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Introduction
This tutorial introduces basic dynamic mesh calculations in FLUENT. In addition to com-
bining the basic mesh motion schemes, this tutorial introduces rigid body motion of a cell
zone. This is useful for realistic in-cylinder cases with moving valves. In geometries where
the valves and piston occupy the same space (at different times), the cell zone containing
the layered cells above the piston must be moved out of the way to avoid interfering with
the moving valves.
In this tutorial you will learn how to:
• Set up a problem for a dynamic mesh.
• Perform postprocessing.
Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the FLUENT interface and that you have
a good understanding of basic setup and solution procedures.
In this tutorial you will use the dynamic mesh model. If you have not used this model
before, refer Section 10.6: Dynamic Meshes, of the FLUENT 6.2 User’s Guide.
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mesh is handled automatically at each time step based on the new positions of the bound-
aries. To use the dynamic mesh model, you need to provide a starting volume mesh and
the description of the motion of any moving zones in the model.
In this tutorial, you will use the following methods to update the volume mesh in the
deforming region:
• Layering: It can be used to add or remove layers of cells adjacent to a moving boundary
based on the height of the layer adjacent to the moving surface. The dynamic mesh
model allows an ideal layer height to be specified on each moving boundary. The layer
of cells adjacent to the moving boundary is subdivided or merged with the layer of
cells next to it based on the height of the cells in the moving boundary.
• Remeshing: It can be used to remesh agglomerated poor-quality cells (cells that are
too large, too small, or excessively stretched). When the boundary displacement is
large compared to the local cell sizes, the cell quality deteriorates or the cells become
degenerate. This will lead to convergence problems when the solution is updated to
the next time step. To circumvent this problem, FLUENT agglomerates poor-quality
cells and locally remeshes the agglomeration.
Problem Description
The problem is shown schematically in Figure 1. A simplified 3D in-cylinder geometry is
used, consisting of a circular cylinder, the bottom wall of which represents the piston. The
piston moves up from bottom dead center position (BDC), corresponding to a crank shaft
angle of 180◦ , slowly compressing the fluid adiabatically. After reaching top dead center
(TDC), corresponding to a crank shaft angle of 360◦ , the piston moves back downward to
the initial position, to complete a cycle, at a crank shaft angle of 540◦ .
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= crank angle
Preparation
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(a) Ensure that in the Surfaces list, cyl-quad, cyl-tri, head, and piston are selected.
(b) Click Display and close the panel.
Z Y
X
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Step 2: Models
Define −→ Models −→Solver...
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Step 3: Materials
The only material property you need to modify is density. The default values for all other
properties are acceptable.
Define −→Materials...
In this tutorial, you will not visit the Boundary Conditions panel. There are no inlets or
outlets and you will use the default adiabatic wall thermal conditions for all walls. Dynamic
mesh motion and all related parameters are specified using the items in the Define/Dynamic
Mesh submenu.
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4. Retain the default settings for the layering and smoothing parameters.
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(b) Under Options, retain the default settings for Size Function and Must Improve
Skewness.
By default, the Size Function option is turned off and the Must Improve Skewness
option is turned on.
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(c) Specify Minimum Length Scale (m) and Maximum Length Scale (m) as 0.28 and
1.22 repectively.
Local remeshing will occur if the cell size gets larger than the Maximum Cell
Volume or smaller than the Minimum Cell Volume. Therefore, you have to specify
problem-specific values for remeshing parameters.
(d) Retain Maximum Cell Skewness at 0.9.
This is the recommended value for 3D problems. Smaller values of maximum
skew will result in improved grid quality at increased computational cost. The
default value of 0.9 represents a compromise between grid quality and solution
time for 3D problems.
(e) Set Size Mesh Interval to 5.
