Kvb Abyf~wZ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ?
K. ¯^‡`kcÖxwZ L. cÖK…wZcÖxwZ
L. ¯^yRvZ¨cÖxwZ N. gZ©¨cÖxwZ
5. D³ Abyf~wZ dz‡U D‡V‡Q wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y ?
K. †P‡q †`‡Lv †gvi Av‡Q eo†Rvi gwievi gZ VuvB|
L. KZ †nwijvg g‡bvni avg, KZ g‡bvig `„k¨|
M. Kj¨vYgqx wQ‡j Zzwg Awq, ¶zavniv myavivwk|
N. Zey wbwkw`‡b fywj‡Z cvwi‡b, †mB `yB weNv Rwg|
84 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :
MvRxcyi †PŠiv¯Zvi Kv‡Q gwZb wgqvi †QvÆ GK Pv‡qi †`vKvb| Avi †`vKv‡bi cv‡kB M‡o D‡V‡Q ÔKÕ nvDwRs
†mvmvBwUi wekvjvKvi G¨vcvU©‡g›U| GKw`b mKv‡j gwZb †`‡L, Zvi †`vKvb G¨vcvU©‡g‡›Ui mxgvbv cÖvPx‡ii g‡a¨
AvU‡K †M‡Q| †m ey‡S †Mj Avi wKQzB Kivi †bB| DcvqvšZi bv †`‡L †m iv¯Zvq iv¯Zvq Ny‡i Ny‡i d¬v‡· K‡i Pv
wewµ K‡i msmvi Pvjvq Avi D`vm `„wó‡Z MMbPzw¤^ AÆvwjKv¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q `xN©k¦vm Qv‡o|
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi KZ wLªóv‡ã †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb|
L. ÔivRvi n¯Z K‡i mg¯Z KvOv‡ji ab PzwiÕÑ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q
M. ÔKÕ nvDwRs †mvmvBwUi Kvh©µ‡g Ô`yB weNv RwgÕ KweZvi evey mv‡ne Pwi‡Îi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zvi
eY©bv `vI|
N. DÏxc‡Ki gwZb Ô`yB weNv RwgiÕ †kvwlZ D‡c‡bi mv_©K cÖwZwbwa wK bv, †Zvgvi g‡Zi mc‡¶ hyw³
`vIÕ
cv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡j
Kvwgbx ivq
Kwi‡Z cvwi bv KvR,

m`v fq, m`v jvR
msk‡q m¼í m`v U‡j,
cv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡j|
Avov‡j Avov‡j _vwK,

bxi‡e Avcbv XvwK,
m¤§y‡L PiY bvwn P‡j,
ü`‡q eyèy` g‡Zv,

D‡V ïå wPšZv KZ,
wg‡k hvq ü`‡qi Z‡j
Kuv‡` cÖvY m‡e, AvuwL

heyZ‡b ï®‹ ivwL
wbigj bq‡bi R‡j
GKwU †mœ‡ni K_v

cÖkwg‡Z cv‡i e¨_v
P‡j hvB D‡c¶vq Q‡j
gnr D‡Ï‡k¨ h‡e

GK mv‡_ wg‡j m‡e
cvwi bv wgwj‡Z †mB `‡j
weavZv w`‡Qb cÖvY

_vwK m`v wgªqgvY
kw³ g‡i fxwZi Ke‡j
86 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
kãv_© I UxKv
m`v Ñ memgq|
mskq Ñ m‡›`n| wØav|
msKí Ñ g‡bi `„p B”Qv|
msk‡q msKí m`v U‡j Ñ g‡bi `„p BPQv c~iY Kivq evav ˆZwi nq|
ïå Ñ mv`v| GLv‡b cwi®‹vi ev Agwjb A‡_© eëüZ|
h‡e Ñ hLb|
cÖkwg‡Z Ñ Dckg NUv‡Z, wbeviY Ki‡Z|
cÖkwg‡Z cv‡i e¨_v Ñ hšÎYvi Dckg NUv‡Z cv‡i|
D‡c¶v Ñ MÖvn¨ bv Kiv| Ae‡njv Kiv| ¸iyZ¡ bv †`qv|
Qj Ñ QzZv, IRi|
wgªqgvY Ñ KvZi| welv`MÖ¯—|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
G KweZv cvV K‡i wk¶v_©xiv wbtms‡KvP wP‡Ë Rxebc‡_ cwiPvwjZ nIqvi Aby‡cÖiYv jvf Ki‡e| †K Kx ejj Zv
†f‡e wb‡R‡K ¸wU‡q ivLvi cÖeYZv †_‡K Zviv gy³ nIqvi †Póv Ki‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
†Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j †KD †KD A‡bK mgq wØavMÖ¯’ nq| †K Kx g‡b Ki‡e, †K Kx mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡e GB †f‡e
Zviv e‡m _v‡K| Gi d‡j KvR G‡Mvq bv| huviv mgv‡R Ae`vb ivL‡Z Pvb Zuv‡ì wØav Ki‡j Pj‡e bv| `„p
g‡bvej wb‡q, †jvKj¾v I mgv‡jvPbv‡K D‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e| gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y gnr KvR Ki‡Z n‡j fqfxwZ
ms‡KvP D‡c¶v K‡i GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡e|
Kwe cwiwPwZ
1864 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m ewikv‡ji evmÛv MÖv‡g Kvwgbx iv‡qi Rb¥| 1886 mv‡j KjKvZvi †e_yb K‡jR †_‡K
ms¯‹…‡Z Abvm©mn we. G. cvm K‡i IB K‡j‡RB Aa¨vcbvq wbhy³ nb| Kvwgbx iv‡qi KweZvq iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖfve
¯có| Avb›`-†e`bvi mnR-mij cÖKv‡k Zuvi KweZv Zvrch© AR©b K‡i‡Q| Zuvi †jLv †QvU‡ì KweZv msMÖ‡ni bvg
Ges Ô¸ÄbÕ| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq Zuv‡K RMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`‡K f~wlZ K‡i| 1933 mv‡ji 27†k †m‡Þ¤î Zuvi g„Zz¨
nq|
Kg©-Abykxjb
K. Ôcv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ kxl©K KweZvi welqe¯‘i Dci wfwË K‡i †Zvgvi wKsev †Zvgvi cwiwPwZ †jvKR‡bi
mgm¨v wb‡q Mí, bvwUKv ev cÖeÜ iPbv Ki (GKK KvR)|
c‡Q †jvK wKQz e‡j 87
bgybv cÖkœ
1. gnr KvR m¤cv`‡b †KvbwU‡K D‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e ?
K. ms‡KvP L. mskq
L. msKí N. evav
2. Av‡Z©i cv‡k ùvov‡Z wM‡qI Kwe Kvwgbx ivq †Kb D‡c¶v K‡i P‡j hvb ?
K. †ivMvµvšZ nIqvi f‡q L. mgv‡jvPbvi f‡q
M. mn‡hvwMZvi f‡q N. †QvU nIqvi f‡q
3. Ôcv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ KweZvwU cvV‡Ki g‡a¨ gv‡S †Kvb ai‡bi Aby‡cÖiYv m„wó K‡i ?
K. fqnxbZv L. c‡ivcKvwiZv
M. mvnwmKZv N. ms‡KvPnxbZv
gvmy` MÖv‡gi †eKvi‡ì hyeK Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi M‡o †Zvjvi cwiKíbv K‡i| †m fv‡e GK mgq
cÖPzi Avq n‡e, †eKviiv ¯^wbf©i n‡e| wKš‘ hw` †m G Kv‡R mdj n‡Z bv cv‡i Zvn‡j Zvi mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡e| ZvB
†m Avi cwiKíbv ev` †`q|
4. DÏxc‡Ki gvmy‡ì gv‡S Ôcv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ KweZvi †Kvb we‡kl w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q ?
K. fxiyZv L. mskq
L. nZvkv N. `ye©jZv
5. Kvwgbx iv‡qi `„wó‡ZB gvmy‡ì G D‡`¨vM mdj Kiv †h‡Z cv‡iÑ
i . `„p msKíe× n‡j
ii. mKj mskq `~i Ki‡j
iii. mvnmx c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡j
88 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
wb‡Pi KweZvsk c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

1. wb›`y‡K‡i evwm Avwg mevi †P‡q fv‡jv
hyM-Rb‡gi eÜz Avgvi Avuavi N‡ii Av‡jv|
mevB †gv‡i Qvo‡Z cv‡i eÜz hviv Av‡Q
wb›`yK †m Qvqvi g‡Zv _vK‡e cv‡Q cv‡Q|
wek¦R‡b wbt¯^ K‡i, cweÎZv Av‡b
mvaK R‡b wb¯Zvwi‡Z Zvi g‡Zv †K Rv‡b ?
webvg~‡j¨ gqjv ay‡q K‡i cwi®‹vi,
wek¦ gv‡S Ggb `qvj wgj‡e †Kv_v Avi ?
wb›`yK †m †eu‡P _vKzK wek¦wn‡Zi Z‡i
Avgvi Avkv c~Y© n‡e Zvnvi K…cv f‡i|
K. m`v kãwUi A_© Kx ?

L. msk‡q m¼í m`v U‡jÑ†Kb ?
M. DÏxc‡Ki wb›`yK I Ôcv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ KweZvq wb›`y‡Ki mv`„‡kï w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki wb›`y‡Ki cÖfve Avi Ôcv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ KweZvq ewY©Z wb›`y‡Ki cÖfve‡K
GKm~‡Î Muv_v hvq Kx ? hyw³mn eywS‡q †jL|
2. MÖx‡®§i QzwU n‡j kwdK evwo‡Z Av‡m| K‡qKRb †eKvi hyeK I mncvVx eÜz‡K wb‡q cwiKíbv K‡i MÖv‡g
ˆbkwe`¨vjq †Lvjvi| mevB Zvi G cÖ¯Zve‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvq| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq eBcÎ, Ni, wk¶K meB
wbe©vPb K‡i| Ggb mgq MÖv‡gi GK †jvK, e‡j BZtc~‡e© Kvgvj gv÷v‡ii g‡Zv gvbyl G Kv‡R †dj
‡g‡i‡Q, †mLv‡b KwP wkïiv Lyj‡e ˆbk we`¨vjq| Zvn‡j wm× av‡b MR Avm‡e| GK_v ï‡b Zviv `‡g
hvq|
K. msKí kãwUi A_© Kx ?
L. GKwU †mœ‡ni K_vq Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì e¨v_v `~i n‡Z cv‡i ?
M. kwd‡Ki D‡`¨vM e¨vnZ nIqvi KviY Ôcv‡Q †jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. kwd‡Ki gv‡S †m ai‡bi cwieZ©b G‡j †m Zvi cwiKíbv‡K ev¯ZevwqZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡Zv Zv Ôcv‡Q
†jv‡K wKQz e‡jÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K hyw³mn †jL|
bvix
KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg
mv‡gï Mvb MvBÑ

