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 gj/fh ;'j]bL, /fd]5fk÷hubLz l3ld/], /fd]5fk÷afa'/fd kf}8]n, /fd]5fk÷gu]Gb|/fh zdf{, sf7df8f}+÷sfzLgfy a/fn,
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k|wfg, sf7df8f}+÷Clif/fd l3ld/], x]6f}+8f÷zª\s/ljqmd zfx, sf7df8f}+÷xl/z slNkt sf7df8f}+÷8f= pk]Gb| uf}td, sf7df8f}+÷?Sdgfy
kf}8]n, nlntk'/÷P;\=aL= zfx, 6Lsfk'/÷df]xg b'jfn, ag]kf÷ljgf]b bLlIft, sf7df8f}+÷/Tg>L >]i7, sf7df8f}+÷pbok|sfz rfkfufO{+,
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d:sf], ¿;÷hLjf nfld5fg], xfn d:sf], ¿;÷ v]d/fh nfld5fg], xfn d:sf], ¿;÷8f= ljlGbtf nfld5fg], xfn d:sf], ¿;÷bLks
e08f/L, sf7df8f}+÷;'zLnf/fgL /f0ff, nlntk'/÷8f= /fdbofn /fs]z, ;nf{xL÷ONof e§/fO{, sf7df8f}+÷afa's[i0f lji6,
sf7df8f}+÷g[k]Gb|k'?if oflb, nlntk'/÷gu]Gb|/fh Gof}kfg], uf]/vf÷uf]ljGb lul/ k|]/0ff, xfn cd]l/sf÷sdnf ;¿k, xfn
cd]l/sf÷ljZj/fh af:tf]nf, kf]v/f÷8f= gj/fh rfln;], sf7df8f}+÷ lbnLks'df/ rfkfufO{+, sf7df8f}+÷dfof 7s'/L, nlntk'/÷ s[i0f
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kLo"if, sf7df8f}+÷8f=d's]z rfln;], nlntk'/÷hn]Zj/L >]i7, sf7df8f}+÷ljef]/ a/fn, sf7df8f}+÷;ËLtf bfxfn, sf7df8f}+÷ ;xb]j
uf}td, sf7df8f}+÷rGb|snf g]jf/, sf7df8f}+÷nIdL pk|]tL, sf7df8f}+÷j;Gt l/hfn, sf7df8f}+÷pGglt af]x/f… lznfÚ, sf7df8f}+÷?s'
sfsL{, sf7df8f}+÷zld{nf v8\sf -bfxfn_, O6x/L÷ljhoWjh yfkf -nLnfWjh yfkfsf 5f]/f_, sf7df8f}+÷bfdf]b/ k'8f;}gL lszf]/,
sf7df8f}+÷7fs'/ zdf{, u'NdL÷bof/fd bfxfn, sf7df8f}+÷dx]Gb| u'?ª\, sf7df8f}+÷3gZofd /fhsl0f{sf/, sf7df8f}+÷cdL/ yfkf,
sf7df8f}+÷;GbLk e§/fO{, xfn c:6«]lnof÷cgGtk|;fb jfUn], sfe|]+÷kjg cfnf]s, sf7df8f}+÷lji0f' k|;fb zdf{ k/fh'nL, kj{t÷8f]lnGb|
k|;fb zdf{, sf7df8f}+÷kf]if/d0f rfkfufO{+, ef]hk'/÷wg/fh lul/, lrtjg÷uf]ljGbk|;fb l3ld/] …j]bdl0fÚ, sf7df8f}+÷s'j]/ k|;fb zdf{,
sf7df8f}+÷lzj k|sfz, xfn cd]l/sf÷lg/~hg zdf{ l3ld/], sf7df8f}+÷ljgob]j n'OF6]n -df= jf;'b]j n'OF6]nsf gflt, 8f= ljBfb]j
zdf{ n'OF6]nsf 5f]/f_, sf7df8f}+ .

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x'G5 . c;d] g]kfnLsf] ;flxTo ;[hgf cfˆg} ;Lk / z}nLdf ultdfg 5 . efiff ;flxTosf] ljsf;df
:jefiffdf k7g–kf7gsf] Joj:yf gx'gfn] cf~rlns efiffsf] dfWoddf lzIff u|x0f ug]{ rng -s]xL
:yfgnfO{ 5f8]/_ ;j{q k|rlnt 5 . c;dLof efiffsf] dfWodaf6 k9\g] g]kfnL 5fq–5fqfx¿n] c?
ljifosf ;fy} lxGbL ljifo k9\bf lxGbL lnlk klg hfGb5g\ / To;sf] cfwf/df g]kfnL lnlksf] 1fg
x'G5 .
c;d] g]kfnLsf] a;f]jf; / sd{kGyfnfO{ ulxl/P/ dgg ubf{ ;j{k|yd kz'kfng, bf];|f]df
v]tLkftL, t];|f]df lzIff–bLIffk|lt cfu|x / rf}yf]df Joj;fo / gf]s/Lk|lt em'sfp x'G5 . ljzfn
a|Xdk'q / pkgbLx¿sf] 5]p5fpsf] pj{/ e"ldd} g]kfnLx¿sf] cflwSo kfOG5 . a|Xdk'qsf] 5]p5fp
a:g] g]kfnLx¿ kmf}hL hLjgdf cfs[i6 ePgg\ . uf]7sf] b"w, bxL, l3p, s'/fpgL, la3f}tL cflbdf
klNsPsf / v]tL ls;fgLkl§ nfUg]x¿ dUfdu af:gf cfpg] h'xf rfdnd} /lQPsf lyP . ef/t
:jfwLgf]Q/ cl3 g]kfnLx¿ lsl~rt\ dfqfdf afx'g kl/jf/sf 5f]/fx¿ ;+:s[t lzIff u|x0f ug{kl§
cfslif{t lyP eg] :jfwLgf]Q/ sfnkl5 cfw'lgs lzIff u|x0f ug{ c;dLof dfWodsf :s"nx¿df
;a} ju{sf 5fq–5fqfx¿ egf{ x'g yfN5g\ . ;g\ !($* df :yflkt u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnon]
cfO{=P=/ aL=P=:t/df g]kfnL Pd=cfO{=Pn=cWoogsf nflu ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] x'gfn] ljgf lzIfs
lgo'lSt g} g]kfnL efiff lnP/ k9\g' kYof]{ . l5Gg d"n ePklg g]kfnL k9\g] ;'ljwf sn]hdf k|fKt
ePsfn] lxGbL lnlksf] 1fgsf] cfwf/df g]kfnL efiff lnP/ sn]hsf] lzIff k|fKt uy]{ . c;dLofsf]
;j{gfd …t'ldÚ / …cfldÚ g]kfnLsf] ltdL, xfdL klg …ltdLÚ / …xfdLÚ eP/ cfpF5g\ .
c;d] g]kfnLdf ;f7Lsf] bzsb]lv otf lzIffsf] Jofkstf km8\sf df/]/ uPsf] kfOG5 .
sn]hx¿df g]kfnL d"nsf lzIfsx¿ lgo'Qm x'g yfN5g\ . /fhg}lts g]tfx¿sf] /fHo ljwfg ;efdf
cfudg x'g yfN5 . /fHo ;/sf/sf] S.D.C. cf]xbfdf lgo'Qm x'g yfN5g\ . c;Lsf] b;skl5 c;d
;/sf/sf] …c;d klAns ;le{; sldzgÚ df ;b:o;Dd x'g k'U5g\ ;fy} c;d ;/sf/sf]
4
P=kL=P;=txsf] c;fdl/s ljefudf P;=kL=sf] cf]xbfdf lgo'lQm, c;d ;/sf/sf] ;]qm]6/L tx;Dd
k'Ug] bIftf, pRr Gofofnosf] GofofwLz x'g] bIftf ;fy} Pd=aL=aL=P; 8fS6/, aL=6]s O~hLlgo/
x'g] klg w]/} eP . oL ;a} kbx¿ xfl;n x'g] tTj lzIffs} Jofkstfn] ubf{ xf] .
g]kfnL efiff k7g–kf7gsf] vf;u/L sn]h :t/df ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ c;d ;/sf/n] ;j{k|yd
g]kfnL ljefusf] :jLs[lt t]hk'/sf] b/ª\ sn]h / lznªsf] ;]G6 PGygLh sn]hnfO{ ;g !(^% df
lbP/ k|fWofks lgo'Qm u5{ . Tof] ;dodf pQ/ k"jf{~rn If]qaf6 g]kfnL ;flxTodf lq=lj=lj=-
sf7df8f}+_ af6 Pd=P= u/]/ cfpg] hgdf b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] -t]hk'/_ / uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg -lznª_
x'g\ .
:d/0fof]Uo s'/f xf], ;g\ !($^ df :yflkt …t]hk'/ uf]vf{ 5fq ;+3Úsf] d'vkq, ljz]iftM b/ª
lhNnf, -clxn]sf] zf]l0ftk'/_sf] …k|eftÚ g} zf]l0ftk'/sf g]kfnL 5fq–5fqfnfO{ afx|v/L cyf{t\
sfGgfgL, afOdfqf l;Sg'k5{ eGg] r]t lbnfpg] u'?df / wfO{ cfdf xf] . …k|eftÚsf] em'lNs+bf] ;"o{sf]
k|tLsn] xfd|f 5fq–5fqfx¿sf] 3}+6fdf 3fd nfU5 / o;sf] /d/d] tftf]df nl¶g yfNb5g\ . efiff
1fgsf atf{p eP/ n]v sljtflb n]Vg] s8L e]§fpF5g\ . efiff hfu/0fsf] /Gsf] km}lng yfN5 . efiff
r]tgfn] gofF ¿k lnP/ g]kfnL 3/3/df lau'n ahfOlbG5 . l8uaf]O{sf] …d'lQmÚ, u'jfxf6Lsf] …lxdflb|Ú
klqsfx¿n] klg tQt\ :Yffgdf efiffsf] dd{ k|an ¿kdf hufOlbG5g\ . o;/L efiff–ljsf;sf]
k|lqmof j]ujtL gbL em}+ ;nNn aUg yfN5 . agf/;sf] …pboÚ, bfhL{lnªsf] …uf]vf{Ú / lznª\sf] …uf]vf{
;]jsÚ klqsfx¿n] klg o; lbzfdf oy]i7 v'/fs k|bfg u/]sf x'g\ .
pb]snfUbf] s'/f t s] 5 eg] :s"ndf c;dLof k9\5f}+Ù 3/df g]kfnL af]N5f}+ clg efiffk|]d b'O{
9'Ëfsf] aLrsf] t?n em}+ aG5 . ef/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] ci6d ;"rLdf efiff dfGotf u/fpg] cfGbf]ngn]
g]kfnL efifLx¿df efiff r]tgfsf] pu|tf r'lnG5 Pj+ ljb]zL alxisf/ cfGbf]ng gePsf] eP efiff
k|]dsf] /; Tolt zL3| g} lgrf]l/P/ cfpg] lyof] lyPg, sf]lg <
leq}b]lv k'nlst eP/ cfpg] s'/f xf], c;dLof efiffdf k|sflzt …ljZjsf]zÚ -k|wfg ;Dkfbs
8f=of]u]Gb| gf/fo0f e'`f_ df xfd|f g]kfnL ;flxTosf/x¿n] :yfg kfpg' / c+u|]hLdf k|sflzt
'History and culture of Assamese Nepali', (Chief Editor, Dr.Giten Das) df c;djf;L g]kfNfLsf]
a]nLla:tf/ n]lvg' k|of]hgLotfsf] k/fsfi7fnfO{ 5'g' xf] . oL b'j} sfo{df Hofb} nugzLn eP/
kl/>d ug]{ hgdf 8f=hdblUg pkfWofo, 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL / 8f=v]d/fh g]kfn x'g\ .
g]kfnsf g]kfnL / ef/tsf g]kfnL b'O{ /fi6«sf gful/s eP/ leGgfleGg} :yfgdf a:tf e]6\gf]
r'Fl8P klg efiff, wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] gfle cnUf eP/ uPsf] 5}g . /fhg}lts ;f; h;/L km]/]klg
km]S;fsf] xfjf t Ps} 5 . cF, af]nLsf] nahdf eg] leGgtf b]lvG5, Tolt g} xf] .
Pp6f gegL gx'g] s'\/f s] xf] eg] pQ/ k"jf{~rn eGgfn] u'jfxf6L / lznª dfq xf]Og . ;fob
sf7df8f}+df u'jfxf6L / lznªsf ;flxlTos JolQmx¿kl§ dfq b[li6 kb{5 xf]nf . t/ tL eGbf
ljzfn ;flxlTos If]qx¿ x'g\ zf]l0ftk'/ / l8uaf]O{ . log} If]qaf6 Pd=kL=, Pd=Pn=P=x¿ r'lgPsf
5g\ . oxfFsf] ;flxlTos ultljlw sf7df8f}+sf nflu …rk/Ld'lgsf] kTy/Ú h:t} ePsf] 5 . ca of]
kbf{ x6fpg] a]nf cfPsf] 5 . dnfO{ nfU5 …/rgfÚ ;flxlTos å}dfl;ssf] o; …c;d] g]kfnL
ljz]iffÍÚn] gh/sf] kbf{ x6fP/ emndNn pHofnf] b[Zo cjnf]sg u/fpg]5 . To:t} xf], ;fgf]
36gfn] 7"nf] jf:tljstfsf] e]b v'N5 . k"j{jtL{ cltlyx¿sf] cfudg / cfZjf;gsf] 8ª\u'/n] ;fob
xfdL 9flsg] lyof}+ xf]nf olb …/rgfÚ sf k|wfg ;Dkfbs >L /f]rs l3ld/]Ho"sf] rfFbdf/L, t]hk'/df
z'efudg / …c;d] g]kfnL ljz]iffÍÚ k|sfz ul/lbg] ;fw' jrg pxfFaf6 gkfPsf] eP .

5
 c;d] g]kfnLsf] ;fª\uf]kfË ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ePsf] u|Gy …History and culture of Assamese
NepaliÚ / c;dLof efiffdf lnlvt …ljZjsf]zÚ k|sfz u/fpgdf h'g lgi7f / sfo{bIftf xfd|f
g]kfnL ;flxlTosx¿df b]lvof] To:t} of] …c;d] g]kfnL ljz]iffÍÚ k|sfz u/fpg xfd|f k|1flgi7
/rgfsf/x¿n] pxL tTk/tf, lgi7f / zL3|tfn] /rgfx¿ k7fOlbg' ePsfn] of] ;+of]hs Hofb} s[tfy{
5, ;fw'jfb 6qm\ofpF5 pxfFx¿k|lt . cGtdf k|wfg ;Dkfbs dxf]bo >L /f]rs l3ld/]Ho"sf] ;':jf:Yo
/ bL3f{o'sf] sfdgf ub}{M–

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lxGbLdf Pp6f pvfg 5Ù …lbNnLsf] n•' h;n] vfof] p klg k5'tfof] clg h;n] vfPg p klg
k5'tfof] ÛÚ ca vfP klg k5'tf] clg gvfPklg k5'tf] x'G5 eg] vfP/} lsg gk5'tfpg' < d]/f]
cfˆgf] cg'ej t s] 5 eg] Psrf]l6 of] n•' h;n] vfG5 p k5'tfpg'eGbf a9L kNsG5 / af/Daf/
vfg] OR5f /fV5 .
k|frLg dxfef/t sfnb]lv g} ef/tsf] /fhwfgL /xFb} cfPsf]Ù cg]sf}+ P]ltxfl;s ul/dfdo
lsNnf, c§flnsf, ldgf/, dsa/f, dlGb/, dl:hb, ;dflw:yn /x]sf] ef/tLo ;+:s[ltsf] w/f]x/ of]
lbNnL dxfgu/Ldf sf] af/Daf/ cfpg] OR5f /fVb}g / < d}n] klg cgluGtL rf]l6 lbNnL k'Ug]
;f}efUo kfPsf] 5' . yf]/}h;f] JolQmut ;DaGwsf s'/fnfO{ lnP/ clg w]/}h;f] ;fdflhs, eflifs
cyjf ;flxlTos ;DaGw l;t ufFl;Psf] 5 d]/f] lbNnL e|d0f .
klxnf]rf]l6 d lbNnL k'u]sf] lyPF ;g\ !(%& ;fndf ha d u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnosf] 5fq
lyPF . ljZjljBfno cy{lj1fg ljefusf !^ hgf 5fqsf] 6f]nL z}lIfs e|d0fdf hfg] x'Fbf d klg
;fd]n ul/Psf] lyPF To; 6f]nLdf . pQ/df To;tfsf a:b} u/]sf] efqmf gfËn 8fdb]lv lnP/
klZrd aDaO{ -xfn d'DaO{_, blIf0flt/ cf}/Ëfjfbsf] chGtf Pnf]/fsf u'kmfnfO{ kmGsf] dfb}{ pQ/ /
dWo ef/tsf k|foMh;f] zx/x¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] @* lbgsf] of] e|d0fdf lbNnLsf] lglDt tLg lbgsf]
;do tf]lsPsf] lyof] / k|d'v ;a}h;f] bz{gLo :ynx¿ x]g]{ df}sf kfPsf] lyPF .
To;kl5sf d]/f lbNnL ofqfx¿ ;a} ;Demg klg ;lQmg clg ;Demg ;s] hltsf cg'ejx¿
dfq ;+:d/0fdf ptfg'{ xf] eg] Pp6f vFlbn} lstfa aGg]5 . /dfOnf ;Demgf ;Fu]6]sf] 5' . gofF
dflg;x¿l;t kl/ro ePsf] 5 / lbNnLsf] n•' rfv]/ x]bf{ k|To]s rf]l6 gf}nf] :jfb km]nf kf/]sf] 5'
. of] ;+:d/0fdf d}n] s]jn Psrf]l6 lbNnL e|d0f ubf{sf d]/f s]xL cg'ej hf] :d[ltk6naf6 cem
d]l6P/ uPsf 5}gg\, ltgnfO{ ;d]6\g] hdsf]{ u/]sf] 5' .

6
 of] ;g\ !(*! gf]e]Da/ dlxgfsf] s'/f] xf] . clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff ;ldltsf]
tTjfjwfgdf efiff dfGotfsf] cfGbf]ng hf]/l;t rln/x]sf] a]nf lyof] Tof] . ;ldltsf ;efklt k|]d
s'df/ cfn]n] …lbNnL hfpFÚ cleofg cfXjfg u/] . ef/tsf ljleGg k|fGt, ljleGg s'gfsfKrfaf6
a9L ;] a9L ;+Vofdf dflg;x¿ lbNnLdf e]nf x'g], efiff dfGotf ;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{qmd, ;ef–
;df/f]x, ¥ofnL–h'n';, ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd lbNnLdf /fVg] sfo{qmd lyof] . …lbNnL hfpFÚ cleofgsf
krf{x¿ efiff ;ldltsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 Jofks ¿kdf afFl8P .,
c;dsf] dfpm ;+:yf c;d uf]vf{ ;Dd]ngnfO{ klg …lbNnL hfpFÚ cleofgdf efu lng
k|ltlglw k7fpg] cfXjfg kq cfof] . ;Dd]ngsf tTsfnLg ;efklt lji0f'nfn pkfWofon]
To;a]nfsf ;lrj rGb| ljgf]b rfln;]nfO{ ;Dd]ngsf] tkm{af6 rf/hgf hfg] s'/f] ug'{eP5 . :jo+
cfkm" / ;lrj afx]s cGo b'O{hgf dWo] Pshgfn] rflx+ …nLn axfb'/nfO{ nfg}k5{, a? PstkmL{
ef8f ;Dd]ngn] a]xf]nf{Ú klg eGg'eP5 .
rfln;]n] dnfO{ of] s'/f ;'gfP / lbNnL hfg ljz]if hf]/ u/] . dxfljBfnodf >]0fLx¿
wdfwd rln/x]sf] a]nf lyof] / klg kfFr;ft lbgsf] labf ldnfPF / lbNnL hfg] lgwf] ef] . lbpF;f]
b'O{ ah] 5'6\g] s'g} /]nuf8Ldf rf/ hgfsf] :yfg cf/If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . lgot ;dodf lji0f'nfn
afa", rfln;] / d uf8Ldf r9\of}+ . rfln;]sf efO Pshgf sf]qmfemf/af6 r9\g] /x]5g\ . h'g
:6]zgdf uf8L s]jn Ps ldg6 yfldG5 .
;+of]u s] k¥of] eg] cg'/fu k|wfg klg ;/sf/L sfdn] lbNnL hfFb}/x]5g\ / pgsf] :yfg klg
o;} 8Aafdf cf/lIft /x]5 . pgn] Pp6} d6]ªu|fn] b'O{ rf/ v;fNg] bfp x]/]sf /x]5g\ . /]n sd{rf/L
x'gfn] sfof{nosf] s]xL sfd lnP/ lbNnL hfg of] efiff cfGbf]gsf] ;do ldnfPsf /x]5g\ . h;df
sfof{nosf] sfdl;t} efiff cfGbf]ngdf klg ;fd]n x'g ;lsof];\ .
pgsf] ;xeflutf kfP/ xfdL v';L eof}+ . dl;t pgsf] a9L 3lgi6tf ePsf]n] dnfO{ ljz]if
cfgGb nfUof] . af6fdf vfhf vfg eg]/ >LdtLn] ;]n/f]6L / e'6]sf] cfn' xflnlbPsL /lx5g\ . ;a}n]
afF8r'F8 u/L vfof}+ . lji0f'nfn afa'n] eGg'eof]Ù …cf]xf] ltxf/ cem ;lsPsf] 5}g ls s;f] <Ú …ltxf/
;lsof], /xnkxn lyu|f] rflx+ xfd|f efudf ar]5 ÛÚ d}n] xfF;f] ub}{ eg]+ .
cg'/fu k|wfgsf] xftdf …efg'Ú klqsfsf] s'g} Pp6f ljz]iffÍsf] k|lt lyof] . xftdf lnP/ o;f]
kN6fpFbf ;g\ !(^! df ;fgf] k':tsfsf/df k|sflzt d]/f] nfdf] lgaGw, …cf;fddf g]kfnL efiff /
To;sf] ;fx|f] ufx|f]Ú k'gM ToxfF k|sflzt ePsf] kfPF . To;a]nf;Dd d}n] k|foM lal;{;s]sf] c;dsf]
;g\ !(^) sf] efiff cfGbf]ngsf] nuQ} kl5 k|sflzt g]kfnL efiff ;DaGwL of] hNbf]aNbf] n]v,
h;sf] lglDt ;/sf/sf] b[li6df d cfFvfsf] 5f/f] ;Dd x'g k'u]sf] lyPFÙ …efg'Údf km]l/ k|sflzt kfP/
cfgGb nfUof] . o;sf] j:t'ut dxTj cem} plQs} /x]sf] 5 eGg] 5f]6f] l6Kk0fL ;fy o;nfO{
…efg'Úsf ;Dkfbs ejfgL l3ld/]n] cfˆgf] ljz]iffÍdf 5fKg'ePsf] /x]5 . …g]kfnL efiff cfGbf]ngdf of]
n]vsf] klg sd dxTj 5}gÙ of] k|lt tkfO{+ g} /fVgf];\Ú eg]/ pQm ljz]iffÍ cg'/fun] dnfO{ g} lbP
hf] dl;t cem ;'/lIft 5Fb}5 .
b'O{ /ft / b'O{ lbg b'Mv ;'v 6«]gdf latfPkl5 t];|f] lbg b'O{ah] lbpF;f] xfdL gofF lbNnL
:6]zg k'Uof}+ . uf8Laf6 cf]n]{/ ca stf nfUg'kg]{ xf], lrGtf ub}{ lyof}+Ù d]/f cleGg ldq xl/k|;fb
zdf{ stfaf6 6'Kn'Ss cfOk'u] . pxL xFl;nf] v'zLnf] r]x/f, ee{/fpFbf] pHjn d'vfs[lt h;nfO{ b]Vb}
;a} ;Gtfk la;]{/ dg k|km'lNnt x'G5Ù pgnfO{ e]6\bf v'zL nfUg' :jfefljs} ef] . pgL ef/tLo
jfo';]gfdf hflu/] lyP . To;tfsf pgsf] kf]l:6ª lbNnLdf lyof] . c;ndf pgsf efOsL ;f;" klg

7
xdLl;t} lbNnL cfPsL lyOg\ / xl/ pg}nfO{ lng cfPsf /x]5g\ . dnfO{ b]v]kl5 xl/n] eg] …tkfO{+
lx+8\gf];\ d]/f] 8]/fdf Û efiff ;ldltsf ;a} sfo{qmd d]/f] 8]/faf6 ;lhn} Eofpg'x'G5 .Ú
lji0f' afa' e"tk"j{ ljwfos . pxfFn] c;d xfp;df 7fpF kfOxfNg' x'G5 . To;}n] pxfF pt}
nfUg'ef] . rGb| ljgf]b rfln;] efiff ;ldltsf] lzlj/d} hfg] eP . pgsf] Onfsfaf6 cfPsf ;]gfd]gf
klg pt} lyP . cGtdf cg'/fu / d xl/sf] 8]/fdf hfg] lgwf] eof] .
Pp6f c6f] 7Ls kfl/of] .
…slt lnG5 c6f]n] tkfO{+sf] 8]/f;Dd <Ú ;f]w]+ d}n] .
…ToxL !)–!@ ?lkofF p7\5 ld6/dfÙ To:t} !)–!@ lsnf]ld6/ k5{ oxfFaf6 eg]/ xl/n]
c6f]jfnfnfO{ xkf/]–…b]vf] efOÙ ld6/ ;] rNgf Û ld6/ 7Ls x} tf] <Ú
…7Ls x} ;fxjÙ cfk v'b b]v nLlhP ÛÚ eGof] c6f]jfnfn] . d}n] o;f] lrofPF . ld6/ sfnf]
sk8fn] 9fs]sf] lyof] . dgdf cln ;Gb]x nfUof] . xl/ lbNnLdf k'/fgf eO;s]sf JolQm . To;df
klg kmf}hL dflg; . xfdL pgs} e/df lyof}+Ù s]xL eGg cfjZos 7fg]gf}+ .
8]/f /x]5 l;4fy{ dfu{, em08} kfnd xjfO{ c•fs} 5]p . nx/} k+lQmdf plePsf Psgf;] tLg
tNn] ejgÙ ToxL dWo]sf] Pp6f ejgdf b'O{ tNnf dfly /x]5 xl/sf] ˆn]6 . c6f]af6 cf]n]{/ slt ef]
ef8f ;f]Wof}+ . c6f]jfnfn] ld6/ b]vfof]Ù kRrL; ?lkofF p7]sf] 5 .
…ptgf s};] x'cf < k;f]{+ xL tf] xd cfof :6]zg ;] . !@ ?lkofF lnof yf c6f]jfnf g] ÛÚ xl/n]
cfklQ bzf{P . ld6/ sf xL af]n /xf x} ;fxaÙ cfks] ;fdg] x} b]v nLlhP .Ú ToxfF af]Ng] 7fpF
lyPg . d}n] @% ?lkofF lems]/ v'q'Ss c6f]jfnfsf] xftdf /flvlbPF .
…;fn]n] 7luxfNof]Ù xfdLn] klg klxn] ld6/ x]/]gf}+ ÛÚ xl/n] v]b k|s6 u/] . d}n] dgdg} cfkm}+df
eg]+Ù …cflv/ lbNnLsf] n•' g xf] rfVt} hfpF g ÛÚ
efiff ;ldtdf efu lng cfpg] k|ltlglwx¿sf] lglDt g]x? kfs{ eGg] 7fpFdf Pp6f :s"nnfO{
cfwf/ kf/]/ lzlj/ 7Ls kfl/Psf] /x]5 . xfdL a]n'sL ToxfF k'Ubf efiff ;ldltsf ;efklt k|]ds'df/
cfn] efO wdfwd tDa" 6fª\gdf Jo:t lyP .
…k|ltlglwx¿ w]/} x'g] eP, 7fpF ;fF3'/f] ef] bfh' Û lqkfn 6fFu]/ ePklg sfd rnfpg' k/]sf] 5
.Ú cfn] efOn] eg] . …wGbf gdfGgf];\ Û xfdL ;fyLsf] 8]/fdf a;]sf 5f}+ . otf lji0f' afa', kbd
rf}xfgx¿ c;d xfp;df a:5g\ . To;/L lgs}h;f] k|ltlglwx¿ lzlj/ aflx/ al;xfN5g\ . ePg
c? s]xL Joj:yf ldnfpFnf ÛÚ d}n] eg]+ .
…l7s} 5 lg Û t/ e/]sf] ;df/f]xdf tkfO{+x¿ /xg'k5{ x} Û cf;fdaf6 af]Ng]df tkfO{+ /
lji0f'nfn afa'sf] gfpF /fv]sf] 5' d}n] .Ú
To;} a]n'sL dfafnfÍ/ xndf k|yd pb\3f6g ;df/f]x lyof] . Tolt 7"nf] xn vrfvr el/Psf]
lyof] . cf;fdaf6 hfg]dWo] lji0f'nfn afa', kbd axfb'/ rf}xfg / d klg k|]ds'df/ cfn] efOsf]
;f}hGon] d~rdf lyof}+ . d~raf6} d}n] b]v]+ 5fq afx]s cf;fdsf leqL ufpF a:tLdf a:g] v]tL
ls;fgLdf nfu]sf g/gf/Lx¿ klg k|z:t cfPsf lyP To; ;df/f]xdf . ge]Da/sf] dlxgf
cf;fdlt/ o;a]nf wdfwd wfg sf6\g] a]nf ePsf] 5 . s[ifsx¿sf] lglDt dfgf] vfP/ d'/L
leœofpg] a]nf xf] of] . t/ d'/L dfof df/]/ dfgf] vfFb} efiff cFufNg lbNnL s'b]sf 5g\ pgLx¿ .
o:t} s] s] ljrfb}{ lyPF d]/f] af]Ng] kfnf] cfOk'u]5 / cfˆgf] jQmJodf klg em08} log} s'/fx¿
eGg k'u]5' d . ef]lnkN6 cf;fdsf kl/lrt w]/} r]x/fn] dnfO{ b]Vtf xfF;f] ub}{ of] y]uf] bf]xf]¥ofPÙ
…s] ug'{ ;/ Û dfgf] vfP/ d'/L yGSofpg] of] a]nfdf lbNnLsf] n•' vfg kf] cfOof] ÛÚ

8
 ;df/f]xsf] csf]{ efudf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd klg lyof] h;df bflh{lnª lt/af6 cfPsf]
;f+:s[lts 6f]nLn] /fd|f] k|bz{g u/]sf] lyof] . tTsfnLg s]Gb|Lo u[xdGqL k|0fj d'vhL{ pkl:yt ePsf]
d ;DemG5' h;n] g]kfnL efiff dfGotf ;DaGwL pT;fxjw{s cfZjf;g k|bfg u/]sf lyP .
ef]lnkN6 h'n'; lgsfNg] sfo{qmd lyof] / Tof] h'n'; uP/ af]6 Snasf] ¥ofnLdf kl/0ft x'g]
ePsf] lyof] . cg'/fu / d laxfg} a;af6 cfP/ h'n';df ;fd]n eof}+ . lbNnL h:tf] 7fpFdf
g]kfnLx¿sf] ana'tfn] lgsfn]sf] of] h'n'; ;fFRr} g} ce"tk"j{ dfGg'k5{ . efS;', b]x/fb"g, lxdfrn
k|b]z, k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf ;ft}j6f /fHo nufot klZrd a+ufn / l;lSsdaf6 k|z:t k|ltlglwx¿
k'u]sf lyP . To; lbg ePsf] af]6 Snasf] ljzfn ¥ofnLsf] klg g]kfnL efiffsf] ;+j}wflgs
dfGotfsf] cfGbf]ngdf Pp6f P]ltxfl;s dxTj 5 . efiff ;ldltsf tTsfnLg ;efklt k|]ds'df/
cfn]s} zAbdf eGg'kbf{ …!# j6f k|fGtdf /x]sf g]kfnL efifL ef/tLox¿=====clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL
efiff ;ldltsf] cfXjfgdf !# xhf/ eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf lbNnLsf] af]6 Snadf ======g]kfnL efiffnfO{
ef/t ;/sf/n] cljnDa ;+j}wflgs :jLs[lt lbg'k5{ eGg] dfusf] kIfdf ljzfn ¥ofnL ug{ cg]sf}+
si6sf] ;fdgf ub}{ lbNnL k'u]sf lyP .Ú
o:tf] eJo ¥ofnLdf, To;tfsf u'jfxf6L, egf}+ cf;fddf /x]sf clg o; e]ssf] efiff
cfGbf]ngsf] t km]bb]lv 6'Kkf;Dd h] x'F d} x'F cyjf xfdL xf}+ eGg vf]Hg] t/ ;j{;fwf/0f s;}n] tkfO{+
elg glbPsf]n] cfkm" ;fx|} xf]lrPsf] xLg efjgfn] u|l;t eO{ clUnP/ dkfO{+ aGg lstfa} 5fk]/
cfTdk|rf/ ug]{ :jo+e" g]tfx¿sf] r]x/f eg] d]/f] :d[ltn] ;dfTg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g / d~rdf st}
jQmJo lbPsf] klg ;Demgf x'Fb}g . xf] t Û hflu/sf] s'/f k¥of] xf]nf . cyjf d]/f] :d[ltn] wf]sf
lbPsf] klg x'g;S5 . To; ;df/f]xdf t/ d w]/h;f] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] pkl:ylt g} ;DemG5'
h;sf] cfh gfpF lgzfg} x/fPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf pgLx¿ cGt/ b]lv g} efiff dfGotfsf] cfu|x lnP/
efu lng lbNnL k'u]sf lyP . cfkm" clUnP/ lrlggsf] lglDt xf]Og .
d d~rsf] lgs} 6f9f af]6 Snasf] xl/of] rp/df a;]/ jQmJo ;'Gb} lyPF / dgdf stf s] s]
u'Gb} klg lyPF . 5]pd} ;+;b ejgsf] uf]n rSs/ b]lv+b} lyof] . …;+;b ejgsf] 5]pd} a;]/ xfdL
efiff dfGotfsf] lglDt s/fO/x]sf 5f}+ . ca xfd|f] of] cfjfh Tof] ;+;b ejgleq l5/fpg ;Sg'k5{ .
tadfq xfdL xfd|f] nIo lt/ cl3 a9\g]5f}+ .Ú o:t} ljrf/x¿ dgdf v]ln/x]sf lyP . PSsfl; cln
k/ a;]sf Pshgf ;fyLn] eg]Ù …nLnaxfb'/ hL Û tkfO{+nfO{ d~rdf af]nfpFb}5g\ ÛÚ
lxhf] a]n'sL d dfjfnÍf/ xndf af]lnxfn]sf] lyPF . To;}n] cfh oxfF af]Ng'knf{ eGg] 7fg]sf]
lyOFg / d~raf6 cln 6f9} lyPF . d~raf6 lgb]{z ePkl5 t hfg} k¥of] Û ;+;b aflx/ kvf{nsf]
5]p;Dd NofOk'¥ofPsf] xfd|f] cfjfh kvf{nleq l5/fpg] dgdf v]ln/x]sf] s'/f ToxfF JoQm u/]sf]
clxn] ;Demgf x'G5 .
¥ofnLsf] cGtlt/ u[xdGqLaf6 e]6sf] lglDt kfFr hgf k|ltlglwnfO{ af]nfOP5 . ca kfFrhgf
leq sf] sf] hfg] < ;ldltsf sfo{stf{ dfem lgs} xfgyfk b]lvof] . cf;fd t cln k5f}6] g}
7xl/of], kfFrhgf leq kg]{ s'/} ePg .
;fFem kl/g} xfNof] . cg'/fu / dnfO{ k'Ug' 5 !$–!% lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f l;4fy{ Û kfs{ lbNnLdf
a; r9\g] Pp6f 7"nf] ;d:of 5 . klxn] t cfkm" hfg] 7fpFsf] a; gDa/ yfxf kfpg' k¥of] . bf];|f]
Tof] a; sxfFaf6 hfG5, s'g ?6df lx+8\5 To;sf] lgwf] ug'{k¥of] . t];|f] cfkm" sxfF cf]n{g'kg]{ cfkm}+
7x¥ofP/ cf]n{g'k5{ . ;fgf] zx/sf] a; h:tf] …cd's 7fpF cfof] cf]n{g';\ ÛÚ eg]/ lrRofpFb}g
s08S6/ . p t kl5Nnf] ;L6df l6s6sf] d'7f cr]6]/ uhwDd a;]sf] x'G5 . ofqL cfkm}+n]

9
sxfF;Ddsf] lglDt slt k};fsf] l6s6 lng'kg]{ xf] lgwf] u/]/ lng'k5{ . l6s6 glnP klg s'g} vf]hL
5}g, t/ u:tL nfpg] l6s6 hfFrsn] km]nf kf¥of] eg] x'd{t sf9]/ 5f]8\5 .
oL ofjt ;d:ofnfO Wofg /fv]/ d}n] cg'/funfO{ eg]+Ù …a; r9\g] emd]nflt/ nfUg ;ls+b}g,
Pp6f c6f] ;dftf}+ Û cfkm"nfO gofF ofqL rflx+ bzf{pg' ePg x} Û c6f]jfnfsf] ;fd' lbNnLsf] vUu' x'F
eGg] kfg'{k5{ . gq 7luxfN5 ÛÚ
Pp6f c6f]jfnfnfO{ ;f]Wof}+Ù …l;4fy{ dfu{ OP/ kmf];{ s]Dk hfgf x}, Sof nf]u] <Ú …jf] tf] ld6/;]
xf]uf ;fa Û ld6/d] hf] cfo]uf b] b]gf ÛÚ xfdL b'j} r9\g] lalQs} c6f]jfnfn]] 3'OFSofOxfNof] . lbNnLdf
jfxgx¿ /ˆtf/df rNb}gg\ . /ˆtf/ o:tf] x'G5 ls 3'DtL sf6\bf e]p gkfPsf] JolQm pl5l§P/ k/
k'U5 cyjf cfˆgf] 5]pdf a;]sf] ;xofqLdfly vlK6g k'U5 .
c6f] /ˆtf/n] s'b\b} 5 t/ af6f]eg] b'j}lt/ 3gf ?v ePsf] hËnsf] af6f]h:tf] 5 . l;4fy{
dfu{sf] af6f] t of] xf]Og, sxfF nfFb}5 of] c6f]jfnfn] < ;fFemsf] a]nf, lg:k§ cFWof/f] 5 . otf dl;t
;fydf Pp6f d"Nojfg s]d]/f 5, k};f klg lgs} af]s]sf 5g\ . ptf c6f]jfnfl;t csf]{ Pp6f
;fyLklg a;]sf] 5 . af6fdf r9]sf] . 5fF6 ultnf] gePsf] b]v]/ eg+] …l;4fy{ dfu{sf] af6f] t of]
xf]Og, sxfF nfFb}5;\ t}+n] xfdLnfO{ <Ú
…;6{ sf6{sf] afa";fj, of] af6f] l56f] k'luG5 .Ú
af6f] eg] emg\emg\ 3gf hËnleq k:t}5 .
xf]Og o;n] latfn kf5{ Sof/ xfdLnfO{ Û stf Nofof] o:tf] hËndf < cg'/fun] klg z+sf
JoQm u/] .
…P Û c6f]jfnf t}+n] xfdLnfO{ l;4fy{ dfu{ nfg'kb}{gÙ xfdLnfO{ hxfFaf6 NofPsf] ToxL+ k'¥ofOb],
ToxfF ;fyLsf]df d]/f] Pp6f ;fdfg 5'6]5 ÛÚ d}n] Pp6f rfn rn]+ .
…tkfO{+x¿ 8/fpg'ef], ca cfOxfN5 l;4fy{ dfu{Ú eGb} lyof] p . t/ d}n] s8\s]/ eg]+Ù …d h]
eG5' ToxL u/ geP glthf /fd|f] x'g]5}g .Ú s] ;f]Rof] c6f]jfnfn], geGb} c6f] kmsf{of] / xfdLnfO{
/fdnLnf d}bfg 5]p NofP/ 5f]l8lbof] . k};f b'O{ u'0ff cr]6]/ lnof] eGg] s'/f oxfF bzf{O/xg' kb}{g .
lbNnLsf dflg;x¿ ;fwf/0ftM enfb\dL x'G5g\ eg] ToxfFsf k|x/Lx¿ klg ;xof]uL kfOPsf
5g\ . ;+of]un] Ps hgf k|x/L km]nf k¥of] . p;nfO{ xfdLn] ;a} j[QfGt eGof}+ . p;n] eGof]Ù
…tkfO{+x¿ hf]lug'eP5 . lbNnLdf tkfO{+x¿ gf}nf] x'g'x'G5, c6f]df t r9\b} gr9\gf];\ Û a? a;af6
hfg'xf];\ .Ú p;}n] wf}nfs'jf hfg] Pp6f a;df xfdLnfO{ r9fOlbof] . wf}nfs'jfaf6 l;4fy{ dfu{ k|foM
8]9 lsnf]ld6/ k5{ . ToxfF l;4fy{ dfu{lt/} hfg] Pshgf kmf}hL dflg; km]nf k¥of] / p;}sf] ;fy
nfu]/ xfdL Oo/ kmf];{ s]Dkdf cfOk'Uof}+ . kmf}hL ;fyL Psflt/ nfUof] . xfdL jfo';]gfsf Sjf6/
ePlt/ nfUof}+ . nfUg t nfUof}+, t/ nx/} ;a} Ps}gf;] tn] ejg 5g\, ;a} af6f p:t} 5g\ . xfdL
a;]sf] ˆn]6 ePsf] ejg s'g xf] < laxfg ejgsf] 5]psf] af6f] hxfFaf6 a; r9]sf lyof}+, ToxfF
nx/} af6fsf] 5]pdf df5fsf k;n lyP ., cGo lvlr/ldlr/ ;fdu|Lsf k;n klg lyP . ejgsf]
cl3 cfFugdf b'O{ j6f uf8Lx¿ lyP . clxn] ;a} ;'g;fg 5 . g k;n 5g\ g uf8Lx¿ .
xfdL b'O{hgf af6fdf kmgkmgL 3'd]sf 5f}+, xf] t xfdL a;]sf] ejgs} slt rSs/ dfl/;Sof}+
t/ cfˆgf] Sjf6{/ k}Nofpg ;Qm}gf}+ . Pshgf kmf}hL efOnfO{ xfd|f] ldq xl/sf] gfpF lnP/ ;f]Wof}+ .
p;n] 6fOk g+=, ejg g+=,ˆn]6 g+=c? s] s] gDa/ ;f]Wof] hf] xfdLnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g . …P Û dfG5]sf]
gfpF dfq eg]/ sxfF kQf nfU5 < oxfF ;q;o Sjf6{/ 5g\ . s;n] s;nfO{ lrG5 <Ú eg]/ p af6f]
nfUof] . ca k¥of] km;fb