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7. Using the text command interface, plot the piston motion profile by specifying the
following commands:
The **piston-full** profile describes motion in terms of the Piston Stroke and Connecting
Rod Length parameters defined previously. The **piston-limit** profile is limited to the
Piston Stroke Cutoff parameter. See Figure 3.
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**piston-full**
**piston-limit**
8.0000
7.0000
6.0000
5.0000
4.0000
3.0000
2.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Y
Z X Crank Angle (deg)
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Note: Use this Zone Scale Info panel to esitmate the average length scale.
For the minimum length scale, use a value about 0.4 times the average
length scale. For the maximum length scale, use a value about 1.4 times
the average length scale.
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iii. Under Zone Parameters, specify the values shown in the table:
Zone Parameters Values
Minimum Length Scale (m) 0.19
Maximum Length Scale (m) 0.67
Maximum Skewness 0.32
(e) Click Create.
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5c: Preview
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3. Enable lighting.
Display −→Options...
(a) Under Lighting Attributes, enable Lights On.
(b) Click Apply and close the panel.
Steps 2 and 3 are for better visibility of the mesh surface.
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The displayed time step size (0.008333333) in the read-only text field for Time Step
Size, corresponds to 12 degree crank angle. It depends on the crankshaft speed and
crank angle increment parameters defined earlier.
(a) Enter 720 as Number of Time Steps.
This corresponds to one full revolution of the crankshaft.
(b) Click Preview to preview the mesh motion.
As the mesh is updated by FLUENT, messages will appear in the console window
reporting the progress of the update.
5. Exit FLUENT.
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(c) In the Every drop-down list, select Time Step for the monitor frequency.
(d) Click Define... to define the monitor.
The Define Volume Monitor panel opens.
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(a) Retain the default values for all variables, including the initial Temperature value
of 300.
(b) Click Apply.
This does not initialize the flow field data. It only saves the initialization param-
eters for later use. Use the Init button to initialize the solution.
(c) Click Init to initialize the solution.
(d) Click Close.
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iii. Under Surfaces, deselect all surfaces and then select cyl-quad, cyl-tri, head,
and piston.
iv. Click Display (Figure 4).
v. Close the Contours panel.
Display the mesh such that it is visible even after the piston reaches BDC.
(c) Save the current view.
Display −→Views...
i. Click Save to save the current view as view-0 and close the panel.
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(a) Set Autosave Case File Frequency and Autosave Data File Frequency to 90.
The mesh changes during the simulation, so save both the case and data files.
(b) In the Filename field, enter cyl3d new.gz and click OK.
When FLUENT saves a file, it appends the time step value to the file name prefix
(cyl3d new). It also appends standard extensions (.cas and .dat).
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(a) For the Under-Relaxation Factors, set Pressure to 0.6 and Momentum to 0.9.
(b) Under Discretization, select PRESTO! for Pressure.
(c) Under Pressure-Velocity Coupling, select PISO.
(d) Set Skewness Correction to 0.
(e) Click OK.
Step 8: Solution
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Monitors
vol-mon-1
1000.0000
900.0000
800.0000
700.0000
Volume
Weighted 600.0000
Average
(k)
500.0000
400.0000
300.0000
0.0000 1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000 5.0000 6.0000
Y
Z X
Flow Time
Convergence history of Static Temperature on fluid-wedge etc. (Time=6.0000e+00) Aug 22, 2005
Crank Angle=540.00(deg) FLUENT 6.2 (3d, segregated, dynamesh, lam, unsteady)
Postprocessing
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Note: The temperature and density at the end of one full cycle closely replicate
those at the beginning of the simulation (the 300 K uniform initial tempera-
ture).
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Summary
In this tutorial you learned how to use the dynamic mesh feature of FLUENT. If you are
going to set up and solve real-life in-cylinder simulations that involve valve movement
and piston movement, you will have to perform some additional steps that could not be
illustrated with the geometry in this problem. Please see the application-specific tutorial
for in-cylinder modeling (available from your technical support engineer) for details.
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