Avgvi P‡¶ cyiyl-igYx †Kv‡bv †f`v‡f` bvB|
we‡k¦i hv-wKQz gnvb m„wó wPi-Kj¨vYKi
A‡a©K Zvi Kwiqv‡Q bvix, A‡a©K Zvi bi|
we‡k¦ hv-wKQz Gj cvc-Zvc †e`bv Akªyevwi
A‡a©K Zvi Avwbqv‡Q bi, A‡a©K Zvi bvix|
RM‡Zi hZ eo eo Rq eo eo Awfhvb
gvZv fMœx I ea~‡ì Z¨v‡M nBqv‡Q gnxqvb|
†Kvb& i‡Y KZ Lyb w`j bi, †jLv Av‡Q BwZnv‡m,
KZ bvix w`j wmuw_i wmu`yi, †jLv bvB Zvi cv‡k|
KZ gvZv w`j ü`q Dcvwo KZ †evb w`j †mev,
ex‡ii ¯§„wZ-¯Z‡¤¢i Mv‡q wjwLqv †i‡L‡Q †Kev?
†Kv‡bv Kv‡j GKv nq‡Kv Rqx cyiy‡li Zievwi,
†cÖiYv w`qv‡Q, kw³ w`qv‡Q weRq-j²x bvix|
†m-hyM n‡q‡Q evwm,
†h hy‡M cyiyl `vm wQj bv‡Kv, bvixiv AvwQj `vmx|
†e`bvi hyM, gvby‡li hyM, mv‡gï hyM AvwR,
†Kn iwn‡e bv e›`x KvnviI, DwV‡Q W¼v evwR|
bi hw` iv‡L bvixi ew›`, Z‡e Gi ci hy‡M
Avcbvwi iPv H KvivMv‡i cyiyl gwi‡e fy‡M|
hy‡Mi ag© GB Ñ
cxob Kwi‡j †m-cxob G‡m cxov †`‡e †Zvgv‡KB|
dg©v -12, mvwnZ¨ KwYKv- 8g

90 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
kãv_© I UxKv
mvg¨ Ñ mgZv| mK‡ji R‡b¨ mg AwaKvi|
gnxqvb Ñ mygnvb| GLv‡b gwngvw¤^Z A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
iY Ñ hy×| jovB|
KZ bvix w`j wmuw_i wmu`yi Ñ AmsL¨ bvix ¯^vgx‡K nvwi‡q‡Q|
KZ gvZv w`j ü`q Dcvwo Ñ ü`qfiv ggZv w`‡q DrmvwnZ Kij bvix|
weRq-j²x bvix Ñ R‡qi wbqšZv †èx wn‡m‡e bvix‡K Kíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
W¼v Ñ RqXvK|
iPv Ñ iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb| m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb|
cxob Ñ AZ¨vPvi| wbh©vZb| kvixwiK Kó cÖ`vb|
cxov Ñ hšÎYv| Kó| †e`bv|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
KweZvwU cvV K‡i wk¶v_©xiv bvixi cÖwZ kª×vkxj n‡e| gvbemf¨Zvq bvixi Ae`vb †h cyiy‡li †P‡q Kg bq Zv
†R‡b bvixi AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÔbvixÕ KweZvwU KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi Ômvgëv`xÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| mvgëv`x Kwe Ôbi-bvixÕ Dfq‡KB
gvbyl wn‡m‡e †`‡Lb| wZwb RM‡Z bi I bvixi mvg¨ ev mgvb AwaKv‡i Av¯’vevb| Zuvi g‡Z, c„w_ex‡Z gvbemf¨Zv
wbg©v‡Y bvix I cyiy‡li Ae`vb mgvb| wKš‘ BwZnv‡m cyiy‡li Ae`vb hZUv †jLv n‡q‡Q bvixi Ae`vb ZZUv †jLv
nq wb| wKš‘ GLb w`b G‡m‡Q mg AwaKv‡ii| ZvB bvixi Ici wbh©vZb Pj‡e bv, Zuvi AwaKvi‡K ¶zbœ Kiv Pj‡e
bv| bvix-cyiyl mevB‡K my›ì I D¾¡j fwel¨r iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e mw¤§wjZfv‡e|
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg 1899 wLªóv‡ãi 15B †g (evsjv 1306 mv‡ji 11B ˆR¨ô) ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi
Pziywjqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb we`¨vj‡qi cov‡kvbv †kl Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| `kg †kªwYi QvÎ _vKvKv‡j cÖ_g
gnvhy× ïiy n‡j wZwb ¯‹zj †Q‡o evOvwj c›U‡b †hvM`vb K‡ib| hy× †kl n‡j 1919 wLªóv‡ã evOvwj c›Ub †f‡O
†`qv nq| bRiyj KjKvZvq wd‡i G‡m mvwnZ¨PP©vq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| G mgq ÔmvßvwnK weRjxÕ cwÎKvq Zuvi
Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZvwU cÖKvwkZ n‡j Pviw`‡K mybvg Qwo‡q c‡o| Zuvi KweZvq civaxbZv I Ab¨v‡qi weiy‡× we‡`ªvn
D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q| AwePvi I †kvl‡Yi weiy‡× wZwb Zuvi †jLvq cÖej cÖwZev` K‡ib| GRb¨ Zuv‡K we‡`ªvnx Kwe ejv
nq| Zuvi iPbvewj Am¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbvi GK DËg `„óvšZ|
KweZv, msMxZ, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ I Mí-mvwn‡Zï mKj kvLvq Avgiv Zuvi cÖwZfvi D¾¡j cwiPq †c‡q _vwK|
evsjvq wZwb Bmjvwg Mvb I MRj wj‡L cÖksmv †c‡q‡Qb| †jLvq wZwb Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi eënv‡i KzkjZv
†`wL‡q‡Qb| `yf©vM¨ †h, gvÎ †ZZvwj−k eQi eq‡m wZwb KwVb †iv‡M AvµvšZ nb Ges Zuvi mvwnZ¨mvabvq †Q` N‡U|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ci 1972 mv‡j Kwe‡K XvKvq G‡b evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wZwb Avgv‡ì
RvZxq Kwe| Zvui weL¨vZ MÖš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-AwMœexYv, we‡li evukxg mvgëv`x, me©nviv, wmÜz-wn‡›`vj,
PµevKg wi‡³i †e`b BZ¨vw`| Kwe 1976 mv‡ji 29†k AvMó XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Kwe 1976 mv‡ji 29
AvM÷ XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
bvix 91
Kg©-Abykxjb
K. †Zvgvi cwiwPwZRb‡ì g‡a¨ Ggb †Kv‡bv bvixi Rxebv‡jL¨ iPbv K‡iv hvi Kg©RMr wb‡q Zzwg Me© Ki‡Z
cvi (GKK KvR)
L. bvix-cyi“‡li g‡a¨ †f`v‡f‡ì ¯îƒc wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ †Zvgvi mncvVx‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU M‡elYv Pvjv‡Z
cvi| Gi Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki mn‡hvwMZvq cÖ_‡gB cÖkœgvjv ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb- 1. msmv‡i me‡P‡q
¸i“Z¡c~b© †K? DËi n‡Z cv‡i bvix, cyi“l, A_ev DfqB|
bgybv cÖkœ
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg KZ mv‡j g„ZzëiY K‡ib ?
K. 1919 L. 1972
L. 1975 N. 1976
2. ex‡ii ¯§„wZ¯Z‡¤¢i Mv‡q †KvbwU †jLv †bB ?
K. †ev‡bi †mev L. bvixi wmuw_i wmu`yi
L. fwMœi AvZ¥Z¨vM N. ea~‡ì AvZ¥Z¨vM
3. Ôcxob Kwi‡j †m cxob G‡m cxov †`‡e †Zvgv‡KBÕÑPiYwUi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© cÖevèvK¨Ñ
i. BUwU gvi‡j cvU‡KjwU †L‡Z nq
ii. †hgb Kg© †Zgb dj
iii. g‡šÎi mvab wKsev kixi cvZb
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 4 I 5 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
MYmsMxZ wkíx Kv½vjx mywdqv RxweKvi ZvwM‡` †Kv`vj UzKwi-wb‡q cyiyl kªwgK‡ì mv‡_ gv_vq Nvg cv‡q †d‡j
gvwU Kv‡U| w`b †k‡l gRywi wb‡Z wM‡q †`‡L cyiyl kªwgK‡ì †Ìqv n‡PQ `y‡kv UvKv Avi Zv‡K †Ìqv nj GK‡kv
UvKv| Gi KviY wR‡Ám Ki‡j gvwjK e‡jÑ GUvB wbqg!
92 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
4. DÏxcKwUi mv‡_ bvix KweZvi fveMZ H‡Kï w`KwU njÑGUvB wbqg!
i. êlg¨
ii. †kvlY
iii. mvg¨
5. D³ fve wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ?
K. A‡a©K Zvi Kwiqv‡Q bvix A‡a©K Zvi bi
L. KZ bvix w`j wmuw_i wmu`yi †jLv bvB Zvi cv‡k
M. †e`bvi hyM, gvby‡li hyM, mv‡gï hyM AvwR
N. †Kvb Kv‡j GKv nqwb †Kv Rqx cyiy‡li Zievix
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1. †Rmwgb bvgwU GLb UK Ae `¨v Kvw›Uª| GKRb bvix n‡q RvwZmsNmn we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k wbe©vPbÑmsµvšZ
KvR K‡i‡Qb| m¤cÖwZ PÆMÖvg wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb wbe©vP‡bi g‡Zv wekvj Kg©hÁ wZwb K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ mgvß
K‡i‡Qb| wiUvwb©s Awdmvi wn‡m‡e wZwb Ab¨vb¨ cyiyl mnKg©x‡ì KvQ †_‡K h_vh_ mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv
†c‡q‡Qb| bvix e‡j †Kv_vI Zv‡K mgm¨vq co‡Z nq wb|
K. ÔbvixÕ KweZvwU KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ ?

L. Kwe eZ©gvb mgq‡K Ô†e`bvi hyMÕ ej‡Z Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ?
M. †Rmwgb Uzwji Kvh©µ‡g ÔbvixÕ KweZvi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zvi eY©bv `vI|
N. DÏxc‡K Kwe KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi Abyf~wZi cÖwZdjb NU‡jI ÔbvixÕ KweZvq Kwe AviI †ewk
ev•gqÑe³e¨wU we‡k−lY Ki|
2. R‰bK mgv‡jvP‡Ki g‡Z weªwUk fvi‡Z e½xq gymjgvb bvix mgvR wQj AÁZv, Kzms¯‹vi I ag©xq wewa-
wb‡l‡ai wbM‡o Ave×| wbi¶iZv, Awk¶v I mvgvwRK †f`Ñeyw×I wQj Zv‡ì Rb¨ wbqwZi g‡Zv mZ¨|
Aeiy× RxebÑhvc‡b Af¨¯Z GK Amnvq Rx‡e Zviv cwiYZ n‡qwQ‡jb| G‡ì‡K Av‡jvi RM‡Z Avbvi
Rb¨ †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb AvRxeb msMÖvg K‡i †M‡Qb| Zvui e³e¨ ÑÔAvgiv mgv‡RiB Aa~©| Avgiv
cwoqv _vwK‡j mgvR DwV‡e Kxfv‡e ? †Kvb GK cv evwaqv ivwL‡j †m †LuvovBqv KZ`yi Pwj‡e ? cyiy‡li ¯^v_©
Ges Avgv‡ì ¯^v_© wfbœ b‡n, GKB|Õ
K. KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg‡K KZ mv‡j G †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ †Ìqv nq ?