10
 /flt P3f/ alh;Sof] . af6fdf dflg; b]vf kg{ 5fl8;s] . xfdL ysfOn] r"/ eO;Sof}+Ù t/
6'Ëf] eg] a]6'Ëf] 5 . lgs} rSs/ dfl/;s]kl5 Ps 7fpF Pp6f ejgsf] 5]p cfP/ pleof}+ stf
lrg]h:tf] nfUof] 7fpF . o;f] larf/ u¥of}+–xfd|f] ejg 5]psf] cfFug oxL xf] . laxfg uf8L lyP
clxn] 5}gg\ . laxfg oxL af6f]sf] 5]p df5fsf k;n lyP . xfd|f] Sjf6{/ ePsf] oxL+ x'g'k5{ . lgs}
ud]/ 7DofPkl5 l;+9Laf6 dfly r9\of}+ / 9f]sfsf] 306L ahfof}+ . xl/nfO{ l9nf] ePsf] c;n sf/0f
eg]/ lsg xf:osf] kfq aGg' < To;} 6fn6'n kf¥of}+ . pgsf] …vfgf vfg' ef] <Ú eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/df
xfF;f] km':sg glbO{ d}n] eg]+ …cfh lbNnLsf] ld7fO{ vfg] dg ef]Ù To;}n] l3pdf tf/]sf] lbNnLsf] n•'
k]6el/ vfof}+ b'j} efOn] ÛÚ xfdL yfs]/ r"/ lyof}+ / em§ cf]5\ofg ;dfTof}+ .
efiff ;df/f]x ;dfKt ef] . cfPsf k|ltlglwx¿ sf]xL lbNnL 3'Dg yfn], sf]xL tfhdxn x]g{
cfu/flt/ nfu] . sf]xL xl/of0ff uP/ ;:tf]df ;fdfg lsgL c;d k'¥ofO{ gfkmfdf a]Rg] ;'/ s:g
yfn] . …kz'kltsf] hfqfdf l;b|fsf] Jofkf/Ú tfs]sf /x]5g\ sltn] . xfdLnfO{ eg] ca kms{g] ;d:of
lyof] . 6«]gdf cf;g cf/If0fsf] ;d:of . ;f+;bx¿sf] cf/If0f sf]6f x'G5 eGg] xfdLn] ;'g]sf lyof}+ .
To;tfsf l;lSsdsf ;f+;b kxnjfg ;'Aaf x'g'x'GYof] . xfdL, cyf{t\ d ;lxt cg'/fu / rGb| ljgf]b
gy{ Pe]Go" ;'AafhLsf] Sjf6{/ klxNofpFb} k'Uof}+ .
;'AafHo"l;t d]/f] ;fIffTsf/ gePsf] ePklg pxfF d]/f] gfpFl;t kl/lrt x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 .
cf/If0fsf] lglDt xfdLnfO{ ;+;b ejg lnP/ hfg'ef] .
;+;b ejg To;a]nf;Dd d}n] aflx/af6 dfq b]vs ] f] lyPF . cyf{t\ ;]n/f]6Lsf] yfs nfPh:tf]
ejg} ejgsf] yfs nfu]sf] uf]nf] rSs/leq k;]/ x]/]sf] lyOFg . -clxn];Dd t ;ef rNb} /x]sf]
;+;bleq klg bz{s ¿kdf pkl:yt eO;s]sf] 5' ._ leq k:tf yfxf ef], Tof] uf]nf] rf/kfFr tn]
ejgsf] rSs/ t ljleGg sfof{non] el/e/fp /x]5 / c;n tLg j6f ;+;b ejg t ToxL rSs/
dfemdf /x]5g\ . Pp6f nf]s;ef ejg, dfemdf ;+o'Qm ;ef ejg / csf]{ /fHo;ef ejg .
;'AafHo"n] xfdLnfO{ ToxL rSs/ leqsf] tLgtnf dfly l:yt /]n cf/If0f sfof{nodf
k'¥ofpg'eof] / cf/If0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ef] . ToxL rSs/ leqsf] Pp6f xndf Pd=kL=x¿sf] s]lG6g
/x]5 hxfF xfdLn] lbpF;f]sf] ef]h u¥of}+ . vfgf Hofb} :t/Lo t/ ;/sf/åf/f ;f+;bx¿sf] lglDt
s6f}tL ul/Psf] x'Fbf df]n Hofb} yf]/} .
lznfª lgjf;L >L s0f{ l;+x 5]qL hf] xfn lbNnLd} x'g'x'G5, To;tfsf lbNnL ;"rgf tyf
k|;f/ ljefudf ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs x'g'x'GYof] . w]/} jif{ pxfF lbNnL /]l8of] :6]zgsf] ;Djfbbftf klg
x'g'x'GYof] / cjsfz u|x0f u/]kl5 l;lSsdsf d'VodGqLsf] ;Nnfxsf/ /xg'ePsf] s'/f ;a}df 1ft}
5 . s0f{l;+x ;/ afNosfnsf d]/f u'? x'g'x'GYof] clg kl5 pxfFl;t em08} d]/f] kfl/jfl/s ;Dks{
hlQs} ag]sf] lyof] . lbNnLaf6 lznfª cfpFbf pxfF u'jfxf6L d]/f]df gk;L hfg' x'GgYof] / d]/f]
lglDt klg lbNnL k'u]kl5 pxfFnfO e]6\g sfo{qmd tf]lsPs} x'GYof] . ;kl/jf/ d pxfFsf] lbNnL
lgjf;df sltv]k a;]sf] klg 5' .
cf/If0fsf] 606faf6 d'Qm ePkl5 dg cln xn'Ëf] ef] . s0f{l;+x ;/nfO{ e]6\g] ljrf/ u¥of}+ .
cg'/fu / rfln;] klg pxfFnfO{ e]6\g hfg] eP .
ca xfdLnfO{ ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f s]Gb|sf] ;dfrf/ ;]jf k}Nofpg' lyof] hxfF s0f{l;+x ;dfrf/
;Dkfbs x'g'x'GYof] . lbNnLjf;L Pshgf a6'jfnfO{ ;f]Wbf p;n] em08} Ps lsnf]ld6/ 6f9fsf] Pp6f
ljzfn ejg cf}+NofOlbof] . lx+8]/} ToxfF;Dd k'uL ejgdf cg';Gwfg sfpG6/df a;]sf] JolQmnfO{
;dfrf/ ljefu sxfF eg]/ ;f]Wbf p lgs} emSof]{ / s8\Sof] klg . p;n] eGof]Ù …oxfF sxfF ;dfrf/

11
ljefu vf]Hg'x'G5 < of] t nfn axfb'/ zf:qL ejg xf] . Go"h ;le{; l8lehg t oxfFaf6 b'O{
lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f 5 .Ú
d]/f] w]/}rf]l6sf] cg'ej s] 5 eg] lbNnLsf dflg;nfO{ s'g} 6'ª\uf] ;f]Wof]eg] p;n] ghfg]sf]
ePklg d hflGbg eGb}g / cg'dfgd} Psflt/ b]vfOlbG5 / cl3 a9\5 . To;/L p t cfˆgf]
c1fgtfnfO{ 5f]k]/ 7"nf] dfG5] aG5Ù t/ e'Qmdfg ;f]Wg] JolQmn] vKg'k5{ . lbNnL ofqfsf] o:t} csf]{
Pp6f ltQmtf d}n] ef]u]sf] 5' . dnfO{ Pshgf 8fS6/ e]6\g cfo'lj{1fg gu/ k'Ug'kg]{ . PshgfnfO{
;f]Wbf p;n] h'g 7fpF atfof]Ù ToxfF k'Ubf yfxf nfUof] Tof] cfo'{lj1fg gu/ geO cG;f/L gu/ /x]5
. cG;f/L gu/sf] Pshgfn] cfo'lj{1fg gu/ eg]/ hxfF b]vfof] ToxfF k'Ubf yfxf eof] Tof] t d]l8sn
OlG:66\o"6sf] 5fqfjf; kf] /x]5 . o;/L lbgel/ cfo'lj{1fg gu/sf] 6'Ëf] gnfu]kl5 8fS6/ e]6\g]
sfo{qmd :ylut /fv]/ d cfˆgf] xf]6n kms]{sf] 5' .
clxn] klg em08} ToxL bzf x'g nfu]sf] 5 xfd|f] . t/ tLg tLg hgf lyof}+ ;xh} xfg]{ s'/f]
ePg . w]/} ;f]wvf]hkl5 aNnaNn sfof{no aGb x'g nfUbf xfdL ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] ;dfrf/ ljefudf
k'Uof}+ . wGg s0f{l;+x ;/ sfof{noaf6 lgl:s;Sg' ePsf] /x]g5 / e]6 eof] .
;/n] 3/ hfg] cfu|x ug'{ef] . eGg'eof]–…df]tLafu ;fpyaf6 -;/sf] Sjf6{/ ePsf] 7fpF_
l;4fy{ kfs{ glhs} 5Ù vfgf vfP/ hfpnf Ú rfln;] lzlj/d} kms{g] eP . cg'/fu klg …tkfO{+
;/sxfF k'u]/ cfpg'xf];\Ù d ;f]em} 8]/fdf kms{G5'Ú eg]/ jf;lt/ nfu] . ;/n] dnfO{ 5f]8\g'ePg .
:6fkm a;åf/f xfdL df]tLafu ;fpy k'Uof}+ . efpHo"sf] -;/sL >dtLsf]_ dfOt lbNnLd} x'gfn]
dfOt k'u]/ ev{/ cfpg'ePsf] /x]5 .
d}n] pxfFnfO{ ;f]w]+, …slt 6f9f 5 efpHo"sf] dfOtÙ s] df cfpg'ef] clxn] <Ú …oxL+ kf; d} t
xf]Ù slZd/L u]6 Û oxfFaf6 b; lsnf]ld6/ 6f9fÙ xfdL w]/}h;f] lx+8]/} cfgfhfgf u5f}+{ .Ú dgdg} ljrf/]+,
…of] klg lbNnLs} n•'sf] s/fdt xf]Ù hxfF b; lsnf]ld6/ 6f9fsf] af6f] glhs} 7xl/G5 / lx+8]/}
cfjthfjt ug{ ;lsG5 .Ú dflg; klg otfsf cUnf cUnf / uf]/f . b]Vt} /x/nfUbf x'G5g\ . ptf
k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf u'OF7]x¿ klg kf] oxfF cfP/ lgs} clUnPsf] b]V5' d .
/fltsf] vfgf vfPkl5 ;/n] eGg'ef]Ù …ltdL ls ot} a;Ù hfG5f} eg] 5f]/fn] :s'6/df
k'¥ofOlbG5 . dgdg} ljrf/]+, …:s'6/df t hfpFnfÙ e/] l;4fy{ kfs{ k'u]/ lxhf]sf] h:tf] cfˆgf] 8]/f
klxNofpg ;lsg eg] nfh dg'{ x'G5 . To;}n] eg]+Ù …e}uf] cfh ot} a:5'Ù ef]ln ot}af6 lzlj/ uP/
cg'/funfO{ ToxL+ e]6f}+nf ÛÚ
ef]lnkN6 cg'/ful;t e]6 ePkl5 ljrf/ cfof]Ù …ljr/f cg'/fun] oxfFsf bz{gLo :yn s]xL
x]g{ kfPgg\ Û oxfFsf] ;a}eGbf glhs kg]{ /]8 kmf]6{ -nfnlsNnf_ b]vfOlbg' k¥of] . Pp6f c6f]nfO{
eg]+–…/]8kmf]6{ rnf]u] <Ú …rn]+u] ;fÚa ÛÚ eg]/ xfdL r9\g] lalQs} c6f] s'bfof] . /]8kmf]6{ ToxfFb]lv b'O{
lsnf]ld6/ klg 5}g . t/ c6f] eg] rf/ lsnf]ld6/ hlt s'lb;Sof] t/ /]8kmf]6{sf] gfpFlgzfg 5}g .
…/]8kmf]6{ olt 6f9f t 5}g, sxfF nUb}5;\ t}+n] <Ú ;f]w]+ c6f]jfnfnfO{ . …Po/ kf]6{ ;fÚa Û oxL
af]nf yf gf cfkg] <Ú kf] eG5 c6f]jfnf Û …d}n] t /]8kmf]6{ kf] eg]sf] lyPFÙ Po/ kf]6{ sxfF eg]+ <Ú …cf]
xf]Ù xdg] tf] Po/ kf]6{ ;'gf, xjfO{ c•f Û nfnlsNnf af]nt] x} gf Ow/ xdnf]u /]8kmf]6{sf] . ca
Otgf b"/ cfuP tf] s't'a ldgf/ 5f]8 b]t] x}+ hf] oxfF ;] ghbLs x}, jxL b]v nf] ÛÚ
rf/ ?lkofF ef8fsf] 7fpFdf afO; ?lkofF lt/]/ s't'aldgf/ x]g'{ afx]s csf]{ pkfo s] lyof] /
< cflv/ lbNnLsf] n•' vfg g} t lx+8]sf 5f}+ Û lbNnLaf6 kms{g] lbg cfˆgf ;a} ;fdfg
l;4fy{gu/l:yt xl/sf] 3/af6 efiff ;ldtsf] lzlj/df cf];f/]+ . cg'/fusf] l6s6 Ps lbg kl5sf]

12
lyof] . d l;t ;fy} cf/If0f u/]sf rfln;] efOx¿ xl/of0ff hfg] eP clg cfˆgf] cf/If0f l6s6
ufpFsf cGo ;fyLnfO{ lbP . ;Fu} cfPsf ;fyLx¿ 5f]l8P/ d gf}nf] ;fyLl;t k/]+ .
lbNnL nfnlsNnfdf x'g] k|sfz tyf Wjlg k|bz{g d}n] x]/]sf] lyOFg . uf8L /flt b; ah] 5'6\g]
lyof] . clxn] ev{/ ;fFem k/]sf] lyof] . ;fdfg :6]zg;Dd nlulbg] bfloTj ;fyLx¿nfO{ a'emfP/ d
/ cg'/fu nfnlsNnf k|sfz tyf Wjlg k|bz{g x]g{ uof}+ . s]jn ljB't k|sfz / Wjlgsf] dfWodaf6
d'unsfnLg bf:tfg k|bz{g ul/+bf]/x]5 ToxfF / 3f]8fsf] 6fkn] qmdz M ult lnPsf] cfjfhn] 3f]8f
s'b]sf] cg'ej x'G5 t/ 3f]8f 5}gg\ . 3F'u?sf] zAb / ;+uLt clg g[Tozfnfdf 5l/Psf] k|sfzn]
jfOhLsf] g[To k|bz{g ePsf] cg'ej x'G5 . t/ ToxfF g afO{hL x'G5g\ g t afO{hLsf] g[Todf em'Ng]
lju|n gjfax¿ g} Û csa/sf] lbjfg] vfz tyf lbjfg] cfddf ;ef a;]sf] cfef; s]jn k|sfz /
af]nLn] ul/G5 t/ ;ef;b\x¿ ToxfF x'Fb}gg\ . d'unsfnLg ctLtsf] hLjg / hLjgsf] k/Dk/fut
ult bzf{pg] Pp6f cgf}7f] snf km]nf kf/]+ d}n] o; k|sfz tyf Wjlg k|bz{gdf .
uf8Lsf] ;do x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . xfdL nfnlsNnfb]lv ;f]em} :6]zg k'Uof}+ . cg'/fu, rfln;] /
cGo ;fyLx¿l;t labf eO{ cfˆgf] cf/lIft cf;gdf a;]+ . uf8L 5'6\5 / lbNnLsf] ;]/f]km]/f] klg
5f]l8+b} hfG5 . d eg] lbNnLsf w]/} cg'ejL h:tf] c? s]xL lbg a:g kfP x'GYof] h:tf] kms]{/ hfpF
h:tf] cg'ej ul//xG5' dgdf . …olQs}n] t sxfF 6'lËPnf / lbNnL ofqfÙ km]l/ klg cfpF5' s'g} lbg
gd/L afFr], b}jn] ;fFr] lbNnLsf] n•' vfg ÛÚ eg]/ ;fGTjgf klg lbFb}5' cfkm}+nfO{ .
u'jfxf6L, c;d

k"jf{]Q/ ef/tdf :jtGqf]Q/ g]kfnL syf–;flxTosf] ljsf;

8f=hdblUg pkfWofo

g]kfnL syf–;flxTosf] Pp6f xfFuf] ef/tsf] k"jf{]Q/ e]sdf df}nfPsf] dfq} xf]Og lgs}
l5lKkPsf] klg 5 . To;}n] o; ljifoaf/] 5'§} ax; x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . oxL ;Gbe{df k|:t't n]vsf]
zLif{s tLg s8Ldf tf]lsPsf] 5 . klxnf] s8L xf] …k"jf]{Q/ ef/tÚ . oL zAbåon] ef/tjif{sf] pQ/
k"j{ lbzfdf /x]sf cfª\u /fHox¿nfO{ a'emfpFb5g\ . tL /fHox¿ x'g\–dl0fk'/, lqk'/f, c;d,
gfufNof08, d]3fno, ldhf]/d / c?0ffrn k|b]z . pQm ;ft /fHox¿nfO{ Ps}rf]l6 …;ft alxgLÚ
cyjf …;]j]g–l;:6;{Ú sf /fHox¿ eGg] rng klg 5 . plxn] dl0fk'/ / lqk'/f afx]ssf cGo afFsL
kfFr /fHox¿ cv08 …c;dÚ cyjf …cf;fdÚ leq} kb{y] .
bf];|f] s8L …:jtGqf]Q/Ú zAbn] O{=!($& df ef/tjif{ la|l6; pklgj]zaf6 :jtGq eP
pk|fGtsf] ;do cjlwnfO{ hgfpg] dfGg' kb{5 . To;f] x'Fbf ljut O{;jL aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] bf];|f]
cw]{s clg clxn] O{;jL PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] klxnf] bzsnfO{ klg yk]/ df]6fdf]6L rNbf] 5–bzs
sfn JoflKtnfO{ lnOPsf] a'lemG5 . o;nfO{–…:j/fh–pQ/ sfnÚ eg] klg x'G5 .
t];|f] s8L …syf ;flxToÚn] d"nt M syf / pkGof;Ù oL b'O6f ljwfnfO{ lgb]{z ub{5Ù h;nfO{
xfdLn] …uBfVofgÚ klg eGg] u/]sf 5f}+ . cª\u|]hLdf o;}nfO{ …lkmS;gÚ eGb5g\ .
t;y{ pQm zLif{ssf] tfTko{ xf]–…:j/fh–pQ/ o'usf] pQ/–k"j{ ef/tdf ef/tLo g]kfnL
uBfVofg cyjf lkmS;gsf] qmd ljsf;Ú .
g]kfnL ;flxTo Oltxf;sf] l;nl;nfdf k"jf]{Q/ cyjf pQ/ k"jL{o ef/tnfO{ PsfO e"–
v08sf] bfo/fleq ;d]6\g] k/Dk/f 5Ù clg To;sf] cf}lrTo /x]sf] klg b]lvG5 . :j/fh–pQ/ o'usf]
;flxTo cfw'lgstf / cfw'lgstfjfb–oL b'O ;|f]tdf au]/ cfpFb} u/]sf] x'G5Ù clg To;df g]kfnL

13
uBfVofgn] cfˆg} Ps k|:6 7fpF cf]u6]sf] 5 . of] jf:tljstf g]kfn Pj+ ef/t–c;d ;a}lt/
Ps5q ePsf] kfOG5 . d"n zLif{ssf] ljj]rg o;/L g} x'g]5 .
x'g t cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf–;flxTosf] k|:yfg laGb' hxfFaf6 b]lvG5, To; ;do cufl8 klg
g]kfnL ;dfhdf …syf–s'y'ª\u|LÚ / …ls:;f–sxfgLÚ cyjf …cfxfgÚ eGg] / ;'Gg] rng /x]s} lyof] .
t/ cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTon] cfVofgx¿sf] ljwfdf syfgs / syfj:t' tyf kfq / kl/j]zdf
gf}nf] z}nL, :j¿k / efjgfsf] cfofd ylklbof] . 5f]6f ls:;f–sxfgLx¿ n3'syf ePÙ nfdf
pkGof; sxnfOP . g]kfn–ef/t cfGtM/fli6«otf}/df ljj]rgf ug'{kbf{ of] kxn sf7df8f}+af6
k|sflzt …zf/bfÚ -!(#%_ dfl;s klqsfdf -O{=!(#^ otf_ n3'syfx¿ lg:sg yfn]b]lv ;'? ePsf]
5 . k"jf{~rn ef/tdf klg To;sf] Ps jif{kl5 g} lznfªaf6 lg:sg nfu]sf] …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ -!(#^_
klqsfdf -O{=!(#&_ b]lv o:tf g]kfnL n3'syfx¿ k|sflzt x'g yfn] . To:f dWo]sf] klxnf] n3'
syf xf] /fdk|;fb 1jfnLsf] …snÍÚ . …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ df pgsf c¿ klg n3'syfx¿ k|sflzt ePsf
5g\ . wg axfb'/ /fO{sf] …gog ldngÚ gfdsf] syf klg oxL klqsfdf lgl:sPsf] lyof] . h'g'dfof
/fO{gLn] c;daf6 k7fPsf] …b'Mvdo Oltxf;Ú gfdsf] syf …zf/bfÚdf O{=!(#( df k|sflzt ePsf] xf]
. csf]{ jif{ cyf{t\ O{=!($) df t]hk'/ laxfnLaf6 6Ígfy pkfWofon] n]v]sf] …k'8\s] xanbf/Ú
gfpFsf] n3'syf klg …zf/bfÚ d} k|sflzt eof]] . To;kZrft\ pQ/–k"jL{o ef/tdf Pp6f, b'O{6f ub}{
lgs} klqsfx¿ k|sfzgdf cfpg yfn]Ù clg g]kfnL uBfVofgn] klg ltgLx¿d} cfTdk|sfzsf] nfdf]
af6f] to u/] . …zf/bfÚ / …uf]vf{–;]jsÚ afx]s klg sflnDkf]ªaf6 lg:sg] clvn ef/tLo uf]vf{
nLusf] d'vkq …uf]vf{Ú -!($%_, bfhL{lnªaf6 lg:sg] …ef/tLÚ -!($^_ / …xfd|f] syfÚ -!($^_,
agf/;af6 lg:sg] …o'ujf0fLÚ -!($(_ cflb klqsfx¿df k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf syfsf/x¿n] cfˆgf
syfx¿ k|sfzgsf] nflu k7fpg yfn] . To;}u/L …t?0f uf]vf{Ú, …uf]vf{nL, …rlGb|sfÚ, …k|eftÚ,
…lxdflb|Ú, …a|Xdk'qÚ, …lbofnf]Ú, …dw'jgÚ, …;'dgÚ, …cfzfÚ, …af8'nLÚ, …h'g]nLÚ, …dfbnÚ, …piffÚ, …syfd~rÚ,
…laGb'Ú, …xfd|f] ;okqLÚ, …uf]/]6f]Ú, …¿k/]vfÚ, …xfd|f] WjlgÚ, …xfd|f] cfF6Ú, …;kl/jf/Ú, …b]zjftf{Ú, …xfd|f]
k|hfzlQmÚ, …xfd|f] cfjfhÚ cflb y'k|} kq–klqsfx'Fbf] g]kfnL syf–;flxTo emg\emg\ emfFlËb} / df]6fpFb}
cfO/x]5 .
:jtGqtf k|flKtsf] bz jif{ cufl8af6} pQ/–k"j{ ef/tdf cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf ;flxTosf]
;'?jft ePsf] ul/dfnfO{ a]Un} /fVt} s]jn :j/fhf]Q/ sfnsf] syf–n]vg Oltxf;nfO{ dfq} oxfF
;xL ¿kdf k|ltkflbt ug'{kbf{ Tof] Oltxf; O{=!($( b]lv ;'? ePsf] yfxf nfU5 . clg To;df
klxnf] syfsf/sf ¿kdf xl/k|;fb …uf]vf{Ú /fO{nfO{ >]o lbg'k5{ . k|;Ëdf eGg'kbf{ bfhL{lnªaf6
!($^ b]lv …xfd|f] syfÚ / …ef/tLÚ klqsf lg/Gt/ lg:sg nfUb5g\ . …uf]vf{Ú /fO{sf syfx¿ qmdzM
…wg]sf] y]l;;Ú, / …lj;]{sf] s'/fÚ …xfd|f] syfÚdf Pj+ …Pp6f ;nfdÚ / …uf]vf{nLsf] d8]nÚ …ef/tLÚdf
lgl:sP/ Ps gofF o'usf] ;"rgf ub{5g\ . km]l/ !(%) df pgsf …dg leqleq}Ú, …j}/fuL cf>dÚ /
…Pp6f sfuhsf] vf]:6fÚ klg ToxL klqsfdf k|sflzt x'G5g\ . kl5 km]l/ !(%@ df …g]kfnLsf] dfofÚ
zLif{s syf …uf]vf{Údf k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . nx/} lg:sg nfu]sf oL syfx¿n] g} k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf]
g]kfnL syf ;flxTosf] Oltxf;df /f]dflG6s k|j[lQsf] nx8 af]s]/ NofpF5g\ .
!(%@ ;g\b]lv k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf] syf–;flxTosf] cfsfzdf csf{ Pshgf pHjn tf/f
em'lNsG5g\ . ltgL x'g\ nLn axfb'/ 5]qL . cfˆgf leGg} kf/fsf …sQ{JoÚ -o'ujf0fL, !(%@_, …cfzfsf]
lbof] lgef]Ú / …uf]7fnfsf] ;kgfÚ -uf]vf{, !(%$_ h:tf syf dfkm{t\ pgL oyfy{jfbL k|j[lQ leœofpg]
kxn rfN5g\ .

14
 km]l/ oxL krf;sf] bzsd} syf–;flxTosf] d}bfgdf a]Un} lbs\b[li6 lnP/ cf]n{G5g\ csf{
Pshgf k|ltefjfg\ syfsf/ b'jf{;f pkfWofo . t]hk'/ e]saf6 lg:sg] …k|eftÚ / …aXdk'qÚ gfdsf
:t/Lo b'Oj6f ;flxlTos klqsfx¿df pgsf …cfpg] ;dfhsf] e]6LdfÚ -k|eft, !(%%_, …l/Qf] sfvÚ
-a|Xdk'q, !(%(_ h:tf syfx¿ k|sflzt x'G5g\ . tL syfx¿sf dfWodaf6 pkfWofon] h'g
rf~rNo dRrfOlbPsf lyPÙ Tof] g]kfnL uBfVofgdf k|ultjfb / dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] gf}nf] wf/f aGg
k'u]sf] lyof] .
Tof] bzs g;ls+b} k"jf{~rn ef/tsf] g]kfnL uBfVofgdf csf]{ Pp6f ul/dfdo Oltxf;
ylkG5 . Tof] xf] pkGof; ljwfsf] yfngL . x'g t o;cl3 klg pkGof; ¿kL uBfVofg s[ltx¿
glgl:sPsf xf]Ogg\ . t/ nLn axfb'/ 5]qLn] …a;fOFÚ -!(%&_ pkGof; n]v]/ o; ljwfdf 7f];
b[i6fGt v8f u/]Ù h;df ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbnfO{ km/flsnf] 7fpF ldNb5 . pgsf …lsk6Ú / …k'/:sf/Ú
syfx¿ klg bzssf] clGtdlt/ lg:s]sf x'g\ .
o:f k|sf/n] :j/fhf]Q/ o'usf] k"jf]{Q/ ef/tLo uBfVofgdf xl/k|;fb …uf]vf{Ú /fO{ k|yd
cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf/ x'g'sf ;fy} /f]dfl06s k|jt{s ;d]t eP/ em'lNsG5g\ . cv08 c;dsf
Pj+ cfhsf] gfufNof08 /fHosf] /fhwfgL zx/ sf]xLdfsf afl;Gbf x'g\ pgL .
oyfy{jfbnfO{ rflx+ nLn axfb'/ 5]qLn] uBfVofgdf k|j]z u/fP . pgL cw'gf c;dsf]
/fhwfgL ;x/ u'jfxf6Lsf afl;Gbf x'g\ .
b'jf{;f pkfWofo c;d /fHosf] g]kfnL afx'No If]q t]hk'/ e]sdf j;f]jf; u5{g\, h;n]
k|ultjfb / dgf]ljZn]if0fnfO{ Ps}rf]l6 To; k|fGtsf] g]kfnL uBfVofgdf :jfut u/] .
nIdLk|;fb k/fh'nL Psrf]l6 krf;sf] clGtd bzsdf / csf]{rf]l6 ;f7Lsf] bzsdf …k|eftÚ
df syf lnP/ pbfpF5g\ clg c:tfpF5g\ klg .
;f7Lsf] bzs otf k"jf{~rnsf ljleGg k|fGtaf6 ljleGg kqklqsfx¿df cfˆgf syfx¿
k|sflzt u/fpg] c¿ y'k|} syfsf/ b]vf kb{5g\ . …piffÚ / …cfzfÚ -lznfª\_ dfkm{t\ ef]nfgfy u'?ª,
s[i0fk|;fb 1jfnL, 8L=cf/=;'Aaf, dfof 7s'/L, kß axfb'/ yfkf, nfn'k|;fb pkfWofo, /fdrGb|
pkfWofo, g/axfb'/ k|wfg clg …sf]lknfÚ -l8uaf]O{_ cflb dfkm{t\ clUg axfb'/ IfqL h:tf syfsf/
b]vf k5{g\ . o;} bzsn] syf–;ª\sngsf] Oltxf; klg ;'? ub{5 . o; e]ssf] To:tf] klxnf] syf
;Íng xf] …sxfgL ;ª\u|xÚ -!(^)_Ù h;df nLn axfb'/ 5]qL, /fhfl;+ lnDa', 8Da/ g]kfnL, kß
9sfn, nIdL ltdl;gf, ;L=aL u'?ª / xl/k|;fb pkfWofox¿sf syf ;ª\slnt 5g\ . To;sf] nuQ}
csf]{ jif{ …P]ltxfl;s syf ;ª\u|xÚ -!(^!_ k|sfzgdf cfpF5 . o;df xl/eQm s6'jfn, b'uf{ l/hfn
/ sfzL/fd l/hfnsf syf ;ª\u|lxt 5g\ . To;}u/L rGb|snf g]jf/sf] …ddtfÚ -syf ;ª\sng_
!(^% df k|sflzt x'G5 . o;df pgsf cfˆgf dfq} syfx¿ ;ª\slnt 5g\Ù h;nfO{ To; bzssf]
k"jf{~rnsf] csf]{ Pp6f gf}nf] Oltxf; dfGg'k5{ . o;df gf/L ljjztfx¿ oyfy{jfbL wf/fdf
kf]lvPsf 5g\ .
!(^$ b]lv n]Vt} cfPsf csf{ Ps ;zQm syfsf/ x'g\ ch'{g lg/f}nfÙ h;sf] :yfg km]l/
5'§} 5 . …sfldgLÚ, k|ltåGåLÚ, …s'v'/] j}+zÚ h:tf syfx¿ k|sflzt u/]/ l;4x:t ePsf lg/f}nf
…;fg'sf] ;fgf] cGtå{GåÚ -;'dgÙ!(^(_ dfkm{t\ cl:tTjjfbL k|j[lQnfO{ d"n syfgsdf 9fn]/ k"jf]{Q/
ef/tdf gofF Oltxf; /rgf ug{ /dfpF5g\ . pgsf] of] k|j0ftf ;Q/Lsf] bzsdf klg lg/Gt/ /xG5
. ;g\ !(^* sf] csf]{ Pp6f pNn]vgLo s'/f s] xf] eg] lznfªaf6 lbn ;fxgLsf] ;Dkfbgdf
syfdfq k|sflzt x'g] klqsf …syfd~rÚ lg:sg yfN5 .

15
 cl:tTjjfbL wf/fnfO{ g} klxNofpFb} syf–;flxTodf k|j]z ug]{ csL{ syfsf/ x'g\ dfof 7s'/L
. O{=!(^( b]lv !(&( ;Dddf …k]g k|m]08Ú, …uf]kmnLÚ, …/]zds"nÚ, …lat]sf s'/fÚ, lk/fld8Ú cflb cg]s
/f]rs syf /rgf u/]/ pgL k"jf{~rnsf] g]kfnL syf–;flxTodf cfˆgf] 5'§} :yfg cf]u6\g ;dy{
x'lG5g\ . o;}aLr 8Da/ vgfn, xl/eQm s6'jfn, nId0f af]xf]/f, ;Gtnfn ;8Í/x¿ klg
syfsf/sf ¿kdf b]vf k5{g\ .
o:tf+ k|sf/n] pQ/–k"jL{ ef/tdf g]kfnL syf n]vgsf] 7"nf] af9L cfpFg yfN5 .Ù lgs}
syfsf/ /fli6«o :t/df ;d]t kl/lrt x'g yfN5g\ . pkGof; n]vgsf] /x/ klg ;dfGt/ ¿kdf
ylkG5 . c;dsf] gf}ufpF lhNnf cGtu{t nª\sfaf6 xl/k|;fb zdf{sf] …k|]dkqÚ -!(^)_, nfdl8ª\af6
s]=aL=g]kfnLsf] …d]/f] 3/ d]/f] ;+;f/Ú -!(^%_, …;dk{0fÚ -!(^%_ clg nLn axfb'/ 5]qLsf] csf]{ s[lt
…ct[KtÚ -!(^(_ ;f7Lsf] bzss} pknlAw x'g\ .
;Q/Lsf] bzsdf klg lgs} pkGof; k|sfzgdf cfpF5g\ . vf;u/L lznfªaf6 ch'{g
lg/f}nfsf] …3fd 8'a]kl5Ú -!(&!_ / …lzlz/ atf;Ú -!(&@_, s]=aL= g]kfnLsf] …t:jL/ Ps xftsf]Ú -
!(&#_, sfzL/fd ;'j]bLsf] …k|ltbfgÚ -!(&$_ clg l8uaf]Oaf6 uxLg pkfWofosf] …vf]hLdfÚ -!(&(_
cflbn] o; ljwfnfO{ emgemg ;d[4 kfb}{ n}hfg yfN5g\ .
k'/fgf / k|ltli7t syfsf/x¿sf] xf/df gofF k|hGdsf syfsf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9\b} cfpF5 .
syfsf/x¿sf] l9s'6L 7"nf] x'Fb} hfG5 . dfgs syfx¿ klxrfg ul/G5g\ . k|;Ëdf lbn ;fxgL,
kf]v/]n kLtfDa/, nId0f af]x/f, lbn axfb'/ g]jf/, lji0f'nfn pkfWofo, cljgfz >]i7 cflb
syfsf/x¿nfO{ ljleGg ;flxlTos / P]ltxfl;s kl/k|]Ifdf oxfF pNn]v ug'{kb{5 . ljleGg k|fGtaf6
k':tsfsf/ ¿kdf syfsf/x¿sf syf ;ª\sngx¿ k|sflzt x'g] qmd ylkG5 . tL dWo]sf …sNkgfÚ
-s]=aL=g]kfnL, !(&)_, …o'u k'?ifÚ -lbn ;fxgL, !(&!_, …Pp6f /ft lat]kl5Ú -ch'{g lg/f}nf, !(&#_,
…:ki6Ls/0fÚ -xl/eQm s6'jfn, !(&#_, …oxfF abgfd x'G5Ú -xl/k|;fb …uf]vf{Ú /fO{, !(&$_, …gh'/]sf]
hf]8LÚ / …udnfsf] km"nÚ -dfof 7s'/L, !(&$ / !(&&_, …c3]{nf]Ú -aL=Pd=k|wfg, !(*)_, …tLg bzs
aL; cleJolQmÚ -nLn axfb'/ 5]qL, !(*)_ cflb pNn]Vo 5g\ .
c;Lsf] bzsb]lv otf cfh;Dd …OGb|]0fLÚ -z]/dfg yfkf_, …pT;u{Ú -lji0f'nfn pkfWofo_,
…cfljisf/Ú -8Da/ bfxfn_, …¿k k|lt¿kÚ / …syfb]lv k/Ú -v8u/fh lu/L_, …cf;fd] HjfOFÚ -uf]kfn
sf}lzs_, …Ps laxfgMPs a]n'sLÚ -nId0f af]xf]/f_, …aL;f}+ ztfAbLsL dgfln;fÚ -ljqmd jL/ yfkf_,
…;fOtÚ -nf]sgfy pkfWofo rfkfufO{+_, …df6f], dfG5] / dfofÚ -df]xg ;'j]bL_, …d s'Gtnf x'FOgÚ -
kLtfDa/ u'?ª_, …z"Go ljsNkÚ -v8u/fh lu/L_, …syf~hlnÚ -uLtf pkfWofo_, …c;d]nL g]kfnL
syfofqfÚ -;+=8f=zflGt yfkf_ cflbsf gfdx¿ oxfF ljz]ifu/L cfpF5g\ .
o;} k/Dk/fdf cGo w]/} syfsf/dWo] pNn]vgLo gfd x'g\–l8NnL/fd vgfn, OGb|sfGt sfsL{,
;'dg ;'Aaf, /fwf 1jfnL, h'4jL/ /fgf, af]u] g]jf/, gL¿ zdf{ k/fh'nL, x]d hf]zL, sdn rDnfufOF,
gofb]jL n'OF6]n, b]j]g ;fksf]6f, xl/ n'OF6]n, rGb| n'OF6]n, lzj s'df/ g]jf/, nlnt ;'Aaf, d}gf
yfkf, ldqb]j zdf{ cflb .
c;Lsf] bzssf …kTy/ af]N5Ú -z]/dfg yfkf, !(*!_, …;fgL cfdfsf] 5f]/f]Ú -df]xg s'df/
>]i7, !(*%_, …8f]ax¿Ú -k|sfz ;'a]bL, !(*^_, …a|Xdk'qsf] 5]p5fpÚ -nLn axfb'/ 5]qL, !(*^_,
…l6:6fb]lv ;tnh;DdÚ -ljqmdjL/ yfkf, !(*&_, …d'6'sf] lt;{gfÚ -xl/ clwsf/L_, …bf];fFwÚ -¿k
gf/fo0f kf7s_, …cfFwLÚ -nf]sgfy rfkfufO{+_, …clUg:gfgÚ -/f]lxt uf}td_, …;kgfsf] dfofd[uÚ -/f]lxt
uf}td_, …df6f] af]Nbf] xf]Ú -ljqmdjL/ yfkf_, …o'u;lGwÚ -g}ofb]jL_ cflb klg dfgs pkGof;sf ¿kdf
ulgG5g\ .