L. Ômv‡gï MvbÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ?
M. R‰bK mgv‡jvP‡Ki gZwU ÔbvixÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwUi mv‡_ mv`„k¨cyY© e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. †eMg †iv‡Kqvi e³e¨ †hb KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi K_viB cÖwZaŸwbÑÔbvixÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K
Dw³wU g~j¨vqb Ki|
Avevi Avwme wd‡i
Rxebvb›` `vk
Avevi Avwme wd‡i avbwmuwowUi Zx‡iÑGB evsjvq

nq‡Zv gvbyl bqÑnq‡Zv ev k•LwPj kvwj‡Ki †e‡k;
nq‡Zv †fv‡ii KvK n‡q GB KvwZ©‡Ki bev‡bœi †`‡k
Kzqvkvi ey‡K †f‡m GKw`b Avwme G KuvVvj-Qvqvq;
nq‡Zv ev nuvm n‡evÑwK‡kvixi NyOyi iwn‡e jvj cvq,
mvivw`b †K‡U hv‡e Kjwgi MÜfiv R‡j †f‡m †f‡m;
Avevi Avwme Avwg evsjvi b`x gvV †LZ fv‡jv‡e‡m
Rjv½xi †XD‡q †fRv evsjvi G meyR KiyY WvOvq;
nq‡Zv †`wL‡e †P‡q my`k©b Dwo‡Z‡Q mÜ¨vi evZv‡m;
nq‡Zv ïwb‡e GK j²x‡cuPv WvwK‡Z‡Q wkgy‡ji Wv‡j;
nq‡Zv LB‡qi avb Qov‡Z‡Q wkï GK DVv‡bi Nv‡m;
iƒcmvi †Nvjv R‡j nq‡Zv wK‡kvi GK mv`v †Quov cv‡j
wWOv evq; ivOv †gN muvZiv‡q AÜKv‡i Avwm‡Z‡Q bx‡o
†`wL‡e aej eK; Avgv‡iB cv‡e Zzwg Bnv‡ì wf‡o|
94 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
kãv_© UxKv
k•LwPj Ñ GK ai‡bi mv`v wPj|

NyOiy Ñ b~cyi, cv‡qi AjsKvi|
WvOv Ñ ïK‡bv RvqMv, ¯’jf~wg|
my`k©b Ñ GK ai‡bi ¸e‡i †cvKv|
j²x‡cuPv Ñ myj¶Yhy³ †cuPv|
wWOv Ñ †QvU †bŠKv|
bx‡o Ñ cvwLi evmvq|
aej Ñ mv`v|
bevbœ Ñ bZzb avbKvUvi ci Avgv‡ì †`‡k G Drme nq| G Drm‡e `ya, ¸o, bvi‡K‡ji m‡½ wgwk‡q bZzb
AvZc Pv‡ji fvZ LvIqv nq|
avbwmwo Ñ SvjKvwV †Rjvq avbwmwo bv‡g GKwU b`x wQj| GLb b`xwU g‡i †M‡Q| Kwe Zuvi KweZvq G
b`xwUi bvg eënvi K‡i‡Qb|
iƒcmv Ñ Lyjbv kn‡ii cvk w`‡q cÖevwnZ GKwU b`xi bvg| G bv‡g SvjKvwV †RjvqI GKwU †QvU b`x
Av‡Q|
Rjv½x Ñ Kwe GLv‡b b`x‡K Rjv½x (A_©vr Rj hvi A‡½) bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`k‡K
Kwe Rjv½xi †XD‡q †fRv evsjv e‡j‡Qb|
KvwZ©‡Ki bev‡bœi †`‡k – Kwe wb‡Ri Rb¥f~wg evsjv‡`k‡K bev‡bœi †`k e‡j‡Qb| bevbœ A_© bZzb fvZ| KvwZ©K gv‡m N‡i
bZzb& avb Zz‡j K…l‡Kiv bevbœ Drm‡e †g‡Z I‡V|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
wk¶v_©xiv evsjvi cÖK…wZi iƒc‰ewP‡Îï cÖwZ AvKl©Y Abyfe Ki‡e| Zv‡ì g‡b wb‡Ri †`‡ki cÖwZ ggZ¡‡ev‡ai RvMiY NU‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
G KweZvwU Kwei Ôiƒcmx evsjvÕ Kve¨ †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q| Kwe G KweZvq †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, wZwb wb‡Ri †`k‡K LyeB
fv‡jvev‡mb| wcÖq Rb¥f~wgi AZ¨šZ Zz”Q wRwbm¸‡jv Zuvi `„wó‡Z my›ì n‡q aiv c‡o‡Q| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, hLb Zuvi g„Zz¨
n‡e ZLb †`‡ki m‡½ Zuvi ggZvi euvab †kl n‡e bv| wZwb evsjvi b`x, gvV, dm‡ji †LZ‡K fv‡jv‡e‡m k•LwPj ev
kvwj‡Ki †e‡k G‡`‡k wd‡i Avm‡eb| Avevi KLbI ev †fv‡ii KvK n‡q Kzqvkvq wg‡k hv‡eb| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i, wZwb nuvm
n‡q mvivw`b Kjwgi M‡Ü fiv we‡ji cvwb‡Z †f‡m †eov‡eb| GgbwK w`‡bi †k‡l †h mv`v e‡Ki `j †g‡Ni †Kvj †Nu‡l
bx‡o wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡ì gv‡SI Kwe‡K Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡e| Gfv‡e wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki iƒcgq cÖK…wZi m‡½ wg‡k hv‡eb|
KweÑcwiwPwZ
Kwe Rxebvb›` `vk 1899 wLªóv‡ãi 17B †deªyqvwi ewikvj kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb 1921 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq
†_‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ Gg.G. cvk K‡ib| Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e Zuvi Kg©Rxe‡bi ïiy nq Ges wZwb wewfbœ mg‡q
KjKvZv wmwU K‡jR, w`wj− ivghk K‡jR, ewikvj eªR‡gvnb K‡jR, LoMcyi K‡jR, ewilv K‡jR I nvIov K‡j‡R
Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| GK mgq wZwb mvsevw`KZv †ckvI Aej¤^b K‡iwQ‡jb| Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZvq evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZi is
I iƒ‡ci wewPÎ cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| A‡bK ARvbv MvQ, cï-cvwL I jZvcvZv Zuvi KweZvq bZzb cwiP‡q aiv c‡o‡Q| cÖK…wZ‡cÖwgK
GB Kwe cÖK…wZ †_‡KB Zuvi KweZvi iƒcim msMÖn K‡i‡Qb| KweZv QvovI wZwb Mí, Dcb¨vm I cÖeÜ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb
1954 mv‡ji 22†k A‡±vei KjKvZvq GK Uªvg `~N©Ubvq wbnZ nb|
Avevi Avwme wd‡i 95
K. KweZvwUi `„k¨wPÎ Aej¤^‡b GKwU wPÎv¼b cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki †kªwYi mKj wk¶v_x©i Ask Mn‡Y)|
bgybv cÖkœ
1. avbwmwo wK‡mi bvg ?
K. b`xi L. kn‡ii
M. av‡bi N. MÖv‡gi
2. ÔAvevi Avwme wd‡iÕ KweZvwU Kwei †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q ?
K. a~mi cvÊywjwc L. iƒcmx evsjv
M. SivcvjK N. ebjZv †mb
3. Ômvivw`b †K‡U hv‡e Kjwgi MÜ fiv R‡j †f‡m †f‡mÕÑGLv‡b mvivw`b †K‡U hv‡e Kvi ?
K. nuv‡mi L. wK‡kvixi
M. Kv‡Ki N. Kwei
wb‡Pi KweZvskwU c‡o 4 I 5 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

Ô†Mvaywj jM‡b RM`x‡k ¯§i‡Y
we`vq jBe Rb‡gi Z‡i
jyKvBe Avwg mÜ¨vi Avuav‡i evsjv gv‡qi †µv‡oÕ
4. DÏxc‡K ÔAvevi Avwme wd‡iÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q ?
K. ¯^‡`kPZbv L. g„Zz¨‡PZbv
M. cÖK…wZ‡PZbv N. ag©‡PZbv
5. D³ mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y ?
L. Avevi Avwme wd‡i avbwmwowUi Zx‡i GB evsjvq
M. nq‡Zv †`wL‡e †P‡q my`k©b Dwo‡Z‡Q mÜ¨vi evZv‡m
N. Avevi Avwme Avwg evsjvi b`x gvV †LZ fv‡jv‡e‡m
96 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :
1. cj−xi mš—vb †mŠwgK DPPgva¨wgK cix¶vq DËxY© n‡q D”P wk¶v‡_© d«vÝ hvq| †mLvbKvi mycÖ¯Z ivRc_,
D`¨vb, wbg©j cÖK…wZ Zvi Lye fvj jv‡M| iv¯ZvNvU, †ij‡÷kb, evm-÷‡cR me RvqMvq †`wk-we‡`wk
¯§iYxq e¨w³e‡M©i g~wZ© ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g divwm‡ì †`k‡cÖg †`‡L †m wew¯§Z nq| I‡ì K¨v‡c wgDwRqvg
mewKQzB Zv‡K AvK…ó K‡i| D”Pwk¶v †kl K‡i AwgZ ¯’vqxfv‡e †mLv‡b †_‡K hvq| divwm †mŠ›`‡h©i
cÖve‡j¨ µgk a~mi n‡q hvq Zvi AZxZ¯§„wZ|
K. DVv‡b LB‡qi avb Qovq †K ?

L. gvbyl bv n‡q k•LwPj, kvwj‡Ki †e‡k Rxebvb›` `vk G‡`‡k wdi‡Z Pvb †Kb ?
M. DÏxcKwU ÔAvevi Avwme wd‡iÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwUi cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡i ? eY©bv Ki|
N. Awg‡Zi AbyfywZ Avi Rxebbv›` `v‡ki AbyfywZ GKm~‡Î Muv_vÑDw³wU g~j¨vqb Ki|
2. evsjvi nvIqv evsjvi Rj

ü`q Avgvi K‡i mykxZj
GZ myL kvwšZ GZ cwigj
†Kv_v cve Avi evsjv Qvov|
K. ÔAvevi Avwme wd‡iÕ KweZvwU †Kvb Kve¨ †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q ?

L. evsjvi meyR KiyY WvOv ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?
M. DÏxcK Aej¤^‡b Avevi Avwme wd‡i KweZvi cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h©i eY©bv `vI|
N. †Kv_v cve Avi evsjv QvovÑK_vwUi m‡½ Kwe Rxebvb›` `v‡ki evsjvq wd‡i Avmvi AvKv•Lv Kxfv‡e
m¤cwK©ZÑA‡jvPbv Ki|
†`k
RmxgD`&`xb
†L‡Zi c‡i †LZ P‡j‡Q, †L‡Zi bvwn †kl
meyR nvIqvq `yj‡Q I Kvi G‡jv gv_vi †Kk|
†mB †K‡k‡Z Mqbv civq cÖRvcwZi SuvK,
PÂz‡Z Rj wQUvq †m_v Kvj Kvj KvK|
mv`v mv`v eK-K‡biv i‡P †m_vq gvjv,
kirKv‡ji wkwki †m_v R¡vjvqgvwbK Avjv|
Zvwi gvqvq †_vKv †_vKv †`v‡j av‡bi Qov;
gvi AvuP‡ji cik †hb mKj Afve-niv|
e‡bi c‡i eb P‡j‡Q e‡bi bvwn †kl,

dz‡ji d‡ji myevm fiv G †Kvb cwii †`k?
wbweo Qvqvq Avuavi Kiv cvZvi cvivevi
iwei Av‡jv LÊ n‡q bvP‡Q cv‡q Zvi|
myevm dz‡ji ey‡bvU Kiv e‡bi wjwcLvwb,
Wv‡ji †_‡K Wv‡ji c‡i wdi‡Q cvwL Uvwb|
KwP KwP e‡bi cvZv Kuvc‡Q Zvwi my‡i
†QvU †QvU †iv‡ì ¸u‡ov Zjvq bv‡P Ny‡i
gv_vi c‡i Kv‡jv Kv‡jv †gNijv G‡m †f‡o
ey‡bv nvwZi `j G‡m‡Q AvKvkLvwb †Q‡o|
b`xi c‡i b`x †M‡Q b`xi bvwn †kl,

KZ ARvb Muv †cwi‡q KZ bv Rvb †`k|
mvZ mvM‡ii cY¨ P‡j mI`vM‡ii bvq
myavi aviv Mwo‡q c‡o MÄ-bMi Qvq|
PLvq gyLi evjyi Piv nv‡m KZB Zx‡i
dz‡ji e‡b iwOb n‡q hvq ev Kfy ax‡i
`ªyZ wgbvi-†mŠa P~ovi †Kvj †Nuwl‡q hvq
KZ kni nvU-e›ì-evRvi †d‡j evq|
KZ bv‡qi fvwUqvwji Mv‡b D`vm n‡q
b`xi c‡i b`x P‡j †Kvb ARvbvq e‡q|
98 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
kãv_© I UxKv
meyR nvIqv Ñ meyR †L‡Zi Ici e‡q hvIqv evZvm‡K Kwe meyR
nvIqv iƒ‡c Kíbv K‡i‡Qb|
meyR nvIqvq `yj‡Q I Kvi G‡jv gv_vi †Kk Ñ k‡mï †`vjvqgvb meyR WMv‡K gv_vi G‡jvPz‡ji
m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†mB †K‡k‡Z Mqbv civq cÖRvcwZi SuvK Ñ k‡mï †`vjvqgvb WMvi Ici SuvK SvuK cÖRvcwZ Do‡Q
Ñ em‡Q| `~i †_‡K g‡b nq k‡mï WMv †hb AjsKvi
c‡i †m‡R‡Q|
PÂz Ñ ‡VuvU|
Avjv Ñ Av‡jv| KweZvi wg‡ji Rb¨ Kwe Av‡jv‡K Avjv
wn‡m‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb|
kirKv‡ji wkwki †m_v R¡vjvq gvwbK Avjv Ñ Nv‡mi Ici ki‡Zi wkwki R‡g| mKv‡j Zvi Ici
†iv` co‡j Zv R¡jR¡j K‡i I‡VÑ†hb gwYi Av‡jv|
gvi AvuP‡ji cik †hb mKj Afve niv Ñ gv‡qi AvuPj mšZv‡bi †mœ‡ni Avkªq| †Zgwb †mvbvi
dmj †c‡j gvby‡li Afve †Nv‡P|
myevm d‡ji ey‡bvU Kiv e‡bi wjwcLvwb Ñ myMÜx dz‡j dz‡j f‡i I‡V eb|
ey‡bv nvwZi `j G‡m‡Q AvKvkLvwb †Q‡o Ñ Kv‡jv †gN †_‡K e„wó bvg‡Q| KweKíbv Ki‡Qb †hb
ey‡bv nvwZ cvwb wQUv‡”Q|
bvq Ñ †bŠKvq|
myavi aviv Mwo‡q c‡o MÄ-bMi Qvq Ñ mI`vMiiv kn‡i-M‡Ä bvbv mvgMÖx †cŠ‡Q w`‡q gvby‡li
myLx Ñ Rxebhvc‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
PLv Ñ PµevK cvwL|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
G KweZv cvV K‡i wk¶v_©xiv evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZ‡K fv‡jvevm‡Z wkL‡e| cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© m¤c‡K© m‡PZb n‡e|
Zv‡ì g‡b †`‡ki cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva m„wó n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
Ô†`kÕ KweZvwU RmxgD`&`x‡bi ÔgvwUi KvbœvÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| G KweZvq Kwe MÖvgevsjvi cÖK…wZ I gvby‡li
Qwe dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| MÖvgevsjvi cÖK…wZi GKw`‡K i‡q‡Q w`MšZÑwe¯Z…Z av‡bi †LZ, †mLv‡b cvL-cvLvwji
Avbv‡Mvbv, ki‡Zi †kvfv, dm‡ji nvZQvwb| wKš‘ gv‡V †h †mvbvi dmj d‡j wbt¯^ f~wgnxb gvbyl †m dm‡ji
AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ| MÖv‡gi Avi GKw`‡K i‡q‡Q eb-ebvbx| dz‡j I d‡ji m¤¢v‡i I bvbv ebR m¤c‡` ficyi
†m-me| MÖvg evsjvq e‡q †M‡Q KZÑbv b`x| †mB b`x‡Z †bŠKv fvmvq gvwS| mI`vM‡ii `j kn‡i-M‡Ä mI`v
†cuŠ‡Q w`‡q gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi bvbv Afve †gUvq| wKš‘ †mB b`x‡ZI wbt¯^ f~wgnxb gvby‡li †Kv‡bv AwaKvi †bB|
Gfv‡eB Kwe MÖv‡gi ewÂZ `wi`ª gvbyl‡ì cÖwZ Zuvi mnvbyf~wZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|
†`k 99
Kwe cwiwPwZ
Kwe RmxgD`&`xb 1903 wLªóv‡ãi 1jv Rvbyqvwi dwi`cyi †Rjvi Zv¤^yjLvbv MÖv‡g, gvZzjvj‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi
wcZ…wbevm dwi`cy‡ii †Mvwe›`cyi MÖv‡g| 1931 wLªóv‡ã wZwb KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨
Gg. G. cvm K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡bi ïiy‡Z wZwb cvuP eQi XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q evsjv wefv‡M Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| c‡i wZwb
miKv‡ii Z_¨ I cÖPvi wefv‡M D”Pc‡` †hvM †`b| QvÎRxe‡bB wZwb KweZv wjL‡Z ïiy K‡ib| wZwb hLb
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ ZLb Zuvi †jLv ÔKeiÕ KweZvwU we‡klfv‡e cÖkswmZ nq| Zuvi KweZvq Avgiv cwj−i gvbyl I
cÖK…wZi mnRÑmy›ì iƒcwU †`L‡Z cvB| cwj−i gvwU I gvby‡li m‡½ Zuvi Kweü`q †hb GK n‡q wg‡k Av‡Q| Zuvi
D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ : Mv_vKve¨ : ÔbKmxKuv_vi gvVÕ, Ô†mvRb evw`qvi NvUÕ, Kve¨MÖš’ : ÔivLvjxÕ, ÔgvwUi KvbœvÕ; bvUK :
Ô†e‡ì †g‡qÕ; Dcb¨vm : Ô†evev KvwnbxÕ; Mv‡bi msKjb : ÔiwOjv bv‡qi gvwSÕ; Zvi wkï‡Zvl : ÔnvmÕy, ÔGK cqmvi
euvkxÕ, ÔWvwjgKzgviÕ; ¯§„wZK_v : VvKzievwoi AvwObvq; ågYKvwnbx : P‡j gymvwdi| wek¦fviZx wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K
Zuv‡K m¤§vbm~PK wWwjU wWwMÖ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wZwb evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii GKz‡k c`K jvf K‡ib| 1976 wLªóv‡ã
13B gvP© XvKvq wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
K. msev` cvV, Abyôvb Dc¯’vcb I Ave„wËi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`LvI| cÖwZwU wel‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g
cv_©‡Kï welqwU ¯úó K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e|
L. †Zvgvi †`k I †`‡ki cÖK…wZ wb‡q Qov, KweZv, Mí BZ¨vw` wj‡L †kªwY‡Z cÖ`k©Y‡Z cÖ`k©‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki
(†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi AskMÖn‡Y)|
bygbv cÖkœ
1. Ô†`kÕ KweZvwU Kwei †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K PwqZ ?