16
 hLjgsf lg:;f/tf / ;+zo, lj;ªult / lj8Dagf, s'07f / åGå, dfgJfLo d"Nojf]wsf]
:vng, hftLotfdf k|ZglrGx, /fli6«otfdf ljjztf h:tf s'/fx¿ pNn]lvt uBfVofgx¿sf d"ne"t
k|j[lQ / cfwf/ x'g\ . oL ;a} cfw'lgstfjfbsf cGotd j}lzi7o ePsf pkGof; x'g\ . To;}n]
kl5Nnf bzssf uBfVofgdf k|:t't ul/Psf syfgs / rl/q lrq0fx¿n] klg ;fdflhs hLjgsf]
bfz{lgs kf6f], j}1flgs / of}lSts b[li6eËL, lgDg dWod ju{sf ;d:ofx¿, kfl/jfl/s åGå,
;fdflhs ktg, pu|jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] kl/k|]If, kl/jlt{t ;dfh >[ª\vnf cflbnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbP/
a]Un} lsl;dn] k|Toflot ug{ nfu]sf b]lvG5g\ .
k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf] g]kfnL uBfVofgdf cg'jfb kIfsf] klg Pp6f cxd e"ldsf 5 . c;dLof–
lxGbL–cª\u|]hLaf6 g]kfnLdf clg g]kfnLaf6 c;dLofsf cg'lbt syf / pkGof;x¿n] o;
e"ldsfsf] af6f] klxNofPsf 5g\ . DoflS;d uf]sL{sf] …cfdfÚ pkGof;nfO{ xl/k|;fb zdf{n] g]kfnLdf
…cfdfÚ gfddf cg'jfb u/]kZrft\ zflGt yfkfn] …gfd3/]Ú -ct'nfgGb uf]:jfdL, gfd3/Lof÷c;dLof_,
rGb|dl0f pkfWofon] …dª\un;"qÚ -k|]drGb, dËn;"q÷lxGbL_, 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qLn] …dg k/]sf syfx¿Ú -
cª\u|]hLaf6_ k|sfzg u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf c? lgs} syfx¿ cg'lbt eO/x]sf 5g\ . oxL wf/fdf
xf]d]g a/uf]xfl`sf c;dLof pkGof;x¿ qmdz M …pRrfsfª\IfÚ nfO{ k'ikw/ zdf{n] ToxL gfpFdf,
…cg'/fuÚ nfO{ 8f=zflGt yfkfn] pxL gfpFdf, …xfnwLof r/fo] afp wfg vfoÚ nfO{ tf/flglw
pkfWofon]–…af3sf] 5fnfdf :ofnsf] /hfOFÚ gfpFdf, ck"j{ zdf{sf] c;dLof pkGof; …af3] 6fk'/
/fltÚ nfO{ rGb|dl0f zdf{n] …af3] 6fk'sf] /ftÚ df cg'jfb u/]sf 5g\ . o; afx]ssf cGo
efiffx¿af6 klg cg'jfb eO/x]sf 5g\ . tL dWo] ljZjgf/fo0f zf:qLsf] …cljgfzLÚ nfO{ ;+:s[taf6
g]kfnLdf ToxL gfpFdf cg'jfb u/]sf 5g\ 8f= v]d/fh g]kfnn] . To:t} aª\ufnLaf6 z/trGb|
r§f]kfWofosf] …kl/0fLtfÚ nfO{ ToxL gfpFdf /]jtL df]xg ltdl;gfn] / aª\lsdrGb r§f]kfWofosf]
…cfgGb d7Ú nfO{ klg pxL gfpFd} tf/fklt pkfWofon] g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/]/ k|sfzg u/]sf 5g\ .
To:t} lbg]z zdf{sf] c;dLof syf ;ª\u|x …uNk/ u5k]/fÚ nfO{ g]kfnLdf b'uf{ vltj8fn] …aXdk'qsf
5fnx¿Ú, clg nLn axfb'/ 5]qLsf] g]kfnL pkGof; …aXdk'qsf 5]p5fpÚ nfO{ clUg axfb'/ IfqLn]
…a|Xdk'q/ cfz]kfz]Ú gfpFdf c;dLofdf cg'jfb u/]sf 5g\ . xfn} c;dLofaf6 uLtf pkfWofon] …df
dO kmfi6{ xnf]FÚ gfpFsf] pgsf] cfˆg} syfnfO{ …cfdf d km:6{ ePFÚ gfpFdf g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/]sL
5g\ . 8f= s]zj /]•Lsf] t]n]u' pkGof;nfO{ ldqb]j zdf{n] g]kfnLdf …hGde"ldsf] ;'jf;Ú clg
c;dLofdf klg …hGde"ld/ ;'jf;Ú gfd lbP/ cg'jfb u/L gofF Oltxf; sfod u/]sf 5g\ . nLn
axfb'/ 5]qLsf] …a;fOFÚ nfO{ bnaxfb'/ 5]qLn] pxL gfpFd} c;dLofdf pNyf u/]/ lgsfn]sf] x'gfn]
Tof] lgs} ;dfb[t ePsf] 5 . xfn} xf]d axfb'/ 5]qLn] cg'lbt syfx¿ g]kfnL efiffdf ;'b"/ b'aO{af6
k|sfzg u/]/ csf]{ yk cjbfg hf]8]sf 5g\ .
cGTodf eGg'kg]{ s] eg] ;f7Lsf] bzsdf v"a} rlr{t cfofd]nL cfGbf]ngsf] k|efj
k"jf{~rnsf] uBfVofg ;+/rgfdf plta]nf gk/]tfklg clxn] eg] pQ/–cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k|efj
oxfFsf syfx¿df klg k|s6 x'g yfn]sf] 5 . gf/LjfbL ;flxTo wf/f eg] otfsf] k"jf{~rndf cem}
b]lvPsf] 5}g .
w]dflh -c;d_
pQ/–k"jL{ ef/tLo g]kfnL lgaGw M Ps ;++lIfKt ¿k/]vf
1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL

17
 ef/tsf] pQ/–k"jf{~rn eGgfn] c;d, d]3fno, c?0ffrn k|b]z, ldhf]/d, gfufn]08, dl0fk'/
/ lqk'/f oL ;ft /fHox¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ ul7t e"v08nfO{ a'lemG5 . Ps ;dodf dl0fk'/ / lqk'/f
afx]s cGo /fHox¿ c;d leqsf Ps jf Psflws lhNnfsf ¿kdf lyP . cfˆgf] hftLo kl/ro
cIf'00f /fVg] Wo]on] ljleGg ;dodf c;daf6 5'l§P/ k[ys\ /fHosf ¿kdf /x]klg ;'bL3{ ;do
Pp6} /fHosf ¿kdf /x]sfn] cfk;L ;b\efjgfsf] k|of; ;a} /fHon] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;ft}
/fHox¿nfO{ …;ft a}gLÚ -c;dLof efiffdf …;ft egLÚ_ elgG5 . oL /fHox¿dWo] c;d, d]3fno,
dl0fk'/ / ldhf]/ddf g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+Vof k|z:t x'gfn] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] klg tL :yfgdf ljsf;
ePsf] 5 .
k|yd r/0f M kqklqsfx¿M
pQ/ k"jf{~rndf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] z'?cft sljtfaf6 ePsf] xf] . uf]vf{ /fOkmN;sf n]G;
gfos t'nfrg cfn]n] ;g\ !*(# df …dl0fk'/sf] wfjfsf] ;jfO{Ú n]v]/ k"jf{~rn ef/tdf g]kfnL
;flxTosf] hu a;fn]sf x'g\ . o;/L x]bf{ k"jf{~rn ef/tdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Ps ;o ;q jif{sf]
;'bL3{ uf}/jdo Oltxf; 5 . of] nfdf] ;dofjlwsf] klxnf] r/0fdf pQ/k"j{ ef/taf6 km6Øfs
km'6's g]kfnL ;flxTox¿ /lrP eg] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf -!(*) b]lv otf_ xhf/f}+sf ;+Vofdf
l;h{gfTds ;flxTosf k':tsx¿ /lrPsf 5g\Ù To;/L g} k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ cgluGtL kq–klqsf
/ :d[ltu|Gyx¿ klg .
o; cjlwsf ljz]if u/L :jfwLgtf kl5 b]lv -$& otf_ dfq g]kfnL efiffdf lgaGw n]Vg]]
:j:y k/Dk/f z'¿cft ePsf] a'lemG5 . ;g\ !(*) b]lv otf eg] k"jf{~rn ef/taf6 ztflws
lgaGw u|Gy k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ .
uf]vf{ ;]js
;g\ !(#^ sf] hgj/L dlxgfdf afa' dl0f l;+ u'?ªsf] ;DkfbsTjdf To; ;dosf] c;dsf]
/fhwfgL lznfª\af6 -xfn d]3fnosf] /fhwfgL_ k"jf{~rnsf] klxnf] ;fKtflxs …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ k|sflzt
eof] . …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ df k|sflzt dl0f l;+ u'?ªsf] ;DkfbsLo n]vnfO{ k"jf{~rnaf6 k|sflzt klxnf]
lgaGw dfGg ;lsG5 . -To; cl3sf] b;L km]nf k/]sf] 5}g ._ pQm ;fKtflxsdf ;DkfbsLo snd
eGg] pNn]v gePklg tTsfnLg ;d;fdlos ljifodf n]lvPsf] …O6nL / caL;Llgofsf] o'4Ú
zLif{ssf] n]v ;DkfbsLo n]v xf] eg]/ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 -k[=@_ . k[=$ df …;DkfbsLo l6Kk0fLÚ
cGtu{t …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ sf] p2]ZonfO{ c+u|]hL efiffdf bzf{OPsf] kfOG5 . To; cg';f/ …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ
sf p2]Zox¿ lyPM
1.To foster and promote unity, solidarity, the spirit of mutual co-operation and the spread of
edeucation amongst the Gorkha population now lying scattered througout India and Burma by
emphasing their absolute need with a new to the progressive amelioration of their existing
conditions.
2.To publish news of the day, topics of general interest as well as all such articles and writings as
are conducive to the attainment of the good and welfare of the Gorkhas.
o;/L enf] lrtfpg] (attainment of the good) / uf]vf{ hfltsf] lxt efjgf (Welfare of
Gorkhas) lnP/ em'lNsPsf] …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ n] tLg jif{leq c:tfpg' k¥of] . t/ k"jf{~rn ef/tdf
lgaGw n]vgsf] hu a;fNg] >]o …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ nfO{ g} hfG5 . …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚsf] k|sfzgdf g]kfnL
k|];sf dflns tyf d'b|s lbn' /fO{sf] e"ldsf la;{g ;ls+b}g .
;du|df pQ/–k"jf{~rn ef/t]nL ;flxTosf] sfn ljefhg ub}{ k|f=b'uf{ k|;fb l3ld/]n] tLg
r/0fx¿sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . k|f=l3ld/]sf cg';f/ !(^) ;g\ cl3sf] sfnnfO{ k|yd r/0f,

18
!(^)–!(*) sf] ;dofjlwnfO{ låtLo r/0f / !(*) otf t[tLo r/0f dflgG5 . pQ/ k"jf{~rnsf]
lgaGw ;flxTosf] rrf{ ubf{ of] sfn ljefhgnfO{ ;+ut dfGg ;lsG5 . lsgeg] ;g\ !(^) df
k"jf{~rnaf6 klxnf] lgaGw u|Gy lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/sf] …ljrf/df 8'a]sf dfG5]Ú k|sflzt ePsf] lyof]
clg !(*) b]lv c;ddf ljb]zL gful/s alxisf/ cfGbf]ng rls{gfn] oxfF a;f]af; ug]{
g]kfnLx¿df hftLo r]tgf k|v/ ePsf] kmn:j¿k g]kfnL efiffdf esfes kq–klqsf / k':tsx¿
k|sflzt x'g yfn]Ù h;df hftLo cl:dtf / cl:tTjsf s'/fx¿n] k|fwfGo kfPsf lyP .
k"jf{~rn ef/tdf klxnf] ;fKtflxs g]kfnL klqsf …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ ;g\ !(#^ df k|sflzt
x'g'eGbf cl3 bfhL{lnª, agf/; / g]kfnsf kqklqsfx¿df Toltv]/sf] a[xQ/ c;d -xfn pQ/
k"jf{~rn ef/t_sf n]vsx¿sf lgaGwx¿ k|sflzt x'g] uy]{ . kf/;dl0f k|wfg ;Dkflbt …rlGb|sfÚ
df dl0fl;+x u'?ªusf] …;Rrl/q g} pGgltsf] d"n xf]Ú, …dxf/fgL :j0f{doLÚ h:tf lgaGwx¿ k|sflzt
ePsf lyP . o;kl5 !(@* ;g\df …t?0f uf]vf{dfÚ …s'k|yf / P]gÚ, …;/sf/ cf} ;dfhÚ, …lgisfd
;]jfÚ, …;fOdg sdL;g;Fu s] dfUg] <Ú h:tf lgaGwx¿ k|sflzt u/fpg] dl0fl;+x u'?ª k"jf{~rn
ef/tLo g]kfnL lgaGw ;flxTosf hgs x'g\ . klxnf] r/0fsf s]xL pNn]vgLo lgaGw o; k|sf/ 5g\
M

lgaGw n]vs klqsf

pGgltsf] r]i6f eLid k|;fb pkfWofo
czf]sn] ef/tnfO{ s] l;sfPsf lyP e"kfn l;+x 5]qL
kl/>d cf} cWoj;fo v8\uaxfb'/ 5]qL t?0f uf]vf{
:jf:Yo /Iff eLid k|;fb pkfWofo t?0f uf]vf{
qmf]w cf} g]kfnLsf] cj:yf xf]dgfy pkfWofo t?0f uf]vf{
uf]vf{ gf6sfefj cf} d]/f] laGtL xif{axfb'/ /fO{ uf]vf{ ;+;f/
xfd|f] b]z cf} hfltsf] jt{dfg cj:yf v8\u axfb'/ 5]qL uf]vf{ ;+;f/
…uf]vf{ ;]jsÚn] k|sfzdf NofPsf s]xL lgaGw / lgaGwsf/ o; k|sf/ 5g\M
ljho ;Gb]z – u+ufw/ pkfWofo
hob]jL e}/jL – u+ufw/ pkfWofo
j}1flgs ;do – h+u axfb'/ 5]qL
;s\;s\ – w/0fLw/ zdf{
a'9Lah"sf] uGyg – wgaxfb'/ /fO{
g]kfn / ef/tLo g]kfnLx¿ – g/klt pkfWofo
a|Xdk'q / g]kfnL – df]xg pkfWofo
g}lts lzIff / snf – ef]h/fh gu/sf]6L
/fdk|;fb 1jfnL, xl/gf/fo0f pkfWofo, a+bgl;+x /fO{, xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{, wgaxfb'/ ;f]gf/,
lji0f'nfn pkfWofo, ldqnfn zf:qL, dxGt pkfWofo, 8Da/ g]kfnL, uf]kLgfy pkfWofo, 3gZofd
vgfn, k'iknfn pkfWofo, b'jf{;f pkfWofo, eLd k|;fb pkfWofo, g/l;ªu yfkf, r"8fdl0f zf:qL
cflb klxnf] r/0fsf pNn]vgLo lgaGwsf/ x'g\ . oL lgaGwsf/x¿dWo] s;}sf lgaGw …k|eftÚdf
5flkPsf lyP eg] s;}sf …a|Xdk'qÚ / …lxdflb|Ú cflbdf 5flkGy] .

19
 …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ nueu tLg jif{ rn]/ aGb eof] . …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ ljn'Kt eof] t/ o;sf] aLp
eg] dfl;Pg . w]/} lbg kv{g' k/]g, x:tlnlvt ¿kdf ePklg ;g\ !($^ df …k|eftÚ pbfof] . oxL
x:tlnlvt …k|eftÚ sf] ldld{/]df …lxdflb|Ú sf] ;'gf}nf] r'r'/f b]lvof] . o;sf s]xL jif{ kl5 …a|Xdk'qÚ
-!(%(_ sf] n]p kfP/ c;dsf] g]kfnL ;flxTo If]q dlnnf] eof] . ;g !(%% b]lv …k|eftÚ 5flkg
yfNof] . klxnf] r/0fdf k|sflzt lgDgf]Qm klqsfx¿sf] g]kfnL lgaGw ;flxTodf 7"nf] cjbfg 5 .
qm=;+= klqsfsf] gfd k|sfzg jif{ ;Dkfbs
!= uf]vf{ ;]js !(#^,hgj/L ! b]lv dl0fl;+x u'?ª
@= k|eft -x:t lnlvt_ !($^ b]lv g/klt pkfWofo, df]xg e§/fO{ /
6+s e§/fO{ -;Dkfbs d08n_
#= lxdflb| !($* g/l;ª\u yfkf
$= k|eft -5fkf_ !(%% k'iknfn pkfWofo, g/klt pkfWofo,
ljZjgfy pkfWofo / 6+s e§/fO{ -
;Dkfbs d08n_
%= a|Xdk'q !(%( k'iknfn pkfWofo, lzj k|;fb
pkfWofo, cd/gfy pkfWofo, b'jf{;f
pkfWofo, 3gZofd vgfn
^= lkmlnªuf] !(%% w|'jgfy hf]zL
&= Hof]lt !(%^ xs{axfb'/ ;'Aaf
*= cf;fd uf]vf{ !(%& ef]nfgfy u'?Ë
(= piff !(%( dl0fl;+x yfkf
;g !(^) df lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/sf] lgaGw ;+sng …ljrf/df 8'a]sf dfG5]Ú k|sflzt x'G5 .
g]jf/sf] of] u|Gy g} o; e]saf6 k|sflzt klxnf] g]kfnL lgaGw s[lt dflgG5 . ljsf;sf] of] df]8df
cfOk'Ubf g]kfnL lgaGwsf] ;]/f]km]/f] lgs} km/flsnf] ePsf] x'G5 . oxL+b]lv z'¿ x'G5 bf];|f] r/0f .
ef/tsf] k"jf{~rn e]saf6 ;of}+ klqsfx¿ lg:s] . t/ ;a}h;f] aGb eP, ljqmL ljt/0fsf]
;'Joj:yf gx'gfn] . oL klqsfx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;ls+b}g . lsgeg] k':ts k|sfzg
ug{ ;s]sf cyjf g;s]sf oL b'j} y/Lsf n]vsn] ltg} klqsfsf] dfWoddf ;flxTo l;h{gf ug'{sf
;fy} o; e]sdf ;flxlTos jftfj/0f ;[li6 u/]sf x'g\ . ;fy} o; e]ssf ;flxlTos, ;fdflhs tyf
5fq ;+u7gx¿sf d'vkqx¿, clwj]zg pknIodf k|sflzt ljz]iffÍx¿ / :d[ltu|Gyx¿df w]/}
pTs[i6 lgaGw k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ . 5f]6f] cjlwdf tof/ kfl/Psf] of] ;fgf] n]vdf ;a}sf]
pNn]v ug{ ;Dej gx'gfn] Tof] sfd eljiosf zf]wstf{nfO{ 5f8]/ oxfF k"jf{~rn /fHox¿af6
k|sflzt s]xL k|d'v klqsfx¿sf] pNn]v dfq ul/G5 .
d]]3fno dfbn, ;'dg, o'ufGt/, l;d;fª, t?0f cflb .
c;d k|eft, a|Xdk'q, lxdflb|, xfd|f] Wjlg, :kGbg, ;kl/jf/, kfg;, kl/ifb–kq,
laGb', ;dsfnLg g]kfnL ;flxTo, d'xfg, ljZjgfy, b]zjftf{, xfd|f] k|hf
zlQm cflb .
ldhf]/d lgufnf], sf]lknf, ;'gfv/L, ;okqL, uxgf cflb .
gfufNof08 ;/:jtL, kz'klt, jL0ff, hfu[lt, OGb|]0fL, sNof0fL cflb
dl0fk'/ g]tL, ;ldwf, ;Gb]z cflb .
20
 c?0ffrn k|b]z k|of;
xfnsf] kl/k|]Ifdf eGg'kbf{ u'jfxf6Laf6 k|sflzt …xfd|f] WjlgÚ -;Dkfbs kßw/ kf}8]n_ ;g\
!(&$ b]lv lg/Gt/ k|sflzt eO/x]sf] 5 eg] t]hk'/af6 k|sflzt ;dfrf/ k|wfg ;fKtflxs
…b]zjftf{Ú -;Dkfbs s';'dfs/ pkfWofo_ klg ;g\ !(() b]lv lg/Gt/tf sfod /fVg ;Ifd ePsf]
5 . To;/L g} ljut b'O jif{b]lv …;kl/jf/Ú -;Dkfbs x]dGt s'df/ zOsLof, ;+o'Qm ;Dkfbs /f]lxt
uf}td_ lgs} hglk|o ePsf] 5 . pNn]lvt klqsfx¿df ;d;fdlos cfy{–;fdflhs–/fhg}lts /
g]kfnL efiff–;flxTo–;+:s[lt ljifosf dxTjk"0f{ lgaGwx¿ k|sflzt eO/x]sf 5g\ . c~hg
pkfWofosf] ;DkfbsTjdf t]hk'/af6 @))( b]lv …xfd|f] k|hfzlQm b}lgs vj/ sfutÚ k|sflzt x'g
yfn]sf] 5 .
c;dsf] kl/k|]Ifdf pNn]vgLo s] 5 eg] c;dsf g]kfnL n]vsx¿df s]xL n]vsn] c;dLof
efiffdf k|sflzt x'g] b}lgs cvaf/ kqx¿df cfˆgf lgaGw k|sflzt u/fP/ Voflt a6'n]sf 5g\ .
c;dLof efiffdf n]lvP klg ltgsf ljifoj:t' g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / ;+:s[lt x'gfn] ;f]em} g]kfnL
hghLjg;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . o;/L tL lgaGwx¿n] g]kfnL efiff–;flxTo / hghLjgsf s'/f cGo
eflifs ;d'bfodf k|rf/ u/]/ dxTjk"0f{ sfd u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL lgaGw ;flxTosf] s'/f ubf{ o;/L
k/f]If ¿kdf g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf] ;]jf ug]{x¿nfO{ la;{g'\ x'Fb}g . -1ftJo M c;dLof efiffdf
b}lgs va/ sfut nueu aL;j6f k|sflzt x'G5g\ clg ltgsf] ljqmL ljt/0f nfvdf x'g] u5{ ._
c;dLof efiffdf lgaGw u|Gy k|sflzt u/fpg] clg cvaf/x¿df k|z:t dfqfdf n]vx¿ k|sflzt
u/fpg] s]xL n]vsx¿ x'g\–xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{, wgaxfb'/ ;f]gf/, lji0f'nfn pkfWofo, uLtf
pkfWofo, 8f=?b|dfg yfkf, 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL, 8f= v]d/fh g]kfn, 8f=hdblUg pkfWofo, kß 9sfn,
tf/fklt pkfWofo, lg¿ zdf{, 8f=hoGt s[i0f zdf{, ldqb]j zdf{, OGb' k|ef b]jL, bnaxfb'/ 5]qL,
8Da/ bfxfn, xl/ uh'/]n cflb .
c;dLof efiffdf g]kfnL hghLjg, ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf ljifodf lgaGw n]v]/ Voflt kfPsf
k|foM ;a}h;f] n]vs g} g]kfnL efiffdf klg lgaGw n]vssf ¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf 5g\ . tL
afx]s lgaGwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt s]xL lgaGwsf/x¿ x'g\–k|f=uf]kL gf/fo0f k|wfg, ch'{g lg/f}nf,
8L=6L lhDaf, w|'jgfy hf]zL, kf]v/]n kLtfDa/, k|]dnfn h};L, dl0fl;+x yfkf, k|f=g/axfb'/ /fO{, z/b
1jfnL, x]d hf]zL, 6]sgf/fo0f pkfWofo cflb -;a} d]3fnosf_Ù k|f=v]dfgGb ld>, ejfgL clwsf/L,
cfnf]s uf}td, clg?4 uf}td, d'lSt uf}td, xl/df]xg kf]v|]n, sLlt{dl0f vltj8f cflb -;a}
dl0fk'/sf_Ù b|f]0f s'df/ c6n, lgd{n s'df/ k'g, ;L=sfdnf}jf, nIdL ldg' cflb -;a} ldhf]/dsf_Ù
j+zL e§/fO{, gf/fo0f zdf{ uf}td, ¿aL Gof}kfg], ldng af]xf]/f cflb -;a} c?0ffrn_ k|f=hogf/fo0f
n'OF6]n, lanf;L 5]qL, sfzLgfy pkfWofo, gj ;fksf]6f, uf]kfn axfb'/ g]kfnL, 8f= zflGt yfkf,
d}gf yfkf, 8f= vu]Gb| zdf{, k|f=ejfgL zdf{, k'ikw/ zdf{, cg'/fu k|wfg, eljnfn nfld5fg],
v8u/fh lu/L, b]jL ;]+9fO{+, ldqb]j zdf{, df]xg ;'j]bL, cljs]z/ zdf{, k|f=huGgfy pkfWofo, b]jsL
;]9fO{+, 3gZofd ltlD;gf, 8f=xs{ axfb'/ 5]qL, /f]lxt uf}td, OGb| g]kfn, 8f=sflnbf; zdf{, lji0f'
zf:qL, s'n zdf{, la|hnfn zdf{, gf/b pkfWofo, b'uf{ vgfn, ¿k gf/fo0f kf7s, lzjgfy zdf{,
b|f]0f pkfWofo, tf/flglw pkfWofo, b'jf{;f pkfWofo, s[i0faxfb'/ /fjt, s;'dfs/ pkfWofo, s]=aL
g]kfnL cflb .
;g\ !(^! df k|sflzt nLnaxfb'/ 5]qLsf] k'l:tsf …c;ddf g]kfnL efiff / To;sf] ;fx|f]
ufx|f]Ú ljifoj:t'sf] b[li6n] bf];|f] r/0fsf] Pp6f pNn]vgLo lgaGw s[lt dflgG5 . Pp6f lgaGw eGg
;'xfpg] dfq afx| k[i7sf] o; k'l:tsfdf 5]qLn] c;ddf g]kfnL efiffdf k7g–kf7gsf
21
;d:ofx¿nfO{ klxnf] k6s ku]{Ng] hdsf]{ u/]sf 5g\ . k'l:tsfdf pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ c;dsf w]/}
:s"n / sn]hx¿df k|z:t dfqfdf g]kfnL 5fq–5fqf 5Fbf 5Fb} klg kf7Øk':ts / lzIfssf]
cefjdf g]kfnLdf kf7bfg ;Dej x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; ljifodf Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb} c;ddf
a;f]af; u/]sf !% nfv g]kfnLx¿nfO{ Psh'6 eP/ sfd ug]{ ;Nnfx lbPsf 5g\ n]vsn] To;
k'l:tsf dfkm{t\ . …k"jf{~rn ef/tLo g]kfnL syf ;flxTo / kqsfl/tfsf] Oltj[Q -!((&_, …‰ofp/]
kf6L{df nfUbfÚ -!(((_ / k"jf]{Q/ ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s lbUbz{gÚ -@)))_
5]qLsf pNn]vgLo lgaGw s[lt x'g\ . oL afx]s pgsf w]/} lgaGwx¿ c;d tyf c;d aflx/
bfhL{lnª, l;lSsd / g]kfnsf kq–klqsfx¿df k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ .
5]qLn] ljifosf] cfwf/df k"jf{~rn ef/tsf lgaGwnfO{ ljefhg ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . pgn]
bzf{P cg';f/sf] ljefhg o; k|sf/ 5M–-s_ cfTdk/s cyjf lghfTds lgaGw -v_ hLjgL -u_
P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/sf ;flxlTos, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts lgaGw -3_ ;d:ofk|wfg lgaGw -
ª_ ;dLIffTds lgaGw -r_ ofqf ;+:d/0f, cfTdsyf -hftLo_ -5_ cg'jfb ;DaGwL -h_ ljljw .
5]qLsf] of] juL{s/0f 8f=bof/fd >]i7 / k|f=df]xg/fh zdf{n] bzf{Psf] juL{s/0f -g]kfnL
;flxTosf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;, kfFrf}+ ;+:s/0f, k[=!!^_ eGbf leGg 5 . ljsf;sf] t[tLo r/0fdf
cfOk'Ubf pQ/ k"jL{ ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;dfnf]rgf, lgofqf, cg'jfb cflb ljwfut ¿kdf
ljsl;t eO;s]sf]n] 5]qLsf] pQm juL{s/0f jt{dfgsf] ;Gbe{df ;xL b]lv+b}g .
s[i0f k|;fb 1jfnLåf/f lnlvt …kLknsf] 5xf/LÚ -!(&%_ k"jf{~rn ef/taf6 k|sflzt Pp6f
pNn]vgLo lgaGw ;+u|x xf] . 1jfnLsf] klxnf] lgaGw …cfTd ;dk{0fÚ ;g\ !(%^ df …lkmlnËf]Ú
gfdsf] klqsfdf 5flkPsf] lyof] eg] pgsf] csf]{ pTs[i6 lgaGw …k/]jfsf] sn/jÚ …;'dgÚ klqsfdf
k|sflzt eof] . pgsf lgaGwx¿ …ef/tLÚ, …lbofnf]Ú, …efg' pboÚ, …piffÚ, …cfzfÚ, …uf]/vfkqÚ,
…dw'ks{Ú, …k|eftÚ, …;f]leot e"ldÚ, …k|s[ofÚ, …jf0fL ;fwgfÚ, …xfd|f] WjlgÚ clfb kq–klqsfdf k|sflzt
ePsf kfOG5g\ . …kLknsf] 5xf/LÚ lgaGw ;+sngdf ;+slnt lgaGwx¿df st} lqkmnfsf] dfWodaf6
kmnd"nsf] pkof]lutfdfly /f]rs rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} st} nfnL u'/fF;, 5x/f kfgL, kLkn
h:tf k|fs[lts j:t'x¿;Fusf] cflTds ;DaGwnfO{ ;'JoQm ul/Psf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ k/]jf, sf]OnL,
qmf}~rh:tf Ot/ k|f0fLsf dfWodaf6 dfG5] / k|s[ltsf] ghLssf] ulx/f] ;DaGwnfO{ bzf{OPsf] 5 .
;flxTo / ;+:s[lt ljifodf n]lvPsf pgsf lgaGwx¿nfO{ ;dfnf]rgfTds lgaGw eGg ;lsG5 .
1jfnLsf] lgaGw z}nL nofTds x'gfn] s;}s;}n] 1jfnLsf] uBnfO{ …kf]yL uBÚ eg]sf 5g\ .
k|f=b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] Pshgf ;kmn lgaGwsf/ x'g\ . t]hk'/sf] b/Ë dxfljBfnodf g]kfnL
ljefu k|d'vsf ¿kdf sfo{ lgjf{x u/]/ ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf l3ld/]sf lgaGwsf] efiff z}nL ul/dfdo
5 . g]kfnL efiffsf k|foMh;f] cJojÅt 7]6 zAbx¿nfO{ 7Ls 7fpFdf r6Ss ldnfP/ /fVgdf
l3ld/]n] 7"nf] ;Lk b]vfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnLsf pvfg t'Ssf–jfUwf/fx¿sf] k|of]udf klg pgL l;4x:t
5g\ . …;ldwfÚ -!(*^_ / …;fwgfÚ -@))#_ k|f=l3ld/]sf pNn]vgLo lgaGw u|Gy x'g\ . l3ld/]sf
w]/}h;f] lgaGwx¿ efiff, ;flxTo / ;+:s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt g} kfOG5g\ . g]kfnL efiffsf pvfg–
t'Ssfx¿sf] k|of]udf l;4x:t csf{ lgaGwsf/ x'g\ kß 9sfn . 9sfnsf lgaGwx¿df a]hf]8sf]
Joª\Uo x'gfn] tL kf7sju{df ;dfb[t ePsf 5g\ . …gf} b'jf/ lbuGt;DdÚ -!((*_ pgsf] pNn]vgLo
lgaGw s[lt xf] .
pQ/ k"jL{ g]kfnL syf ;flxTodf zf]wsfo{ u/]/ ljBfjfl/lw xfl;n u/]sf 8f=nIdL k/fh'nL
klg k"jf{~rn ef/tsf Pshgf lgaGwsf/sf ¿kdf k|ltli7t ;|i6f x'g\ . …pQ/–k"j{ ef/tLo g]kfnL
;dfh / ;flxToÚ -!((%_ / …b[li6kftÚ -!((#_ 8f= k/fh'nLsf rlr{t\ s[lt dflgG5g\ .

22
 sd{e"ld bfhL{lnª\ lhNnfsf] lznu8L x'\gfn] ToxL+ :yfoL ¿kdf a;f]jf; u/]klg 8f=
eLdsfGt pkfWofonfO{ c;dsf g]kfnLx¿ c;ds} 7fGb5g\ clg pgsf s[ltx¿nfO{ klg
k"jf{~rns} s[lt eGg rfxG5g\ . 8f= eLdsfGt pkfWofosf w]/}h;f] n]vx¿nfO{ vf]h–
cg';Gwfgd"ns lgaGwsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 eg] sltko n]vx¿ ;dfnf]rgf ljwfdf k5{g\ .
pgsf k|sflzt s[ltx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\–-!_ …;/;tL{ k9\bfÚ -!(*#_ -@_ …cfFvL‰ofnaf6 x]bf{Ú -
!(($_ -#_ …s]xL ;dLIffTds lgaGwx¿Ú -@))^_
c;dsf ljlzi6 ufGwLjfbL g]tf :j=lji0f'nfn pkfWofonfO{ :jfwLg b]zsf] ;/sf/n]
:jfwLgtf ;+u|fdLsf] :jLs[lt k|bfg u/]/ ;Ddflgt u¥of] . c;d ljwfg ;efdf rf/k6s ljwfos
r'lgPsf lji0f'nfnn] ;lqmo /fhgLltaf6 cjsfz lnP/ c;Lsf] bzsdf ;flxTo If]qdf kbfk{0f u/]
clg cd[To'\ ;flxTo ;fwgfdf a|tL /x] . c;dLof / g]kfnL efiffdf snd rnfP/ pgn] c7f/ j6f
u|Gyx¿ /rgf u/]Ù h;df lgaGw ;+sngsf ¿kdf oL u|Gyx¿ k5{g\–-!_ …d]/f 8fo/Lsf k[i7x¿Ú -
@_ …cf;fd] g]kfnLx¿Ú -#_ …eQm axfb'/ k|wfgÚ -$_ …cf]em]ndf k/]sf g]kfnL gf/L/TgÚ -%_ …5lanfn
pkfWofoÚ -;+slnt_ -&_ …l6kg6fkgÚ .
k|f=rGb| zdf{sf lghfTds z}nLsf lgaGwx¿ xf:o/;n] el/Psf x'g'sf ;fy} ljrf/ k|wfg
b]lvG5g\ . s'g} ljifonfO lnP/ To;dfly ;"Id ljZn]if0f ug{df vlKk; zdf{sf lgaGw ;+sng
b'O6f dfq k|sflzt ePklg pgn] cfkm"nfO{ ;kmn lgaGwsf/sf ¿kdf bzf{Psf 5g\ . =…d]/f af/Lsf
eft] s/]nfÚ / …l5d]sLÚ pgsf k|sflzt lgaGw s[lt x'g\ .
o;/L x]bf{ bf];|f] r/0fdf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ lgaGwx¿ k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ eg] t[tLo
r/0fdf k|z:t dfqfdf lgaGw ;+sngx¿ k|sfzdf cfP clg ltgdf ljljw ljifox¿nfO{ cFufn]/
;f/f ljZjnfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oxfF låtLo / t[tLo r/0fdf 5flkPsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{
lgaGw s[ltx¿ pNn]v ul/G5g\ . :dt{Jo M of] g} ;Dk"0f{ ;"rL eg] xf]Og .
låtLo r/0f -!(^)–!(*)_
qm=;+= s[ltsf] gfd / k|sfzg jif{ n]vs

! …ljrf/df 8'j]sf dfG5]Ú -!(^)_• lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/

@ …c;ddf g]kfnL efiff / To;sf] ;fx|f] ufx|f]Ú -!(^!_ nLnaxfb'/ IfqL
# …cf;fd] g]kfnLx¿Ú -!(&!_ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo
$ …k/z'/fd If]q dxfTDoÚ -!(&%_ /fdrGb| zf:qL
% …kLknsf] 5xf/LÚ -!(&%_ s[i0f k|;fb 1jfnL
^ …d]/f lat]sf lbgx¿Ú -!(&&_ lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/
& …ef/tLo g]kfnLx¿Ú -!(&*_ k'?iff]Qd pkfWofo

•
p=k"= ef/tsf] klxnf] lgaGw s'g xf] eGg] s'/fdf n]vsx¿ Psdt ePsf b]lv+b}gg\ . g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb, c;dsf] d'vkq
…kl/ifb kqÚ -k[=!$#_ df lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/sf] …ljrf/df 8'a]sf dfG5]Ú sf] k|sfzg jif{ lj=;+=@)@& b]vfOPsf] 5 . tbg';f/
k|f=b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]sf] …;fwgfÚ -k[=#$_df pQm u|Gysf] k|sfzg sfn ;g\ !(&) elgPsf] 5 . 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofosf] …s]xL
;dLIffTds lgaGwx¿Ú zLif{s u|Gy -k[=!_ df s[i0f k|;fb 1jfnLsf] …kLknsf] 5xf/LÚ nfO{ p=k"=ef/tsf] klxnf] lgaGw ;+sng eGg]
pNn]v kfOG5 . d]3fnosf zf]wstf{ uf]ljGbl;+x /fjtsf] zf]wkq …g]kfnL ;flxTodf d]3fnosf] cjbfgÚ -k[=^#_ df …ljrf/df 8'a]sf
dfG5]Úsf] k|sfzg !(^) ;g\ pNn]v 5 t/ ;f] u|GynfO{ klxnf] u|Gy elgPsf] 5}g . 8f=v]d/fh g]kfn eg] g]jf/sf] u|GynfO{ g}
p=k"=ef/tsf] klxnf] lgaGw s[lt dfG5g\ -sf]z]9'Ëf jif{ % c+s !), k[=%%, ;+=lbg]z kf}8]n, O6x/L_

23
 t[tLo r/0f -!(*) b]lv otf_
qm=;+= s[ltsf] gfd / k|sfzg jif{ n]vs
! …;/;tL{ k9\bfÚ -!(*$_ 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo
@ …cfFvL‰ofnaf6 x]bf{Ú -!(($_ 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo
# …s]xL ;dLIffTds lgaGwx¿Ú -@))^_ 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo
$ …k"jf{~rn ef/tLo syf ;flxTo / kqsfl/tfsf] nLn axfb'/ IfqL
Oltj[QÚ -!((&_
% …‰ofp/] kf6L{df nfUbfÚ -!(((_ nLn axfb'/ IfqL
^ …k"jf]{Q/ ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;dfhsf] nLn axfb'/ IfqL
P]ltxfl;s lbUbz{gÚ -@)))_
& …d]/f af/Lsf eft] s/]nfÚ -!(*%_ k|f=rGb| s'df/ zdf{
* …l5d]sLÚ -@))#_ k|f=rGb| s'df/ zdf{
( …:d[ltsf lrGxx¿ -!(*)_ rf]s axfb'/ yfkf
!) …d]/f b[li6sf ;]/f]km]/f]df a"9f 5k8L -!(*#_ b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]
!! …;ldwfÚ -!(*^_ b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]
!@ …;fwgfÚ -@))#_ b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]
!# …k'iknfn pkfWofo M JolQmTj / s[ltTj b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]
!$ …xfd|f] kl/ro g]kfnL ls uf]vf{nLÚ -!(*&_ Zofd /fh h};L
!% …cf;fddf g]kfnLx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldÚ -!(()_ Zofd /fh h};L
!^ …xfdL s;sf b}nf cl3 pleg] <Ú -!(*&_ k|]dl;+x ;'j]bL
!& …dl0fk'/df g]kfnL hghLjgÚ -!(((_ d'lQm uf}td
!* …c;db]lv dl0fk'/;DdÚ -!(**_ lbn ;fxgL
!( …nf]s lgaGwÚ -@))!_ nf]sgfy pkfWofo
@) …efiff k|bLkÚ -@))!_ tf/fklt pkfWofo
@! …lgaGw u'R5Ú -@))@_ tf/fklt pkfWofo
@@ …;fwf/0f g]kfnL ;fdflhs hghLjgÚ -@))@_ tf/fklt pkfWofo
@# …cfhsf] lbUe|fGt ;dfhzf:qÚ -!((!_ lzj cfrfo{
@$ …cfkm"nfO{ cfˆg} P]gfdf x]bf{Ú -!(*$_ 6'6' yfkf
@% …dfgj ofqfÚ -@))@_ o'4jL/ /f0ff
@^ …xfd|f] ;+:s[lt xfd|f] cl:tTjÚ -@))^_ o'4jL/ /f0ff
@& …cfhLjg ;+u|fdL eQmaxfb'/ k|wfgÚ -!(()_ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo
@* …5ljnfn pkfWofoÚ -;+slnt_ -!(*%_ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo
@( …cf]em]ndf k/]sf g]kfnL gf/L /Tgx¿Ú -!(*&_ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo
#) …dfemufpF g]kfnL lyP6/ kf6L{Ú -@)))_ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo
#! …d]/f 8fo/Lsf k[i7x¿Ú -!(($_ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo
#@ …l6kg6fkgÚ -@))@_ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo
## …t'/fsf g]kfnLx¿Ú -!((#_ kbd 5]qL
#$ …hflt ;d:of / g]kfnL hfltÚ -!(*(_ 8f=hdblUg pkfWofo