K. bKmxKuv_vi gvV L. †mvRb evw`qvi NvU
M. gvwUi Kvbœv N. ivLvjx
2. kir Kv‡ji wkwki †m_v R¡vjvq gvwbK Avjv| ÕÑG K_vi Zvrch©:
i. wkwki †iv‡ì `y¨wZ we”QziY
ii. wkwk‡ii UjUjvqgvb Ae¯’v
iii. kvi`xq cÖK…wZi D¾¡j iƒc
3. Kwe gvZ…‡mœ‡ni mgZzj¨ we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb †KvbwU‡K ?
K. av‡bi Qov L. dz‡ji myevm
M. cvZvi cvivevi N. †iv‡ì ¸u‡ov
100 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
DÏxcKwU Ô‡`kÕ DÏxcKwU c‡o cªkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
Avgvi evwoi Muv‡qi c‡_ meyR gv‡Vi av‡i
A`~i e‡bi nvZQvwb fvB gb †h m`vB Kv‡o|
mKvj muv‡S Avcb Kv‡R ivLvj †M‡q hvq
nvIqvq `ywj av‡bi wk‡l WvK †` e‡j Avq|
4. DÏxcKwU Ô†`kÕ KweZvi m‡½ †Kvb welqMZ w`K †_‡K msMwZ iPbv K‡i ?
i. cÖK…wZ
ii. gvbyl
iii. dmj
K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii
5. Dwj−wLZ msMwZi AšZwb©wnZ HK¨MZ w`KwU njÑ
K. †`k‡cÖg L. cÖK…wZ †cÖg
M. ¯^„RvZ¨‡eva N. gvbe‡cÖg
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
I Avgvi evsjv gv †Zvi AvKzj Kiv iƒ‡ci myavq
ü`q Avgvi hvq Rywo‡q I Avgvi evsjv gv‡Mv|
dv¸‡b †Zvi K…òPzov cjvk e‡b Kx‡mi nvwm
ˆPZxiv‡Z D`vm my‡i ivLvj evRvq euv‡ki evukx|
L. Pòz kãwUi A_© Kx ?
M. Ôgvi AvuP‡ji cik †hb mKj Afve nivÕÑK_vwUi A_© eywS‡q ej|
N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g Pi‡Y Ô†`kÕ KweZvi †h Abyf~wZi QvqvcvZ Av‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
O. DÏxcK Avi Ô†`kÕ KweZvwU †hb GKB my‡i euvavÑwe‡k−lY Ki|
b`xi ¯^cœ
ey×‡è emy
†Kv_vq P‡j‡Qv ? Gw`‡K G‡mv bv!
`z‡Uv K_v †kv‡bv w`wK,
GB bvIÑGB PKP‡K, †Qv‡Uv,
bZzb iy‡cvi wmwK|
†QvKvbyi Kv‡Q `y‡Uv Avwb Av‡Q,
†Zvgvq w`w”Q ZvI,
Avgv‡ì hw` †Zvgvi m‡½
†bŠKvq Zz‡j bvI|
†bŠKv †Zvgvi Nv‡U euvav Av‡QÑ
hv‡e wK A‡bK `~‡i?
cv‡q cwo, gvwS, mv‡_ wb‡q P‡jv
†gv‡i Avi †QvKvby‡i|
Avgv‡i †P‡bv bv? Avwg †h KvbvB|
†QvKvby Avgvi †evb|
†Zvgvi m‡½ †eov‡ev Avgiv
†gNbv, cÙv, †kvb|
†kv‡bv, gv GLb Nywg‡q Av‡Qb
w`w` †M‡Q BkKz‡j,
GB dvu‡K †gv‡iÑAvi †QvKvby‡iÑ
†bŠ‡Kvq bvI Zz‡j|
†Kv‡bv fq †bBevevi eKzwb
†Zvgvq n‡e bv †L‡Z,
hZ †`vl me AvgivÑbv, Avwg
GKv †b‡ev gv_v †c‡Z|
A‡bK i‡Oi cvj Av‡Q, gvwS?
†eMywb, ev`vwg, jvj?
nj‡Ì?ÑZ‡e †mUv `vI AvR,
†eMywbUv w`‡qv Kvj|
me¸‡jv b`x †`Lv‡e wKš‘!
Av‡M cÙvq P‡jv,
`ycy‡ii †iv‡` Sjg‡j Rj
e‡q hvq Q‡jvQ‡jv|
ï‡q-ï‡q †`wL AevK AvKvk,
AvKvk g¯Z e‡ov,
c„w_exi me bxj is eywS
†mLv‡b K‡i‡Q R‡ov|
Suv‡K Suv‡K †eu‡K H `¨v‡Lv cvwL
D‡o P‡j hvq `~‡i
DuPz †_‡K Iiv †`L‡Z Kx cvq
†gv‡i Avi †QvKvby‡i?
IUv Kx? †R‡ji †bŠKv? ZvB †Zv!
102Rvj †U‡b †Zvjv `vq, mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
iƒ‡cvwj b`xi iƒ‡cvwj BwjkÑ
Bk, †Pv‡L Sjmvq!
Bwjk wKb‡j? ÑAvt, †ek, †ek,
Zzwg Lye fv‡jv, gvwS|
Dbyb aivI, †QvKvby †`LvK
ivbœvi KvimvwR|
cBVvq e‡m †auvqv-IVv fvZ,
UvUKv Bwjk-fvRvÑ
‡QvKvby †i, ZzB AvKv‡ki ivbx,
Avwg cÙvi ivRv|
LvIqv n‡jv †kl, Avevi PjwQ
`yj‡Q †QvÆ bvI,
nvjKv big nvIqvq †Zvgvi
jvj cvj Zz‡j `vI|
†`wL e‡m e‡m AvKv‡ki is
Kx Avðh© bxj
†Qv‡Uv cvwL AviI †Qv‡Uv n‡q hvq
AvKv‡ki gy‡L wZj|
mvivw`b †M‡jv, m~h© jy‡Kv‡jv
R‡ji Zjvi N‡i
†mvbv n‡q R¡v‡j cÙvi Rj
Kv‡jv n‡jv Zvi c‡i|
mÜ¨vi ey‡K Zviv dz‡U I‡VÑ
Gevi bvgvI cvj,
Mvb a‡iv, gvwS; R‡ji kã
SzcSzc †`‡e Zvj|
†QvKvbyi †PvL Ny‡g Xy‡j Av‡m
Avwg wVK †R‡M AvwQ
Mvb MvIqv n‡j Avgvq A‡bK
Mí ej‡e, gvwS?
ïb‡Z ïb‡Z Avwg Ny‡gvB
weQvbv evwjk webvÑ
gvwS, Zzwg †`‡Lv †QvKvby‡i, fvB,
I e‡ovB fxZz wKbv|
Avgvi R‡b¨ wK”Qz †f‡ev bv
Avwg †Zv e‡ovB cÖvq
So G‡j †W‡Kv Avgv‡iÑ†QvKvby
†hb my‡L Nyg hvq|
me bvI, gvwS, PKP‡K wmwK
GB Avwb `y‡Uv, ZvI|
j²x †Zv, †gv‡iÑAvi †QvKvby‡i
†bŠKvq Zz‡j bvI|
b`xi ¯^cœ 103
kãv_© I UxKv
wmwK Ñ Pvi Avwb g~‡jï gy`ªv ev 25 cqmvi gy`ªv|
Avwb Ñ GK UvKvi †lvj fv‡Mi GK fvM g~‡jï gy`ªv|
‡kvY Ñ GKwU b`xi bvg|
cvj Ñ evZv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Pvjvevi Rb¨ †bŠKvq LvUv‡bv Kvc‡oi c`©v|
KvimvwR Ñ K~U‡KŠkj| GLv‡b PgrKvwiZ¡ A‡_© Kvwe¨K eënvi|
m~h© jyKv‡jv Ñ m~h© A¯Z †Mj|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
GB KweZv cvV Kivi Kvi‡Y wk¶v_©x‡ì Kíbvkw³i cÖmvi NU‡e| cÖK…wZ I †`‡ki cÖwZ AvKl©Y evo‡e| fvB‡ev‡bi
mym¤cK© e„w× NU‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ey×‡è emyi Ôb`xi ¯^cœÕ KweZvq b`x Ges †bŠågY wb‡q GK wK‡kv‡ii Kíbv iƒcvwqZ n‡q‡Q| `yišZ GK wK‡kvi
Zvi †QvU †evb‡K wb‡q †bŠKv‡Z D‡V b`xi ci b`x cvi n‡q Zv‡ì g‡bi AvKv•¶v c~iY Ki‡Z Pvq| †bŠKvi bvbv
i‡Oi cvj, bxj i‡Oi AvKvk, Suv‡K Suv‡K cvwLi D‡o Pjv, iƒcwj Bwjk gvQ, †bŠKvq ivbœv Kiv, mÜ¨vq Mvb MvIqv,
MíKivÑGZ wKQz wK‡kvi g‡b Mfxi ¯^cœ wb‡q Av‡m| cvkvcvwk †ev‡bi cÖwZ fvB‡qi `vwqZ¡ I Avì cÖKv‡ki
PgrKvi wb`k©b Av‡Q G KweZvq|
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
ey×‡è emy eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix| wZwb KweZv, Qov, †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ, bvUK, ågYÑKvwnwb, ¯§„wZK_v,
Abyev`, m¤cv`bv BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g evsjv mvwnZ¨‡K mg„× K‡i‡Qb| 1930 wLªóv‡ã wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K
Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖ_g †kªwY‡Z mœvZK (m¤§vb) Ges c‡ii eQi cÖ_g †kªwY‡ZB mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| cÖ_‡g
mvsevw`KZv Ges c‡i Aa¨vcbv‡K wZwb †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| XvKvi cyivbv cëb †_‡K Zuvi I AwRZ `‡Ëi †hŠ_
m¤cv`bvq mwPÎ gvwmK cwÎKv ÔcÖMwZÕ (1927-1929) cÖKvwkZ nq| wZwb ÔKweZv cwÎKvÕ bv‡gI GKwU cwÎKv
m¤cv`bv K‡ib| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii KveïxwZi evB‡i c„_K Kveävivi cÖwZôvZv‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb Kwe ey×‡è
emyi iPbv‰kjx ¯^ZšÎ I g‡bvÁ| Zvi iwPZ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv KweZv: gg©evYx, e›`xi e›`bv, K¼veZx,
gi‡Pcov, †c‡i‡Ki Mvb; Dcb¨vm : mvov, jvj †gN, wZwL †Wvi: Mí : †iLvwPÎ, GKwU Rxeb I K‡qKwU g„Zz¨: bvUK
: gvqv-gvjÂ, Zc¯^x I Ziw½wb BZ¨vw`| e×‡è emy 1908 wLªóv‡ãi 30†k b‡f¤î Kywgj−vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
Zvui ˆcZ…K wbevm weµgcyi A_©vr eZ©gv‡bi gywÝM‡Ä| 1974wLªóv‡ãi 18B gvP© wZwb KjKvZvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Kg©-Abykxjb
K. ‡Zvgvi fv‡jv jvMvi ¯^cœ wb‡q KweZv, Mí ev bvwUKv ˆZwi Ki (GKK KvR)
L. Ôb`xi ¯^cÕKweZvwUi GKwU M`ï~c Dc¯’vcb Ki|
104 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

bgybv cÖkœ
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. cÖ_g w`b †bŠKvq †Kvb i‡Oi cvj LvUv‡bvi K_v ejv n‡qwQj?
K. †e¸wb L. ev`vwg
M. jvj N. njy`
2. †Kv_vq P‡j‡Qv? Gw`‡K G‡mv bv!
`y‡Uv K_v †kv‡bv w`wK
PibwU‡Z cÖKvk †c‡q‡QÑ
K. Av‡`k L. wb‡`©k
M. Aby‡iva N. Abybq
wK‡kvi †gviv Elvi Av‡jv, Avgiv nvIqv `yišZ
gbwU wPi euvab nviv cvwLi gZ DošZ|
3. DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq Pi‡Yi A‡_©i mv‡_ wgj cvIqv hvq wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Yi A‡_©i?
K. cv‡q cwo, gvwS mv‡_ wb‡q P‡jv, †gv‡i Avi †QvKvby‡i
L. †QvKvby‡i, ZzB AvKv‡ki ivbx, Avwg cÙvi ivRv
M. j² †Zv, †gvi-Avi †QvKvby‡i, †bŠKvq Zz‡j bvI
N. GB duv‡K †g‡i-Avi †QvKvby‡i, †bŠKvq Zz‡j bvI
4. D³ wgj-G †h Av‡eM dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv n‡”QÑ
i. wK‡kvi-g‡bi D”Q¡vm
ii. fvB I †ev‡bi mwZ¨Kvi gh©v`v
iii. Kíbvi Aeva cÖevn
K. i L. ii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
5. byiy, kwd, Av‡qkv, †invbv eo‡ì `„wó Gwo‡q cixi w`wNi cv‡o wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| evwo †_‡K wb‡q G‡m‡Q
Pvj, Wvj, wWg, gmjvÑmewKQz| Rwg‡q wcKwbK n‡e| ivbœvi ayg †j‡M‡Q| ivbœv †kl n‡ZB byiyi †`Lv‡`wL
mevB Suvwc‡q coj w`wNi R‡j| `vcv`vwc †hb †kl n‡ZB Pvq bv| †k‡l †invbvi †PuPv‡gwP‡Z mevB G‡m
KjvcvZvq cvZ †c‡o †L‡Z emj| Lvevi gy‡L w`‡qB G Ii gy‡Li w`‡K ZvKv‡”Q| bybÑbyb †Ìqv nq wb
†h| Avevi GK `dv †n‡m wb‡q mevB McvMc wLPzwo †L‡Z e‡m †Mj| LyDe ¶zav †c‡q‡Q †h!
K. `ycy‡ii †iv‡` Rj †Kgb K‡i e‡q P‡j?
L. ‡bŠKv-åg‡Yi wewbg‡q KvbvB gvwS‡K wK w`‡Z †P‡qwQj-e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ KweZvi Kx Awgj j¶¨ Kiv hvq-Av‡jvPbv Ki|
N. welqe¯‘ wfbœ n‡jI DÏxcK I KweZvwU wK‡kvig‡bi Av‡eM cÖKv‡ki w`K †_‡K AwfbœÑwe‡k−lY Ki|
Rv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨viv

mywdqv Kvgvj
†gŠmywg dz‡ji Mvb †gvi K‡É Rv‡M bv‡Kv Avi
Pvwiw`‡K ïwb nvnvKvi|
dz‡ji dmj †bB, †bB KviI K‡É Avi Mvb
¶zavZ© fqvZ© `„wó cÖvYnxb me gyL ¤−vb|
gvwU Ai‡Yï cÖv‡Y Pvq
†mLv‡b ¶wi‡Q †mœn cj−‡ei wbweo Qvqvq|
Rv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨viv! Rv‡Mv AvwR,
gg©‡i gg©‡i I‡V evwR
e„‡¶i e‡¶i ewýR¡vjv
†gwj †jwjnvb wkLv †Zvgiv RvwMqv I‡Vv e‡jv|
K¼‡Y Zzwjqv Q›` Zvb
RvMvI gyg~l„© aiv-cÖvb
dz‡ji dmj Av‡bv, Lv`¨ Av‡bv ¶zav‡Z©i jvwM
AvZ¥vi Avb›` Av‡bv, Av‡bv hviv iwnqv‡Q RvwM
wZwgi cÖni fwi AZš¿ bqb, Zvi Z‡i
QovI cÖfvZ Av‡jv †Zvgv‡ì gywV f‡i f‡i|
dg©v – 14 , mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

106 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
kãv_© I UxKv
¶zavZ© fqvZ© `„wó Ñ cÖK…wZ‡Z dzj I dm‡ji m¤¢vi K‡g hvIqvq gvby‡li Aw¯ZZ¡
ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o‡Q| wejxb nIqvi Avk¼vq gvbyl fxZ|
¤−vb Ñ gwjb|
¶wi‡Q Ñ Pz‡q Pz‡q co‡Q|
cj−e Ñ Mv‡Qi bZzb cvZv| Wv‡ji bZzb cvZvhy³ AvMv|
†mLv‡b ¶wi‡Q †mœn cj−‡ei wbweo Qvqvq Ñ gvwUi ggZv im †c‡q e„¶kvLvq bZzb cvZv MwR‡q‡Q|
Rv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨viv Ñ Kwe e„¶-Kb¨v‡ì †R‡M IVvi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡PQb cÖK…wZ‡K
Avevi k¨vgjÑ mey‡R d‡j Ñ d‡j-dz‡j fwi‡q †Zvjvi R‡b¨|
e„‡¶i e‡¶i ewýR¡vjv Ñ gvbyl cÖK…wZi Ici n¯Z‡¶c Kivq eb DRvo n‡”Q| e„¶wbab
evo‡Q| e„‡¶i ey‡K ZvB hšÎYvi Av¸b|
†gwj †jwjnvb wkLv Ñ Kwe ZiyKb¨v‡K AvnŸvb Rvbv‡PQb Zvi kvLvq kvLvq Av¸b iOv
dzj dzwU‡q AvKv‡k kvLv we¯Zvi Ki‡Z|
K¼Y Ñ KuvKb, bvixi nv‡Zi Aj¼vi we‡kl|
gyg~ly© Ñ g„ZcÖvq| giYvcbœ| g‡i hv‡”Q Ggb|
aiv-cÖvY Ñ c„w_exi Rxeb|
AZ›`ª Ñ Z›`ªvnxb| Nygnxb| wbNy©g| wb`ªvnxb|
bqb Ñ †PvL|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
G KweZv cv‡Vi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶v_©xiv cÖK…wZRM‡Zi cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj n‡e| cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© Dc‡fv‡M AvMÖnx n‡e
Ges aes‡mi nvZ †_‡K cÖK…wZ‡K i¶v Kivq m‡PZb n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÔRv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨vivÕ KweZvwU mywdqv Kvgv‡ji ÔD`vË c„w_exÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| cÖK…wZi iƒc-m‡PZb
Kwe Pvicv‡ki AiY¨-wbab j¶ K‡i e¨w_Z| ZvB †gŠmywg dz‡ji Mvb Avi Zvi K‡É Rv‡M bv| eis Pvicv‡k meyR
cÖK…wZi wejxb nIqv †`‡L Zuvi gb nvnvKvi K‡i I‡V| Kwe ZvB AiY¨-Kb¨v‡ì RvMiY cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib| wZwb Pvi
w`‡K w`‡K Avevi meyR e„‡¶i mgv‡ibn m„wó †nvK; dz‡j I dm‡j f‡i DVyK c„w_ex; gvby‡li Aw¯ZZ¡ i¶v cvK
wecbœZvi nvZ †_‡K|
Kwe cwiwPwZ
mywdqv Kvgvj 1911 mv‡ji 20†k Ryb ewikvj †Rjvi kv‡q¯Zvev` MÖv‡g Zuvi gvgvi evwo‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi
ˆcZ…K wbevm wQj Kzwgj−vq| †m Avg‡j †g‡q‡ì †jLvcovi †gv‡UB my‡hvM wQj bv| wZwb wb‡Ri †Póvq †jLvcov
wk‡L †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB KweZvPP©v ïiy K‡iwQ‡jb| wKQzKvj wZwb KjKvZvi GKwU we`¨vj‡q wk¶KZv K‡ib|
my`xN©Kvj a‡i mvwnZ¨PP©v, mgvR‡mev I bvixKj¨vY-g~jK bvbv Kv‡Ri m‡½ RwoZ wQ‡jb| Zuvi KweZv mnR, fvlv
myjwjZ, Q›` e¨Äbvgq| Kwe mywdqv Kvgv‡ji D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ n‡jv : muv‡Si gvqv, gvqv KvRj, Ô†gvi hv`y‡ì
mgvwa c‡iÕ| Zuvi MíMÖš’ : †Kqvi KuvUv; ¯§„wZK_vg~jK MÖš’ : ÔGKvË‡ii WvBwiÕ; wkï‡ì Rb¨ wZwb wj‡L‡Qb :
ÔBZj weZjÕ I ÔbIj wK‡kv‡ii ìev‡iÕ|
Rv‡Mv Zv‡e AiY¨ Kb¨viv 107
Kwe mywdqv Kvgvj Zuvi KwecÖwZfvi Rb¨ A‡bK cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i‡Qb| †mme n‡jv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi,
†gvnv¤§` bvwmiDwÏb ¯^Y©c`K, GKz‡k c`K, eyjeyj jwjZKjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, gy³aviv mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi BZ¨vw`|
wZwb 1999 mv‡ji 20 †k b‡f¤î XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Kg©-Abykxjb
`~lYgy³ cÖK…wZ i¶vq †cv÷vi c−vKvW©mn i¨vwji Av‡qvRb Ki| (†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi `jMZ KvR)|
bgybv cÖkœ
1. †gŠmy‡g dz‡ji Mvb Kvi K‡É Avi Rv‡M bv ?
K. mvaviY gvby‡li L. mywdqv Kvgv‡ji
M. Ai‡Yï N. cvwLi
2. Kwe †Kb e¨w_Z nb ?
K. dzj-dj bv _vKvq L. †gŠmywg Mvb †kvbvq
M. AiY¨-wbab j¶¨ K‡i N. e„‡¶i ewýR¡vjv †`‡L
3. Kwe AiY¨-Kb¨v‡ì †R‡M IVvi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb †Kb ?
K. c„w_ex‡Z mey‡Ri we¯Zv‡ii Rb¨ L. gvby‡li Aw¯ZZ¡ i¶vi Rb¨
M. fv‡jvfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ N. †gŠmywg dzj †`Lvi Rb¨
c„w_exi RbmsL¨v µgvMZfv‡e †e‡o Pj‡Q| G evowZ RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ cÖwZwbqZ Kg‡Q Avevw` Rwg, eb, R½j|
d‡j e„w× cv‡”Q êwk¦K DòZvÑNU‡Q cwi‡ek wech©q| welqwU Dcjwä K‡i gwdR Luv e„¶‡gjv †_‡K cÖPzi Pviv
wK‡b G‡b GjvKvi †eKvi hyeK‡ì wb‡q e„¶‡ivcb Awfhvb ïiy K‡i|
4. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z evowZ RbmsL¨vi d‡j m„ó mgm¨vwU ÔRv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨vivÕ KweZvi †Kvb Ae¯’v‡K
wb‡`©k K‡i ?
K. dzj-djk~b¨ c„w_ex L. e„¶-k~b¨ c„w_ex
M. wbwe©Pv‡i e„¶wbab N. e„‡¶i mgv‡ivn m„wó
5 G Ae¯’v †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ ÔRv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨vivÕ KweZvq †h wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jvÑ
i. jvMvI MvQ, euvPvI †`k
ii. e„¶ gvwUi gyw³`vZv
iii. Pvwiw`‡K mey‡Ri mgv‡ivn m„wó †nvK
108 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1. †`v‡qj cvwL evmv †eu‡a‡Q Rev Mv‡Q| mvwKe Zvi bZzb Ni †Zvjvi Rb¨ AvwObvi Ab¨vb¨ Mv‡Qi mv‡_ Rev
MvQI †K‡U †d‡j| †`v‡q‡ji †Pv‡L-gy‡L evmv nviv‡bvi †e`bv| †`v‡qj Avi Mvb Mvq bv| dz‡ji mv‡_ †Ljv
K‡i bv| Ab¨w`‡K wbjq Zvi evwoi AvwObvi Lvwj RvqMvq dzj dj I Ab¨vb¨ MvQ jvMvq| MvQ¸‡jv‡K †m
wb‡Ri gZ fv‡jvev‡m| Zvi evMvb †`‡L mK‡ji †PvL Ryovq| cvwLiv Zvi evMv‡b P‡j Av‡m| Zviv Mv‡Q
Mv‡Q Ny‡i †eovq| wewfbœ d‡ji MvQ †_‡K Lv`¨ †RvMvo K‡i, dz‡ji mv‡_ †Ljv K‡i, Mvb Mvq|| w`‡bi
†k‡l wbwðZ g‡b evmvq wd‡i Nygvq| wbjq †`‡L A‡b‡KB MvQ jvMv‡Z DØy× nq|
K. Mv‡Qi bZzb cvZv‡K Kx e‡j?