24
 #% …ha lj1fg af]N5Ú -@))#_ 8f=hdblUg pkfWofo
#^ …c;dsf g]kfnL ;flxTo ;+:yfx¿Ú -@))$_ 8f=hdblUg pkfWofo
#& …cjnf]sgÚ -@)))_ 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL
#* …;h{s / l;h{gfÚ -@)!)_ 1fg axfb'/ 5]qL
#( …ef/tLo ;flxTosf lgdf{tf k'iknfn pkfWofoÚ - 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL
@))&
$) …g]kfnL nf]s ;flxTosf] ¿k/]vfÚ -@))#_ 8f=v]d/fh g]kfn
$! …;flxTo csfb]dL k'/:sf/ ljh]tf g]kfnL ;flxTosf/ - 8f=v]d/fh g]kfn /
@))@_ 1fg axfb'/ 5]qL
$@ …c;dLof ;flxTosf] kl/rofTds Oltxf;Ú ab|L u'/fufOF
$# …;flxTo ljdz{Ú -@))$_ ljBfklt bfxfn
$$ …dxfk'?if z+s/b]j M hLjg / sd{ -@))#_ uLtf pkfWofo
$% …uf]kfn l;+x g]kfnLÚ -!(($_ 6Lsf/fd pkfWofo
$^ …gf}b'jf/ lbuGt;DdÚ -!((%_ kß 9sfn
$& b[li6kftÚ -!((#_ 8f=nIdL k/fh'nL
$* …pQ/–k"jf{~rn ef/tLo g]kfnL ;dfh / ;flxToÚ - 8f=nIdL k/fh'nL
!((%_
$( …g]kfnL syf ;flxTodf pQ/–k"j{ ef/tsf] of]ubfgÚ - 8f=nIdL k/fh'nL
@))!
%) …;DkfbsLoÚ -@)))_ 8f=nfn' k|;fb
pkfWofo
%! …l6k6fkÚ -@)))_ k|]d l;+x ;'j]bL
%@ …lxª afFw]sf] 6fnf]Ú -@))!_ hulGglw bfxfn
%# …cg':d[ltsf nx/x¿Ú -@))&_ k|hfklt zf:qL
%$ …xfd|f s]xL dfu{bz{sx¿Ú -@))*_ 8Da/ bfxfn
%% …;h{s / l;h{gfÚ -@)!)_ 1fg axfb'/ 5]qL
%^ …a'Fbf M g[zf:q, efiff, ;+:s[ltÚ -@)!)_ ldqb]j zdf{
%& …ldq ljljwfÚ -@)!)_ ldqb]j zdf{
%* …k[i7e"ld x]bf{Ú ejfgL k|;fb zdf{
ef/tsf] k"jf{~rn e]ssf] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|;Ëdf s'/f ubf{ ljz]if u/L g]kfnsf
n]vs÷kf7s em'lSsg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . lsgeg] ef/tLo ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ax'n If]qsf] ¿kdf
c;d, bfhL{lnª / l;lSsdnfO{ Ps} ¿kdf x]g]{ k|j0ftf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ c;d tyf pQ/
k"jf{~rnsf c¿ /fHox¿sf] cfotg bfhL{lnª lhNnf jf l;lSsd /fHo eGbf s]xL u'0ff a9L clg
g]kfnL hg;+ªVof -c;ddf dfq_ klg bfhL{lnª–l;lSsdsf] eGbf w]/} ePklg g]kfnLx¿ ljleGg
7fpFx¿df 5/k§ eP/ a;]sf x'gfn] dft[efiffdf k7gkf7gsf] ;'Joj:yfaf6 al~rt 5g\ . u'jfxf6L,
l8uaf]O, df3]{l/6f, lznfª cflb s]xL :s"nnfO{ 5f8]/ c¿ ;a} 7fpFsf g]kfnLx¿n] /fHoefiffsf
dfWoddf k9\g'k5{ -h:t} c;ddf c;dLof, dl0fk'/df dl0fk'/L===_ . t/Ù cyjf x'g;S5 dft[efiffdf
k9\g gkfPsf] wf]sf]n] ubf{ pQ/ k"jf{~rn] g]kfnLx¿df efiffk|]d k|v/ 5 . pgLx¿n] a'em]sf 5g\,

25
efiff–;+:s[ltaf6 cnu eOof] eg] cfˆgf] kl/ro g} u'dfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . oxL sf/0fn] a]Rg] k;n
5}g eGg] hfgL hfgL klg oxfFsf n]vsn] cfˆgf] uf]hLsf k};f vr]{/ k':ts 5kfpF5g\, klqsf aGb
x'G5 eg]/ hfg]klg lgsfNg 5f8\b}gg\ . c;ddf hlGdof}+Ù oxL+ a;f]af; ul/Psf] 5 . oxL+sf] cGg–
hnn] x'ls{of}+ klg . ;a}yf]s krfof}+Ù s]xL zAbx¿ clg s]xL ;+:s[lt klg . bfhL{lnª, l;lSsd
cyjf g]kfnsf n]vsn] c;dsf] g]kfnL efiffdfly g/fd|f] l6Kk0fL ubf{ lrQ b'Vg' :jfefljs xf] .
aL; nfv g]kfnLn] krfO;s]sf cfuGt's zAb xfd|f] zAbsf]zdf leœofpg ;lsGg / <
lgrf]8df, aL; nfv hg;+Vof elgPsf] clg Ps;o ;q jif{sf] nfdf] ;dofjlwsf] pQ/
k"jf{~rn ef/tsf] g]kfnL ;flxTodf lgaGw ljwf ;Gtf]ifhgs eg] b]lv+b}g . ljZj:t/, cyjf cGo
ef/tLo efiffdf h'g dfqfdf clg h'g :t/df lgaGwx¿ w]/} cl3b]lv g} /lrPsf kfOG5g\Ù Tof]
:t/;Dd xfd|f g]kfnL lgjGw k'Ug ck]Iff ug'{ l;jfo c? pkfo b]lv+b}g . t/ w]/} sdLx¿ x'Fbfx'Fb}
klg ljutsf s]xL jif{x¿df b]lvPsf] k|ultn] w]/} cfzf b]vfPsf] 5 . o; e]ssf g]kfnLx¿sf]
ljvl/t a;f]af;f], k|sfzg / ljt/0f ;~hfn gx'g', g]kfnLdf k7g–kf7gsf] Joj:yf gx'g' cflb
jfws tTjx¿nfO{ em]Nb} jt{dfg l:Yflt;Dd cfOk'Ug' nt{/f] s'/f xf]Og . :yfg–sfn–kfqsf]
cfwf/df x]bf{ ;xL lbzflt/ ;xL ¿kd} ultzLn b]lvG5 cfhsf] g]kfnL ;flxTo .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿M–
!= ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;,c;Lt /fO{, ;femf k':ts k|sfzg, bfhL{lnª
@= g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;, 8f=bof/fd >]i7, k|f=df]xg/fh zdf{, ;femf k|sfzg, sf7df8f}+
#= s]xL ;dLIffTds lgaGwx¿, 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo, af]ws'df/L :d[lt k|sfzg, l8uaf]O, c;d
$= pQ/ k"j{ ef/tLo ;dfh / ;flxTo, 8f=nIdL k/fh'nL, g]kfnL ;flxTo k|rf/ ;ldlt, l;nu8L
%= k"jf]{Q/ ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s lbUbz{g, nLn axfb'/ IfqL, k+sh–kNnj
k|sfzg, u'jfxf6L, c;d
^= ;fwgf, b'uf{k|;fb pkWofo -l3ld/]_
&= g]kfnL ;flxTodf d]3fnosf] of]ubfg, uf]ljGb l;+x /fjt -ck|sflzt zf]wkq_
*= kl/ifb–kq jif{ ! c+s !, ;Dkfbs–cljgfz >]i7, g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb, c;d
(= sf];]9'Ëf, jif{ %, c+s !), ;Dkfbs–lbg]z kf}8]n, ;flxTo ;~rf/, O6x/L, g]kfn
rfFbdf/L, t]hk'/, c;d, &*$))!
kmf]gM ($#%)*$$((

ef/tsf] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ng / c;d] g]kfnLx¿

k|f=hogf/fo0f n'OF6]n

ef/tsf g]kfnLx¿sf nflu ef/t sd{e"ld dfq geP/ dft[e"ld / k'0oe"ld klg xf] .
ul/dfdo ef/te"ldsf ;Gtfg x'g'nfO{ pgLx¿ uf}/j 7fGb5g\ . To;/L g} c;ddf k':tf}+b]lv
a;f]af;f] ul/ cfPsf g]kfnLx¿ c;dnfO{ cfˆgf] 7fGb5g\Ù hGde"ld dfGb5g\ . oxL+sf] jftfj/0fdf
leh]sfÙ oxL+sf] kl/j]zdf x's]{sf a9]sfÙ oxL+sf cGghnn] kl/k'i6 ePsf clg oxfFsf /}yfg]
hg;d'bfo;Fu gftf hf]8]sf 5g\ oxfFsf g]kfnLx¿n] . 8fo:kf]/fsf] kl/efiffb]lv pgLx¿ d'Qm
eO;s]sf 5g\ . ef/tnfO{ ljb]zL zf;gaf6 d'Qm u/fpg ePsf] ;'bL3{ tyf Jofks cfGbf]ngdf
g]kfnLx¿ plQs} ;+nUg eP hlt c? ef/tLox¿ ;+nUg lyP . c;dsf g]kfnLx¿ klg To;
cfGbf]ngdf a8f] pT;fxn] ;l/s ePsf lyP .
ef/tsf] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ng ;fFRr} g} clåtLo / clegj lsl;dsf] lyof] . cfGbf]ng ljleGg
¿kdf klxn]b]lv g} rln/x]sf] lyof] . tfklg dxfTdf ufGwLsf xftdf g]t[Tj cfPkl5 Tof] qmdzM

26
;j{JofkL of ;xL cy{df hgcfGbf]ng x'g yfNof] . To;df c;d klg k|efljt geO{ /xg ;s]g .
c;dLofx¿ klg s] ;f]Rg afWo eP eg] dxfg\ ef/tLo /fli6«otfdf ufleP/ g} c;dLof
hftLotfsf] hu]8f x'g;S5 . ef/tsf] :jfwLgtfdf g} c;dsf] :jfwLgtf lglxt 5 . pgLx¿ ha
ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fddf cjtL0f{ ePÙ g]kfnLx¿sf klg sfgdf kg{ nfu] …ufGwL dxfTdfÚ sf
jf0fLx¿ clg cfGbf]ngsf ljifodf oqtq x'g nfu]sf rrf{ / s'/fsfgLx¿ . …ufO{ vfg] uf]/fÚx¿sf]
s'zf;g / b'Jo{jxf/b]lv pgLx¿ klxn]b]lv g} ljt'i6 lyP . sflh/Ëfsf] 36gfn] pgLx¿nfO{ emg\
ljt'i6 kf¥of] . pgLx¿sf dgdf a[l6; lj/f]wL efjgf knfpg nfUof] sflh/Ëfsf] pR5]b 36gf g}
c;d] g]kfnLx¿nfO{ :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf hf]8\g] tfTsflns sf/0f aGg uof] .
sflh/Ëfsf] pR5]b kj{ c;dsf] /fhg}lts Oltxf;sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ 36gf xf] . sflh/Ëf
a|Xdk'qsf] blIf0f t6df cjl:yt Pp6f lj:t[t If]qsf ;fy} ;'/lIft jgf~rn xf] . k|z:t 3fF;
kfOg] x'gfn] To; 7fpFdf g]kfnLx¿ ;/sf/L cg'dlt lnP/} ufO{ e}+;L kfn]/ w]/} cl3b]lv a;]sf lyP
. lgoldt ¿kn] pgLx¿ ;/sf/nfO{ 6ofS; klg ltl//x]sf lyP . Pslbg cs:dft\ …rf}aL;
306fleqdf sflh/Ëfaf6 uf]7 x6fP/ nfg' ÛÚ eGg] x's'd cfof] . uf]7fnfx¿n] lrtfpFb} glrtfPsf]
s'/f] lyof] Tof] . x's'd -gf]l6;_ hf/L u/]sf ef]lnkN6} km/]:6 uf8{ / ;z:q k'ln;x¿ cfP/ xKsL–
bKsL ug{ nfu] clg uf]7x¿df cfuf] nufOlbP . påf:t' eP ;f]emf uf]kfnsx¿ clg plQv]/}
x6\g'k¥of] bzsf}+ cl3 j}w ¿kn] a;]sf 7fpFaf6 .
uf]kfnsx¿df ld/L hghfltsf dflg; klg lyP . ;a}n] cGofosf] lj/f]wdf sfg"gL n8fO{+
n8\g] c7f]6 u/]/ …5lanfn dxfhgÚ -5lanfn pkfWofo_ nfO{ cl3 ;f/] .
5lanfn afa"n] t]hk'/ uP/ rGb|gfy zdf{ gfdsf Pshgf gfdL jsLn;Fu ;Dks{ :yfkg
u/] . rGb|gfy zdf{ lyP pbf/ tyf ;j{ef/tLo efjfkGg JolQm / sd{7 g]tf . sflh/Ëfsf
uf]kfnsx¿nfO{ Gofo lbnfpg pgn] cËLsf/ u/] .
5lanfn afa" / rGb|gfy zdf{sf] e]6 Pp6f P]ltxfl;s 36gf ;flat eof] . sflh/Ëfsf]
pR5]b 36gfnfO{ rGb|gfy zdf{n] /flHos :t/df nu]/ o;sf] n8fO{+nfO{ :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf]
cGotd sfo{qmd agfP . a;\ s] lyof] < z'¿ eof] c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf
;xeflutf . To; lbgb]lv 5lanfn pkfWofo ag] :jfwLgtf ;+u|fdsf cfFl6nf ;]gfgL . Tof] lyof]
!(@) ;g\sf] s'/f] .
$ ;]K6]Da/ !(@) sf lbg sf+u|]; clwj]zgdf ufGwLhLsf] c;xof]u cfGbf]ngsf] k|:tfj u|x0f
x'gf;fy z'? eof] ufGwLo'uÙ :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] ;j}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ sfn . klxnf] ljZjo'4df
la|l6;nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ g/dkGyL ufGwLhL klg hflnofgjfnfafusf] xTofsf08 -!# ck|}n, !(!(_
kl5 s7f]/ efjfkGg eO;s]sf lyP . ;/sf/;Fu ;xof]u gug]{ …cyf{t\ c;xof]u cfGbf]ngÚsf]
k|:tfj To;}sf] kl/0ffd lyof] . t/ pgsf] c;xof]u cfGbf]ng lyof] clx+; .
c;ddf klg ufGwLhLsf] k|efj oy]i6 kg{ nfUof] . clg c;dsf dflg;x¿ x'gnfu]
cfGbf]ngd'vL . t/ c;ddf sf+u|]; sld6L algPsf] lyPg . oxfF lyof] …cf;fd P;f]l;P;gÚ eGg]
Pp6f 5'§} ;+u7g . !& ck|}n, !(@! sf lbg hf]/xf6 zx/df a;]sf] …cf;fd P;f]l;P;gÚsf] clGtd
;efn] To; ;+:yfnfO{ …cf;fd k|b]z sf+u|]; sld6LÚdf ¿kfGt/ u¥of] . To; ;efdf ;efkltsf]
cf;g cnª\s[t ug]{ ;f}efUo xfd|f 5lanfn pkfWofonfO{ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . of] uf}/jsf] ljifo xf]
g]kfnLx¿sf nflu .
ef/tsf] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] d'Vo p2]Zo c+u|]hL zf;g x6fpg] g} lyof] . tfklg o;sf]
cfg'iflËs p2]Zo klg sd dxTjk"0f{ lyPg . cfly{s zf]if0f / ;fdflhs ljifdtfsf lj?4

27
hghfu/0f ;[li6 ug'{ klg cfGbf]ngsf] cGotd nIf lyof] . c:k[Zotf lgd"{n ug]{, ljb]zL j:q jh{g
ug]{, sflg -clkmd_, efª\ h:tf dfbs kbfy{sf] qmo–ljqmo /f]Sg,] u|fDo :jfjnlDatfsf] k|tLssf
¿kdf rvf{df wfuf] sfTg] cflb /rgfTds sfo{qmd g]kfnL ufpFx¿df -ljz]if u/L laxfnL e]sdf_
a8f] pT;fx;fy lqmoflGjt ePsf lyP . sf+u|]; ;b:o agfpg] / ltns :j/fh km08sf nflu k};f
;+u|x ug]{ sfddf klg g]kfnLx¿n] ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . rGb|gfy zdf{sf] 8fo/Lsf k[i7x¿df
5lanfn afa"sf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfnLx¿n] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf ;f]T;fx ;xof]u u/]sf s'/f å}y{xLg
efiffdf lnlka4 ePsf 5g\ . !(@! sf] lb;Da/df cxdbfafb sf+u|]; clwj]zgdf hfg nfUbf
5lanfn afa" / pgsf efO /fdnfn lu/ˆtf/ ul/P . h]ndf 5lanfn afa"nfO{ c;dsf klxnf]
bhf{sf g]tfx¿sf] ;+ut k|fKt ePsfn] pgL cem 1fgL, cg'ejL, b[9k|lt1 / ;fxl;nf eP/ lg:s] .
!(@(–#) sf] sfg"g cj1f cfGbf]ng (Civil Disobedience Movement) df klg g]kfnLx¿sf]
;xof]u k"/} lyof] . Tof] a]nfsf g]kfnL :jtGqtf ;+u|fdL g]tf x'g\ l8uaf]O{sf eQm axfb'/ k|wfg /
l8a|'u9sf bnaL/ l;+ nf]xf/ . l8uaf]O t]n sDkgLsf dhb"/ 7]s]bf/ hLt axfb'/ k|wfgsf 5f]/f
eQm axfb'/ xfO{:s"n k9\b}b]lv g} :jfwLgtf cfGbf]nglt/ cfs[i6 x'g nfu]sf lyP . Tof] lyof]
:j/fh cfGbf]ngsf lqd"lt{ …nfn–afn–kfnÚ -nfnf nfhkt /fo, afn uËfw/ ltns / ljlkg rGb|
kfn_ sf] af]njfnfsf] ;do . ltnssf] :j/fh dGq …:jfwLgtf d]/f] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf], d lnP/}
5f]8\5'Ú b]zsf s'gf s'gfdf k'u]/ ;j{q t/lËt x'g yfln;s]sf] lyof] . To; a]nfsf csf{ Pshgf
7"nf g]tf lrQ/~hg bf;n] u/]sf] efif0f ;'g]/ 5}6f}+ sIffdf kl9/x]sf -v/;fªdf_ eQm axfb'/sf
dgdf klg c+u|]hL zf;gk|lt ljb|'k efjgf knfpg yfn]sf] lyof] . s]xL sf/0fjz eQm axfb'/ k9\g
5f]8]/ 3/ -l8af]O_ kms]{/ cfP / uf8L s'bfpg]÷d/Ddt ug]{ ljBf l;s]/ hLljsf ug{ nfu] .
pd]/ a9\b} uPkl5 pgnfO{ vfgLdf sfd ug]{ …s'NnLÚx¿sf] b'b{zfsf] s'/f] cg'ej x'g nfUof]
. sDkgLn] pgLx¿nfO{ u/]sf] zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/ / cTofrf/ emNemnL b]Vg yfn] . To:tf] cGofo /
cdfg'lifs Jojxf/sf] lj/f]w ug]{ zlQm of ;fx; bf;;b[z tL dhb"/x¿df lyPg . To:t} lyof]
cj:yf ln8"sf] sf]Onf vfgL / 5]p5fpsf lrofaufgsf dhb"/x¿sf] klg . eQm axfb'/
dhb"/x¿nfO{ cGofosf] lj/f]w ug{ k]|l/t ug{ yfn] . To;a]nf :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] xfjf rn]s}
lyof] . dhb"/x¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'gsf nflu klg ljb]zL zf;g b]zaf6 x6\g'k5{ eGg]
ljZjf;n] eQm axfb'/ :jfwLgtf cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg eP . !(@^ df kf08" -u'jfxf6L_ df cg'li7t
sf+u|]; clwj]zgdf ufGwLhLsf] bz{g\ k|fKt ePkl5 pgL k"/} cfGbf]ng ;dy{s eP . !(@(–#) sf]
sfg"g cj1f cfGbf]ngsf ljleGg sfo{;"rLx¿df ;xof]u ug'{sf] ;fy} pgL l8uaf]O t]n vfgLsf
dhb"/x¿nfO{ ;+ul7t u/fpg nfu] . eQm axfb'/ / sltko pT;fxL Pj+ ;fx;L JolQmx¿sf] cx/x
k|r]i6fsf] kmn lyof] …l8uaf]O{ t]n dhb"/ ;+3Ú (Digboi Oil Labour Union)Ù hf] x'g uof] c;ds}
;j{k|yd k~hLs[t o"lgog . o; o"lgogsf] cfXjfgdf dhb"/x¿n] clglb{i6sfnLg wd{36 -x8tfn_
z'¿ u/] !(#& df . dhb"/x¿nfO{ sfa" kfg{ ;/sf/sf] bdgrqm ljkmn eof] . eQm axfb'/nfO{ Ps
jif{sf nflu sf/fb08 eof], pgsf] sf/ hkmt ePsf] eo} eof]Ù lkmtf{ kfPgg\ .
h]naf6 lg:s]kl5 klg eQm axfb'/n] zflGt kfPgg\ . pgnfO{ c;daf6} lgisf;g ul/of] .
To; qmddf pgn] lqk'/f, a+ufn / laxf/df s]xL dlxgf ehg sLt{g u/]/ ;do s6fP clg
To;kl5 km]l/ c;d kmls{P 5ß e]ifdf . ;fw'sf] e]if wf/0f u/]/ c;dsf] cf]Nnf] 5]pb]lv kNnf]
5]p;Dd 8'n]/ dxfTdf ufGwLsf] clx+;f gLlt k|rf/ u/L lx+8] . :jfwLgtfsf] clGtd n8fOF -!($@
sf] ef/t Tofu cfGbf]ng_ df klg pgL ;lqmo ¿kn] ;+nUg /x]sfn] sf/faGbL x'g'k¥of] .

28
 bnaL/l;+ k|wfg x'g\ tL; / rfnL; bzssf csf{ Pshgf g]kfnL :jtGqtf ;+u|fdL . bnaL/l;+
afa"nfO{ xfO{:s"n k9\b}v]l/ :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] xfjfn] e]6]sf] lyof] . kl5 sfg"g cj1f cfGbf]ng
cGtu{t slgª\3d ;s'{n/ lj/f]w u/] afkt\ pgn] tLg dlxgf ;>d sf/fjf;sf] b08 ef]Ug'k/]sf]
lyof] . h]naf6 lg:s]kl5 ufGwL cfGbf]ngs} c+z ljz]if c:k[Zotf lgjf/0f ug]{, ;fdflhs / cfly{s
¿kn] kl5 k/]sf, zf]lift, cjx]lnt dflg;x¿sf] pTyfg / ;d'lrt ljsf;sf nflu sfd ug]{
cleofgdf pgL ;+nUg eP . sf+u|];sf ljleGg cfGbf]ngfTds sfo{qmdx¿ lqmoflGjt ub}{ lx8]sfn]
pgnfO{ c;d -uf]jfnkf8f lhNnfnfO{ 5f8]/_ Tofu ug]{ x's'd eof] . pgL c;daf6 t lgisfl;t
eP, t/ vfg] d'vnfO{ h'F3fn] s] 5]Sg ;SbYof] / < uf]jfnkf8f lhNnfd} /x]/ pgL ;lqmo ¿kn]
sf+u|];sf] sfd ug{{ yfn] . kl/0ffdtM pgnfO{ Ps jif{sf] sf/fjf;sf] b08 eof] . ufpg', gfRg' /
xF;L–7§f u/]/ cfˆgf jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f /dfOnf] kfg{ ;Sg] bnaL/ l;+ ;':jf:Yojfg / sQ{Jos7f]/
lyP . xfO{:s"nsf] clGtd sIff k'Ug' cl3g} cfGbf]ngdf nfu]/ k9\g 5f8]sf bnaL/ l;+ 1fg, cg'ej
/ efif0fbIftfdf c;dsf tTsfnLg s'g} g]tfeGbf sd lyPgg\ . c;dLof, g]kfnL, a+ufnL / lxGbL
afx]s pgL lrof aufgsf dhb"/x¿n] af]Ng] efiffx¿df klg wf/fjflxs efif0f 5fF6\g ;Sby] .
ef/t Tofu cfGbf]ngsf l;nl;nfdf klg pgL y'gfdf k/]sf x'g\ .
k"j{ ljwfos ;flxTosf/ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo 5fqfj:yfd} ufGwL bz{glt/ cfs[i6 ePsf lyP
. 5lanfn afa"sf ;flGgWodf /x]sfn] pgn] 5fqfj:yfd} lhNnf tyf /flHos :t/sf g]tfx¿sf
;Dks{df cfpg] df}sf kfPsf lyP . c;xof]u cfGbf]ngsf a]nf t pgL afnv} lyP -hGd !(!&_,
t/ P]g cj1f cfGbf]ngsf sfo{qmdx¿sf pgL k|ToIfbzL{ lyP . tL;sf] bzsdf eg] :jtGqtf
cfGbf]ngsf ljleGg /rgfTds sfo{qmdx¿df pgL k"0f{tof ;+nUg /x] . To; ;dofjlwdf lji0f'nfn
5lanfn afa"sf kSsf cg'ofoL / bflxg] xfth:tf ePsf lyP . t]hk'/ ;/sf/L xfO{:s"naf6 klxnf]
ljefudf Dofl6«s kf; u/]/ u'jfxf6Lsf] s6g sn]hdf k9\g nfu]sf lji0f'nfn u'jfxf6Ldf cg'li7t
eO/xg] hg;efx¿df b]zsf 7"nf7"nf g]tfx¿ cfP/ u/]sf efif0f ;'Gg k'Uby] clg cfˆgf] 7fpF
laxfnL nufot b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFdf ;lNs/x]sf] d'lQm ;+u|fdsf] bfjfgnsf s'/f pgL dgdf
v]nfO/xGy] .
* cui6, !($@sf] /flt aDaO{df a;]sf] sf+u|]; a}7sn] dxfTdf ufGwLsf] …ef/t 5f]8f]Ú (Quit
India) k|:tfj u|x0f ugf{;fy dxfTdf ufGwL nufot cfGbf]ngsf ;fgf7"nf xhf/f}+ g]tf lu/ˆtf/
ul/P . cfGbf]ngsf] x'/L rNof] ;j{q . …u5'{ ls d5'{Ú (Do or Die) k|0f lnP/ cfGbf]ngdf cf]ln{P
c;ª\Vo hgtf . sof}+ ljBfyL{ k9\g 5f]8]/ cfGbf]ngdf nfu] . cfGbf]ngsf] cy{ / dxTj a'lem;s]sf
lji0f'nfn r'k /xg ;s]gg\ . pgL klg sn]h 5f]8]/ 3/ cfP . cfˆgf] If]qdf cfP/ pgL ufGwLhLsf]
clx+;f gLlt k|rf/ ug]{, sf+u|];sf ;b:o ;+Vof a9fpg] cflb sfddf cfTdlgof]u ug{ nfu] .
@) ;]K6]Da/, !($@ laxfnLsf nflu Pp6f P]ltxfl;s lbg ;flat eof] . laxfnL yfgfdf
la|l6;sf] em08f cf]x|fn]/ lq/Ë em08f kmx/fpg] lbg lyof] Tof] . dfemufpF, xfQLaGwf, /fª\;fnL,
lghlaxfnL, cflb ufpFsf xhf/f}+ k'?if dlxnf -w]/}h;f] g]kfnL_ lg:s]sf lyP To; k'gLt sfo{df
;xefuL aGg . b[9k|lt1 ;x;|f}+ hgtf >[ª\vnfa4 / zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfn] k|f];];g ub}{ yfgflt/
uO/x]sf lyP . yfgf k'Ugf;fy pgLx¿dfly k'ln;x¿ n¶L a;f{pg nfu] . s}of}+ cfGbf]ngsf/L 3fOt]
eP . t/ k'ln;sf] jj{/tfn] hgtfsf] ;ª\sNk tf]8\g ;s]g . laxfnL yfgfdf a[l6; em08f o"lgog
Hofs e"n'l07t eof] clg pQf]lnt eof] lq/Ë ktfsf .
laxfnL yfgfsf] pko'{Qm 36gfkl5 cfGbf]ngsf g]tfx¿nfO lu/ˆtf/ ug]{ kj{ z'? eof] .
cl3kl5 u/L c;dLof–g]kfnL b'j} ;Dk|bfosf lgs} g]tfx¿ kqmfp kb}{ uP . kqmfp kg]{

29
g]kfnLx¿df lyP–5lanfn pkfWofo, lai0f'nfn pkfWofo, /fdnfn pkfWofo, xl/k|;fb pkfWofo,
s'd'b zdf{ / b]jLk|;fb zdf{ . ljleGg sf/0fdf c?n] l5§} 5'6sf/f kfP klg lji0f'nfn pkfWofo /
sltko c;dLof g]tfx¿nfO{ 5'6sf/f ldn]g .
lji0f'nfn afa"nfO{ cfGbf]ngdf gnfUg' eg]/ ;/sf/n] w]/} kmsfof], w]/} yf]ssf] nfnr b]vfof]
klg . t/ pgn] la|l6;sf] kmsfO{–nf]EofO{nfO{ k|TofVofg u/] h;/L PSsfO; jif{ cl3 5lanfn
afa"n] u/]sf lyP . t]hk'/ cbfntdf Doflhi6«]6sf cufl8 …d of] cfGbf]ngdf k/]sf] dfq} x'F,
hfgLhfgL nfu]sf] x'OFgÚ eGg :jLsf/ u/]sf eP lji0f'nfnn] h]nsf] oftgf ef]Ug'kg]{ lyPg .
;/sf/af6 sltko ljz]if ;'ljwf klg lng;Sg] lyP . t/ b]zk|]dsf] gzfdf 8'a]sf lji0f'nfnn]
cfˆgf] :jefjfg';f/ ljgd|tfk"j{s t/ ufGwLjfbL b[9tf;fy elglbP …d hfgL hfgL clg ;f]rljrf/
u/]/} of] cfGbf]ngdf nfu]sf] x'F .Ú pgnfO{ 5 dlxgfsf] ;>d sf/fb08 eof] . pgL sf/f?4 ePsf
a]nf pgsf 3/df w]/} lsl;dsf ;d:of / ;ª\s6 cfOnfu]sf b]v]/ pgsf sltko z'efsf+IfLx¿n]
pgnfO{ …af]08 ;fOgÚ u/]/ lg:sg] ;'emfp lbPsf lyP . t/ Tof] ;'emfp pgnfO{ u|fXo lyPg .
pgsL ;xwld{0fL cGgk"0ff{ b]jL klg ;f/f ;ª\s6 / ;d:of PSn} a]xf]/]/ al;g\, cfˆgf :jfdLnfO{
af]08 ;fOg u/]/ h]naf6 lg:s]/ cfpg' elggg\ .
t]hk'/ zx/b]lv nueu rfln; lsnf]ld6/ klZrd t]lnof ufpF eGg] 7fpFsf k|hfklt l/hfn
x'g\ csf{ Pshgf j/]0o :jfwLgtf ;]gfgL . cfˆgf] e]ssf g]kfnL, s5f/L / c;dLof ;a} y/Lsf
dflg;x¿nfO{ d'lQm o'4df +;+nUg u/fpg pgL ;kmn ePsf lyP . 9]sLofh'ln yfgfdf lq/Ëf
em08f pQf]ng u/fpg xhf/f}+ dflg;sf] h'n'; lgsfn]/ n}hfg] g]tfx¿df k|hfklt l/hfn lyP
cGotd . Tof] lyof] …ef/t Tofu cfGbf]ngÚ -!($@_ sf] a]nfsf] s'/f] . la|l6;n] k|hfklt l/hfnsf
6fpsfdfly kfFr;o ?lkofFsf] Ogfd 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] .
ef/tsf] :jfwLgtf cfGbf]ngdf c;dsf g]kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] of]ubfg klg pNn]Vo ljifo xf]
. cfGbf]ngsf /rgfTds sfo{qmdx¿df ;+nUg x'g' afx]s dlxnfx¿ -ljz]if u/L laxfnL e]ssf_
cfGbf]ngdf k'?ifx¿ ;Fu;Fu} h'n';df ;fd]n x'Gy] . pgLx¿ ;ef cfof]hg ug]{, efif0f ug]{,
;Tofu|xdf efu lng] h:tf s[ofsnfkx¿df k'?ifx¿nfO{ k|]l/t uy]{, pgLx¿sf] xf};nf a9fpFy] .
xs{dfof b]jL, cGgk"0ff{ b]jL, dgdfof b]jL / u'Xo]Zj/L b]jL To; ;dosf cu|0fL dlxnfx¿ x'g\ .
ef/t Tofu cfGbf]ngsf] l;nl;nfdf laxfnL yfgfdf em08f kmx/fpg] lgZrt sfo{qmdsf
s]xL lbg cl3 -!& ;]K6]Da/, $@_ dfemufpFdf sltko ljlzi6 g]tfx¿sf] pkl:yltdf Pp6f 7"nf]
hg;ef ePsf] lyof] . To; ;efdf c;dsL Voftgfdf ljb'ifL dlxnf k'ikntf bf;sf] efif0fn]
>f]tfx¿nfO{ lgs} k|efljt kf/]sf] lyof] . :yfgLo dlxnfx¿sf tkm{af6 cGgk"0ff{ b]jL af]n]sL lyOg\
. cfˆgf] hf]lznf] / uxlsnf] efif0fdf pgn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ :jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf cfuGt's
sfo{qmdx¿df lg;+sf]r efu lng cfXjfg ub}{ cGTodf slj u'? /jLGb|gfy 7fs'/sf] …gfhflun]
ef/t nngf, P ef/t cf/ hfu]gf hfu]gf ÛÚ eGg] uLt ufPsL lyOg\ . of] t Pp6f pbfx/0f dfq} xf]
g]kfnL gf/Lx¿n] b]zsf] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf ;3fPsf s'/fsf] .
:jfwLgtf ;+u|fddf efu lng] c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg] xf] eg] lgs} nfdf] x'G5 .
Jofks tf}/df vf]hL gu/] w]/} :jfwLgtf ;]gfgLx¿ c1ft /lx/xg] 8/ 5 . cgGtnfn zdf{ /
b]pr/g pkfWofo x'g\ b'O{hgf lgeL{s of]4f h;sf af/]df cg';Gwfg ug'{ lgtfGt h?/L 5 .
logLx¿sf] af/]df slt;Dd dfq} hfGg kfOPsf] 5 eg] cgGtnfn zdf{nfO{ pgn] uf]vf{ ;]gfx¿nfO{
sfg"g cj1f cfGbf]ngdf ;xof]u u/fpg vf]h]sf]df d[To'b08 lbOof] eg] b]pr/g pkfWofonfO{
b]zb|f]xL eg]/ sf/f?4 ul/of]Ù hxfF pgsf] d[To' eof] .

30
 :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf k|ToIf ¿kn] hl8t cGo sltko JolQmx¿df k|;fb l;+ ;'Aaf, g/klt
l3ld/], g/klt ltdl;gf, sfzLgfy n'OF6]n, hogf/fo0f g]kfn, /fdhL 1jfnL, sdnfklt bfxfn,
lgTofgGb ltdl;gf, tf/fgfy zdf{, g/axfb'/ 5]qL, g/klt n'OF6]n, kß k|;fb 9'Ëfgf cflb kb{5g\ .
clvn ef/tLo uf]vf{ nLusf] rf}yf] clwj]zg t]hk'/ zx/df cg'li7t ePsf] lyof] ck|}n !($&
df . To; clwj]zgn] c;dnfO{ ;L=u|'kdf ;fd]n x'gaf6 arfpg cfjZos k/] …c;dsf kGw| nfv
g]kfnLsf tL;nfv v's'/L t}gft x'g]5g\Ú eGg] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . k|:tfljt ;L=u|'k (C-Group)
df kg'{sf] cy{ lyof] cb"/ eljiod} c;d kfls:tfgsf] cË aGg' . c;dnfO{ d'l:ndax'n k|fGt
agfP/ eljiodf ;Defljt\ kfls:tfgdf ufEg] if8oGq rln/x]sf] a]nf g]kfnLx¿sf] pQm 3f]if0ff
slt dxTjk"0f{ lyof] Tof] ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . c;dsf] cl:tTj / :jfledfg /fVg] lbzfdf
lnPsf] pko'Qm kbIf]k eGg'k5{ To; lg0f{onfO{ . To;nfO{ klg :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] Ps cË 7fGg
;lsG5 .
n]vsf ;Danx¿M–
of] n]vdf k/]sf w]/} s'/fx¿ :jtGqtf ;]gfgL lji0f'nfn pkfWofo hLljt 5Fbf pxfFsf d'vaf6
ljleGg ;dodf ;'lgPsf x'g\ . cGo ;|f]t lgDg lnlvt ;xfos u|Gyx¿af6 lnOPsf 5g\M–
-s_ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo s[t M–
-!_ …cf;fd] g]kfnLx¿Ú
-@_ …5lanfn pkfWofoÚ
-#_ …cfhLjg ;+u|fdL eQm axfb'/ k|wfgÚ
-$_ …cf]em]ndf k/]sf gf/L/Tgx¿Ú
-%_ …:jfwLgtf ;+u|fdL >lds g]tf bnaL/l;+ nf]xf/Ú -c;dLofdf ;+sng_
-v_ Zofdnfn h};L s[t M– …c;ddf g]kfnLx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldÚ
jnluitel@yahoo.co.in
g]kfnLkl§, t]hk'/, c;d–&*$))!
df]afOnM (!($#%)*@**$

c;dsf g]kfnL ;flxlTosx¿sf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro

uLtf pkfWofo

dflg;sf] k|j|hg k|j[lQ cyf{t\ a;fOF ;g]{ afgL Pp6f P]ltxfl;s ;To xf] . To; s'/fnfO{
ljrf/ ubf{ s'g} klg hguf]i7L of hflt ;d"x Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf uPsf] ;do s'g xf] eGg]
s'/f ;Djt–ldlt tf]s]/ eGg h;/L ufx|f] kb{5 To;/L g} g]kfnLx¿ cf;fddf cfPsf] lglb{i6
;doaf/] lgs} cg';Gwfg kZrft klg ls6fg u/L eGg ;ls+b}g . jt{dfg ;ft a}gLdf afFl8Psf]
k"j{sf] j[xt\ c;ddf ;j{q g} g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . k|fu\ P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g]kfn /
k|frLg sfd¿k -k"j{sf] c;dnfO{ a'emfpg] gfd_sf] ;DaGw /x]sf] s'/f Oltxf;n] atfpF5 . cf7f}+
ztfAbLk"j{ g} g]kfnsf /fhf hob]j dNn / sfd¿ksL /fhs'df/L /fHodtL b]jL j}jflxs ;DaGwdf
ufFl;Psf lyP eg] sf]r /fhj+zsf k|lti7ftf ljZj l;+xsf] ljjfx g]kfnsf /fhf k|tfk dNnsL k'qL
/TgsfGtL;Fu ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] tyf c;dsf sf]r /fhfsL sGof ¿kdtLsf] ljjfx g]kfn
g/]z;Fu ;DkGg ePsf] P]ltxfl;s ;DaGw cflbn] b'O{ b]z aLrsf] ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, cfly{s
;DaGw /x]sf] s'/f k'li6 ub{5 . ptf sfd¿ksf of]uL dl5Gb|gfy g]kfndf k'lhPsf, sfd¿k
sfdfVof dlGb/ g]kfNfLx¿sf] k|d'v tLy{:yn dWo]sf] Ps ePsf] / g]kfnåf/f sfdfVofdf

31
nfndf]xl/of k08f lgo'lSt ePsf] OToflb k|;Ën] g]kfn / c;d -ef/t_ aLr ulx/f] cfWoflTds
tyf wfld{s ;Dks{ /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t k'li6 ub{5 . o:tf ;Dks{x¿ dflg;sf] ;3g cfjthfjt
ljgf ;+ej x'Fb}gg\ .
To; pk/fGt cf;fd / g]kfnsf] g[uf]i7Lo 9fFrf ldNbf] h'Nbf] /x]sfn] g]kfnLx¿ oxfFsf
/}yfg]x¿;Fu ;xh ¿kn] ldn]/ l5d]sL eO{ a;f]jf; ug{ cK7\of/f] gdfg]sf] cg'dfg x'G5 . o;/L
k|fUf\P]ltxfl;s ;dob]lv cfjfudg ePsf dflg;x¿dWo] slt t oxL+sf] xfjf kfgLdf leh]/,
ldl;P/ 5'§ofOg;Sg' eO;s]sf xf]nfg\ . sf/0f k'/ftg ;dosf] ky b'u{dtfn] ubf{ PskN6 k|a|lht
eO{ cfPsfx¿n] afSn} x'n afFw]/ d"ne"ld uP/ eflifs ;f+:s[lts ;Dks{ /fVg k|foM c;Dej g} x'g]
uYof]{ .
ef/tdf a[l6; cfudgkl5 ljz]if u/L a[l6; g]kfnsf] n8fO{+kl5 ;Dkflbt !*!%–!^sf] ;'uf}nL
;lGw kZrft\ g]kfnsf s]xL e"If]q ;d]t b]x/fb'g, efS;', bfhL{lnªdf ufleg cfP . a[l6; kmf}hdf
uf]vf{ l;kfxL egf{ ug]{ sfo{ z'¿ eof] . o;/L hldg;Fu} ufFl;P/ ef/t lelqPsf s[ifs uf}kfns
g]kfnLx¿ /fd|f] hLjgsf] vf]hLdf c;dlt/ klg cfpg yfn] . a[l6; kmf}hdf g]kfn leqaf6 egf{
ePsf kmf}hL klg sf]xL :jOR5fn] sf]xL a[l6; ;/sf/s} k|f]T;fxgdf c;ddf :yfoL ¿kn] a;f]jf;
ug{ yfn] . !*@^ sf] Oyf08fj' ;lGwkl5 c;d b]z adL{ d'Qm eO{ a[l6; zf;gleq k:of] . uf]vf{
kmf}hsf ;]gfx¿ hf] adL{;Fu n8fO{+ ug{ c;d cfPsf lyPÙ tL dWo] cjZo s]xL oxfFsf /}yfg] eO{
/x] xf]nfg\ . o; k|sf/ o; If]qdf g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]jf;f] km}lnof] .
c7f/f}+ ztfAbLsf] bf];|f]–t];|f] bzsb]lv c;d k;]sf g]kfnLx¿n] cfˆgf] dft[efiff g]kfnL;Fu}
cfˆgf lghL ;+:s[lt ;d]t af]s]/ cfP / To;nfO{ hu]8f u/L /fVg k|oTgzLn eP . nueu oxL
;donfO{ o; If]qdf g]kfnL ;flxTo ;[hgf / ljsf;sf] c+s'/0fsf] ;do xf] eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf .
ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsf;df k"jf{~rn -h'g k"j{sf] a[xt\ c;dleq lyof]_ sf] pNn]vgLo
cjbfg /x]sf] 5 .
dl0fk'/sf] n8fO{+df of] If]qdf cfPsf kmf}hL n]G; gfos t'nfrg cfn]n] !*(# df …dl0fk'/sf]
;jfOÚ /rgf u/] . o;nfO{ g} pQ/k"jL{ ef/tsf] klxnf] k|sflzt k':ts dflgG5 . !*($ df
/lrPsf] wgjL/ eF8f/Lsf] …cAa/ kfxf8sf] ;jfOÚ ;jfO 5Gbdf /lrPsf] bf];|f] k':ts xf] . To;kl5
s[i0f axfb'/ pbf;n] …cR5fdsf] ;jfOÚ -!()*_, uhjL/ /f0ffn] …gfuflxN;sf] ;jfO{Ú -!(@#_ /rgf
u/] . o;kl5 klg s]xL ;do oxfF ;jfO ;flxTog} b]vf kb{5g\ . h:t} !()% sf] cfTdf/fO{ /lrt
…e'O{+rfnfsf] ;jfOÚ, /fdrGb| zdf{ 9'Ëfgf /lrt …sflgofFsf] ;jfOÚ -!(#)_ 5Gbd} /lrP . b]x/fb"gdf
…uf]vf{ ;+;f/Ú -!(@(_, …t?0f uf]vf{Ú clg bflh{lnªsf] …uf]vf{Ú, sf7df8f}+sf] …zf/bfÚ h:tf klqsfdf
uB n]vg k|f/De eO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ o; e]sdf klqsf k|sfzg x'g eg] cem} s]xL ;do klv{g'
k¥of] .
j[xt c;dsf] k"j{ /fhwfgL lznfª -jt{dfg d]3fnosf] /fhwfgL_ af6 k"jf{~rnsf] klxnf]
klqsf …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ !(#^ df k|sflzt eof] . o;sf ;Dkfbs lyP o; c+rnsf k|yd g]kfnL
:gfts dl0fl;+x u'?ª . bf];|f] klqsf …lxdflb|Ú !($@ df u'jfxf6Laf6 g/l;+x yfkfsf] ;Dkfbgdf
k|sflzt eof] eg] t];|f] klqsf …k|eftÚ !(%% df slj k'iknfn pkfWofo, g/klt pkfWofo / 6+s
e§/fO{sf] ;+o'Qm ;Dkfbgdf 5flkof] . To;k"j{ !($( b]lv !(%$ ;Dd g/klt pkfWofo, df]xg
e§/fO{, wgaxfb'/sf] qmlds ;Dkfbgdf lgl:sPsf] x:tlnlvt klqsf …k|eftÚ nuftf/ k|sfzg
e}/x]sf] x'Fbf dflg;x¿df ;flxTo r]tgf / hfu¿stf cfpg'sf ;fy} s]xL n]vsx¿ ;d]t hGdg
;kmn eP . tLdWo] w]/}h;f]df kl5 ;Dd n]vg sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf g/x] klg jxfFx¿sf] cjbfgnfO{

32
d"Nojfg\ dfGg'kb{5 . tL dWo] s]xL pNn]vgLo gfd x'g\–b'jf{zf pkfWofo, gjs'df/L b]jL, cd/
pkfWofo, 3gZofd vgfn, df]xg e6/fO{, ldqnfn zf:qL, uf]kLgfy pkfWofo cflb . o;kl5
l8uaf]O{ nufot w]/} 7fpFaf6 klqsfx¿ k|sfzg x'g yfn]Ù Tof] qmdn] cfh;Dd lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]5 .
bL3{hLjg gkfPklg tL klqsfx¿sf] e"ldsf o; e]ssf] ;flxTosf] ljsf;sf nflu pNn]vgLo
/x]sf] 5 .
c;ddf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|f/De 5Gb of sljtfaf6} x'G5 . xl/gf/fo0f pkfWofo ljBfe"if0fsf]
…uLtdfnfÚ -uLt ;+u|x_ !(!) lt/ / …;+uLt rGb|f]boÚ !(@& lt/ k|sflzt eof] . k"jf{~rnsf]
ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|f/lDes sfnsf s]xL ;flxTosf/ tyf pgsf s[ltx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\–
xl/gf/fo0f ljBfe"if0fsf] …uLtdfnfÚ -!(!)_ …;+uLt rGb|f]boÚ -!(@&_, /fdrGb| zdf{ 9'Ëfgfsf]
…ufGwLsf] ;jfO{Ú / lxtf]kb]z -;jfO{_ !(#), dxfgGb ;fksf]6fsf] …dgnx/LÚ -!(@#_ / …ck'Ëf]Ú .
/Tg axfb'/ sfsL{sf] …ljj]s /TgfjnLÚ !(#^, kbd k|;fb 9'Ëfgfsf] …st{Jo lzIffÚ -!(#&_, …wg'if
eËÚ -!(#^_ / …/fdfo0f ;Kt/TgÚ !($! . To;}u/L xl/ k|;fb zdf{sf] …1fg ;fu/Ú -!(#(_,
huGgfy u'/fufO{+sf] …gd| lgj]bgÚ -!($)_ / …u'0f/Tg dfnfÚ -!($)_, lgTofgGb ltdl;gfsf]
…slno'uL j[4 ljjfxsf] dxf ;+sNkÚ -!($#_, eLd axfb'/sf] …hLjg rl/qd\Ú -!(%!_ …dg'io
j+zfjnL cyf{t\ g]kfnLsf] k'Vof}{nLÚ -!(%#_, r"8fdl0f zf:qLsf] …ljZjf]4f/s ;Gdfu{ /IffÚ -!(%$_,
uf]s'n k|;fb hf];Lsf] …g]kfnsf] eljioÚ -!(%$_ / …jfFr / afFRg b]pÚ -!(%*_ . To:t} k|]d l;+x
;'j]bLsf] …tLhsf] d}bfgdf jlxgLsf] cfF;'Ú -!(%%_ k|sflzt x'G5 . k|]d l;+x ;'j]bLn] cfˆgf] n]vg
sd{sf] lg/Gt/tf /fVt} s]xL gf6s / cGo s[lt /rgf ug'{eof]Ù h:t} …cfd|kfnLÚ -!(((_, …s'df/L
cfdfÚ -@)))_ …3fd em'Ns]kl5Ú -@))!_ cflb . k+=t]hk|;fb lg/f}nfsf] …1fgf]boÚ, ufljGb zdf{
uf}tdsf] …lxdfnsf] km"nÚ -!(%&_, slj/fh zf:qLsf] …st{Jo sd{ k|sf/Ú k|f/lDes sfnsf s[lt x'g\
.
k"jf{~rndf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsf;sf] k|f/lDes sfn}df …a;fFO{Ú pkGof; -!(%&_ lnP/
;flxTodf k|j]z u/]sf nLnaxfb'/ IfqL cem;Dd lg/Gt/ ljleGg ljwfdf pRr:t/Lo ;flxTo
;[hgfdf Jo:t eP/ nfu]sf 5g\ . pgsf cGo pkGof; x'g\–…ct[KtÚ -!(^*_, …a|Xdk'qsf] 5]p5fpÚ
-!(**_, …k|ltWjlg lj:d[ltsfÚ -@))$_, pgsf syf ;+sng oL x'g\–…tLg bzs aL; cleJolQmÚ -
!(*#_, …nLnaxfb'/sf syfÚ -@))$_, …gf6sdf …Psf8dL–bf]af6f]Ú -!(*#_, …;'?sf] z'? / dfFuÚ -
!(&*_ . pgsf lgaGws[ltx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\–…c;ddf g]kfnL efiff / To;sf] ;fx|f] ufx|f]Ú -!(^(_,
…k"jf{~rn ef/tLo syf ;flxTo / kqsfl/tfsf] Oltj[QÚ -!((&_, …‰ofp/] kf6L{df nfUbfÚ -!(((_,
…k"jf]{Q/ ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s lbUbz{gÚ -@)))_, …a|Xdk'qsf] 5]p5fpÚ
gfds pgsf] pkGof;n] …;flxTo csf8dLÚ k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/L o; c~rnsf g]kfnLsf] lz/ 7f8f]
kf/]sf] 5 .
!(&@ df …lzlz/sf] atf;Ú / !(&% df …3fd 8'a]kl5Ú -b'j} pkGof;_ k|sfzg u/L ;flxTodf
kfOnf xfNg] ch'{g lg/f}nfsf] n]vgLn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]g .
!(^% df …sfd¿kfÚsf] ;+o'Qm ;Dkfbssf ¿kdf jlni6 snd lnP/ n]vglt/ nDs]sf kß
9sfn jlni7 n]vssf ¿kn] lrlgPsf 5g\ . s[lt ¿kdf w]/} k':ts k|sfzg gePklg ljljw
;d;fdlos ljifodf pgsf y'k|} n]v–/rgf, Joª\Uo cflb kq–klqsfx¿df k|sflzt 5g\ . pgsf]
k|sflzt s[lt …gf}b'jf/ lbuGt;DdÚ -!((%_ xf] .
!(^% df …ddtfÚ syf ;+u|x lnP/ c;dsf] ;flxTo jfl6sfdf km'Ng] gf/L x:tfIf/ rGb|snf
g]jf/n] …rqmJo"xÚ / …olznfnfO{ d]/f] cfhÚ -sljtf ;+u|x_, …;fF3'/f] w/ftnÚ - syf ;+u|x_, …uLt

33
;+u|xÚ h:tf s[lt k|sfzg u/]/ cfˆgf] ;flxlTos bIftf b]vfPsL 5g\ . jt{dfgdf sf7df8f}sL+
jfl;Gbf eP klg pgL cf;fdsL k|yd syf ;+u|x k|sflzt ug]{ n]lvsfsf ¿kdf lrlglG5g\ . t];}
u/L dfof 7s'/Ln] !(&$ df …gh'/]sf] hf]8LÚ / …udnfsf] km"nÚ syf ;+u|x lnP/ oxfFsf] ;flxTo
If]qdf k|j]z u/]sL x'g\ . pgL klg clxn] sf7df8f}+ lgjf;L jl/i7 syfsf/ ¿kn] lrlglG5g\ .
lbn ;fxgLsf] sfJos[lt …gf}nf] df6f] rflxPsf] 5Ú / …o'u–k'?ifÚ -syf ;+u|x_ !(&) df
k|sflzt x'G5 . logL klg xfn g]kfns} jfl;Gbf ePsf 5g\ . ;g\ !($) df sf7df8f}+sf] …zf/bfÚ
klqsfdf …k'8\s] xjnbf/Ú zLif{ssf] syf k|sfzg ug]{ syfsf/ 6+sgfy pkfWofon] :jtGqtf k"j{
/rgf u/]sf] pkGof; …jlnbfgÚ pgsf] d/0ff]k/fGt k|sfzg x'G5 . cfˆgf] hLjgsfndf pgsf]
c+u|]hL gf6ssf/ ;]S;lko/sf gf6s …h'lno; l;h/Úsf] g]kfnL cg'jfb !(%@ df k|sflzt x'G5
eg] …j]lg;sf] ;f}bfu/Ú / …/fhf t[tLo l/r8{Ú d/0ff]k/fGt k|sflzt x'G5 .
jt{dfg d]3fno, lznªsf s[i0fk|;fb 1jfnL …kLknsf] 5xf/LÚ lgjGw ;+u|x, !(&^ dfkm{t\
vfl/Psf lgaGwsf/sf ¿kdf k|lti7f kfpg ;kmn x'G5g\ . pgL slj¿kn] klg lrlGfG5g\ .
d]3fno, lznªs} ljqmdjL/ yfkf syf / pkGof; b'j} ljwfdf snd rnfpg] pQ/
k"jf{~rnsf jlni6 n]vs x'g\ . pgsf] …ljutsf] kl/j]z leqÚ pkGof; -!(*@_ k|sflzt 5 . To:t}
pgsf] …la;f}+ ztfAbLsL df]gfln;fÚ -!((&_ …csf8dL k'/:sf/Ú k|fKt syf xf] . o; cltl/Qm pgsf
…/ftf] 8fo/Lsf x/fPsf k[i6x¿Ú -!(($_ h:tf s[ltx¿ klg k|sflzt 5g\ .
;f7Lsf] bzssf] k|f/Dedf ;flxTo hut\df k|j]z u/L lg/Gt/ snd rnfO/x]sf xl/k|;fb zdf{
vgfnn] …d s] u/f}+Ú, …ltd|f] hLjgÚ cflb pkGof;sf ;fy} c+u|]hL, /l;og pkGof;x¿ cg'jfb u/]sf
5g\ .
!(() ;Ddsf /rgfsf/x¿sf k|fo M /rgf k'/fgf kl/kf6Lsf kb{5g\ . slj xl/eQm
s6'jfnsf] …;+emgfÚ !(^) / …leqL dfG5] af]Ng vf]H5Ú af6 k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL ;flxTodf
cfw'lgstfsf] 5fk b]lvG5 eGg] ;dfnf]rsx¿sf egfO{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;f7Lsf] bzs / To;kl5
;flxTo If]qdf b]vf kg]{x¿dWo] 68\sf/f] lrGxf/L /fVg] n]vs x'g\ xl/eQm s6'jfn . pgL o; e]ssf
dfq} geP/ l;Ëf] g]kfnL jfª\do ;+;f/leq}sf Ps k|ltli7t slj x'g\ . pgsf s]xL s[ltsf] pNn]v
o; k|sf/ 5–…;+emgf uLt ;+u|xÚ -!(^)_, …leqL dfG5] af]Ng vf]H5Ú -!(^@_, …;'wfÚ v08sfJo -
!(^$_, …of] lhGbuL v} s] lhGbuLÚ -!(&@_, …abgfd d]/f oL cfFvfx¿ -lj=;+=@)$$_
!(^) df …gjc>'Ú v08sfJo lnP/ ;flxTo hut\df b]vf k/]sf s]=aL=g]kfnLsf] snd lg/Gt/
rln/x]sf] 5 . sljtf, gf6s, pkGof; OToflb k|fo M ;j} ljwfdf snd rnfO/x]sf g]kfnLsf
…lj/xLÚ -!(^%_, …eTs]sf] 3/, sljtf ;+u|xÚ -!((%_, …d]/f] 3/ d]/f] ;+;f/Ú h:tf s[lt k|sflzt 5g\
. pgsf cGo s[ltx¿ x'g\–…;dk{0fÚ, …t:jL/ Ps /ftsf]Ú, …sNkgfÚ -syf ;+u|x_, …ef]s d[To' ;+3if{Ú,
…Kn]6kmfd{Ú -P]ltxfl;s sfJo_, …cleofqLÚ -sljtf_, …cg'/fuÚ -uLt ;+u|x_, …dxf;tL uf]dfÚ -gf6s_ .
…d]3b"tÚ sfJo cg'jfb u/]/ cg'jfbdf …;flxTo Psf8dL k'/:sf/Ú k|fKt ug]{ slj s]=aL=g]kfnL !(^!
b]lv …ljGb'Ú q}dfl;s klqsf k|sfzg / ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;g\ @)!! df of] klqsf :j0f{
hoGtL kfngsf] t/v/df 5 .
!(^) d} …ct[KtÚ -v08 sfJo_ lnP/ lj/xL ;'Aaf b]vf k5{g\ . dft[efiff g]kfnL gePklg
lg/Gt/ g]kfnL ;flxTo ;]jfdf hLjg pT;u{ ug]{ k"jf{~rnsf Pshgf ;Rrf g]kfnL efiff
;flxTok|]dL lyP rGb]Zj/ b'j] . pgsf] k|yd s[lt …efg'eQm / 3fF;LÚ xf] . !(^@ df …d]rL aUb}
lyof]Ú, !(&% df v08sfJo …nfx'/]Ú, !(&* df …b]zsf] df6f] / lhGbuLsf] af6f]Ú pkGof; /

34
…k"jf{~rn ef/tsf] g]kfnL ;flxToÚ, …Pl:sn;, z]nL / b]jsf]6fÚ / !(*! df …t];|f] cfofdsf] zj
k/LIffÚ h:tf lgaGw k|sfzg u/]/ g]kfnL ;flxTo e08f/ ;d[4 kf/]sf 5g\ pgn] .
zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnf cGtu{tsf] t]hk'/sf k'iknfn pkfWofon] k|eftsfnLg ;dob]lvg} sljtf
ljwfdf lg/Gt/ snd rnfO /x] . …piffd~h/LÚ -!(*&_ sljtf s[ltsf nflu ;flxTo csf8dL
k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/L o; e]snfO{ pgn] uf}/jflGjt t'NofPsf 5g\ . pgsf] csf]{ k|sflzt s[lt xf]
…k'ikf~hlnÚ -!(^@_ .
;f7Lsf] bzsdf cfˆgf s[lt lnP/ em'Nsg] cGo s]xL n]vsx¿ x'g\–…dgsf] k|sfzÚ -!(^%_
;bfgGb zdf{, ejfgL z+s/ pkfWofo …lzjuLtfÚ -!(^%_, slj/fh zf:qL …st{Josd{ k'sf/Ú, k|]d
gf/fo0f kf]v|]n …slnsfnsf] cfjfhÚ, s'naxfb'/ If]qL …lrGtg dfnfÚ, rf]s axfb'/ yfkf …Åbosf]
pb\uf/ -!(^^_, o1k|;fb ;'j]bL …sNkgfÚ, dxf/fh j;Gt lu/L …j;Gt d~h/LÚ -!(^(_ .
;Q/Lsf] bzsdf …gf}nf] df6f] rflxPsf] 5Ú -!(&)_ lnP/ lbn ;fxgL, …r]tgfÚ, …jlnbfgsf
k|ltof]lutfÚ -v08sfJo_ / …nDs] kfOnfx¿Ú -sfJo _ h:tf s[lt lnP/ t'n axfb'/ 5]qL b]vf k/]sf
5g\ eg] …o'usf] 3]/fleq dlng cg'xf/x¿Ú -!(&!_ wd{nfn e";fn, …tyfutÚ -!(&@_ xL=8L= lhDafÙ
To:t} 6Lsf/fd pkfWofo lgeL{ssf] …rDkfÚ -v08sfJo_ / …/fu cg'/fuÚ -uLlt ;+u|x_ !(&@ df
k|sflzt x'G5 . pgL cem;Dd lg/Gt/ snd rnfO /x]/ …k'l:sgsf s]xL sljtfÚ h:tf cg'jfb /
cGofGo s[ltx¿ dfkm{t\ g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ ;d[4 kfb}{ 5g\ .
xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{sf] !(&$ df …afa/LÚ / ……d]/f] Pp6f …gfuf x'sLÚ dgr/Lsf] af]nLÚÚ k|sflzt
ePkl5 klg snd /f]ls+b}g . df}lns s[ltsf ;fy} cg'jfb sd{ ;d]tåf/f g]kfnL / c;dLof b'j}
efiffdf lg/Gt/ snd rnfP/ b'O{ efiffaLr ;fF3' lgdf{0f ug]{ k|yd JolQmsf ¿kdf lrlGxb} pgn]
kl5sf lkF9LnfO{ klg cfd[To' cg'k|fl0ft ul//x] .
o;} e]ssf] lznfª -jt{dfg d]3fno_sf uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg !(&% df cfˆg' sljtf ;+u|x
…;fO{ns cfO{/x]5Ú lnP/ g]kfnL ;flxTo hut\df k|j]z u5{g\ . pgsf …P:tf] kf] e"n u/]5'Ú,
…cfsfzn] klg 7fpF vf]hL/x]5Ú -@))&_ h:tf s[lt klg k|sflzt 5g\ . d"ntM slj ¿kn] lrlgPsf
k|wfg @)!) sf] …;flxTo csf8dL k'/:sf/Ún] klg ;Ddflgt ePsf 5g\ .
c;Lsf] bzsdf y'k|} slj ;|i6fsf] gj k|j]zn] oxfFsf] ;flxlTos au}+rfnfO ;d[4 kfb}{ n}hfG5 .
!(*) df …o'lSnk6; cfpg] kL9LnfO{Ú zLif{s sljtf lnP/ gj ;fksf]6fsf] k|j]z x'G5 . cfˆg'
sljtf n]vgnfO{ lg/Gt/ pFrfOdf n}hfFb} ;fksf]6f !((^ df …sfJofGt/Ú clg @))* df …dlb/f
xf]Og d]/f] kl;gfÚ k|sfzg u/L Ps :yflkt sljsf ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ lrgfpF5g\ .
!(*# df …w'sw'sLÚ -uLt ;+u|x_ k|sfzg u/L n]vg hut\df kfOnf xfNg] k|f=b'uf{k|;fb
pkfWofo l3ld/] ToxL jif{ …a'8f 5k8LÚ / …;ldwfÚ df}lns lgaGw ;+u|x k|sfz u5{g\ eg] …ztleiffÚ
-!((#_ / …zflGtsf] vf]hLdfÚ -@))*_ sljtf ;+u|x k|sfzg u/]/ sljsf ¿kdf ;d]t lrlgG5g\ .
…slj k'iknfn pkfWofo–JolQmTj / s[ltTjÚ -@))!_ / ;flxlTos lgaGw ;+u|x …;fwgfÚ -@))#_
pgsf] pNn]vgLo b]g xf] .
clUgaxfb'/ 5]qL c;dLof / g]kfnL b'j} efiffdf a/f]a/ snd rnfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . …b'O rSs]
uf8LÚ, …lsl;ª\usf sGt ljhf]sÚ h:tf afn ;flxTo / cg'jfb s[ltx¿ k|sflzt ug]{ k|yd k+lQmsf
n]vssf ¿kdf pgsf] gfd cfpF5 .
!(*! df …;Dj]bgf cf] ;Dj]bgfÚ / …k/]jf ;]tfsfnfÚ h:tf sfJos[lt dfkm{t\ oxfFsf] ;flxTodf
k|j]z ug]{ cljgfz >]i7 jt{dfg sf7df8f}+df a:5g\ . cfˆgf w]/} syf, sljtfx¿ g]kfnL jfª\do
;+;f/nfO{ k|bfg u/]/ cfˆgf] klxrfg 68\sf/f] kfg{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ cljgfz >]i7 . …lrxfg

35
gkfPsf tSdfx¿Ú zLif{ssf] sfJos[lt cl3 ;fb}{ cfkm"nfO{ Pp6f jlni7 sljsf ¿kdf pEofPsf
o'4jL/ /f0ff snf ;+:s[lt ljifodf cg';Gwfgd"ns /rgf / cg'jfb n]vgdf ;d]t lg/Gt/ ;lqmo
5g\ . pgsf] cjbfgn] klg oxfFsf] ;flxlTos km"naf/LnfO{ dlnnf] kfg{ d2t k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 .
eljnfn nfld5fg] !(*$ df …cgfutÚ sljtf ;+u|x k|sfz u/L Pshgf jlni7 slj ¿kn]
lrlGfP . …zAb x'g\ oL d]/fÚ -@))@_, …c;dfKt kfOnfx¿Ú -@))@_, …zLif{sxLgÚ h:tf sfJos[lt /
syf ;+u|x, uhn, jfn sljtf cflb k|sfzg u/L cfˆg' n]vs slj kl/ronfO{ cem prfOdf
k'¥ofpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ nfld5fg] .
c;Ls} bzsdf syf ;+u|x lnP/ ;flxTo hutdf kfOnf 6]Sg]dWo]sf v8\u/fh lu/L Pshgf
:yflkt syfsf/sf ¿kdf snd rnfO{ /x]sf 5g\ . pgsf syf ;+u|x …¿k k|lt¿kÚ -!(*^_,
…syfb]lv k/Ú, …cefjÚ -!(*&_ / cg'jfb s[ltx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . uxLg pkfWofo eg] …vf]hLdfÚ
pkGof; -!(*)_ /rgfkl5 cfˆgf] sndnfO{ lj/fd lbG5g\ .
csf{ syfsf/, pkGof;sf/, gf6\osf/ x'g\ z]/dfg yfkf . pgL pkGof; …kTy/ af]N5 -!(*@_,
syf ;+u|x …nx/Ú, gf6s …kfFrkft]Ú nufotsf s[lt l;h{gf ;lxt cfˆgf] snd rnfO /x]sf 5g\ .
nId0f af]xf]/fsf] syf ;+u|x …Ps laxfg Ps a]n'sLÚ !(*% df k|sflzt x'G5 . To;}u/L
nf]sgfy pkfWofo rfkfufO{+sf] syf ;+u|x …;fOtÚ !(*@ df k|sflzt x'G5 . pgsf] pkGof;
…cfFwLÚn] pgnfO{ pkGof;sf/sf ¿kdf klg :yflkt ub{5 . syf, sljtf, pkGof;, lgaGw cflb
ljleGg ljwfdf pgsf] snd rln/x]sf] 5 .
:jtGqtf ;+u|fdL Pj+ /fhg}lts g]tf lji0f'nfn pkfWofo cfˆg' sd{ hLjgsf] cflv/L r/0fdf
;flxTo If]qdf k|j]z u/] . pgL syfsf/, hLjgLsf/, lgaGwsf/ ¿kn] lrlgG5g\ . pgsf] syf ;+u|x
…pT;u{Ú -!(($_ df k|sflzt x'G5 . To;}u/L rGb|s'df/ zdf{n] …d]/f] af/Lsf] eft] s/]nfÚ -!(*%_ /
…l5d]sLÚ lgaGw ;+u|x k|sfz u/]/ cfˆg' dggzLn /rgf z}nLsf] lrGff/L lbPsf 5g\ .
of] k|aGw n]lvsf uLtf pkfWofon] Pg k|m]Gssf] 8fo/L c+u|]hLaf6 g]kfnLdf !(&@ df cg'jfb
u/]kl5 g]kfnL / c;dLof b'j} efiffdf snd rnfpFb} cfPsL 5g\ . afn pkGof; …cfdf d kmf:6
ePFÚ -@)))_, e|d0f syf …dGbflsgLÚ / …cnsgGbfsf] tL/}tL/Ú, …dxfk'?if z+s/b]j M hLjg / sd{Ú
/ df}lns syf ;+u|x …syf~hnLÚ -@))%_ k|sfz u/]sL 5g\ eg] …b/af/sf] ;';f/]Ú / …cleofqLÚ
cg'lbt k':ts klg k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . To:t} c;dLof efiffdf cg'jfb ul/Psf] pgsf] …efg'eQm
/fdfo0fÚ !(*& df c;d ;flxTo ;efn] k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 .
5ljnfn pkfWofon] cfˆgf 5Gbf]j4 sljtf / v08sfJo …kjgb"tÚ, …ljjt{gÚ -!(((_, …b]jsf]6f
dxfsfJoÚ -@))@_ cflb s[ltaf6 ;flxTonfO{ ;d[4 kfb}{ cfPsf 5g\ . pgsf] cg'jflbt gf6s
…rGb|u'KtÚ -lxGbLaf6 g]kfnL_ n] …;flxTo csf8dL k'/:sf/Ú k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . pgsf] snd ljleGg
ljwfdf cBflk rln/x]sf] 5 .
!((@ df …cf}+;Lsf /ftx¿ k"l0f{dfsf /ftx¿Ú sfJos[lt lnP/ b]vf kg]{ v8u axfb'/
sf}lzssf] …lugLlkuÚ sfJo / …l/dfngL 3f6Ú -@))^_ syf ;+u|x k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . …d]/f] b]z
lxhf] cfh ef]lnÚ v08sfJoaf6 ;flxTo If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf v]d/fh g]kfnsf] csf]{ dxfsfJo …;[li6Ú
-@))^_ klg k|sflzt 5 . ;+:s[lt / cGofGo ljifos cg';Gwfgd"ns uxlsnf s[ltx¿ klg pgsf
k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ .
…hflt ;d:of / g]kfnL hfltÚ zLif{s dggzLn s[lt lnP/ !(*! df n]vg\ hut\df k|j]z
u/]sf 8f=hdblUg pkfWofo j[lQn] lrlsT;s ePklg zf]wk"0f{ dggzLn /rgfsf/sf ¿kdf ;d]t\
lrlgG5g\ . pgsf …zAbfjnLÚ -@))#_, zAbsf]z / lj1fgd"ns k':ts, k|jGwx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ .

36
o;}u/L 8f=Zofd/fh zdf{sf] cg';Gwfgd"ns u|Gy …pQ/ k"jf{~rnsf g]kfnLsf] Oltj[QÚ pNn]vgLo
cjbfg xf] .
c;dLof / g]kfnL b'j} efiffdf n]Vg] 1fg axfb'/ 5]qL ;dfnf]rs / lgjGwsf/sf ¿kdf
:yflkt eO;s]sf n]vs x'g\ . pgsf] ;dfnf]rgf u|Gy …cjnf]sgÚ @))) df k|sflzt x'G5 .
sljtf tyf syf ljwfdf snd rnfpg] log} n]vssf] cg'jfb s[lt …dg k/]bf syfÚ -@))#_ /
hLjgLd"ns k':ts …k'iknfn pkfWofo hLjg / s[ltÚ -@))&_, …;h{s / l;h{gfÚ -@)!)_ k|sflzt
ePsf 5g\ .
…>4f~hlnÚ zf]ssfJo -!(*#_, …d'6'sf cfufsf lemNsfx¿Ú -!(*%_ lnP/ ;flxTodf k|j]z
u/]sf lzj cfrfo{ lgaGw ljwfdf snd rnfpF5g\ . pgn] …cfhsf] lbse|fGt ;dfhzf:qÚ h:tf]
s[lt klg /rgf u/]sf 5g\ .
8f=nIdL k|;fb k/fh'nLsf] ;dLIffTds lgaGw …g]kfnL syf ;flxTodf pQ/k"jL{o ef/tsf]
of]ubfgÚ @))! df k|sflzt x'G5 . pgL sljtf, lgjGw cflb ljwfdf snd rnfpFb} 5g\ .
tf/fklt ljljw ljifosf s[lt lnP/ ;flxTodf k|j]z ug]{ Pshgf lrGtgzLn n]vs x'g\ .
pgsf …efiff k|bLkÚ, …bz dxf/yLÚ -@))!_ …lgaGw u'R5Ú -@))@_ / cGo w]/} s[lt k|sflzt 5g\ .
To:t} ljBfklt bfxfn lgaGwsf/ -…;flxTo ljdz{Ú !((*_, v08sfJo /rgfsf/ -…piffx/0fÚ_sf ;fy}
zf]w cg';Gwfgd"ns /rgfsf/sf ¿kdf klg lrlGfG5g\ . pgsf] sfJo u|Gy …sfDofÚ @))! df
k|sflzt 5 . xl/ uh'/]n n]vs, lgaGwsf/ ¿kn] k|l;l4 k|fKt n]vs x'g\ . pgsf] k|sflzt s[lt
xf]–…zAb a6'Nb}Ú -@))!_ . ¿kgf/fo0f kf7ssf] …lkmlnËf]Ú @))@ df, pkGof; …bf];fFwÚ !((@ df
k|sflzt x'G5 . pgL slj / lgjGwsf/sf ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ .
sljtf kmfF6df snd rnfpg] csL{ Ps ;|i6f x'g\ uf]df zdf{ . …ltd|f] lglDtÚ -!(*^_, …ltd|f]
k|]/0ffn]Ú -!(**_ pgsf b'O{j6f k|sflzt s[lt x'g\ . uLt /rgf;Fu} g]kfnL / c;dLof b'j} efiffdf
snd rnfpg] oL n]lvsfsf] …a|Xdk'q/ k/f jfudtLÚ sljtf ;Fufnf] klg k|sflzt 5 . To;}u/L
d}gf yfkf cfzfn] klg b'O{j6f sljtf ;+u|x k|sfzdf NofPsL 5g\ . lxGbLdf a/fa/ n]Vg] d}gfsf]
lxGbL sljtf ;+u|x …/hgLuGwfÚ !(^% df k|sflzt ePsf] yfxf nfu]sf] 5 . pgsf] g]kfnL sfJo
s[lt …s:t'/LÚ @))) df k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .
8Da/ bfxfn lgjGw n]vs, syfsf/ Pj+ afn ;flxTosf/ klg x'g\ . pgsf] syf ;+u|x …ofqf
qmddfÚ / lzz' k':ts …xfd|f dfu{bz{sx¿Ú cflb k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ .
8f=zflGt yfkfsf] k|yd k|sflzt k':ts …gfd3/]Ú @))@ sf] …csf8dL cg'jfb k'/:sf/Ú yfKg
;kmn eof] . of] c;dLof efiffaf6 cg'jfb ul/Psf] -!((&_ s[lt xf] . 8f=yfkf lxGbL / g]kfnL b'j}
efiffdf snd rnfpFl5g\ . pgsf] uLt ;+u|x …dfofÚ -@))$_, syf ;+u|x …cfjt{gÚ / pkGof;
…df]lxgL 86sdÚ -@)))_ n] g]kfnL ;flxTodf ljz]if :yfg cf]u6\g ;kmn ePsf] 5 . :j0f{ hoGtL
jif{ k'Ug nfu]sf] cf;fdsf] Psdfq dfl;s klqsf …xfd|f] WjlgÚsL ;x ;Dkfbs zflGt yfkf sljtf
/ ;dfnf]rgf ljwfdf klg snd rnfpFl5g\ . pgn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] k':ts …c;d]nL g]kfnL syf
ofqfÚ -@))*_ Ps pNn]vgLo s[lt xf] .
c;dsf] g]kfnL pkGof; kmfF6df kfOnf] xfNg] k|yd gf/L ;|i6f gofF b]jL x'g\ . pgsf b'O6f
pkGof; …o'u;lGwÚ -@))@_ / …sf}zNofÚ -@))#_ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . pgsf] snd lg/Gt/ rNb}
5 . !((( df cGt/f{li6«o gf/Lk|wfg klqsf k|sfzg / ;Dkfbg ug]{ ;Ltfb]jLsf] sfJos[lt xf]
…;+emgfÚ .

37
 xf]d axfb'/ 5]qL ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTosf Ps ;dlk{t ;fwssf ¿kn] lrlGfG5g\ . :s"n] 5fq
5Fbfaf6 ;flxTodf ?lr /fVg yfn]sf logsf Ps bh{gsf] 5]p5fp sljtf, syf, cg'jfb k':ts
k|sflzt 5g\ . 5]qLsf s]xL sljtf ;+u|x x'g\–…cfsf/ /lxtÚ -!(($_, …d]/f sljtfx¿Ú -!((%_,
…xfdL kvf}{+Ú -@))$_ . pgsf] …lIflth x/fPsf] 5}gÚ gfds syf ;+u|x klg k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . ;'b"/
s'j]taf6 pgL …:kGbgÚ gfdsf] dfl;s klqsf k|sfzg u/L g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;]jf ub}{5g\ .
…;;{tL{ k9\bfÚ -!(*$_, …cfFvL‰ofnaf6Ú h:tf ;dfnf]rgfd"ns s[ltsf ;|i6f jt{dfg\df
pQ/aË ljZjljBfnodf sfo{/t\ Pj+ lznu8L lgjf;L ePklg k|f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo oxL+sf pkh
x'g\ .
nIdL–dLg' ldhf]/daf6 snd rnfpg] ;zQm n]lvsf x'g\ . gf/L klqsf …uxgfÚ sf]
;Dkfbgsf ;fy} gf6s, sljtf ljwfdf pgsf] cjbfg /x]sf] 5 .
sljtf, lgjGw ljwfdf snd rnfpg] uf]kfn axfb'/ g]kfnLsf] sfJos[lt …ljZjjf]wÚ !(*& df
k|sfzg x'G5 . c;L / gAa]sf] bzsdf Psb'O{ sfJos[lt lnP/ b]vf kg]{x¿ x'g\ b'uf{k|;fb kf}8\ofn
…sNkgfsf] km"nÚ -!(*)_, l8NnL k|;fb zdf{ …/utsf] d;LÚ -!(*)_, an/fd kf]v|]n …hLjg ;+3if{Ú -
!(*@_, clg?b| uf}td …r:df leqsf] 3fon cfFvfÚ -!(*^_, t'Ëgfy g]kfn …oxfF o:t} 5Ú -!(*#_,
/g axfb'/ 5]qL …o'uuLtÚ -!(*#_, …gf}nf] uLt–gofF sljtfÚ -!(*^_, …sljtfÚ -!(*$_, …zxLb bk{0fÚ
-!((%_, df]tL l;+x 5]qL …cFWof/f] pHofnf]Ú bfdf]b/ 9sfn …kfv]Ú -!(*&_, /fhfl;+x lnDa' …Pp6f
gofF ljxfgsf] k|tLIffdf Åbosf] pbuf/Ú -!((^_, rf]saxfb'/ yfkf …d]/f kL/ d]/f uLtÚ -!(*@_,
u'?eQm lwtfn …d]/f kL/ d]/f d]/f uLtÚ -!(**_, …6fpsf] vf]Hb}Ú -!((@_, /d]z bjf8Lsf]
sfJos[ltTj, …oxfF 9'Ëf / df6f]n] eG5Ú uLt ;+u|x -!((!_, …cleJolQmÚ -!((@_, OGb| axfb'/ sfsL{,
c;dLof efiffdf klg snd rnfP/ afn ;flxTo ;d[4 kfg]{ n]vssf ¿kdf lrlGfG5g\ . …s'?If]qÚ -
!((^_, …k"jf{¿kÚ -!((&_, uf]ljGb zfl08Nosf] …d'7LbfgÚ -!(*@_ sljtf ;+u|x, s0f{ axfb'/ 5]qL .
…xfd|f] w'sw'sL h/fx¿Ú sljtf ;+ux| af6 ;flxTodf k|j]z ug]{ k'ikw/ zdf{n] cg'jfblt/ klg
nDs]/ …c;dLof slj lx/0o s'df/ e§frfo{sf] lgjf{lrt sljtfÚ !((( df k|sfzg u/L cg'jfbdf
…;flxTo csf8dL k'/:sf/Ú k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . cf]em]ndf k/]sf sljtf -@)))_, nfn' k|;fb
pkfWofo, …cfdfzLjf{bÚ -@))@_ / …tLtfld7f d'Qmsx¿Ú, kbd 5]qL …cflbd ;8sÚ -!(@%_, xl/
clwsf/L …d'6'leqsf lt;{gfÚ -!(($_, aLPd k|wfg …c3]{nf]Ú syf ;+u|x -!(@)_ k|sflzt 5g\ .
c;dLof dWo o'uLg slj dfwj sGbnLsf] …/fdfo0fÚ g]kfnLdf c'g'jfb u/L ;flxTo jfl6sfdf
k|j]z ug{] OGb' k|efb]jLsf] df}lns k|sflzt sfJos[lt xf] …;kgfsf] h/f k}nfpFb}Ú -@))^_ . c;dLof
efiffdf klg snd rnfpg] lg? zdf{ k/fh'nLsf sljtf, syf, kq–klqsfdf k|;:t b]vPklg
k|sflzt sfJo xf] …ef]sdf sf]l/Psf zAbx¿Ú . pgsf] …r]tgfÚ syf ;+u|x k|sfzf]Gd'v 5 . Pp6}
kl/jf/sf cfdf, 5f]/f–5f]/L g]kfnL ;flxTo km"naf/Ldf k|j]z ub}{ cfdf jL0ff zdf{ c;dLof /
lxGbLaf6 g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ul5{g\ . 5f]/L /lZd /]vf / /f]hL/fgL klg cg'jfblt/ nDs]sf 5g\ eg]
5f]/fn] cg'jfb ;fy} df}lns sfJos[lt …;+;bsf] dem]/Ldf df6sf] jf;gfÚ ;flxTo j]bLdf r9fO
;s]sf 5g\ .
@))@ df …clUg:gfgÚ pkGof; lnP/ g]kfnL ;flxTodf b]vf kg]{ /f]lxt uf}td …;kl/jf/Ú
dfl;s klqsfsf ;Dkfbs / :jo+ n]vssf ¿kdf klg ph]lnPsf 5g\ . pgL dggzLn lgaGwsf/
klg x'g\ .
dggzLn k|aGw n]vs k|f=hogf/fo0f n'OF6]nn] e|d0f ;+:d/0f …b'aO{ x'Fb} cd]l/sfÚ -@))!_ df
k|sfzg u/L ;flxTodf k|j]z u/L pkGof; n]vgdf kfOnf] xfn]sf 5g\ . pgsf] k|sflzt pkGof;