L. Ôe„‡¶i e‡¶i ewýR¡vjvÕ ej‡Z Kx eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?
M. †`v‡q‡ji Awfe¨w³‡Z ÔRv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨vivÕ KweZvi †Kvb êwkó¨wU dz‡U D‡V‡Q,
e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki wbj‡qi Kg©Kv‡Êi g‡a¨B Kwei cÖZ¨vkvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| e³e¨wU g~j¨vqb Ki|
2. wmW‡ii Lei ï‡b wZwZ‡ii fxlY gb Lvivc| cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M gvbyl Ni-evwo nviv, Lvevi †bB| Kx fxlY
wecbœ gvbyl| A_P Gi Rb¨ gvbylB A‡bKUv `vqx| gvbyl MvQ †K‡U eb DRvo Ki‡Q| d‡j êwk¦K DòZv
evo‡Q| Gme †`‡L wZwZi Abyfe K‡i GKUv wKQz Ki‡e| †m Zvi eÜz‡ì wb‡q evwoi Lvwj AvwObvq, Qv‡`
MvQ jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K m‡PZb K‡i †Zv‡j| ZvQvov MvQ †K‡U eb DRvo Kivi weiy‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o
†Zv‡j| †m fv‡e GB my›ì ebB Avgv‡ì euvwP‡q‡Q A‡bK †ewk ¶wZi nvZ †_‡K| wZwZi ¯^cœ †`‡L
dz‡jÑd‡j fiv m‡ZRÑmeyR cÖK…wZi|
K. Kwe mywdqv Kvgvj GLb Avi Kx‡mi Mvb ïb‡Z cvb bv ?

L. ¶zavZ© fqvZ© `„wó ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ?
M. wZwZ‡ii gb Lviv‡ci welqwUi mv‡_ ÔRv‡Mv Z‡e AiY¨ Kb¨vivÕKweZvi †Kvb w`KwUi wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv
hvq ? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. wZwZi †hb Kwei †mB AiY¨ÑKb¨vDw³wUi h_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Ki|
cÖv_©x
myKvšZ fÆvPvh©
†n m~h©! kx‡Zi m~h©!
wngkxZj my`xN© ivZ †Zvgvi cÖZx¶vq
Avgiv _vwK
†hgb cÖZx¶v K‡i _v‡K K…l‡Ki PÂj †PvL
avbKvUvi †ivgvÂKi w`b¸wji R‡b¨|
†n m~h©, Zzwg †Zv Rv‡bv,
Avgv‡ì Mig Kvc‡oi KZ Afve!
mvivivZ LoKz‡Uv R¡vwj‡q
GK UzK‡iv Kvc‡o Kvb †X‡K,
KZ K‡ó Avgiv kxZ AvUKvB!
mKv‡ji GK UzK‡iv †ivÏyiÑ
GK UzK‡iv †mvbvi †P‡qI g‡b nq `vwg|
Ni †Q‡o Avgiv Gw`K Iw`‡K hvBÑ
GK UzK‡iv †ivÏy‡ii Z…òvq|
†n m~h©!
Zzwg Avgv‡ì mu¨vZ‡mu‡Z wf‡R N‡i
DËvc Avi Av‡jv wÌ
Avi DËvc wÌ
iv¯Zvi av‡ii H Dj½ †Q‡jUv‡K|
†n m~h©!
Zzwg Avgv‡ì DËvc wÌÑ
ï‡bwQ, Zzwg GK R¡jšZ AwMœwcÊ,
†Zvgvi Kv‡Q DËvc †c‡q †c‡q
GKw`b nq‡Zv Avgiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB,
GK GKUv R¡jšZ AwMœwc‡Ê cwiYZ ne!
Zvici †mB DËv‡c hLb cyo‡e Avgv‡ì RoZv,
ZLb nq‡Zv Mig Kvc‡o †X‡K w`‡Z cvi‡ev
iv¯Zvi av‡ii H Dj½ †Q‡jUv‡K|
AvR wKš‘ Avgiv †Zvgvi AK…cY DËv‡ci cÖv_©x\
110 cÖv_©x
kãv_© I UxKv
cÖv_©x Ñ cÖv_©bvKvix| hvÂvKvix| Av‡e`bKvix|
wngkxZj Ñ Zzlv‡ii g‡Zv VvÊv|
mu¨vZ‡mu‡Z Ñ wf‡R wf‡R fvehy³|
AwMœwcÛ Ñ Av¸‡bi †Mvjv|
RoZv Ñ RoZvi fve| AvoóZv|
AK…cY Ñ K…cY bq Ggb| D`vi|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
G KweZv cvV K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡b Mwie gvby‡li cÖwZ ggZv m„wó n‡e| Abœnxb, e¯Înxb, Avkªqnxb gvby‡li
`y`©kvq Zviv e¨w_Z n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÔcÖv_©xÕ KweZvwU myKvšZ fÆvPv‡h©i ÔQvocÎÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| Avgv‡ì GB c„w_ex‡Z kw³i g~j Drm m~h©|
m~h© †h Zvc wewKiY K‡i Zvi mvnv‡h¨B f~c„‡ô Dw™¢`, RxeRš‘ I gvbyl RxebaviY K‡i| cÖPÊ kx‡Z m~‡h©i GB
DËv‡ci Rb¨ mvivivZ A‡c¶v K‡i e¯Înxb, Avkªqnxb kxZvZ© gvbyl| Kwe m~‡h©i Kv‡Q DËvc cÖv_©bv K‡i‡Qb
mgv‡Ri wbPyZjvi gvby‡li cÖwZ Mfxi ggZv †_‡K| Ae‡nwjZ I ewÂZ wkïi cÖwZ Zuvi Amxg ggZv| Kwe GB
wkï‡ì Kj¨v‡Y m~‡h©i Ae`vb †_‡K †cÖiYv wb‡Z Pvb| wZwb Ggb mgvR Mo‡Z Pvb hv‡Z e¯Înxb kxZvZ© gvby‡li
Rxeb †_‡K me `ytL wPiZ‡i Ny‡P hvq|
Kwe cwiwPwZ
myKvšZ fÆvPv‡h©i Rb¥ 1926 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m KjKvZvq Zuvi gvZzjvj‡q| Zuvi ˆcZ…Kwbevm †MvcvjM‡Äi
†KvUvwjcvovq| wbgœ ga¨weË cwiev‡ii GB mšZvb Aí eq‡mB †kvwlZ-wbcxwoZ gvby‡li gyw³i Av‡›`vj‡b wb‡R‡K
m¤c„³ K‡i †Zv‡jb| L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib evgcwš’ wec−ex Kwe wn‡m‡e| eÂbvKvZi gvby‡li RxebhšÎYvi wPÎ
†hgb Zuvi KweZvq Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q †Zgwb D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q cÖwZev` I we‡`ªv‡ni myi| †mKv‡ji ˆ`wbK cwÎKv
Ô¯^vaxbZvÕi wK‡kvi mfv As‡ki cÖwZôvZv m¤cv`K wQ‡jb wZwb| Avg„Zz¨ G `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| Zvui KweZvq
ewjôfv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q gvbegyw³i RqMvb| Zuvi iwPZ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg : ÔQvocÎÕ, ÔNyg †bBÕ, Ôc~e©vfvmÕ,
ÔAwfhvbÕ, ÔniZvjÕ I ÔMxwZ¸”QÕ| gvÎ GKzk eQi eq‡m h¶vq AvµvšZ n‡q KjKvZvq GB Kwei g„Zz¨ N‡U 1947
mv‡ji 13 B †g gvÎ GKzk eQi eq‡m h²vq Avµvš— n‡q KjKvZvqq GB Kwei g„Zz¨ N‡U|
Kg©-Abykxjb
K. abx-`wi`ª wePv‡i gvby‡li g~j¨vqb n‡Z cv‡i bvÑGB wel‡qi Dci GKwU weZ©K cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Av‡qvRb Ki
(†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi `jMZ AskMn‡Y)|
L. `vwi`ª¨ K‡Lv‡bvB gvbIl‡K gnr Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖ‡‡_¨K gvby‡li DwPZ K©e¨wYôv, kªg I †gav cÖ‡qvM K‡i
Avw_©K Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b NUv‡bv| G wel‡q GKwU Av‡jvPbv Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki (†kªwYi mKj
wk¶v_©xi `jMZ Ask MÖn‡Y)|
cÖv_©x 111
bgybv cÖkœ
1. Kwe myKvšZ fÆvPvh© KZ eQi eq‡m gviv hvb ?
K. 21 L. 22
M. 23 N. 25
2. mKv‡ji GK UzKiv †iv`‡K Kvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q ?
K. K…l‡Ki PÂj †PvL L. GK UzKiv †mvbv
M. GK UzK‡iv Mig Kvco N. GK RjšZ AwMœwcÊ
3. m~‡h©i Kv‡Q iv¯Zvi av‡bi Dj½ †Q‡jUvi Rb¨ DËvc PvIqvi g‡a¨ Kwei †h Abyf~wZ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv
njÑ
i. mnfvwMZv
ii. mngwg©Zv
iii. mnMvwgZv
K. i L. iii
M. ii N. i, ii I iii
DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
A_©vfv‡e webvwPwKrmvq gviv hvq wjqvK‡Zi evev| †mB †_‡K cÖPÊ †kvK ey‡K wb‡q XvKv kn‡i wiKkv Pvwj‡q wZj
wZj K‡i mÂq K‡i wKQz UvKv| Avi †m UvKv w`‡q Zvi MÖv‡gi evwo gqgbwms‡n M‡o †Zv‡j GKwU nvmcvZvj|
hv‡Z †Kv‡bv Amnvq, `yt¯’ gvbyl webv wPwKrmvq gviv bv hvq|
4. wjqvK‡Zi Kvh©µ‡g ÔcÖv_©xÕ KweZvi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv njÑ
i. gnvbyfeZv
ii. gvbeZv
iii. gvbwmKZv
5. ÔcÖv_©xÕ KweZvq Kwe myKv‡šZi RjšZ AwMœwcÊ nIqv Avi DÏxc‡K wjqvK‡Zi †kvKMÖ¯Z nIqv Avm‡jÑ
i. AvZ©-gvbeZvi Kj¨vY Kiv
ii. Kj¨v‡Yi j‡¶¨ AbycÖvwYZ nIqv
iii. gvbyl gvby‡li Rb¨ÑG m‡Z¨ DØy× nIqv|
112 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :
1. `vwg Mvwo nuvwK‡q evwiaviv Awd‡m hvevi c‡_ weRq miwb wmMb¨v‡j RxY©-kxY© GK wf¶zK bvw`g
mv‡n‡ei Mvwoi Rvbvjvi cv‡k wf¶vi _vjv evwo‡q w`‡j wZwb Rvbvjvi Kv‡jv M−vm Zz‡j †`b| Avi
fxlY weiw³ cÖKvk K‡i e‡jbÑivwek, wf¶z‡K †`kUv f‡i †M‡Q| K_v ï‡b WªvBfvi Ave`yj
e‡jÑm¨vi, Mwie gvbyl, Kx Ki‡e e‡jb? GB wf¶vi Avq †ivRMvi w`‡qB †Zv Iiv msmvi Pvjvq|
K. ÔcÖv_©xÕ KweZvwU †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ ?
L. Kwe m~h©‡K R¡jšZ AwMœwcÊ e‡j‡Qb †Kb ?
M. DÏxc‡Ki bvw`g mv‡n‡ei AvPiY ÔcÖv_©xÕ KweZvi †Kvb fv‡ei mv‡_ êmv`„k¨c~Y©ÑeY©bv Ki|?
N. WªvBfvi Ave`y‡ji Awfe¨w³‡Z ÔcÖv_©xÕ KweZvi g~j‡PZbv cÖKvk †c‡jI Kwe myKv‡šZi B”Qvi
ewntcÖKvk N‡U wbÑgšZe¨wUi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ki|
2. †`wLby †mw`b †i‡j, Kzwj e‡j GK evey mve
Zv‡i †V‡j w`j wb‡P †d‡j|
†PvL †d‡U Gj Rj, Ggwb Kwiqv wK RMr Rywoqv
gvi Lv‡e `ye©j ?
K. myKvšZ fÆvPv‡h©i Rb¥ mvj KZ ?
L. Avgiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GK GKUv R¡jšZ AwMœwc‡Ê cwiYZ neÑej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
M. KweZvs‡ki cÖ_g `yB Pi‡Y ÔcÖv_©xÕ KweZvi †h w`KwUi mv‡_ êmv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Zvi eY©bv `vI|
N. D³ êmv`„k¨ fve‡K mv`„k¨c~Y© Ki‡Z ÔcÖv_©xÕ KweZvq myKvšZ fÆvPv‡h©i AwfgZ we‡k−lY Ki|
GKz‡ki Mvb
Ave`yj Mvd&dvi †PŠayix
Avgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªyqvwi

Avwg wK fywj‡Z cvwi
†Q‡jnviv kZ gv‡qi Akªy-Mov G †deªyqvwi
Avwg wK fywj‡Z cvwi
Avgvi †mvbvi †`‡ki i‡³ ivOv‡bv †deªyqvwi
Avwg wK fywj‡Z cvwi|
Rv‡Mv bvwMbxiv Rv‡Mv bvwMbxiv Rv‡Mv Kvj‡ev‡kLxiv

wkï nZ¨vi we‡¶v‡f AvR KuvcyK emyÜiv,
†`‡ki †mvbvi †Q‡j Lyb K‡i †iv‡L gvby‡li `vwe
w`b e`‡ji µvwšZ jM‡b Zey †Zviv cvi cvwe?
bv, bv, bv, bv, Lyb-ivOv BwZnv‡m †kl ivq †`qv ZviB
GKz‡k †deªyqvwi GKz‡k †deªyqvwi\
†mw`bI Ggwb bxj MM‡bi em‡b kx‡Zi †k‡l

ivZ RvMv Puv` Pz‡gv †L‡qwQj †n‡m;
114 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

c‡_ c‡_ †dv‡U iRbxMÜv AjKb›`v †hb,
Ggb mgq So Gj GK, So Gj ¶¨vcv ey‡bv|
†mB Avauv‡ii cï‡ì gyL †Pbv

Zvnv‡ì Z‡i gv‡qi, †ev‡bi, fv‡qi Pig N„Yv
Iiv ¸wj †Qv‡o G‡`‡ki cÖv‡Y †`‡ki `vwe‡K †iv‡L
I‡ì N„Y¨ c`vNvZ GB evsjvi ey‡K
Iiv G‡`‡ki bq,

†`‡ki fvM¨ Iiv K‡i weµq
Iiv gvby‡li Abœ, e¯Î, kvwšZ wb‡q‡Q Kvwo
GKz‡k †deªyqvwi GKz‡k †deªyqvwi|
Zzwg AvR Rv‡Mv Zzwg AvR Rv‡Mv GKz‡k †deªyqvwi
Av‡Rv Rvwj‡gi KvivMv‡i g‡i exi †Q‡j exi-bvix
Avgvi kwn` fvB‡qi AvZ¥v Wv‡K
Rv‡Mv gvby‡li myß kw³ nv‡U gv‡V Nv‡U euv‡K
`viyY †µv‡ai Av¸‡b Avevi R¡vj‡ev †deªyqvwi
GKz‡k †deªyqvwi GKz‡k †deªyqvwi|
GKz‡ki Mvb 115

kãv_© I UxKv
i‡O ivOv‡bv Ñ AvjswiK A‡_© eû gvby‡li Av‡Z¥vrmM© Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Akªy-Mov Ñ ‡Pv‡Li cvwb‡Z wbwg©Z| GUv Kwei Kíbv|
emyÜiv Ñ c„w_ex|
µvwšZ Ñ cwieZ©b|
jMb Ñ jMœ; wVK mgq|
AjKb›`v Ñ ¯^M©xq b`xi aviv|
Iiv ¸wj †Qv‡o Ñ GLv‡b cvwK¯Zvwb ˆmb¨‡ì †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| 1952 wLªóv‡ãi GKz‡k †deªyqvwi evsjv
fvlv‡K ivóªxq ¯^xK…wZi `vwe‡Z Av‡›`vjbKvix‡ì Ici Zviv ¸wj Qz‡owQj|
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xiv fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡b evOvwji AvZ¥Z¨vM wb‡q GK w`‡K Me© Ki‡Z wkL‡e, Ab¨w`‡K Zviv
kwn‡ì i‡³i FY †kva Kivi Rb¨ me ai‡bi Ae¯’vq I †kvl‡Yi weiy‡× †mv”Pvi n‡e|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÔGKz‡ki MvbÕ cÖ_g Qvcv nq 1953 wLªóv‡ã| cÖKvwkZ nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb m¤cvw`Z ÔGKz‡k †deªqy vwiÕ
msKj‡b| GLv‡b 1952 wLªóv‡ã msNwUZ fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡b evOvwj QvÎ-RbZvi Av‡Z¥vrm‡M©i ¯§„wZZc©Y Kiv
n‡q‡Q| fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi i³`vb wKQz‡ZB we¯§„Z nIqv hvq bv| Ab¨vqfv‡e ¸wjel©YKvix ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Zvwb
†kvlK‡ì weiy‡× evOvwj RvwZi RvMÖZ cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjvi cÖZ¨q e¨³ n‡q‡Q GLv‡b|
Kwe-cwiwPwZ
Ave`yj Mvd&dvi †PŠayix K_vwkíx, MxwZKvi, cÖvewÜK, Kjvwg÷ wn‡m‡e L¨vwZgvb| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjvq
mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©b K‡i wZwb mvsevw`KZv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| mgvRgb¯‹ †jLK wn‡m‡e fvlv-
Av‡›`vjb (1952) I gyw³hy× (1971) PjvKv‡j we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| Zuvi iwPZ Zuvi iwPZ MÖ‡š’i gv‡a¨
D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv Mí : ÔK…òc¶Õ, Ômgªv‡Ui QweÕ, Ômy›ì †n my›ìÕ ; ÔAvuavi KzwVi †Q‡jwUÕ BZ¨vw`| ÔWvbwc‡U
kIKZÕ, ÔAvuavi KzwVi †Q‡jwUÕ BZ¨vw`| wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`K, BD‡b‡¯‹v cyi¯‹vi, e½eÜz
cyi¯‹vimn wewfbœ c`K I cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ nb|
wZwb 1934 wLªóv‡ãi 12B wW‡m¤î ewikv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges eZ©gv‡b cÖevm-Rxeb AwZevwnZ Ki‡Qb|
Kg©-Abykxjb
K. GKz‡k †deyqvwi Dcj‡¶ †Zvgvi ¯‹z‡j Av‡qvwRZ Abyóv‡b AskMÖnb Ki Ges Abyôv‡b AskMÖnbKv‡j
†Zvgvi Abf~wZ eb©bv K‡i GKUv cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Ki|
116 mvwnZ¨ KwYKv

bgybv cÖkœ
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. ÔAvgvi kwn` fvB‡qi AvZ¥v Wv‡KÕÑ GLv‡b †Kvb kwn‡ì K_v ejv n‡q‡Q?
K. GKvË‡ii gyw³hy‡×i
L. evqvbœi fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi
M. DbmË‡ii MYAfy¨Ìv‡bi
N. beŸyB‡qi MYAv‡›`vj‡bi
KweZvskwU c‡o 2 I 3 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
†Kbbv
Avgvi e„× wcZvi kix‡i
GLb cï‡ì cÖnv‡ii
wPý;
2. KweZvs‡ki mv‡_ wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq wb‡Pi †Kvb jvBbwUi?
K. Zzwg AvR Rv‡Mv Zzwg AvR Rv‡Mv GKz‡k †deªyqvwi
L. `viyY †µv‡ai Av¸‡b Avevi R¡vj‡ev †deªyqvwi
M. †`‡ki †mvbvi †Q‡j Lyb K‡i †iv‡L gvby‡li `vwe
N. w`b e`‡ji µvwšZ jM‡b Zey †Zviv cvi cvwe?
3. KweZvs‡k ewY©Z cïiv n‡”Q ÔGKz‡ki MvbÕ KweZvq ewY©ZÑ
i. Iiv G‡`‡ki bqÑPi‡Yi Iiv
ii. w`b e`‡ji µvwšZ jM‡b Zey †Zviv cvi cvwe? ÑPi‡Yi Ô†ZvivÕ
iii. Zzwg AvR Rv‡Mv Zzwg AvR Rv‡Mv GKz‡k †deªyqvwiÑPi‡Yi Ô†ZvivÕ
K. i L. ii
M. i I ii N. ii I iii
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
4. S‡oi iv‡Î, êkvLx w`‡b, eilvi `yw`©‡b
AwfhvwÎK, wbf©xK Zviv c_ jq wVK wP‡b|
nq‡Zv ev fyj, Zey fq bvB, Ziy‡Yi ZvRv cÖvY
c_ nviv‡jI nvi gv‡b bv‡Kv, K‡i P‡j mÜvb
Ab¨ c‡_i, gy³ c‡_i, mÜvbx Av‡jv R¡‡j
wewb`ª AvuwL ZviKvi mg, c‡_ c‡_ Zviv P‡j|
5. Iiv ¸wj †Qv‡o G‡`‡ki cÖv‡Y †`‡ki `vwe‡K †iv‡L
I‡ì N„Y¨ c`vNvZ GB evsjvi ey‡K
Iiv G‡`‡ki bq
†`‡ki fvM¨ Iiv K‡i weµq
K. ÔGKz‡ki MvbÕ KweZvwU †Kvb kwn‡ì ¯§i‡Y †jLv n‡q‡Q?
L. Ô†mB Avuav‡ii cï‡ì gyL †PbvÕÑPiYwU‡Z hv‡ì cï ejv n‡q‡QÑe¨vL¨v Ki|
M. cÖ_g DÏxc‡Ki AwfhvwÎK-Gi mv‡_ wØZxq DÏxc‡Ki I‡ì AvPi‡Yi êmv`„k¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
N. cÖ_g DÏxc‡Ki AwfhvwÎK ÔGKz‡ki MvbÕ KweZvi fvlv kwn`Ñwe‡k−lY Ki|

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