38
xf] …cw{lj/fdÚ . e|d0f ;+:d/0f dfkm{t\ ;flxTodf k|j]z ug]{ cGo n]vs x'g\–r"8fdl0f pkfWofo–
…s]lnkmf]/gLofsf] sofnaf6Ú -@))!_ . ldqb]j zdf{ b'O{ efiffdf snd rnfpFb} c;dLof e|d0f
;+:d/0f lnP/ ;flxTodf k|j]z u5{g\ eg] …cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnL sfJoÚ -@))^_ c;dLofdf cg'jfb
u5{g\ . pgn] t]n]u'af6 g]kfnLdf cg'jfb …hGde"ldsf] ;'jf;Ú -@))@_ k|sfz ub}{ cfO{k'Ubf
g]kfnLdf lgjGw ;+u|x …ldq ljljwfÚ, …a'Fbf efiff g[zf:q ;+:s[ltÚ k|sfz u/L yf]/} ;dofjlw leq w]/}
cjbfg k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . nfj0ob]jLn] cfˆgf klt huGgfy pkfWofosf ;fy e|d0f ;+:d/0f
…la|6]gdf s]xL lbgÚ @))@ df k|sfz u/]sL 5g\ . df]xg ;'j]bL syfsf/, slj / lgaGwsf/sf
¿kdf lrlGfG5g\ . pgsf] syf ;+u|x …k[lyjL h;/L ef]Ub} 5'Ú !(*^ df k|sfzg ePsf] 5 / pgsf]
n]vg lg/Gt/ rln/x]5 .
Ps ldg]6sf syf n]vgsf] gf}nf] kl/kf6L z'? ug]{ kLtfDa/ u'?ªsf k|sflzt syf x'g\– …d
s'Gtnf af]N5'Ú -@))!_, …s'Gtnf afFRg vf]H5]Ú -@))&_ . l8NnL/fd vgfnn] kq klqsfdf syf
sljtf k|sfz ub}{ @))( df syf ;+u|x …clezKt o'usf] cfTdsyfÚ k|sfz u/]sf 5g\ . d'GgL
;fksf]6f lzz' ;flxTo lnP/ k|j]z ul5{g\ . km'6s/ sljtf, syf sf]g]{ ul//x]klg pgsf] k|sflzt
s[lt …xfd|f] km"naf/LÚ, …aNn a'l4 knfof]Ú -afn syf k':ts_ x'g\ . k"0f{ zdf{ 6flS;Psf] gf6\o
ljwfnfO{ psf:b} gf6s lnP/ ;flxTodf k|j]z ub{5g\ . gf/fo0f k|wfgsf b'O6f sljtf s[lt
k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . ab|L u'/fufO+{ g]kfnL / j8f] efiffdf snd rnfpF5g\ . pgsf sfJos[lt
k|sflzt 5g\ .
rGb|dl0f pkfWofo cg'jfb lnP/ ;flxTodf k|j]z u5{g\ . pgsf] klxnf] k|sfzg lxGbLaf6
g]kfnL cg'jfb …d+un;"qÚ -@))#_, bf];f| ] …af3]6fk'sf] /ftÚ -@))*_ x'g\ .
sf]lknfd} emg{ afWo ePsf ;+efjgfk"0f{ slj lyP …cGt/fnÚ -!(((_ sf ;|i6f j;Gt s'df/
g]kfn . 6Lsfk|;fb zdf{ ;f7L–;Q/Lsf] bzsdf sljtf /rgflt/ nDs] klg k':ts ¿kdf pgsf]
sljtf ;+u|x …nf]lxToÚ Ho]i7 ;'k'q ldqb]j zdf{sf] pBf]udf @))$ df k|sfzg x'G5 .
lg/fgJj] / b'O{ xhf/sf] bzsdf cg'jfb / df}lns s[lt lnP/ w]/} ;|i6f ;flxTo pBfgdf k|j]z
u/]sf b]lvG5g\ . syf ljwfdf lhtaxfb'/ ;'gf/sf] k|j]z alni6 b]lvG5 . pgsf] syf ;+sng
k|sflzt 5 . 8L=aL 5]qLn] …a;fO{+Ú pkGof;nfO{ c;dLofdf cg'jfb klg u/]sf 5g\ . pgL g]kfnLdf
lgjGw, zf]wd"ns n]vg ljwfdf snd rnfpF5g\ .
…cf}+;Lsf] rGb|dfÚ syf ;+u|x -@))&_, sljtf ;+u|x …j/ kLknÚ -@))@_ lnO{ l/h' b]jLsf]
;flxTo k|j]z ePsf] 5 eg] cg'jfbdf ;'Gb/ 5]qLsf] gfd b'j} efiffdf bx|f] ePsf] 5 .
tf/flglw pkfWofosf] …af3sf] 5fnfdf :ofnsf] /hfO{+Ú -@))#_ k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .
…xfOs' sfJoÚ -@)))_ lnP/ gf/fo0f pkfWofo cfPsf 5g\ . k'?iff]Qd e08f/Ln] …k[YjLÚ
klqsfsf s]xL c+s ;Dkfbg ug'{sf ;fy} ef/tsf] :jtGqtf ;+u|fddf of]ubfg ug]{ g]kfnL ;k"taf/]
c+u|]hLdf cg';Gwfgd"ns k':ts k|sfzg u/]sf 5g\ .
ljhof zdf{sf] …lrof rd]gfÚ / cg'jfb …a'9L cfd}sf] bGt] syfÚ k|sflzt 5 . ;dfnf]rgf
n]vg ;fy} sljtf n]Vg] b]jsL b]jLsf] sfJo …ltd|f] :yfg sxfFÚ -@)!)_ k|sfzg ePsf] 5 .
lji0f'nfn zdf{ cfˆgf cg';Gwfgk"0f{ k':ts …cf;fd] g]kfnLx¿Ú lnP/ lrlGfPsf 5g\ . lji0f' zdf{sf]
…u'Gof}rf]nf]Ú / cGo s]xL pkGof; k|sflzt 5g\ . /]jtL df]xg ltdl;gfsf] cg'jfb s[lt …kl/0fLtfÚ
k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . ;~hLj pkfWofosf] cg'jfb …a'9f] dfG5] / ;fu/Ú -@)!)_ k|sflzt 5 .
c;dLof efifL g]kfnL n]vs e'jg]Zj/ a?cfsf sfJos[lt …u'nfaÚ, …Pp6f o:tf] dfG5]ÚÙ …csf]{
Pp6f gfpÚ k|sflzt x'g' cfgGbsf] s'/f xf] . hulglw bfxfnsf] …lxª gePklg lxª afFw]sf] 6fnf]Ú -

39
!(*&_, …pvfg 6'Ssfsf] k':tsÚ k|sflzt 5 . xf]dgfy ;'j]bLsf] sfJos[lt k|sflzt 5 . a[hnfn
s6]nsf] JoªUo sfJo …kf]nvf]nÚ @))& df k|sfzg x'G5 . v8\u axfb'/ 5]qLsf] cg'jfb s[lt
…:jlKgn h'g]nLÚ, …jlGbtfÚ / …ofqf ljj/0fÚ k|sfzg ePsf] 5 .
an/fd pkfWofo Pshgf Joª\Uo n]vssf ¿kn] Joª\Uo sljtf …5]8sfÚ lnP/ @))^ df
;flxTo cfFugdf lelqPsf 5g\ . pgLaf6 of] v8]/L nfu]sf] kmfF6df w]/} cjbfgsf] cfzf 5 .
s[lt k|sfz gu/]klg ;3g sljtf, syf, lgaGw cflb ljwfdf snd rnfpg] s]xL gfdx¿
x'g\–sdnf b]jL, d'Qmfb]jL, j;'Gw/f zdf{, j;'dtL b]jL, 8f= b]j]g ;fksf]6f, h]n 8fo/L lnP/
hgfb{g ;fksf]6f, rDkf b]jL, dGh' b]jL, uLtf b]jL, 8f=?b|dfg yfkf . 8f= lzjgfy zdf{sf ljleGg
ljifodf zf]wd"ns k|jGw / lgjGw ;+u|x k|sflzt 5g\ . /Ltf l;+x ;h{g/ lxGbL / g]kfnL b'j}
efiffdf snd rnfpFl5g\ . b]j/fh ;fksf]6fn] dxfk'?if z+s/b]jsf] sLt{g …3f]iffÚ g]kfnLdf cg'jfb
u/]sf 5g\ .
hfgsf/L pknAw gx'Fbf oxfF pNn]v ug{ g;lsPsf c? w]/} ;h{s ;|i6f ;flxlTossf] gfd
5'6\g uPsf] 5 . ;f] ;Dk"0f{ clgR5f s[t xf] / n]vs To;df Ifdf k|fyL{ 5 . c? s;}n] c;d]
g]kfnLx¿sf] ;flxTo rrf{ ljifodf ;Dk"0f{ s[ltx¿sf] ljj/0f ;lxt lj:t[t kl/rrf{ ug]{5g\ eGg]
cfzf / ljZjf; /fvL of] ljifo oxL+ 6'ª\UofpF5' .
;Gbe{ ;"lrM–
!= ;fwgf–n]=k|f=b'uf{k|;fb pkfWofo l3ld/]
@= g]kfnL ;flxTosf] pTyfgdf pQ/k"jf{~rnsf gf/Lsf] cjbfg, uLtf pkfWofo, xfd|f] Wjlg dfl;s
klqsf, u'jfxf6L, jif{ 5 *( cÍ o @$& a}zfv–h]7, @)^&–c+=dO @)!)
rfFbdf/L, t]hk'/–c;d

c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]af; / hghLjg

kb\d 9sfn

c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]af; slxn]b]lv c;ddf k|f/De eof], ;f] hfGgsf] nflu xfdLn]
Oltxf;sf kfgf kN6fpg'k5{ . Oltxf; eG5, c;d / g]kfnsf] ;DaGw P]ltxfl;s xf] . sf]xL otf
cfP, sf]xL ptf uP . sf]xL km]l/ otf / ptf u5{g\ . of] k|j|hgsf] k|lqmof xf] . c;dsf b'O k|frLg
u|Gy–…sflnsf k'/f0fÚ / …of]lugLtGqÚdf klg c;d / g]kfnsf] ldqtf ePsf] s'/f pNn]v 5 eg]/
c;dsf ljåfgx¿ eGb5g\ . /fhlif{ hgssf kf]iok'q g/sf;'/ c;d cfP . /fhf xif{ ad{gsL r]nL
/fHodtLnfO{ g]kfnsf /fhf låtLo hob]jn] ljjfx u/] / pgL pt} uOg\ . oxfFsf] Oltxf;n] eG5Ù
/fHodtLn] sf7df08'sf] kz'klt dlGb/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] . g]kfnL /fhsGof /TgsfGtLnfO{ sf]r
/fhf ljZjl;+xn] lax] u/]/ otf cfOg\ . g]kfnsf /fhf k|tfk dNnn] sf]r /fhsGof ¿kdtLsf]
kfl0fu|x0f u/]/ pgL klg pt} uOg\ . of] cfjthfjtdf klg w]/} nfafn:s/ cfpg] hfg] u/] xf]nfg\ .
jln /fhfsf] s'/f klg oxfFsf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|rlnt nf]suLtdf k|fKt x'G5 . cxf]d /fhf
uf}/Lgfy l;+xsf ;dodf df]jfd/Lof ljb|f]x eof] . of] bdg ug{ Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLn] sKtfg
j]N;sf g]t[Tjdf Pp6f ;]gfsf] bn k7fPsf] lyof] . of] bndf g]kfnL ;]gf klg lyP eGg] k|df0f
Zofd/fh h};L lj/lrt …Oltxf;sf cfwf/df c;dsf] g]kfnL ;dfhÚ df kfOG5 . o:tf P]ltxfl;s
tYon] xfdLnfO{ lglZrt u/fpF5 ls oxfF g]kfnL dfG5] cfP t/ cfP/ sf] sxfF a;] < s;/L a;] <
;f] k|i6 kfg]{ ;fwg clxn] kfOFb}g .

40
 o; pk/fGt wfld{s s'/f klg cfpF5g\ . dT:o]Gb|gfy / uf]/vgfysf] sxfgL klg ;j{ljlbt
5 . uf]/vgfysf cg'ufdLx¿ of]uL x'g\ clg dT:o]Gb|gfy x'g\ af}4 of]uL . c;d / g]kfn b'O{ /fHo
g} b'O ;Gtsf] sd{:yn xf] . oL b'O{hgf ;Gt cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ubf{ r]nfx¿ klg ;Fu;Fu} lyP xf]nfg\ .
sf]xL t cjZo g} oxfF a;] xf]nfg\ . wfld{s s'/fdf ;+nUg 5g\–…k/z'/fd s'08Ú, …u/d kfgLÚ /
…a|Xdk'q :gfgÚ klg . To;kl5 cfpF5 sfdfIff dlGb/sf] s'/f . oL s'/fx¿sf nflu klg g]kfnLx¿
c;d cfpFYf] . t/ ;a} g} g]kfn kmls{Gy] eg]/ xfdL ls6]/ eGg ;Sbf}+g . s;}n] t oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL
/ hghLjgsf] ;/ntfdf dVv k/]/ ot} 8]/f 8fn] xf]nfg\ . of] wfld{s s'/fsf] cf}lrTo / k|efj cem}
klg h:tfsf] t:t} 5 . !*!^ ;g\sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw kl5 klg j[l6z sDkgLn] …uf]vf{Ú ;]gfsf] gftfdf
w]/}nfO{ otf k7fof] . gf]s/Laf6 ;]jf lgj[Q ePkl5 5fjgLsf 5]j}df ;/sf/n] hdLg lbGYof] /
clwsf+z ot} a;] . !*@% ;g\df c;ddf t]n cfljisf/ ePkl5 ldlxg]t ug]{ >lds–dhb"/sf]
vfFrf] x'Fbf ;:tf] dh'/Ldf sfd ug]{ g]kfnL dflg;nfO{ c;d NofOPsf] lyof] . !*$) ;g\df lrof
v]tL z'¿ ePkl5 bflh{lnªsf] ldl/saf6 lrof aufgdf sfd ug]{ g]kfnL dfG5] NofOPsf lyP .
c;ddf ePsf xhf/f}+ gbL–pkgbLsf] lsgf/df ePsf nxnx /d0fLo 3fF; kz'kfngsf nflu ;fx|}
kf]lifnf] x'gfn] klg g]kfnLx¿ c;d cfpg cg'k|fl0ft ePsf lyP . km]l/ w]/}n] c;d cfP/ wfg /
pv' v]tLdf tNnLg eP/ wg sdfP, 3/ la;]{ . t/ sf] sltv]/ c;d cfP < sxfF a;] < To;sf]
Oltxf; k|fKt ug]{ clxn] s'g} ;fdu|L 5}g . k'Vof}{nL sxg ;Sg] dflg; klg ;a} k/nf]sufdL eO{
;lsP . o; avt xfdL oltdfq eGg ;S5f}+ ls g]kfnLx¿ c;d cfP, hxfF dg nfUof] pxL+ a;]Ù
5/k§ eP/ km/flsnf] 7fpFdf a;]/ hLljsf rnfP . dfpm ynf]df ePsf] ;+3if{do hLjgnfO{ Tofu]/
ot} 9'Ss k/]/ a;] . /}yfg] 5/–l5d]sLx¿;Fu cftfhftf eof]Ù dfofdf]x nufP . o;f] ubf{ub}{ ;do
w]/} laTof] . o'un] kN6f vfof] . c+u|]hsf] x's'dt z'¿ eof] . /fhg}lts ultljlw yfngL eof] . o;
k|sf/n] ;/sf/L tf}/df klg sltko ;|f]t kfOG5g\, h:t}–;]gf, /]n nfOg lgdf{0f, lrof aufg,
l8uaf]O{ t]n sDkgL, ln8'sf] sf]Onf vfgL cflb . oL sfdsf nflu klg s;}nfO{ ;/sf/n] Nofof],
sf]xL cfkm}+ cfP . JolQmut÷kfl/jfl/s ¿kdf klg g]kfnLx¿ c;d cfPsf lyP . of] s'/f ;fFrf] xf]Ù
t/ Oltxf; 5}g . clxn] xfdL c+u|]hsf] hdfgfdf n]lvPsf sltko k':tssf] cf8df dfq} af]Nb} 5f}+
. oxfFsf wgL–dfgL dflg;nfO{ …tkfO{+x¿ oxfF a;]sf] slt jif{ eof]Ú eg]/ k|Zg ubf{ k|To'Q/df …tLg
k':tfÚ ePsf] s'/f ug'{x'G5 t/ /]s8{ eg] ()÷!)) jif{ ;Ddsf] u|]lh|ª k/ld6 dfq 5 .
c;d ;q dxf;ef / >LdGt kmfp08]zgsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df cfof]lht hguf]i7Lx¿sf]
…efpgfÚ* ;df/f]xsf] pknIodf k|sflzt :df/s u|Gy …;]t'aGwÚ df c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf af/]df
;Dkflbsf 8f=gldtf 8]sfn] o;/L n]Vg'ePsf] 5Ù M–
……c;dsf] g]kfnL ;+:s[lt c;dLof ;+:s[ltsf] Ps c+u :j¿k xf] . w]/} o'ub]lv g} g]kfnL
hg;Dk|bfo c;ddf a;f]af; u/L c;dLofx¿ ;Fu} ldln;s]sf 5g\ . ctLtsfndf g]kfn /
c;dsf] Ps ulx/f] ;Dks{ lyof], Tof] s'/fsf] ;fIfL :j¿k cfh klg ljBdfg 5 dLg
dT:o]Gb|gfysf] dlGb/ . dLggfy lyP k|frLg sfd¿ksf ;fws . Ps v]k g]kfndf cgfj[li6 x'Fbf
cfˆgf] ;fwgfn] a[li6 u/fO{ pgLn] ;a}sf] k|f0f /Iff u/]sf lyP . g]kfnLx¿sf] c;ddf k|j|hg
ePsf] d"n sf/0f xf] k|frLg sfd¿k clg c;dsf hg;fwf/0f;Fu ePsf] d]nhf]n / ;b\efj .
of]lugLtGqdf 5 M
g]kfn:o sfGrglb|d a|Xdk'q:o ;+udd\ s/tf]of+ ;df/Eo ofjt\ lbSs/ jfl;gLd\
*
of] …efpgfÚ–xf] c+sLof gf6sx¿sf] clego clg c+lsof gf6ssf] cy{ x'G5 z+s/b]j cflb dxfk'?ifn] a|hfanL efiffdf /rgf u/]sf
gf6sx¿

41
pQ/:of+s~hlul/ s/tf]of t' klZrd], tLy{>]i7f lbIf' gbL k'/;fo lul/sGos]
blIf0f] a|Xdk'q:o nfIff/f;ª\dfjlw sfd¿k Olt Voft ;j{ zf:q]if' lglZrt
g]kfnsf lnR5jL j+zsf /fhfn] sfd¿k sGof /fHodtLnfO{ ljjfx u/]/ c;d / g]kfnsf]
P]ltxfl;s ;DaGw alnof] kf/]sf 5g\ . dg axfb'/ 5]qLsf] n]vgLdf k|sfz 5, sfdfIffdf k08fsf]
k]zf lng] g]kfnL dflg;n] oltv]/ cfkm}+nfO{ c;dLof eg]/ g} kl/ro lbG5g\ . To;sf/0f c;dLof
;+:s[ltleq g]kfnLx¿n] c;dsf] ;+:s[ltsf] /Iff ug{ cl3 ;/]/ cfpg' k5{, csf{lt/ c;dLof
;+:s[ltn] klg g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ;+:s[ltsf] cË :j¿kdf cª\sdfn u/]/ /fVg ;Sg'k5{ .ÚÚ -;]t'aGw M
k[=%_•
hghLjgsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df cGte'{Qm x'G5 /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cy{g}lts / ;f+:s[lts hLjg .
c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf] /fhg}lts hghLjg ;fx|} g} ;'vbfos 5}g . o;sf] d"n sf/0f xf] ;]G;;df
g]kfnLx¿ yf]/} b]lvG5g\ . ;]G;;df ePsf g]kfnLx¿ rflx+ zx/–ahf/b]lv w]/} 6f9f a:g] cgk9
ufpFn] g]kfnLx¿ x'g\ . t/ jf:tljs lrq x]g'{ xf] eg] ;nxsf h;/L g} 5ofK5\ofKtL 5g\ / oxfF
g]tfsf] b[li6df g]kfnLx¿ …r/g–If]qÚ df cfpF5g\ . ;]G;;df …c;dLof efifLÚ eg]/ n]Vg] g]kfnLx¿
lanfPÙ of] clk|o ;To xf] . To;}n] ubf{ g]kfnLx¿n] hfltsf ¿kdf kfpg] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf
5}gg\ . c;ddf xfn sf+u|];, c;d u0f kl/ifb -Plhlk_, lah]kL, -efhkf_, sldplgi6 cflb
/fhg}lts bnsf] k|efj w]/yf]/ ;a} 7fpFdf 5 . ;a} /fhg}lts bndf xfd|f dfG5] 5g\ . bnaL/ l;+
nf]xf/ -sf+u|];_, lji0f'nfn pkfWofo -sf+u|];_, >L /fd zdf{ -hgtf_, >L kb'd axfb'/ rf}xfg -sf+u|];
/flHos dGqL_, s'n axfb'/ 5]qL -sf+u|];MdGqL_, >L ?b| k/fh'nL -sf+u|];_, >L :j¿k pkfWofo -
sf+u|];_, >L rGb| axfb'/ 5]qL -sf+u|];_, >L dl0fs'df/ ;'Aaf -sf+u|];_, >L 6Í axfb'/ /fO{ -
sf+u|];McWoIf–c;d ljwfg ;ef_, >L ;~ho /fh ;'Aaf -:jtGq_x¿ hgk|ltlglw eP/ !(%@
;g\b]lv @)!) ;g\ ;Dd c;d ljwfg ;efdf k'u] . o; pk/fGt >L :j¿k pkfWofo / >L
dl0fs'df/ ;'Aaf sf+u|];s} Pd\=kL=eP/ lbNnLsf] ;+;bdf klg ;lDdlnt eP . of] xfd|f] nflu uf}/jsf]
s'/f xf] . t/ of] cjlwdf ofgL !(%@ ;g\b]lv @)!) ;g\;Dd xfdLn] s] kfof}+ < s] u'dfof}+ <
To;sf] n]vfhf]vf cem} ePsf] 5}g . xfd|f slthgf o'js–o'jtLx¿nfO{ ACS, APS, IAS, IPS
ckm;/ ljwfos÷;f+;bx¿n] agfP < c;d ;/sf/n] :jLs[lt lbPsf g]kfnL ;flxTosf/ slthgf
5g\ < cf}+}nfdf uGtL ug{ ;Sg] ACS, APS (IAS, IPS t 5Fb} 5}gg\) / ;flxTosf/ b'Orf/ hgf hlt
5g\ . tL ;a} cfˆg} ana'tf÷k|of; cyjf d]wfdf eP . k|f=kxn yfkf 5 jif{;Dd c;d klAns
;le{; sldzgsf ;b:o lyP . t/ xfd|f nflu s] sfd eof], ;f] xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g . oL s'/f clk|o
ePklg ;To x'g\ . t/ ljwfos÷;f+;bx¿n] cfˆgf] b'gf] ;f]‰ofpg la;]{gg\ . c;d uf]vf{ ;Dd]ng
g]kfnLx¿sf] lxt ug]{ ;fdflhs ;+:yf ePklg clxn] o;sf] kbflwsf/L eP/ ljwfossf] l6s6
xfl;n ug]{ d~r ePsf] 5 . oltv]/ c;d ;/sf/n] uf]vf{ pGgog kl/ifb agfpg] c/] eg]/
;dfrf/ kq–klqsfdf k|sfz ePsf] 5 . o;n] g]kfnLx¿sf] s:tf] lxt÷sNof0f ug]{ xf], ;don]
;"rgf lbg]5 .
;fdflhs hLjgnfO{ x]bf{ o:tf] nfU5, k'vf{x¿n] dfpmynf] 5f]8]/ oxfF cfpFbf h'g ;fdflhs
sfg"g sfvL Rofk]/ NofPsf lyP, tL gLlt–lgod ufpF–j:tLdf h:tfsf] t:t} nfu" e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
cy{g}lts cj:yf / /}yfg]x¿sf] k|efjdf st}st} cln cln 36La9L x'Fb}5 . o'u–hdfgf, cfw'lgstf

•
c;dLofaf6 g]kfnLdf eflifs ¿kfGt/ u/]sf] xf] M lgaGwsf/

42
s]xLn] klg sfd ub}{g . of] b[li6n] x]bf{ xfdL w]/} kl5 kl/;Sof}+ . dfpmynf]df k'u]/ cfpg]x¿
eG5g\–…pxfF w]/} ;'lw|Psf] 5 .Ú 5/l5d]sLx¿sf] bfFhf]df k'Ug xfdLnfO{ cem} krf; ;f7L jif{ nfU5
xf]nf M h:t} d? d/fpaf6 plS;g] Joj:yfdf clnslt klg ab\nfj cfPsf] 5}g . ;fnfvfnf eGg'
xf] eg] oxfFsf] g]kfnL ;dfh vf; u/]/ u/La–u'?af rflx+ d¿–d/fp, rf8af8, k"hfcfhf /
k'/f]lxtsf] sd{sf08, lax] j|taGw, tLy{jt{ / wfdL–Hof]ltifLsf] lgb]{zgdf ?lvPsf] 5 . o;/L
;fdflhs g]kfnL hghLjgdf cfw'lgstf / k|ultzLntfn] :kz{ ug{ cem} w]/} o'u nfU5 xf]nf .
wd{–cy{–sfd–df]Ifsf] lglDt g]kfnLx¿ h;/L t}gft eO{ /x]sf 5g\, To;/L g} hfltsf] cl:tTj
arfpgsf] nflu ;dlk{t x'GYf] eg] g]kfnL hflt cfh sxfF k'lu;Sg] lyof] Û
cy{gl} ts hLjgdf eg] w]/} gofF lrGtf rrf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . kz'kfng g]kfnLx¿sf] d"n k]zf
lyof] . ;/sf/n] Grow more food sf] Znf]ufg lgsfn]/ ufO{–e}+;Lsf] r/g df:of]Ù u|]lhª l/he{
vtd kf¥of] / g]kfnLx¿n] klg kz'kfngsf] k]zf 5f]8] . clxn] cf]ngsf] clgsfn 5 . xfn o'jf–
o'jtLx¿ gf]s/L–rfs/L / Jofkf/–jfl0fHosf] w'gdf nfu]sf 5g\ . dh'/L ug{] dflg;sf] sdL
ePsfn] ubf{ v]tLkftLdf nQf] 5f8] . sf]xL rflx+ c¿ /fHodf hfFb}5g\ . t/ oxfF Pp6f s'/f pNn]v
ug}{k5{Ù ;f] s] eg] xfd|f dfG5] ufpF–j:tL, zx/–jhf/ hxfF a;]klg 3/ rflx+ cfw'lgs 9fFrfdf
agfpFb} 5g\ . sf]xL eGbf sf]xL ;fgf] x'g vf]Hb}gg\ . 3/ agfpgdf tF5f8 / d5f8sf] efjgf 5 .
;f+:s[lts hLjg klg kmNbf]km'Nbf] 5}g eGbf ;fx|} a9L x'Fb}g xf]nf . oxfF c;ddf g]kfnL
;flxlTos ;+:yf b'O 5g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb c;d / c;d g]kfnL ;flxTo ;ef . oL b'O
/flHos ;+:yf xfn lgis[o h:t} 5g\ . sltko lhNnfdf klg ;flxlTos ;+:yfx¿ 5g\ . t/ ;lqmo
5}gg\ . g]kfnL dfWodsf k|fylds ljBfno cl3 kfFr lyPÙ clxn] b'O dfq} /x]sf 5g\ . sn]hdf
kfOnf] xfn]kl5 dfq g]kfnL MIL (Major Indian Language) sf] ¿kdf cWoog ug{ kfOG5 . cl3
cl3 t bz}+, ;Dd]ng, b]p;L e}nf] ;Dd]ng, st} st} tLh ;df/f]x, efg' hoGtL, b]jsf]6f hoGtL
clg st} st} n]vgfy / df]tL/fd hoGtLx¿ x'GYf] . clxn] o'js–o'jtLx¿ JolQm s]lGb|t eP,
;flxTo–;+:s[ltsf] JofVofg ;'Gbf tGg]/Lx¿nfO{ PnhL{ x'g yfNof] / rf;f] lng] dfG5] lanfpFb} uP .
g]kfnL efiff :jLs[ltsf] nflu oxfF c;ddf h:tf] hf]8bf/ cfGbf]ng ePsf] lyof], h;/L ;fwf/0f
eGbf ;fwf/0f dflg;sf] of]ubfg lyof], To;/L g} c;dsf g]kfnLx¿n] ;flxTosf] ;]jf ug'{ xf] eg]
c;ddf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] 38]/L alnof] x'g]lyof] . ;flxTosf/x¿ klg oltv]/ lg:tfP . k'iknfn
pkfWofo / nLnaxfb'/ 5]qL cflbn] w]/}lbg cl3 ;flxTo csfbdL k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sf lyP . clxn]
rsdGg 5 . kfl/jfl/s hLjg÷af]nrfndf g]kfnL zAb x/fpFb} 5g\Ù g]kfnL hghLjgdf c;dLof
zAb e/df/ Jojxf/ x'Fb}5g\ . c;dsf] k|wfg pT;j …lax'Ún] g]kfnLx¿sf 9f]sf 3r3Rofpg yfn]sf]
5 . sltko kl/jf/n] lax' / lax' ;+:s[ltnfO{ :jfut u/]sf] b]Vg] df}sf kb}{5 .
cBfjlw c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]af; / hghLjgdf 3'gk'tnL nfu]klg lbpn t ;xL g} 5 .
t/ of] ztfAbLsf] z]iflt/ :yfgLo ;]kdf lbpn g} dlSsG5 xf]nf . o;sf] /f]syfdsf] nflu sf]xL
cl3 ;b}{gg\ . DofpF ug]{ 7fpFdf ;dfTg ;a} 8/fpF5g\ . lsgeg] PSnf] j[x:klt em'6f] x'G5 c/] Û
v6'jfn ufpF
;f]l7of, zf]l0ftk'/, c;d
kmf]g -df]_ **&^*!$%^)

cljeQm c;dsf] g]kfnL kqsfl/tf / cg'/fu k|wfg

zflGt yfkf

43
 u0ftGqsf] rf}yf] :tDesf ¿kdf kqsfl/tfnfO{ dfGotf k|fKt 5 . h'g;'s} hflt, ;dfh cf}
/fi6«sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;df kqsfl/tfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . kq–klqsfs} cfwf/df g}
7"n7"nf qmflGtx¿ 3l6t ePsf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt 5 . ;f/f ;G;f/d} 36fOPsf qmflGtx¿ ;kmndl08t
kfg{df kq–klqsfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . b]zsf] hgdt JoQm ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ dfWod xf]–
kqsfl/tf . o; 3/L kqsfl/tfsf klg b'O ¿k km]nf k5{g\–d'lb|t kqsfl/tf cf} >Jo÷b[Zodfg
kqsfl/tf . clg d'lb|t kqsfl/tfsf klg b'O{ leGfleGg} ¿k x'G5g\–;dfrf/ k|wfg kqsfl/tf cf}
;flxlTos kqsfl/tf . ;flxlTos kqsfl/tfsf klg b'O leGg ¿k b]vf k5{g\–n3' ;flxlTos
kqsfl/tf clg hg ;flxlTos kqsfl/tf . n3' ;flxlTos kqsfl/tf vf; ju{sf lglDt cf} vf;
p2]Zosf lglDt x'G5 eg] hg ;flxlTos kqsfl/tfdf ;a} ju{sf ;flxlTos n]vg k|sflzt ul/G5 .
kqsfl/tf eGgfn] oxfF rrf{sf] ljifo c;ddf k|sflzt ;d–;fdlos kq–klqsfnfO{ pNn]v
ug'{ xf] clg c;d]nL g]kfnL ;d–;fdlos ;flxlTos kqsfl/tfdf :juL{o cg'/fu k|wfgsf]
cjbfgdfly rrf{ o; n]vsf] ljz]if p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
o;} t kqsfl/tfsf] Oltxf;df kTy/dfly vf]lkPsf 3f]if0ffx¿nfO{ klg ;dfrf/sf] k|frLg
¿k dflgG5 / of] k|yf k|frLg a]aLnf]gdf k|f/De ePsf] lyof] eGg] ljåfgx¿sf] egfO /x]sf] kfOG5
. t/ sfuhdfly ;dfrf/ n]Vg] tyf kq–klqsfsf] jf:tljs o'u ^( v[i6 k"j{df PS6; l8pgf{ -
Acts Dyrana_ cyjf PskGg] ;+jfbkq af6f3f6fdf 6fF;]/ hgdfg;nfO{ k|ltlbgsf 36gf tyf
vf;u/L o'4af/] ;"rgf lbg] rng h'lno; l;h/sf] kfnfdf a;]sf] lyof] clg o;} sfndf …PS6
klAnsfÚ / …PS6 l;g]6Ú gfdsf kqx¿ klg /f]ddf lg:sGy] . ;g\ ^!* df rLgdf klg dfl;s
¿kdf …k]ls+u kqÚ cf} …k]ls+u Go"hÚ eGg] sfut kq lg:sGy] . d'b|0f snfsf] hu klg rLgd} a;]sf]
elgG5 . !$&^ df a]nfotsf] Go"hfOl6ª\ -Newseitting_ xNof08df lg:s]kl5 !%$! df d]lS;sf]df
;dfrf/ zL6x¿sf] k|sfzgsf ;fy} Ho"l/r, :jLh/Nof08, e]lg;df klqsfx¿ 5flkg yflnP .
e]lg;df Uofh]6f -e]lg;sf] k};f_ lt/]/ dflg;x¿n] …gf]lthL:s[t]Ú gfds klqsf k9\g yfn] .
sfnfGt/df oxL Uofh]6f zAb …Uofh]6Ú eP/ ;dfrf/kqsf] kof{o aGg k'Uof] . ;g\ !^%^ sf] *
hgj/Lb]lv …s/f06Ú gfds klxnf] Jofj;flos ;dfrf/kq xNof08b]lv k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . k|yd
b}lgs cvaf/ eg] !! dfr{ ;g\ !&)@ df …n08g 8]nL s/]06Ú gfdn] n08gaf6 k|sflzt ePsf]
lyof] .
ef/tdf ;dfrf/ n]vgsf] hGd d'un ;fd|fHodf ePtfklg o;sf] ultzLntf Oi6 Ol08of
sDkgLsf] zf;gsfndf ePsf] xf] . ef/tsf] k|yd ;dfrf/kq ;g\ !&*) df k|sflzt …a+ufn
uh]6Ú nfO{ dflgG5 . !*!* df a+ufnL efiffdf …;dfrf/ bk{0fÚ, ;g\ !*@^ df lxGbL efiffdf
…pbGt dft{08Ú, clg g]kfnLdf lj=;+= !(%% df -g]kfndf_ …;'wf;fu/Ú gfds dfl;såf/f
kqsfl/tfsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 hf] df]tL/fd e§sf] k|]/0ffn] kl08t g/b]j df]tLs[i0f clg
k+=slknb]j zdf{n] kz'klt k|];, sf7df8f}+af6 lgsfn]sf lyP . o;/L g} lj=;+=!(%* df g]kfnaf6}
;fKtflxs …uf]/vfkqÚ b]vf k/]sf] lyof] hf] w]/} kl5 c4{ ;fKtflxs, ;Ktfxdf tLgj6f 5flkg] x'Fb}
b}lgs ag]sf] xf] .
ef/t]nL g]kfnL dfq geP/ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL kq–klqsfsf] cfwf/lznf ;g\ !**& df k|sflzt
…uf]/vf ef/t hLjgÚ nfO{ dflgG5 . o;sf] hGdn] Ps ztfAbL cfo' gfl3;s]sf] 5 h;sf] ;Dkfbg
df]tL/fdn] u/]sf lyP eGg] ljåfgx¿sf] egfO{ 5 . t/ o; klqsfsf k|ltx¿ pknAw 5}gg\Ù dfq
lxGbL klqsf …ef/t hLjgÚdf ul/Psf] lj1fkgs} e/df of] klqsf k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] eGg]
s'/fsf] pNn]v ljåfgx¿åf/f ePsf] kfOG5 . To;y{ pgLx¿aLr w]/}hgf kfb|L u+ufk|;fb k|wfgåf/f

44
;Dkflbt cf} ;g\ !()! df bfhfL{lnªb]lv k|sflzt …uf]v]{ va/ sfut\ÚnfO{ k|yd g]kfnL klqsf
dfGgsf kIfw/ 5g\ . of] vf]hLsf] ljifo xf] . hlxNo} klg …k|ydÚnfO{ lnP/ ljåfgx¿df dte]b g}
/x]sf] kfOG5 .
ef/t]nL g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ ef/tsf] :jtGqtf k|flKt jif{nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/
b'O{ r/0fdf ljeQm u/L x]g]{ rng ljåfgx¿n] rnfPsf 5g\ . :jtGqtfk"j{ / :jtGqtf pQ/ .
:jtGqtfk"j{sf] sfnnfO{ k"jf{4{ cf} pQ/f4{ elg klxnf] sfnnfO{ ;g\ !**& b]lv !(!^ ;DdnfO{
k"jf{4{ cyjf pTyfg sfn dflgPsf] 5 cf} !(!& b]lv !($^ ;DdnfO{ pQ/f4{sfn dflgPsf] 5 .
k"jf{4{ sfndf hDdf cf7j6f klqsfx¿ k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ M
qm=;+= kq÷klqsfsf] gfpF k|sfzg k|sfzg ;Dkfbg
;g\ :yfg
! uf]/vf ef/t hLjg !**& agf/; df]tL/fd e§, afa" /fds[i0f adf{
@ uf]v]{ va/ sfut\ !()! bfhL{lnª kfb|L u+uf k|;fb k|wfg
# pkGof; t/+lu0fL !()@ agf/; kl08t zbflzj zdf{
$ ;'Gb/L !()^ agf/; k+=b]jLbQ k/fh'nL / ;f]dgfy
l;UbØfn -kl5 rqmkfl0f rfln;]_
% dfwjL !()* agf/; /fddl0f bLlIft -5b\d gfd dft[
k|;fb zdf{ gfpFn] ;Dkfbg
u/]sf]_
^ uf]vf{ ;fyL !(!@ snsQf xl/l;+x yfkf
& rGb| !(!$ agf/; dfwf] k|;fb
* uf]vf{nL !(!^ agf/; ;"o{ ljqmd 1jfnL

;g\ !**& b]lv !(!^ ;Dd c;d]nL g]kfnL hutdf kq–klqsf k|sflzt ePsf] pNn]v
kfOFb}g . ef/t]nL g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] :jtGqtfk"j{sf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] sfnfjlw !(!& b]lv !($^
;Dd dflgPsf] 5Ù h;df ;g\ !(!* df sflnDkf]ªaf6 k|sflzt …rlGb|sfÚnfO{ :jtGqtf k"j{ sfnsf]
pQ/f4{sf] dfOnv'F6L dflgPsf] kfOG5 . To;kl5 ef/t]nL g]kfnL kqsfl/tf hutdf au|]NtL kq–
klqsfx¿ k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf kfOG5g\ .

qm=;+ kq÷klqsfsf] gfpF k|sfzg ;g\ k|sfzg ;Dkfbg

:yfg
! rlGb|sf !*!* v/;fª kf/;dl0f k|wfg
@ hGde"ld -dfl;s_ !(@@ agf/; ;"o{ ljqmd 1jfnL
# uf]vf{ ldq !(@$ snsQf
$ /fhelQm -;fKtflxs_ !(@^ agf/; z+e' k|;fb
9'ª\Uofn
% uf]vf{ ;+;f/ -dfl;s_ !(@^ b]x/fb"g 7fs'/ rGbg l;+x
^ t?0f uf]vf{ -klxn] ;fKtflxs !(@* b]x/fb"g 7fs'/ rGbg l;+x
kl5 dfl;s_

45
 & cfbz{ -dfl;s_ !(#) sflnDkf]ª z]ifdl0f k|wfg
* g]=;f=;Dd]ng klqsf !(#@ bflh{lnª kb\d k|;fb k|wfg
( uf]vf{nL /lj !(## bflh{lnª cudl;+x lu/L
!) uf]vf{ ;]js -;fKtflxs_ !(#^ lznfª dl0fl;+x u'?ª
!! g]a'nf -dfl;s_ -kl5 …kl/jt{gÚ !(#% bflh{lnª s]=8L=k|wfg, dbg
gfpFn] k|sflzt_ s'df/ k|wfg
!@ pbo -dfl;s ;lrq_ !(#& agf/; sfzL axfb'/ >]i7
!# ufpF ;'wf/ klqsf -låeflifs_ !(#( sflnDkf]ª z]ifdl0f k|wfg
!$ ;j{ lxt}ifL klqsf -dfl;s_ !($) agf/; t]haxfb'/ u'efh'
!% vf]hL -dfl;s_ !($) bflh{lnª ¿kgf/fo0f l;Gxf
!^ t?0f -x:tlnlvt_ !($@ v/;fª bnaxfb'/ nfdf,
lzj s'df/ /fO{
!& uf]vf{ ;dfrf/ -;fKtflxs, !($$ lbNnL
låeflifs_
!* uf]vf{ -uf]vf{ lnusf] d'vkq_ !($% sflnDkf]ª - k|yd ;Dkfbs
kl5 /0fjL/ ;'Aaf
bflh{lnª_
!( sdn -x:tlnlvt kl5 jflif{s !($^ cR5f /fO{ /l;s
c+ssf] ¿kdf d'lb|t_ !(%# bflh{lnª ;Dkfbsåo cd[tf
b]jL 5]qL /
cudl;+x lu/L
ef/tLo g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] Oltxf;df cljeQm c;daf6 ;g\ !(#^ df …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ
k|sflzt u/]/ afa" dl0fl;+x u'?ªn] cljeQm c;ddf g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] hu a;fn]/ of]ubfg
k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . :jtGqtf k"j{ sfndf cljeQm c;daf6 clxn];Ddsf] cg';Gwfg cg';f/ oxL uf]vf{
;]js dfq k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 .
:jtGqtf–pQ/ sfndf cljeQm c;dsf ;]/f]km]/f]df kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; x]g]{ xf] eg] nueu
8]9;o hlt klqsf k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ . …xfd|f] WjlgÚsf] k|sfzg sfnnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
:jtGqtf pQ/ sfnsf] sfn ljefhg o; k|sf/ ug{ ;lsG5 M– -o;af/] ljåfgx¿df dtfg}So x'g
;S5Ù sf/0f, …xfd|f] WjlgÚ cBfjlw k|sflzt eO/x]sf] kfOG5 / g} cg'/fu k|wfgsf] ;Dkfbg–
sfnnfO{ dfq} oxfF cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 _
xfd|f] Wjlg k"j{ sfn -pTyfg sfn_ !($*–!(^(,
xfd|f] Wjlg sfn -ljsf; sfn_ !(&)–@))!sf] hgj/L ;Dd
xfd|f] Wjlg pQ/ sfn–@))! sf] km/j/Lb]lv cfh;Dd

…xfd|f] WjlgÚ k"j{ sfn

…xfd|f] WjlgÚ k"j{ sfndf c;d]nL g]kfnL kqsfl/tf hutdf ;g\ !(#^ d} uf]vf{ ;]js -
;fKtflxs_ klqsf k|sflzt u/]/ afa" dl0fl;+x u'?ª\n] h'g pj{/ aLp /f]k]sf lyP, Tof] aLp c+s'l/t
eO{ :jtGqtf pQ/ sfnsf] k|yd r/0f cyf{t\ !($* b]lv !(^( ;Ddsf] sfnv08df lgs}

46
‰oflËPsf] kl/nlIft x'G5 . / g} o; sfn v08nfO{ pTyfg sfn cyjf …xfd|f] WjlgÚ k|sflzt x'g'
cl3sf] ultljlw ePsf]n] …xfd|f] WjlgÚ k"j{ sfn klg dfGg ;lsG5 . ;g\ !($* df u'jfxf6Lb]lv
g/l;+x yfkfsf] ;Dkfbgdf …lxdflb|Úsf] k|sfzgb]lv :jtGqtf pQ/ sfnsf] k|yd r/0f cyf{t\
pTyfg sfn k|f/De x'G5 / o; sfnfjlwdf x:tlnlvt, lnyf], d'lb|t u/L nueu @)–@% j6f hlt
klqsf÷d'vkq cflb k|sflzt ePsf yfxf nfU5 h;df …lxdflb|Ú nufot …k|eftÚ, …lkmlnËf]Ú,
…a|Xdk'qÚ, …d'lQmÚ, …sf]lknf]Ú, …piffÚ, …lxdfnoÚ, …laGb'Ú, …cfzfÚ, …xfd|f] cfzfÚ, …:d[ltÚ, …;'dgÚ, …;Dd]ng
a'n]l6gÚ cflb dxTjk"0f{ gfd x'g\ .
:jtGqtf pQ/ sfn cyf{t\ ;g\ !($* b]lv !(^( ;Ddsf] sfnfjlwdf k|sflzt kqklqsfx¿sf]
;"rL o; k|sf/ 5 M–
qm=;+= kq÷klqsfsf] gfpF k|sfzg k|sfzg ;Dkfbg
;g\ :yfg
! lxdflb| -dfl;s_ !($* u'jfxf6L g/l;+x yfkf
@ k|eft -d'lb|t_ !(%% b/+u ;Dkfbs d08nL
# lkmlnËf] -q}dfl;s_ !(%^ lznfª w|'jgfy hf]zL
$ cf;fd uf]vf{ -;fKtflxs, !(%& lznfª
;dfrf/ k|wfg_
% a|Xdk'q -q}dfl;s_ !(%& t]hk'/ ;Dkfbs d08nL
^ d'lQm -c4{jflif{s_ !(%( l8uaf]O{ xl/eQm s6'jfn,
clUgaxfb'/ 5]qL
& piff -jflif{s_ !(%( lznfª xs{ axfb'/ ;'Aaf /
dl0fl;+x yfkf
* sf]lknf] -jflif{s_ !(^) l8af]O{ eLdk|;fb hf]zL / uf}/f
b]jL
( lxdfno -dfl;s_ !(^! nlvdk'/ h]=h]=/f]sf
!) laGb' -q}dfl;s_ !(^@ nfdl8ª s]=aL=g]kfnL
!! cfzf -q}dfl;s_ !(^$ lznfª uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg
!@ xfd|f] cfzf -q}dfl;s_ !(^% lznfª uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg
!# sfd¿kf låeflifs÷kflIfs_ !(^% u'jfxf6L kb\d 9sfn / 8d¿
bf;
!$ :d[lt -jflif{s_ !(^% u'jfxf6L cg'/fu k|wfg / cf]d
k|sfz ;'j]bL
!% ;'dg -dfl;s_ !(^$–^% lznfª s[i0f k|;fb 1jfnL
!^ l;:g' !(^& lznfª slkn u'?ª
!& cleofg -;dfrf/ k|wfg_ !(^* lznfª lbn ;fxgL
!* syf d~r !(^( lznfª lbn ;fxgL
!( t?0f q}dfl;s÷lnyf] kl5 !(^( lznfª s'n k|;fb pkfWofo
d'lb|t tyf cGo
@) xfd|f] ;okqL -x:tlnlvt_ !(^( u'jfxf6L P;=s]=u'?ª tyf cGo

47
 @! ;Dd]ng -a'n]l6g_ !(^( lznfª -kl5 lji0f'nfn pkfWofo
u'jfxf6L_
…xfd|f] WjlgÚ klqsfsf] k|sfzg o; e]usf] kqsfl/tfsf ;fy} ef/tLo g]kfnL kqsfl/tf cf}
;flxTosf] Oltxf;df Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw dfGg ;lsG5 . o;sf] k|yd cÍ ;dfrf/–klqsfsf
9fFrfdf k|sflzt ePtfklg kl5sf cÍx¿df ;flxlTos ultljlwx¿sf] k|fwfGo kfOG5 . k|f/lDes
cj:yfdf of] kflIfs ¿kdf k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] t/ kl5 dfl;s ¿kdf k|sflzt x'g yfNof] cf}
cBfjlw k|sflzt e} g} /x]sf] 5 . o;sf sltko cÍ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf klg k|sflzt ePsf 5g\, cf}
sltko ljz]iffÍsf ¿kdf k|sflzt 5g\ . h;dWo] b;}+–ltxf/ -k|yd–!(&% cÍ !%÷!^_, lax' /
8'j;{ -bf];|f]–!(&&, ^÷&_, lax' ljz]iffÍ -t];|f]–!(&*–*_, l;lSsd -rf}yf] !(&(–^÷&_, b;}+ -kfFrf}+,
!(*)–!)_, a[xt\ -57f}+, !(**–@_, efiff–;Dd]ng -;ftf}+, !(()–@_, lax' / gjjif{ -cf7f}+, !((@–
#÷$_, gf/L -gjf}+, !((^–(_ cflb . -@))! kl5 klg …xfd|f] WjlgÚn] w]/} ljz]iffÍ lgsfln;s]sf] 5_ .
;g\ !(^% d} …:d[ltÚ klqsf dfkm{t\ kqsfl/tf k|f/De ug]{ cg'/fu k|wfgn] ;g\ !(^( df
q}dfl;s cf} q}eflifs -g]kfnL÷lxGbL÷c;dLof_ klqsf …gjWjlgÚsf] –g]kfnL ljefusf]_ ;Dkfbg cf}
k|sfzg klg u/]sf kfOG5g\ . clg ;g\ @))) df kflIfs klqsf …hgfwf/Ú sf] k|j]zfÍ k|sflzt
u/L pQm klqsfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg k~hLs/0fsf] cf}krfl/stfsf] lglDt k|of; ul//x]s} a]nf pgsf]
OxnLnfsf] ;dflKt 36Øf] .
cg'/fu k|wfgsf] kqsf/ JolQmTjsf] kl/ro …xfd|f] WjlgÚsf] k|j]zfÍaf6} :ki6 x'G5 . pgL
o;/L eG5g\–
…cfhsf] o'udf :j:y hgdt u7g ug{ ;dfrf/ kqsf] h'g dxTj / cfjZostf 5 Tof] oxfF
elg/xg' kb}{g . t}klg cfh b]zel/df Pp6f klg ;dfrf/kq gx'Fbf crDd dfGg'kb{5 . x'g t
bfhL{lnªaf6 …cfjfhÚ kflIfs ;dfrf/ kq clgoldt ¿kn] ePklg a]nfa]nfdf km6Øfs– km'6's
lgl:s/x]5 . lznfªaf6 klg o; lbzfdf …cleofgÚ lgsfNg] k|of; u/]s} xf] . t/, xfd|f]
;dfrf/kqsf] o:tf] clglZrt eljiosf] sf/0f s]nfpg hfFbf xfd|f kf7s ;dfhnfO{ lgoldt ¿kn]
;dfrf/kq k9\g] cEof; geP/ xfd|f ;dfrf/kq clgoldt ePsf x'g\ jf pgLx¿k|lt cfˆgf]
pQ/bfloTjnfO{ ga'em]/ x]nf u/]h:tf] nfU5 . oyfy{df xfd|f] ;dfrf/kqsf] 7"nf] pQ/bfloTj 5 /
Tof] xf] cv08 /fli6«otfsf] lgdf{0fdf :j:y hgdt u7g u/]/ ;dfhnfO{ gofF pHofnf] lbO{ eljio
tkm{ 8f]¥ofpg' . oxL pQ/bfloTjnfO{ Åbo+ud u/]/, cfh;Dd k|fKt pknlAw, cg'e"lt / cg'ejx¿
;Fufn]/ xfn klqsfsf ¿kdf ePklg of] ;dfrf/kq …xfd|f] WjlgÚsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . lgs6
eljiodf klg of] lgoldt ¿kdf k|sflzt x'g]5, b]z lgdf{0fdf b]zjf;Lsf] cfXjfg lnP/ h'g xfd|f]
cfˆg} cfjfh xf] cfˆg} Wjlg xf] .Ú
pko'{Qm egfOaf6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] ;fdflhs bfoj4tfk|lt ;r]t x'gsf ;fy} cv08
ef/tk|lt pgL v'a} ;r]t /x]sf 5g\ cf} o;sf] lgjf{x pgn] d[To'ko{Gt ul//x] . ;dfrf/ k|wfg
eP/ kflIfs ¿kdf …xfd|f] WjlgÚ lgl:sPtfklg kl5 o;n] ;dfrf/sf ;fy} ;flxTonfO{ klg a9L
dxTj lbPsf] s'/f o; klqsfsf kf7s÷n]vs ;dfhn] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ .
o;}u/L k"jf]{Q/ ef/tdf g]kfnLsf] cl:tTjsf] ;Gbe{df pgn] Ps o'ufGtsf/L ;DkfbsLo n]Vb}
oxfFsf hgu0fnfO{ hufpFb} o;/L eg]sf 5g\–…r]t]gf} eg] d]l6g] 5f}, Oltxf;df ltdL kl/xf;
alg/xg] 5f} .Ú pgn] c;n ;Dkfbssf] bfloTj kfng ub}{ k"jf]{Q/sf k|foM h;f] If]qsf] e|d0f u/]sf
x'g\ . pgsf] ;DkfbsLo JolQmTjsf] csf]{ pNn]vgLo kIf xf] gjLg k|ltefx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg' .
pgn] o; e]ssf w]/} gjLg n]vsx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbP/ k|ltli7t x'g cfF6 lbPsf x'g\ .
48
 ef/tLo g]kfnL kqsfl/tf hutdf kqklqsfnfO{ lgoldt k|sflzt ug'{ nt{/f] s'/f] x}g, sf/0f
kq–klqsf lsg]/ k9\g] cf} k9]/ To; klqsfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfddf xfd|f hgu0fn] ;fx|} dxTj
lbPsf] b]lv+b}g / kq–klqsfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg k|sfzg uf]i7LnfO{ xDd] xDd] k5{ . cg'/fu k|wfg
klg o; s'/fsf] Joltqmd lyPgg\–pgn] cfˆgf] ;j{:j clk{t u/L …xfd|f] WjlgÚ nfO{ lbuf] /fVg
eUfL/y k|of; ul//x] . pgL cNk efifL, lzi6, ;f}Do JolQmTjsf clwsf/L lyP . t/ pgsf]
;DkfbsLodf cfufsf lkmlnËfx¿ p8\g] uy]{ . pgL slxNo} s'g} k|nf]egdf k/]gg\ . s'g} 8/n] jf
s'g} an, 5n, lsDaf sf}znb]lv k|efljt ePgg\ . clg lgeL{s eO{ cfˆgf] ;DkfbsLo bfoj4tf
kfng ul//x] .
…xfd|f] WjlgÚsf] k|sfzgsf ;fy;fy} …xfd|f] WjlgÚ sfndf k|sflzt kqklqsfx¿sf] ;"lr o;
k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M–

qm=;+= kq÷klqsfsf] gfpF k|sfzg k|sfzg :yfg ;Dkfbg

;g\
! xfd|f] Wjlg !(&) u'jfxf6L cg'/fu k|wfg
@ gofF r]tgf !(&) lznfª lbn ;fxgL
# pkxf/ -x:t lnlvt !(&) lznfª k/z' zfxL
$ ;Gb]z -x:tlnlvt !(&! dl0fk'/ cfnf]s uf}td
!(^&– &)_
% t?0f !(&! lznfª kLtfDa/ kf]v/]n
^ dfbn !(&! lznfª uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg
& o'u/]vf !(&! tLg;'lsof Zofd lnjfª÷wd{ ljgo
cfF;'
* o'js -:d[lt u|Gy_ !(&! b/ª
( cfFvf !(&@ b/ª nIdL pkfWofo÷b'uf{
l3ld/]
!) ;fyL !(&@ l8a|'u9 3gZofd
vftL÷chadfg uhd]/
!! piff !(&@ Ujfnkf8f Zofd a:g]t
!@ o'js !(&@ l8dfk'/ k/z' zfxL÷lbn' ;'j]bL
!# ;xf/f !(&@ lzdn'u'8L 5ljnfn bfxfn zf:qL
!$ ljBfyL{ !(&@ lznfª wd{nfn e'iffn
!% /]vflrq !(&@ lznfª e"k]Gb| clwsf/L
!^ uf]/]6f] !(&@ lznfª t'naxfb'/ dfn]df
!& Ao'Fem -q}dfl;s_ !(&# l8dfk'/ nfnjLg 5]qL
!* k/]nL -å}dfl;s_ !(&# nfdl8ª s]=aL=g]kfnL
!( d]3dfnf -låeflifs !(&# gofF a+unf, v]dnfn kf]v/]n
;dfrf/ k|wfg_ lznfª
@) h"gsL/L -uf]lhsf_ !(&# b'lnofhfg xf]d axfb'/ 5]qL

49
@! /]vflrq !(&# lznfª e"k]Gb| clwsf/L
@@ ;n]bf] -uf]lhsf_ !(&$ u'jfxf6L cljgfz >]i7
@# af6f] -å}dfl;s_ !(&$ l8dfk'/ lbn' ;'j]bL
@$ RofFv] !(&$ /f}tf, b/ª ;Dkfbs d08nL
@% nx/ -låeflifs_ !(&$ lznfª t'naxfb'/ dfn]df
@^ ljbfO{ -d'vkq uf}=lj=5fq !(&$ u'jfxf6L xl/k|;fb zdf{
;+3_
@& k|zflGt !(&% lznfª hutaxfb'/ k|wfg
@* k"jf{nf]s !(&% lznfª e"k]Gb| clwsf/L
@( gf}nf] ;[hgf !(&^ gªkf], lznfª /0faxfb'/ 5]qL
#) lj?jf -;dfrf/ k|wfg !(&^ dl0fk'/ sdn yfkf
dfl;s_
#! kl;gf !(&& lznfª lbn ;fxgL
#@ x'/L !(&& lznfª /fwf 1jfnL –k|yd cÍ_,
6L=sfsL{ -kl5sf cÍ_
## o'u;fyL !(&* dfhaf6 OGb|sfGt sfsL{÷gf/fo0f
clwsf/L -k|yd
;Dkfbs–dfwj e§/fO{_
#$ cu'N6f] -clvn c;d !(&*
g]kfnL 5fq ;+3sf]
d'vkq_
#% k"j{ ;Gb]z !(&( lznfª e"k]Gb| clwsf/L
#^ xfd|f] :j/ -dfl;s_ !(&( l8km' lbNnL zdf{
#& v's'/L !(*) gnaf/L ;f]d k/fh'nL, xs{ axfb'/
5]qL -Ho]i7_
#* cfdf -c;dLof efiffdf_ !(*)
#( t/+u !(*) t]hk'/ v8\u axfb'/ 5]qL
$) gofF lbuGt !(*) afnLhfg ;Dkfbs d08nL
$! lzvf !(*) 5b'jf/, /f]lx0fL zdf{
zf]l0ftk'/
$@ efg' pbo -jflif{s_ !(*) dWo jf:sf euL/y v8\sf kl5sf
cÍ g]q e"if0f v8\sf
$# :kGbg -cw{ jflif{s_ !(*! gf}b'jf/ kb\d 9sfn
$$ Hjfnf !(*! u'jfxf6L sdnl;+x aufn]
$% k"jf]{bo -c4{ jflif{s_ !(*@ laxfnL nIdLsfGt zdf{
$^ ;xsf/L ;dLIff -dfl;s_ !(*@ lznfª lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/
$& c5]tf !(*@ lznfª df]tLnfn ;'j]bL
$* g]tL -q}dfl;s_ !(*@ dl0fk'/ v]dfgGb ld> / cGo

50
$( ljZj hg cfjfh - !(*@ u'jfxf6L OGb| rDnfufO{+
kflIfs_
%) sf]nfh -a'n]l6g, lnyf]_ !(*@ u'jfxf6L cljgfz >]i7
%! zf]l0ftk'/ !(*@ t]hk'/ b'uf{ l3ld/]÷s[i0f 5]qL
%@ k"jf{~rn efiff ;+jfb - !(*@ sf]qmfemf/ 8Da/dl0f k|wfg
s]xL cÍ kl5sf b'O{ cÍ
gj ;fksf]6fåf/f
;Dkflbt_
%# ;fdlosL -;d;fdlos_ !(*# kb\d 9sfn÷o'j/fh zdf{
%$ k|jf; !(*# lznfª ?lw/ 5]qL
%% ;ldwf -;fdlos_ !(*# dl0fk'/ d'lQm uf}td
%^ l;d\–;fª !(*$ t'/f kbd 5]qL
%& xfd|f] cfF6 -;fdlos_ !(*$ sfaL{ cfªnª 8Da/ bfxfn
%* k|sfzg klqsf - !(*$ l8uaf]O{ eljnfn
;fdlos_ nfld5fg]÷o'4jL/ /f0ff
%( :d[lt -x:tlnlvt_ !(*$ l8uaf]O{ v8\s/fh lu/L
^) ;+ut -q}dfl;s_ !(*% aufOufpF a'l4dfg k|wfg
^! ;flxTo k|jfx !(*^ l8uaf]O{ eljnfn nfld5fg]
^@ l5d]sL -å}dfl;s_ !(*^ lgsf;L v8\s/fh /fjt
^# k"jL{ r]tgf -dfl;s, !(*& a8fkfgL, aL=cf/=kf}8]n
;dfrf/ k|wfg_ lznfª
^$ ca hfu -;dfrf/ !(*& lznfª g/ /fO{
k|wfg_
^% l6kg 6fkg -dfl;s, !(*& nfdl8ª s]=aL=
;dfrf/ k|wfg_
^^ ;+:s[lt !(** sf]qmfemf/ t'+ugfy g]kfn
^& o'ub[li6 !(*( lznfª ljqmdjL/ yfkf
^* k|x/ !(*( gufpF df]xg ;'j]bL
^( dwfgL !(() nlvdk'/ wd]{Gb| pkfWofo
&) lrgf/L -dfl;s_ !(() dl0fk'/ kDkmf a:g]t
&! leQf] af]N5 -leQ] kftf]_ !((! u'jfxf6L nLn axfb'/ IfqL
&@ dHhf -xf:oJoª\Uo_ !((! lgsf;L v8\u/fh /fjt
&# b]zjftf{ -;fKtflxs_ !((! t]hk'/ s'zdfv/ pkfWofo
&$ ljZjgfy !((! ljZjgfy v]d/fh g]kfn
rf/fnL
&% ;okqL !((! lzª\/L nIdL k|;fb k/fh'nL
&^ kf}/v -;fdlos_ !((@ holGtof k|sfz zdf{
kxf8 -

51
 lznfª_
&& sNof0fL -cw{jflif{s_ !((@ gfufNof08 xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{
&* o'jf bk{0f -q}dfl;s_ !((@ u'jfxf6L k"0f{ 5]qL
&( sfjf -q}dfl;s_ !((@ u'jfxf6L afns[i0f kf}8]n
*) dGyg -a'n]l6g_ !((@ u'jfxf6L k|]d l;+x ;'j]bL
*! gf}nf] sf];]nL !((# pbfnu'8L j}Bgfy pkfWofo÷ufoqL
e§/fO{
*@ ;kgf -cw{jflif{s_ !((# df3]{l/6f k|bLk lnDa'"
*# ;[hgf -x:tlnlvt kl5 !((# pbfnu'8L /]jtL/d0f ;fksf]6f
d'lb|t_
*$ h'g]nL hfu'g dxfk|;fb yklnof
*% k[YjL !((# hfuL/f]8 k'?iff]Qd
e08f/L÷gf/fo0f k|wfg
*^ sf];]nL k]ª\u|L lbuGt s6'jfn
*& gf/b uËf -;dfrf/ !((# dl0fk'/ d'lQm uf}td
k|wfg÷dfl;s_
** ;dsfnLg g]kfnL ;flxTo !(($ l8uaf]O{ eljnfn nfld5fg]÷gj
-cw{ jflif{s_ ;fksf]6f
*( o'ufGt/ -q}dfl;s_ !(($ lznfª ljqmd jL/ yfkf
() rf}tf/L !(($ sfaL{cfªnª xl/ clwsf/L
(! t?0f d~r !(($ lgsf;L v8\u/fh /fjt
(@ ;dfrf/ bk{0f -;dfrf/ !((% sf]qmfemf/ sdn gfy zdf{
k|wfg kflIfs_
(# nf]lxt k'q !((% uf}=ljZjljBf ;fu/ ;'j]bL
no
($ rf}tf/L -leQ] kftf]_ !((% u'jfxf6L g]kfnL ;flxTo snf
lgs]tg
(% sf];]nL -;fKtflxs !((^ lznfª ;Dkfbs d08nL
;dfrf/ k|wfg_
(^ rf}af6f] !((^ lznfª jL/]Gb| t'Dafkf]
(& hghfu/0f -;fKtflxs_ !((^ u'jfxf6L zflns/fd 5]qL
(* xfd|f] uf]/]6f] !((& l;nr/ k|bLk /fO{÷bLks s'df/
;'Aaf
(( ;+sNk -;fdlos_ !((( dl0fk'/ 3gZofd sf]O/fnf
!)) ;Demgf -;d ;fdlos_ !((( /f}tf ;Ltf b]jL
!)! k|of; -q}dfl;s_ !((( c?0ffrn j+zL e§/fO{
k|b]z
!)@ g]kfnL 8fOh]i6 -kflIfs_ @))) w]dfhL lrGtfdl0f rDnfufO{+

52
 !)# hgfwf/ -kflIfs_ @))) u'jfxf6L cg'/fu k|wfg
dfly pNn]lvt …xfd|f] WjlgÚ sf ;dsfnLg kqklqsf nufot cf} …xfd|f] WjlgÚ pQ/ sfndf
klg k'/fgf klqsfx¿dWo] …xfd|f] WjlgÚ lg/Gt/ k|sflzt eO/x]sf] 5 eg] …xfd|f] WjlgÚ eGbf cf7 jif{
h]7f] …laGb'Ú klg la;fO la;fO k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . …xfd|f] WjlgÚ pQ/ sfndf k|sflzt
kqklqsfx¿sf] ;"rL o; k|sf/ 5–

! rf}tf/L @))) sfaL{ cfª\nª ;Ltf/fd clwsf/L

@ lk|otdf -å}dfl;s_ @))@ ;df/bngL k"0f{ s'df/ zdf{
# g]kfnL k|ltlaDa -cw{jflif{s_ @))# pbfnu'8L nId0f clwsf/L
$ uxgf @))$ cfOhn nIdL ldg'
% pb\ud @))$ tLg;'lsof o'4jL/ /f0ff
^ xfd|f] rf}tf/L -cw{ jflif{s_ @))% w]dfhL OGb| pkfWofo g]kfn
& km"naf/L -;fdlos_ @))% u'jfxf6L d'GgL ;fksf]6f
* gjofqf -q}dfl;s_ @))^ hfu'g lvnfgfy clwsf/L
( uf]vf{ k|x/L -;fKtflxs_ @))& u'jfxf6L OGb| zdf{
!) ;kl/jf/ -Joj;flos k|wfg @))& u'jfxf6L x]dGt s'df/ zOlsof
dfl;s_
!! uf]vf{Hof]lt-låeflifs÷dfl;s_ @))& dl0fk'/ 8f=;Ltf/fd clwsf/L
!@ ;okqL -q}dfl;s_ @))( tLg;'lsof hut zdf{÷?b| v8\sf
!# dft[efiff -dfl;s_ @))( aufOufpF 8f= xs{ axfb'/ 5]qL
!$ xfd|f] k|hfzlQm -b}lgs_ @))( t]hk'/ c+hg zdf{
!% ;kl/jf/ 6fOD; -;fKtflxs_ @))( u'jfxf6L x]dGt s'df/ zOlsof
ef/tLo g]kfnL kqsfl/tf hutdf cljeQm c;dsf] cjbfg dxTjk"0f{ /lxcfPsf] k|df0f
pko'{Qm kqklqsfsf ;"rLn] k|dfl0ft ub{5 . lgjt{dfgdf ef/tLo g]kfnL kqsfl/tfnfO{ lg/Gt/
6]jf lbg ut @))^ b]lv bfhL{lnªaf6 ;Dd]ng klqsfsf] k'gk|{sfzg x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o;/L
lznu9Lb]lv cfsf/, dWodfu{, l;lSsdb]lv ljrf/, ;|i6f cf} agf/;b]lv pbo cflb k|sflzt
eO/x]sf kfOG5g\ .
lj=b|=M
!= o; n]vdf g];fk, g];f;, cfG;', cfU;', uf]vf{ ;Dd]ng cflb ;+:yfx¿sf ljleGg cj;/df
k|sflzt d'vkqx¿, :dfl/sfx¿, :d[lt u|Gyx¿nfO{ ;fd]n ul/Psf] 5}g ._
@= o; n]vdf plNnlvt cljeQm c;daf6 k|sflzt kqklqsfx¿sf] ;"rLnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ eGg ldNb}gÙ
w]/} 5'6]sf 5g\ / g} h'g If]qsf kqklqsfx¿ 5'6\g uPsf 5g\Ù To; If]qsf ljåfg ju{n] tL
klqsfx¿ xft nufOlbg -;Dej ePdf_ cyjf se/ k[i7 / 3f]if0ffkq nufot pQm klqsfdf
;ª\u|xLt /rgfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L yk hfgsf/L lbg'x'g cg'/f]w ul/G5 cf} To; ;DaGwL
;xof]usf] ck]Iff ul/G5 . –n]lvsf
dfwjb]j ky, b'uf{;/f]j/, u'jfxf6L–(, c;d

k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf] g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljsf;ofqf

8f=v]d/fh g]kfn

53
 k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtf ofqfsf] rrf{ ug'{kbf{ oxfFsf] ;fdflhs l:ylt–kl/l:ylt, hgcfjfbL
cflb ljleGg s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . lsgeg] ;flxTo ;dfhsf] bk{0f xf] / ;flxTosf/
cyjf slj–snfsf/x¿ ;dfhsf k|ltlglw x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s ljleGg sfndf cljeQm c;d
k"jf{~rndf k|frLg g]kfn / cGo k|fRo cyjf dWo ef/tLo clg rLg, ltAat, e"6fg, a|Xdb]z -
Dofgdf/_ cflbsf ;fy} o'/f]k, Pl;of cflbsf hg;d'bfosf] cfjfudg ePsf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L o;
If]qsf a8f]–s5f/L, vfDtL, ldl;ª, gfuf, ldhf], vf;L, uf/f], /fef, dl0fk'/L cflb ljleGg
hg;d'bfosf ;fy} O{;fsf] pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] cflb efub]lv ePsf] cª\u|]h cfudgsf] ;fy}
g]kfnL, lrof dhb'/, afª\nfefifL, df/af8L, laxf/L cflb cGofGo hg ;d'bfosf] cfjfudg x'G5 /
cfh logLx¿ klg o; e]usf cljR5]B cË dflgG5g\ .
k"jf]{Q/ ef/t eGgfn] cfhsf] ef/tjif{sf] dl0fk'/, lqk'/f, c;d, gfufNof08, d]3fno,
ldhf]/d / c?0ffrn k|b]z ;ft /fHonfO{ a'lemG5 . tfklg /fdfo0f -/fdf=$=$@–@(_, dxfef/t -@–
@#–!&, !*, !(_, ljleGg k'/f0f cflb k|frLg cfwf/ u|Gy nufot lznfn]v, tfd|kq / sflnbf;sf]
/3'j+z -$–*#, *$_, jf0fe§sf] xif{rl/t cflb s]xL sfJou|Gyx¿df o; If]qnfO{ ;fdlu|s ¿kdf
sfd¿k cyjf k|fUHof]ltifk'/ eg]sf] kfOG5 . sfd¿kem}+ g]kfn klg ef/tjif{sf k|frLg /fi6«x¿df
pNn]vgLo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . j/fxldlx/sf] jf/fxL;+lxtf -$–@@_ df ef/tLo k|frLg /fHox¿df duw,
g]kfn, db|, ;'/fi6«, ojg cflbsf] pNn]v kfOG5 eg] sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:q -jfr:klt u}/fnfåf/f
;Dkflbt, ;g\ !((^, k[=!#$_ df g]kfnsf] pNNf]v dggLo 5 . e/t d'lgsf] gf6Øzf:q cg';f/
cª\u, aª\u, slnª\u, duw, kf}08«, g]kfn cflb b]z cyjf /fHonfO{ ;fdlu|s ¿kdf k|fRo ef/t
elgPsf] 5 -b|=gfØozf:q !$–$#_ . To;/L g} ;d'b|u'Ktsf] kfnfdf ;g\ #&# sf] Oltxf; k|l;4
Pnfxfjfb :tDe n]vdf sfd¿k, g]kfn, ;dt6, 8afs / st{/Lk'/ u/L kfFr l5d]sL /fHosf]
pNn]v kfOG5 . ptf O{;fsf] gjf}+ ztfAbLdf c;ddf /lrPsf] sflnsf k'/f0fdf sfd¿ksf] lj:t[t
j0f{g kfOG5 eg] ;f]x|f}+ ztfAbLdf /lrt of]lugLtGq -k|=v08 !!–!&_ df oL b'O{ l5d]sL /fHosf]
j0f{g kfOG5 . log} tYox¿sf cfwf/df Oltxf;sf/ 8f=kL==;L=rf}w'/Ln] …/fhf eubQsf
/fhTjsfndf k|fUf\Hof]ltif /fHosf] ;Ldf jt{dfg aª\usf] pQ/k"JfL{ / g]kfnsf] lj:tL0f{ e"–efu;Dd
km}lnPsf] lyof]Ú eg]sf 5g\ . (Dr.P.C Choudhuri : Assam Bengal Relation (from the Beginning to
the 12th Century AD, 1988, Spectrum Publication, New Delhi, p.43, 317) 8f=hXg lk6/ j]8sf
dtfg';f/ k|frLg c;dsf k/fqmdL /fhfx¿n] o; /fHosf] klZrd ;Ldf s/tf]of gbL;Dd
lj:tfl/t ug'{sf ;fy} e"6fg / g]kfndf klg clwsf/ hdfPsf lyP . (J.P.Wade : An Account of
Assam : Edtd.by Benudhar Sarma 2nd Edn.1972, p.IV &207) sf]r /fhf g/gf/fo0fsf ;dodf
sfd¿ksf] klZrd ;Ldf g]kfnsf] sf]zL gbL;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] -vfg rf}w'[/L cfdgt'Nnf
cfxd]bMsf]rljxf/]/ Oltxf;M v08 !, !(#^, k[=$(–%)_ ptf, uf]vf{ /fhfsf] ;dodf g]kfnsf] k"j{
;Ldf klZrd aª\usf] lt:6f gbL;Dd km}lnPsf] s'/f] k|mflG;; x]ldN6gn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
(Francis Hemilton : An Account of Assam (1808-1814) Edtd.by Dr.Surya Kr.Bhuyan,2nd
Edn.1963,p.67) . O{;fsf] ci6d\ ztfAbLsf sfd¿ksf zfn:tDe j+zsf /fhf xif{b]jsL 5f]/L
/fHodtLnfO{ g]kfnsf /fhf hob]jn] lax] u/]sf lyP / kz'klt dlGb/df pTsL0f{ lnlkdf
/fHodtLnfO{ eubQ–/fh–s'nhf egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 -vfg rf}w'/L cdgt'Nnfsf] k"jf]{Qm
u|GyMk[=!%–!*_ . o;/L ljrf/ Pj+ ljdz{ ubf{ s] b]lvG5 eg] rlr{t b'O e"–efudf k|fuP]ltxfl;s /
P]ltxfl;s ljleGg o'u;lGwdf ;Ldfgfsf] 36L–a9L x'g'sf ;fy} hgtfsf] cfjfudg / ;f+:s[lts

54
cfbfg–k|bfg eO cfPsf] kfOG5 . oxfFg]/ dggLo s'/f] s] 5 eg] O{;fsf] bzf}+–Psfbz ztfAbLb]lv
dfq cfw'lgs ef/tLo cfo{ efiffx¿sf] ljsf;sf] ult cf/De ePsf] s'/f] ljåfgx¿n] pNn]v u/]sf
5g\ . Pp6f efiffsf] ljsf;sf nflu Pp6f e"–v08sf] klg cfjZostf x'G5 . o;/L dWoo'ub]lv
Pp6f e"efudf ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] efiffn] kl5 uP/ To; e"–efusf] gfdfg';f/ g} cfˆgf] /
ToxfFsf hg;d'bfo cyjf hfltsf] kl/ro jxg u/]sf pbfx/0f w]/} kfOG5g\ . c;dLof cyjf
cf;fdL, g]kfnL, afª\nf, pl8of, d/f7L, u'h/ftL, k~hfaL cflb o;} tYosf kl/rfos x'g\ .
ef/tjif{sf ljleGg k|fGtdf efiffsf cf8df hftLo klxrfg kfPsf] ;fdlu|s k|lqmof kGw|f}+ cyjf
;f]x|f]}+ ztfAbLleq ;DkGg ePsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . lsgeg] ;g\ !&&! df /f]daf6 k|sflzt s]l;ofgf]
a]lnu]6\6L (Cassiano Beligatti) sf] …Pnkmfa]6dÚ (Alphabetum) eGg] efiffx¿sf] ;"rLdf g]kfnL
efiffsf] pNn]v o; k|;Ëdf :d/0fLo 5 . (Dr.Kumar Pradhan : A history of Nepali Literature,
Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1984,p.10) g]kfnL efiff / g]kfnL hfltn] O{;fsf] c7f/f}+ ztfAbLsf]
dWo efudf k|lti7f kfO;s]sf] csf]{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf /ltsfGt ljk|nfO{ lng ;lsG5Ù h;n]
dxfk'?if zª\s/b]jsL gfltgL a'xf/L sgsntfaf6 wd{k|rf/ssf ¿kdf ;qflwsf/sf] kbef/ kfPsf
lyP . 8f= lgTofgGb uu}åf/f ;Dkflbt …7fs'/ rl/tÚ eGg] u|Gydf /ltsfGtnfO{ …g]kfnL kf]Ú cyf{t\
g]kfnLsf k'q eGg' tfTko{ k"0f{ dflgG5 . -8f=lgTofgGb uu}M;Dkf, >L 7fs'/ rl/t @))! ljZjgfy
rf/fnL kb;+Vof $#*_ k|frLg sfnsf sfd¿k / g]kfnsf /fh kl/jf/sf aLrdf ePsf] j}jflxs
;DaGwsf ;fy} /fHo lj:tf/, tLyf{6g, wd{k|rf/ cflbsf Psfw pbfx/0f kfOPklg pGgfO;f}+
ztfAbLcl3sf] k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf] g]kfnL hgfjfbL / ;flxTo–;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf] wf/fjflxs
Oltxf;rflx+ cfh vf]h / cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 .
k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; k}Nofpg' kbf{ oxfFsf] g]kfnL hghLjgdfly
cjnf]sg ug}{ kb{5 hf] P]ltxfl;s tj/df a[l6;sf] k"jf{~rn k|j]z;Fu ;Dkls{t 5 . clg Tof]
P]ltxfl;s jif{ xf] ;g\ !*@^, h'g Oi6 Ol08of sDkgL;Fu jdL{ kmf}hsf] of08a' eGg] 7fpFdf ;lGw
ePsf] lyof] . o;} ;lGwkq cg';f/ k"jf]{Q/ ef/tdf a[l6; zf;gsf ;fy} pgLx¿sf bflxg] xft
:j¿k uf]vf{ ;}Go pgLx¿sf kl/hg / cGofGo >lds–dhb"/x¿sf] cfudgsf] >Lu0f]z ePsf]
dflgG5 .
of08a' ;lGwsfnsf] k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL hghLjg ;fdlu|s ¿kdf ef/tLo hghLjg eGbf
5'§} lyPg . cfly{s sl7gfO, lzIffsf] cefj cflbn] ubf{ cfd hgtf s[lif, uf]kfng, dhb'/L cflbd}
Jo:t lyP . To;}n] pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{;Dd o; e]ssf] g]kfnL ;flxTo nf]s;flxTosf
ljleGg pkfbfg–nf]suLt -;FlugL, dfFun, /Tof}nL, l;nf]s, sljQ cflb_, nf]sufyf -;jfO, b]p;L,
e}nL cflb_, nf]sgf6s -afn'g, df?gL cflb_ d} ;Lldt lyof] . t/ ;dosf] k|jfxsf ;fy} dflg;sf]
dg dlitisdf k|jflxt r}tGo–r]tgfsf] k|jfxnfO{ s;}n] /f]Sg ;Qm}g, ;s]g . Pp6f n8fs' ;}Gon]
ef]u]sf], b]v]sf] o'4sf] ljeLlifsfsf] kl/0ffd g} Pp6f l;kfxLsf] dg–dlyËndf k|]/0ff;|f]t ePsf]
b]lvG5 . To;}n], p;n] hfgL–ghfgL /lrlbof] nf]sno ;jfO{df Pp6f l;Ëf] sfJo–…dl0fk'/sf]
n8fO{+sf] ;jfO{Ú . h;nfO{ cfh;Ddsf] k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL ;flxTosf] g} cfwf/ s[lt dflgPsf] 5 .
o; s[ltsf /rgfsf/ x'g\ n]G; gfos t'nrg cfn] / o;sf] /rgfsfn xf] ;g\ !*(# .
k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfsf] sfn ljefhg
t'nrg cfn]sf] …dl0fk'/sf] n8fO{+sf] ;jfO{Ú nfO{ yftL /fvL 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo,
nLnaxfb'/ IfqL, b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] cflb k"j{–;"/Lx¿n] o; e]ssf] ;flxTo ofqfsf] sfnljefhg ug]{

55
r]i6f u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ k|foM ;d;fdlos g} b]lvG5 / To;}sf cfwf/df lgDgf]Qm tLg
r/0fdf efu ug{ ;lsG5–
-s_ klxnf] r/0f -cflbb]lv ;g\ !(%) ;Dd_
-v_ bf];|f] r/0f -;g\ !(%! b]lv !(*) ;Dd_ /
-u_ t];|f] r/0f -;g\ !(*! b]lv jt{dfg ;do;Dd_
k|yd r/0fsf s[lt / ltgsf] ljj]rgf
clxn];Dd kfOPsf s[ltsf cfwf/df t'nrg cfn]nfO{ k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtf dfq xf]Og
;flxTos} euL/y eGg ;lsG5 . g]kfnLsf] nf]s–no ;jfO{df ;g\ !*(# df /lrt o; ;jfO{df
hDdf c6\7fO;cf]6f kb cyjf l;nf]s 5g\ . ;jfO{sf] cGtdf /rgfsfn / /rgfsf/sf] pNn]v
o;/L kfOG5 M–
……t[ofgAa] ;Gdf ;QfO; tfl/v lyof] .
To;}lbg x's'd ;anfO{ lbof] ..@&..===
===gfd d]/f] n]G; gfos t'nrg cfn] .
hfgL ghfgL cnLstL syf hf]/Lxfn]+ ..@*..ÚÚ
k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfsf] cf/De jL/ /;k"0f{ ;jfO{ sfJoaf6 yflnPsf] 5 / o; sfJon]
cGofGo s]xL ;jfO{ sfJonfO{ g} 8f]¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . o; kl5sf cGofGo s[lt x'g\–wgjL/
e08f/Lsf] …cAa/ kxf8sf] ;jfO{Ú -!*($_ . o; s[ltdf hDdf !@& l;nf]s 5g\ . of] ;jfO{sf/sf]
kl/ro o;/L kfOG5–
…lznfª\sf] 5fpgLdf l;kfxLsf] uLbf{ . ;jfO{ afFWg] wgjL/ lgwf{ .Ú
o; ;jfO{df c?0ffrn k|b]zsf] cAa/ kxf8sf] /fd|f] ef}uf]lns j0f{g kfOG5 . wgjL/
e08f/Lsf] csf]{ s[lt xf] ;g\ !*(& sf] …e}+rfnfsf] ;jfO{–klxnf] efuÚ . df]7 Pszo kbsf] o;
;jfOdf To;} ;g\df lznfª\df uPsf] e}+rfnfsf] j0f{g kfOG5 . of] ;jfO{sf] yfngLdf Ps
pNn]vgLo ljz]iftf b]lvG5, ;f] s] eg] o; cl3sf ;jfO{x¿ ;fwf/0ftM …;'g ;'g k~r xf]Ú eGg]
jfSoaf6 cf/De ePsf] kfOG5 . tfklg o; sfJosf] yfngL–u0f]z, ;/:jtL cflbsf] jGbgf cyjf
dª\unfr/0faf6 ePsf] 5 . o;kl5 cfpF5 cfTdf/fd du/sf] …e}+rfnfsf] ;jfO{Ú bf];|f] efu -!()%_,
hxfF lxdfrn k|b]zsf] efU;' If]qdf uPsf] e}+rfnfsf] ljzb ljj/0f kfOG5 . uhjL/ /f0ffsf]
…gfuflxnsf] ;jfO{Ú -!(!#_ csf]{ pNn]vgLo ;jfO s[lt xf] . o; sfJodf s'n Pszo PstL;
Znf]s 5g\Ù hxfF uf]vf{ kmf}h / gfufaLr ePsf] wfjfsf] j0f{g kfOG5 . s[i0faxfb'/ pbf;sf]
…c5fdsf] ;jfO{Ú !()* lt/sf] eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5Ù hxfF tbfgLGtg c;d]nL g]kfnL
hghLjgdfly k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . o;kl5 bfhL{lnªlt/af6 nx/L sfJosf] nx/ rNb5 . 1fglbn
bf; -!*@!–!**#_ sf] …pbo nx/LÚ, ;'/jL/ /fO{–!*() sf] …pkb]z nx/LÚ -!()*_, /tggf/fo0f
k|wfg -!**^–!(!&_ sf] k|]d nx/L, cf7hgf n]vssf] …cfgGb nx/LÚ !(!#–!& leqsf], k|;fb l;+x
/fO{ g]rfnL -!(!(_ sf] …k|Llt nx/LÚ, dxfgGb ;fksf]6fsf] …dg nx/LÚ -!(@!_ cflb pNn]vgLo 5g\
. -b|=8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo ;Dkf=;jfO{ / nx/L sfJo_ . tfklg, c;d k"jf{~rnaf6 eg] nx/L
sfJo /rgf ePsf] pNn]v kfOPsf] 5}g .
;jfO{ sfJokl5 k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfs'~hdf yk ;xof]u ug]{ sljx¿sf] s'/f] ug'{eGbf
cl3 o; If]qdf ul7t s]xL ;+:yf–;ª\u7gx¿sf] pNn]v k|f;lËs x'g hfG5Ù h;df lznfªsf] gfpF
;jf]{kl/ 5Ù hxfF !*&@–&^ df ;fd"lxs ¿kdf uf]vf{ hjfgx¿n] b'uf{k"hf cfof]hg u/]sf] pNn]v
56
kfOG5 . To;} 7fpFdf kl5 !*(^ df uf]vf{ nfOa|]/L / !(!% df uf]vf{ kf7zfnf :yfkgf ePsf]
b]lvG5 . To; ;dodf oL cg'i7fgx¿sf cf8df g[To, uLt / gf6s cflb cfof]hg u/]sf] /
ToxfFsf pBdL JolQmx¿n] uLt–sljtf–gf6s cflb /rgf u/]sf] s'/f] cfh vf]h / cg';Gwfgsf]
ljifo ePsf] 5 .
k"jf{~rnLo sljtf–sfggdf dnhn ug]{ JolQmx¿df uËfw/ kf}8]n -!*^*–!(#%_
pNn]vgLo 5g\ . pgn] sfzLdf lzIff lnO{ c;dsf] laxfnL–al6ofdf/Ldf !()@ df …;j]{Zj/
b]jfnoÚ / !(@! df …;fª\uj]b ;+:s[t kf7zfnfÚ :yfkgf u/]sf] / w]/} uLt–sljtf–gf6s cflb
n]v]sf] kfOG5 . -b|=;fËj]b ul/df M Kn]l6gd hoGtL :d[ltu|Gy @))@ al6ofdf/L–zf]l0ftk'/ k[=@$–
@(_ . xl/gf/fo0f pkfWofo ljBfe"if0f -!***–!(#(_ n] uLt, sljtf / gf6s cflb /rgf u/]sf]
kfOG5 . pgsf] klxnf] s[lt xf] !(@& lt/sf] …;ª\uLt rGb|f]boÚ . -b|=b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/], ;fwgf–@))^
k[=$_ / !(%& sf] …uLtdfnfÚ xf] . (Dr.Kumar Pradhan : A history of Nepali Literature, Sahitya
Akademi, New Delhi, 1984,p.61, 71,114,190) . k+=hgfb{g s6\6]n !*() lt/, pgn] !(@! df
c;dsf] uld/Ldf …/fsfrGb| ;+:s[t ljBfnoÚ :yfkgf u/]sf lyP hf] cfhklg v8f 5 . pgsf]
sljtf b]x/fb"gaf6 k|sflzt …uf]vf{ ;+;f/Ú df !(@( df 5flkPsf] kfOG5 -;fwgf, k[=$_ . To;/L g}
lzjlglw hf]zLsf] …cflzsf cf} uLt ef/tÚ, /fdrGb| zdf{ 9'Ëfgfsf] …ufGwLsf] ;jfO{Ú–lxtf]kb]z–
!(#) lt/sf] xf] elgPsf] 5 -;fwgf–k[=$_ . k"jf{~rnLo sljdf cGotd x'g\ kb\dk|;fb 9'Ëfgf -
!()@–!($$_ . pgsf s[lt x'g\–…st{Jo lzIffÚ -!(#&_, …/fdfo0f lzIff kb\dk|sfz ;Ktv08Ú -
!(#*_, wg'ifeª\u -!($)_ / …/fdfo0f ;Kt/Tg !($! . !*(% lt/ hGd]sf laxfnL–al6ofdf/Lsf
uª\ufw/ vltj8fn] klg uLt–sljtf–gf6s cflb /rgf u/]sf] pNn]v kfOG5 . -8f=eLdsfGt
pkfWofo–;/;tL{ k9\bf,k[ (* / Dr.Kumar Pradhan : A history of Nepali Literature, Sahitya
Akademi, New Delhi, 1984,p.190) . blw/fd pkfWofosf] hGd !()^ lt/ elgG5 tfklg pgsf]
Hof]ltif ;DaGwL sljtf s[lt !(^% df k|sflzt x'G5 . k"jf{~rnLo sf]OnL ¿kdf Voft k'iknfn
pkfWofo -!()^–!(*(_ sf sljtf k|fs\–:jfwLg sfnb]lv g} ljleGg kq–klqsfdf kfOG5g\ .
tfklg pgsf] klxnf] s[lt …k'ikf~hnLÚ !(^* df la/f6gu/af6 / bf];|f] ;ª\sng …piffd~h/LÚ
!(*& df ufGtf]saf6 k|sflzt x'G5 . …piffd~h/LÚdf pgnfO{ !(** sf] ;flxTo csfb]dL k'/:sf/
k|bfg ul/G5 . lgTofgGb ltdl;gf -!()*–!(&)_ klg Ps k|ltefzfnL slj tyf Joª\Uosf/ x'g\ .
pgsf s[ltx¿df …bfgjL/ eLdaxfb'/ >]i7sf] hLjgLÚ -!($&_, …g]kfnLsf] k'v]{pnL / uf]vf{ P6d
adÚ -#@ Znf]ssf] ck"0f{_ cflb pNn]vgLo 5g\ . eLidk|;fb pkfWofosf …ljjfxÚ, …xfd|f] rIf'/TgÚ,
…k|Lltsf] ;jfn–hjfkmÚ cflb s]xL km'6s/ sljtf !(@& lt/ …uf]vf{ ;+;f/Údf k|sflzt ePsf] pNn]v
5 . /Tgaxfb'/ sfsL{sf] …ljj]s /TgfjnLÚ !(#& lt/ k|sflzt x'G5 eg] xl/k|;fb zdf{ afF:tf]nf–
!(!! sf] …1fg ;fu/Ú -!(#(_ df k|sfz x'G5 . gfufn]08sf ljqmds'df/ lg/f}nfsf] …g]kfnÚ gfdsf]
sljtf k|sflzt ePsf] pNn]v 5 . k+=/fdhL 1jfnL–!()* / wgaxfb'/ ;'gf/n] klg sljtfdf
snd rnfPsf] s'/f] hfGg kfOG5 . k+=huGgfy u'/fufO{+sf b'O{ s[lt …u'0f/Tg dfnfÚ / …gd| lgj]bgÚ
!($) lt/ k|sflzt clt g} hglk|o / lzIffk|b s[lt x'g\ . lznfªsf s[i0fk|;fb 1jfnLsf 5Gbf]a4
sljtf ljleGg kq–klqsfdf b]lvG5g\ . tfklg pgsf sljtfx¿sf] ;Fufnf] d[To'kl5 dfq k|sfzgdf
cfpF5 . 6Lsfk|;fb zdf{ -!(!$–!((#_ o; r/0fsf cGo Ps Voft slj x'g\ . pgsf] klxnf]
k|sflzt sljtf …dfwj jGbgfÚ xf]Ù hf] !(#& lt/ …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚdf b]lvG5 . o;kl5 ljleGg kq–
klqsfdf ljleGg jfl0f{s 5Gbdf /lrt pgsf sljtf au|]NtL b]Vg kfOG5g\Ù tfklg hLljt sfndf

57
pgsf] s[lt k|sfzdf cfpg ;s]g . pgsf] d[To' kl5 !((^ df …nf}lxToÚ zLif{s sljtf ;ª\u|x
k|sflzt x'G5 .
kqklqsf
k|yd r/0fsf s]xL x:tlnlvt / k|sflzt kq–klqsfdf klg k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfs]f
lhnf] kfOG5 . t/, oxfFg]/ dggLo s] 5 eg] o; e]sdf rflx+ cGofGo x:tlnlvt klqsf eGbf
dl0fl;+x u'?ªåf/f ;Dkflbt ;fKtflxs klqsf …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ g} h]7f] b]lvG5 hf] !(#^ sf] klxnf]
hgj/Lb]lv k|sflzt x'G5 . o; klqsfsf] klxnf] cª\ssf] klxnf] k[i7df s]jnk|;fb pkfWofosf]
…laGtLÚ zLif{s cf7 k+lQmsf] sljtf b]Vg kfOG5 . To;}n] o;sf ljleGg ;+Vofdf ljleGg JolQmsf
sljtf k|sflzt ePsf] / sljtf ljwfdf Psdfqf ylkPsf] s'/f] ;xh} cg'd]o 5 . …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ
kl5 u'jfxf6Laf6 g/l;+x yfkfsf] ;Dkfbgdf !($* df …lxdflb|Ú k|sflzt x'G5 . o; afx]s}
t]hk'/af6 !($^ df g/klt pkfWofo, df]xg e§/fO{ / 6Í e§/fO{sf] ;Dkfbgdf …k|eftÚ / dfhufpF
laxfnLaf6 6Lsfk|;fb zdf{sf] ;Dkfbgdf !($& df …k|ultÚ x:tlnlvt klqsf lg:sG5g\Ù hxfF
ljleGg :jfbsf sljtfsf] /;kfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L ljrf/ Pj+ ljdz{ ubf{ oL klqsfx¿n] klg
sljtfsf] ljsf;ofqfdf 6]jf nfPsf] 5 eGg} kb{5 .
k|yd r/0fsf sljtfsf ljz]iftf
;jfO{ sfJoaf6 yflnPsf] klxnf] r/0fdf gLltlzIffd"ns, cfbz{jfbL / ;'wf/jfbL sljtfsf]
k|fwfGo b]lvG5 hf] ;dofg's"n 5 . To; afx]s} /fdfo0f, dxfef/t, k'/f0f cflbsf cfwf/df cg'lbt
/ df}lns s[lt tyf km'6s/ sljtf klg o; ;dodf b]lvg cfpF5g\ . ;jfO{ h:tf] nf]snosf ;fy}
jfl0f{s 5Gbsf] k|of]u o; r/0fsf] pNn]vgLo ljz]iftf xf] .
låtLo r/0f
!(%!–!(*) k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljsf;ofqf låtLo r/0fdf cfOk'Ubf lgs} af6f]
cltqmldt u/]sf] cg'ej x'G5Ù tfklg bfhL{lnª, g]kfn cflbsf] / l5d]sL cGofGo efiff–;flxTosf]
t'ngfdf eg] Tof] ofqf yf]/} g} b]lvG5 . cjZo, o;sf klg s]xL sf/0f gePsf xf]Ogg\ . 5l/Psf]
a;f]af;f], lzIffk|ltsf] pbf;Lgtf, bl/b|tf, k|sfzg ;+:yf / laqmL–ljt/0f cflbsf] cefj g} d'Vo
¿kdf b]lvG5g\ . t}klg ef/tjif{ :jfwLg ePsf] / gofF cfzf–pdË lnP/ cl3 a9]sf ;du|
b]zjf;Lem}+ ef/tLo g]kfnLx¿df klg o;sf] cjkfb lyPg . To;}n] o; r/0fsf sljtfx¿df of]
gf}nf] cfzf–pdËsf ;fy} k|yd r/0fsf] cfbz{jfbL Wofg wf/0ffsf] emns kfOG5 . o; ;dofjlwdf
b]lvPsf s[ltx¿df r"8fdl0f zf:qLsf] …ljZjf]4f/s ;Gdfu{ lzIffÚ -!(%$_, uf]s'nk|;fb hf]zLsf]
…g]kfnsf] eljioÚ -!(%$_ / …afFr / afFRg b]p -!(%*_, k|]d l;+x ;'j]bLsf] …tLhsf] d}bfgdf
alxgLsf] cfF;'Ú -!(%%_, ejfgLzÍ/ pkfWofosf] …;Gt dgf]/~hgL sljtfjnLÚ -!(%%_, g/gfy
zdf{ bFufnsf] …af]w/Tg r]tfjgLÚ -!(%%_, t]hk|;fb lg/f}nfsf] …1fgf]boÚ -!(%^_ lt/, g/Wjh
lnDa"sf] …1fgHof]ltÚ -!(%^_, uf]ljGb;fb zdf{ uf}tdsf] …lxdfnsf] km"nÚ -!(%&_, uf}td k|;fb
uf}tdsf] …kxf8L ukmÚ -!(%*_, slj/fh zf:qLsf] …st{Jo sd{ k'sf/Ú -!(%(_ lt/, xl/eQm
s6'jfnsf] …;DemgfÚ -uLt ;+u|x_ -!(^)_, …leqL dfG5] af]Ng vf]H5 -!(^@_, …;'wfÚ -v08sfJo_ -
!(^$_, …of] lhGbuL v} s] lhGbuLÚ -!(&@_, …abgfd d]/f oL cfFvfx¿Ú -lj=;+=@)$$_, lj/xL ;'Aaf
cyjf h;' ;'Aafsf] …ct[KtÚ -v08sfJo_ -!(^)_, s]=jL=g]kfnLsf] …gj c>'Ú uLt ;ª\u|x -!(^)_
…lj/xLÚ -^%_, …Kn]6kmd{ -*$_, …clgolGqt dgÚ, …eTs]sf] 3/Ú -(%_, dgaxfb'/ kf}8]nsf] …lxtflxt
1fg sdnÚ -!(^!_, xl/k|;fb zdf{ vgfnsf] …cfF;'sf yf]kfÚ -!(^@_, …ltd|f] ofbdfÚ -^$_, …z]if

58
hLjgdfÚ -^%_, rGb|]Zj/ b'j]sf] …efg'eQm / 3fF;LÚ -!(^@_, …;Demgfsf] 8f]sf]Ú -&)_, …d]rL aUb}
lyof]Ú -v=sf_ -&%_, …nfx'/]Ú -&*_, …;+o'Qm jQmJoÚ -*^_, ;bfgGb zdf{sf] …dgsf] k|sfzÚ -!(^%_,
s'naxfb'/ 5]qLsf] …lrGtg dfnfÚ -!(^%_, …uLt d~h/LÚ -*#_, k|]dgf/fo0f k]v/]nsf] …slnsfnsf]
cfjfhÚ, rf]s axfb'/ yfkfsf] …Åbosf] pb\uf/Ú -!(^^_, o1 k|;fb ;'j]bLsf] …sNkgfÚ -^(_, dxf/fh
j;Gt lu/Lsf] …j;Gt d~h/LÚ -^(_, lbn ;fxgLsf] …gf}nf] df6f] rflxPsf] 5Ú -&)_, …gf}nf] dfG5]Ú -
*#_, wd{nfn e";fnsf] …o'usf] 3]/fleq dnLg cg'xf/x¿Ú -&!_, t'naxfb'/ 5]qLsf] …dfn]dfsf]
r]tgfÚ -v=sf=_ -&@_, …alnbfgsf] k|ltof]lutfdf nlDsPsf kfOnfx¿Ú -*#_, l6=8L=lhDafsf]
…tyfutÚ -&@_, l6sf/fd pkfWofo lgeL{ssf] …rDkfÚ -v=sf=_ -&#_, …/fu cg'/fuÚ -uL=;+=_ -&#_,
cn]sh]08/ k'l:sgsf] …lhK;LÚ -v=sf=_ -&&_, …k'l:sgsf s]xL sljtfÚ -&&_, …sNkgfÚ -&&_, xl/k|;fb
uf]vf{ /fO{sf] …afa/LÚ -&$_, …dgr/Lsf] af]nLÚ, uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfgsf] …;fOns cfO/x]5Ú -&%_, …o:tf]
e"n kf] u/]5'Ú -&*_, …cfsfzn] klg 7fpF vf]lh/x]5Ú -@))&_, /0fjL/ lu/Lsf] …r/L e//===Ú -&%_,
;Ltf/fd nD;fnsf] …nf]s lzIff d~h/LÚ -!(&^_, e"k]g lgiffbsf] …cg'e"ltx¿ oL d]/fÚ -&&_,
dgaxfb'/ yfkfsf] …gf}nf] dfG5] hGdb} 5Ú -&*_, v8\uaxfb'/ 5]qLsf] …lznfªsf] ;DemgfÚ, gogbQ
zdf{sf] …lxdfnsf] cd[tjf0fLÚ, gj ;fksf]6fsf] …o'lSnK6; cfpg] lk+9LnfO{ cfzLjf{bÚ -*)_,
…sfJofGt/Ú -(^_, b'uf{k|;fb kf}8]nsf] …sNkgfsf] km"nÚ -*)_ cflb pNn]vgLo 5g\ . oL s[ltx¿
afx]s} ljleGg kq–klqsfdf nLnaxfb'/ IfqL, kb\d 9sfn, b'uf{ k|;fb pkfWofo, Zofd lnjfª\,
clUgaxfb'/ 5]qL, u'?eQm lwtfn, /fdrGb| zf:qL, 5ljnfn zf:qL cflb w]/} k|ltefx¿sf sljtf
k|sfzdf cfpF5g\ .
;fd"lxs sljtf ;+sng
o; r/0fsf] Ps pNn]vgLo cjbfg xf] ;fd"lxs ;ª\sngsf] k|sfzg . o:tf s]xL ;ª\sng
x'g\–…tLgtf/f k|sfzg u'jfxf6LÚåf/f k|sflzt sljtf ;Íng -!(^)_ hf] klxnf] ;+o'Qm ;+sng
dflgG5 . hxfF kb\d 9sfn, nIdLk|;fb ltdl;gf / 8Da/ g]kfnLsf sljtf 5g\ . o;kl5 !(^% df
sf7df8f}+af6 k|sflzt …k"j{ls/0fÚ zLif{s ;Íng b]lvG5Ù hxfF xl/eQm s6'jfn, lj/xL ;'Aaf, xl/z
k'/L, u'?eQm lwtfn, k'iknfn pkfWofo, nIdLk|;fb ltdl;gf, xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{, s[i0fk|;fb
1jfnL, uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg, kb\daxfb'/ yfkf, hutaxfb'/ k|wfg / uh]Gb| IfqL u/L s'n afx|hgf
sljsf c7f/ sljtf ;dflji6 5g\ . o;kl5 !(&( df k|sflzt …sljtf ;ËdÚdf sdn rDnfufO{+,
s'nk|;fb zdf{, s[i0f 5]qL, uf]kfn axfb'/ g]kfnL, hok|;fb bfxfn, t'Ëgfy g]kfn, aL=Pd=k|wfg /
x]ds'df/ n'OF6]n u/L s'n cf7hgf sljsf tL;cf]6f sljtf 5g\ . låtLo r/0fsf] o; ;dofjlwdf
lznfª, u'jfxf6L, t]hk'/, l8uaf]O{, l8a|'u9, b'lnofhfg, nfdl8ª cflb ljleGg 7fpFaf6 k|sflzt
ePsf kq–klqsfdf o; e]ssf sljtf–ofqfsf] uf]/]6f] k}Nofpg ;lsG5 .
låtLo r/0fsf sljtfsf] ljz]iftf
ef/tn] :jtGqtf kfPsf] ;lGwsfnb]lv cf/De ePsf] o; r/0fsf cflbsfnsf sljtfdf
cefjx¿ k"lt{ x'g] cfzf cfsf+Iff, ;xh–;/n hLjg z}nLk|ltsf] cfbz{jfbL rfxgf emlNsG5 eg]
;f7Lsf] bzsb]lv ljz]iftM xl/eQm s6'jfnsf sljtfdf eg] cfzf–cfsf+Iff cefj cflb k"lt{
gePsf]df u'gf;f] dfq xf]Og k|ltjfbsf] :j/ klg ;'Gg kfOG5 . ;du| ef/tjif{d} g]kfnL efiffsf]
;f+j}wflgs dfGotfsf] cfGbf]ng tLj| x'Fb} cfPsf]df o; e]ssf sljtfdf klg Tof] :j/ 68\sf/f] x'Fb}
cfpF5 . o;} ;dodf !(&( b]lv c;ddf cf/De ePsf] ljb]zL alxisf/sf] cfGbf]ngn] ubf{ o;
kl5sf sljtfx¿df hftLo cl:dtf k|v/ x'g'sf ;fy} sljtfx¿ k|tLsfTds klg b]lvG5g\ .

59
t[tLo r/0f -!(*!–jt{dfg;Dd_ M
låtLo r/0fsf cGtaf6} k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdflhs
lj>[ª\vntf, xs–clwsf/ k|flKtsf] cefj, cdLdf+l;t ;d:ofsf] 8Ë'/ cflbsf] k|tLsfTds
cleJolQm ePsf] s'/f] xfdLn] pNn]v ul/ cfPsf 5f}+ . ljleGg hg;d'bfosf xs–clwsf/ dfusf
cfGbf]ngx¿n] klg g]kfnL hftLo efjgf Psfkl§ tLj| ePsf] kfOG5 eg] csf{kl§ ljleGg hflt–
hg;d'bfosf aLrdf ePsf] dgf]dflnGo, bËf–km;fb cflbsf] gsf/fTds kl/0fltnfO{ x6fO{ zflGt–
d}qLsf] efjgfdf :j–cl:tTjsf ;fy} ;x cl:tTj sfod /fVg] cfXjfg klg Wjlgt ePsf] kfOG5 .
o; r/0fsf sljx¿df sf]xL k|yd / låtLo r/0fb]lv g} ;lqmo 5g\ eg] sf]xL kq–klqsfd} ;Lldt
/x]sf b]lvG5g\ . o; r/0fsf s]xL slj / pgLx¿sf s[lt o; k|sf/ 5g\–cljgfz >]i7sf]
…;Dj]bgf cf] ;Dj]bgfÚ -!(*!_, …k/]jf ;]tf sfnfÚ -*$_, l8NnLk|;fb zdf{sf] …/utsf] d;LÚ -*!_,
an/fd kf]v|]nsf] …hLjg ;+3if{b]lv 8/fPsf] dfG5]Ú -*@_, o'4jL/ /f0ffsf] …lrxfg gkfPsf tSdfx¿Ú
-*@_, clg?4 uf}tdsf] …rZdfleqsf 3fon cfFvfÚ -*#_, c1ft zAbsf kl5kl5 -v=sf=_ -*^_,
eljnfn nfld5fg]sf] …cgfutÚ -*#_, …zAb x'g\ oL d]/fÚ -(^_, …c;dfKt kfOnfx¿Ú -@))!_,
…zLif{sxLgÚ -@))#_, …afbn kf/Lsf] b]zÚ -afn sljtf_, …Pp6f 3/ o:tf]Ú -@))%_, b'uf{k|;fb
l3ld/]sf] …w'sw'sLÚ -*#_, …ztleiffÚ -(#_, t'Ëgfy g]kfnsf] …oxfF o:t} 5 -uLt=;+=_ -*#_, …dfw'/LÚ -
(!_, lzj cfrfo{sf] …>4f~hnL -zf]=sf_ -*#_, …d'6'sf cfufsf lemNsfx¿Ú -*%_, /0faxfb'/ 5]qLsf]
…o'u uLtÚ -uL=;+=_ -*#_, …gf}nf uLt gofF sljtfÚ -*^_, …g/a'ªsf] ;jfO{Ú -*(_, …cfdfsf] k'sf/
5f]/fsf] x'Íf/Ú -*(_, …of] sljtf ltd|f] gfpFdfÚ -($_, …6'qm}6'qmfÚ -($_, …s6';ToÚ -v=sf=_ -((_, …tLg
bzs tL; cleJolQmÚ -@))) lt/_, df]lt l;+x 5]qLsf] …sljtfÚ -*$_, …zxLb tk{0fÚ -*^_, …:d[lt
j]bgfÚ -(%_, kbd 5]qLsf] …cflbd ;8sÚ -*%_, …pHofnf]sf] bldt cfsf+IffÚ -@))%_ lt/, bfdf]b/
9sfnsf] …cFWof/f] pHofnf]Ú -*%_, /fhfl;+x lnDa"sf] …kfv]Ú -*%_, q}nf]Sogfy uf}tdsf] …zlbofsf]
emnsÚ -*%_, v8\uaxfb'/ sf}lzssf] …lugLlkuÚ -*^_, …cf}+;Lsf /ftx¿ k"l0f{dfsf /ftx¿Ú -(@_,
uf]df zdf{sf] …s]jn ltd|f] lglDtÚ -*^_, …ltd|f] k|]/0ffn]Ú -*^_, v]dnfn kf]v/]nsf] …ljZjzflGtÚ -*^_,
afns[i0f pkfWofosf] …sf]nfhÚ -*^_, uf]kfn axfb'/ g]kfnLsf] …ljZjjf]wÚ -*&_, …Ps d'7L hLjg
vf]Hb}Ú -(&_, df]xg ;'j]bLsf] …k[lyjL h;/L ef]Ub}5'Ú -*&_, rf]saxfb'/ yfkfsf] …Pp6f gofF laxfgsf]
k|tLIffdfÚ -**_, gj/fh 5]qLsf] …d]/f s]xL uLt / s]xL sljtfx¿Ú -*(_, 5ljnfn pkfWofo
vltj8fsf] …kjgb"tÚ -()_, …cl:tTj af]wÚ -(!_, …sfd¿kfÚ -v=sf=_ -(%_, …5lj sljtf ;+u|xÚ -
@)))_, …b]jsf]6fÚ -dxfsfJo_ -@))@_, …slj / sljtfÚ -@))*_, nf]sgfy pkfWofo rfkfufO{+sf]
…ljjt{gÚ -v=sf=_ -()_, …cGt/fnÚ -(#_, s[i0fk|;fb sfˆn]sf] …dgsf v'6\sf -uLlt sfJo_ -(!_,
…>4f d~h/LÚ -(@_, lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/sf] …OGb|]0fLÚ -(!_, OGb| k|;fb e§/fO{sf] …oxfF 9'Ëf / df6f]n]
eG5 -uL=;+=_ -(!_, /d]z bjf8Lsf] …6fpsf] vf]Hb}Ú -(@_, OGb|sfGt sfsL{sf] …cleJolQmÚ -(@_,
dl0fl;+x yfkfsf] …sljtf s'~hÚ -(@_, b]j/fh cfrfo{sf] …a|Xds'08 / k/z'/fd dxfTDoÚ -(@_, x:t
;'Aafsf] …sljtf s'~hÚ -(@_, s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] …aGbL sf/fuf/df of] lhGbuLÚ -(#_, …km]l/ lsg of]
s'?If]qÚ -(^_, v]d/fh g]kfnsf] …lxhf] cfh / ef]lnÚ -v=sf=_ -(#_, …;[li6Ú -dxfsfJo_ -@))(_,
rGb|snf g]jf/sf] …rqmJo"xÚ -(#_, xf]daxfb'/ 5]qLsf] …cfsf//lxtÚ -($_, …kvf}{+ xfdLÚ -@))$_,
k'ikw/ zdf{sf] …xfd|f] w'sw'sL h/fx¿Ú -(%_, …xL/]g e§frfo{sf …lgjf{lrt sljtfÚ -cg'jfb_ -((_,
sdn aufn]sf] …d]/f] o'4 ef]lnsf nfluÚ -(%_, uf]ljGb zfl08Nosf] …s'?If]qÚ -(^_, …k"jf{?0fÚ -(&_,
…d]/f] d'6'df d]/f] b]zÚ -@))@_, …ufGwf/ uhnÚ -@))^_, …km"n lkmlnËfx¿ -xfOs'_ -@))*_, ;Ltf
b]jLsf] …ltd|f] :d[ltdfÚ -(&_, k"0f{ 5]qLsf] …;"of]{bo x'g'eGbf cl3Ú -(&_, lzj zf:qLsf] …vfuf]Ú -(*_,

60
s0f{axfb'/ 5]qLsf] …d'7LbfgÚ -(*_, …k|ltbfgÚ -@))#_, 8f=nfn'k|;fb pkfWofosf] …lj:d[ltsf
sljtfx¿Ú -(*_, …cf]em]ndf k/]sf sljtfÚ -@)))_, zlzs'df/ zdf{sf] …cleJo~hgfÚ -(*_,
s[i0faxfb'/ /fjtsf] …tf/f g/f]Psf] /ft 5}gÚ -((_, gf/fo0f k|wfgsf] …o;} a|Xdk'qsf] au/dfÚ -
@)))_, d}gf yfkfsf] …s:t'/LÚ -@)))_, nLnfgGb pkfWofosf] …nfnL kf]ltPsf] cf]7Ú -@)))_,
¿kgf/fo0f kf7ssf] …lkmlnËf]Ú -@)))_, ab|L u'/fufO{+sf] …uLtfog -uL=;+=_ -@)))_, xl/ uh'/]nsf]
…zAb a6'Nb}Ú -@))!_, hoGts[i0f zdf{sf] …;bgsf] dem]/Ldf df6fsf] af:gfÚ -@))!_, ljBfklt
bfxfnsf] …sfDoÚ -v=sf_ -@))!_, …piffx/0fÚ -dxfsfJo_ -@))^_, s]bf/sNk nD;fnsf] …cfw'lgs
ef/tLo vfF8f]Ú -@))!_, /fd bfxfnsf] …nlRsPsf cg'ejÚ -@))!_, k|bLk uh'/]nsf] …kf]sf]Ú -@))@_,
sLlt{dl0f vltj8fsf] …dÚ -nfdf] sljtf_ -@))#_, zflGt yfkfsf] …dfofÚ -uL=;+=_ -@))$_, gf/fo0f
pkfWofosf] …;okqLÚ -xfOs'_ -@))$_, …Hof]lt d~h/LÚ -@))&_, tf/fgfy zfl08Nosf] …z}njtLÚ -
v=sf=_ -@))%_, OGb'k|ef b]jLsf] …;kgfsf] h/f] k}Nofpb}Ú -v=sf=_ -@))&_, an/fd pkfWofosf]
…5]8sfÚ -@))*_, cfnf]s uf}tdsf] …dfG5] leqsf] dfG5]Ú -@))*_, ?b| 9'Ë]nsf] …cg'/fu cIf/x¿Ú -
@))*_, v8\u/fh lu/Lsf] …SofS6;sf xftÚ -@))(_, nId0f clwsf/Lsf] …df6f] / dflg;sf] sljtfÚ
-@))(_, uLtf lnDa"sf] …laxfgLÚ -@))(_, cgfldsf /fO{sf] …cGtå{GåÚ …gLns07Ú, df]tL/fd
ltdl;gfsf] …lj:d[lt, OGb| clwsf/Lsf] …sfJodfnfÚ, lbnLk l;6f}nfsf] …hLjgfbz{Ú, tf]of rfkfufO{+sf]
…cfhsf] laxfgÚ, sdn rDnfufO{+sf] …cfFvfÚ cflb .
;fd"lxs ;Íng / kq–klqsf M
låtLo r/0fsf em}+ o; r/0fdf klg s]xL ;Ílnt s[ltx¿ k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . tL
s[lt x'g\–…lxdfnL ;flxTo ;ldlt, gnaf/LÚsf] …sljtf s'~hÚ -!((#_, …zªv k|sfzg, u'jfxf6LÚåf/f
k|sflzt / uf]kfnaxfb'/ g]kfnLåf/f ;Dkflbt …k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfÚ -($_ -slj %&, sljtf
!@)_, xf]dgfy ;'j]bLåf/f ;Dkflbt / …zª\v k|sfzgÚaf6 k|sflzt …zª\vgfbÚ -(%_, …jf0fL k|sfzg,
lj/f6gu/Úaf6 k|sflzt / u0f]z e08f/L tyf uf]kfnaxfb'/ g]kfnLåf/f ;Dkflbt …c;d]nL g]kfnL
sljtfÚ -(&_ -slj !(, sljtf %&_ . oL afx]s c;dLof efiffaf6 cg'lbt s[lt x'g\–…c;d n]lvsf
;+:yfÚåf/f k|sflzt tyf uLtf pkfWofo Pj+ dL/f 7fs'/åf/f ;Dkflbt …c;dLof gf/L sljsf
sljtfÚ -@))@_, 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofoåf/f ;Dkflbt Pj+ ;flxTo csfb]dLaf6 k|sflzt …s]xL
cg'lbt c;dLof sljtfÚ -@))$_ cflb pNn]vgLo 5g\ . o; r/0fdf klg w]/} kq–klqsfx¿
k|sfz ePsf 5g\ hxfF sljtf ljwfsf] ljsf;sf] Ps 5'§} Oltxf; n's]sf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 .
t[tLo r/0fsf sljtfsf] ljz]iftf M
låtLo r/0fsf cGtlt/} t[tLo r/0fsf sljtfsf] ljjIffsf] k"jf{ef; kf7s ;dfhnfO{ yfxf
eO;s]sf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 . ;fdlu|s ¿kdf pQ/ cfw'lgs sfndf kg]{ o; r/0fsf s]xL ;Íngsf
gfds/0faf6 g} xfdLnfO{ of] s'/f kQf] nfUb5 eg] o; r/0fsf sljtfx¿ clws hl6n k|tLsfTds
/ ;dfh ;r]tg 5g\ . sNklrq cyjf 5foflrq (Image), ljDa–k|ltljDa cyjf k|tLs (Symbol)
cyjf nIf0ff–Jo~hgf, slj;do cyjf nf]sk|l;l4 tyf ¿ksflb cfnÍfl/s k|of]un] ubf{ sljtf
clws hl6n ePsf] / of] hl6ntfsf] leQf e]b ug{ kf7s–;dfhsf] dfgl;s lbuGtsf] kl/lw
km/flsnf] x'g' kg]{ s'/f] klg oxfF ljj]Ro 5 . slj sNkgf ljnf;L dfq geP/ pm ;dfhsf] b|i6f /
;|i6f klg x'gfn] p;sf ;[li6 ¿k oL s[lt klg sfJo–ljgf]bsf ;fwg dfq geP/ ;dfhsf w/f]x/
x'g k'u]sf 5g\ eGg'kb{5 . To;}n] o; r/0fsf sljtfdf dfgjtfjfb, /fi6«jfb, gf/L :jtGqtf
cflbsf] ;dy{g kfOG5 eg] e|i6frf/, Jolerf/, cftÍjfb, pu| hftLojfb cflbsf] lj/f]w pgLx¿sf]

61
sljtfsf] dfWodaf6 ePsf] 5 . cGofGo :yfgLo ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf] cfzo JoQm ug'{sf ;fy}
;dfhsf] pQ/f]Q/ pGgltsf] rfxgf klg pgLx¿sf sljtfdf Wjlgt ePsf] cg'ej x'G5 .
pk;+xf/ M
-s_ ;flxTo cyjf sfJo cnf}lss ;[li6 xf]Og, o;sf] ;DaGw df6f;Fu x'G5 . cyf{t\ df6f]
/ dflg;sf] ;Dks{ g} ;flxTosf] ljifoj:t' xf] . lsgeg] ;flxTo–;|i6f dflg; klg ToxL df6f]d}
x'ls{Psf x'G5g\ . o; r/0fsf k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfdf klg oxL df6fsf] af:gf kfOG5 .
-v_ ;flxTo ;[li6sf] k|tLs xf] . Wj+;sf aLrdf, lj;Ëltsf dfemdf Jolerf/sf cGt/fndf
g}/fZosf] Hjng cflbdf klg ;flxTon] ;[li6sf] ;+s]t lbPsf] x'G5Ù sxL+ jfRofy{df / sxL+ nIofy{
Joª\Uofy{df . k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfdf klg oxL ;[li6 tTjsf] zª\v3f]if ;'lgG5 . ;jfO{b]lv
cfh;Ddsf] sljtf ofqf o;}sf] kl/rfos xf] .
-u_ ;flxTo o'u k|ltlglw cyjf ;dfhsf] bk{0f xf] . rlr{t sfJoofqfdf oxL o'u ;r]ttf
klg k|ltkmlnt ePsf] 5 .
-3_ ;flxTo ;'s'df/ snf klg xf] . To;}n] o;df cfgGbbfos tTj cyf{t\ /l;stf klg
lglxt x'g'kb{5 . xfd|f] o; e]ssf] sfJo–jfl6sfdf of] gfGblgs tTjsf] klg lgj{xg ePsf] kfOG5 .
cGtdf, k"jf{~rnLo o; sljtf ofqfdf s]xL ;jfO{, c;+Vo JolQmut sljtf ;ª\sng, uLt
;ª\sng, v08sfJo, dxfsfJo tyf df}lns / cg'lbt ;fd"lxs ;ª\sngx¿ k|sfzdf cfPsf 5g\ .
…xfd|f] WjlgÚ dfr{–ck|}n @)!)
ljZjgfy rf/fnL, c;d

c;dLof ;flxTo If]qdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf/sf] of]ubfg

ldqb]j zdf{

kf}/fl0fs sfndf sfd¿ksf / g]kfnsf /fh3/fgf aLrsf] j}jflxs ;Dks{, of]lugL tGq,
sflnsf k'/f0f cflbdf ef}uf]lns / /fhg}lts ;Dks{sf] k|df0f tyf j}i0fju'? z+s/b]jsf cg'ufdL
g]kfnL ;qflwsf/ cfPsf cflb tYo kfOG5g\ . g]kfnL hguf]i7Lsf] cf;fd cfudg / c;d]nL
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] Oltxf;sf k|fdfl0fs tYo ;'uf}nL ;Demf}tf -!*!%–!^_ / of08fa' ;Demf}tf -
!*@^_ b]lv 5n{Ë b]lvG5 . To;sf] nueu ;o jif{ kl5 dfq g]kfnL 5fqn] xfO:s"n k9]sf],
c;dLof efiff cWoog u/]sf] tyf cf}klgj]lzs zf;g sfndf cf;fddf gf]s/L u/]sf] tYo kfOG5
. uf]vf{ ;}lgs, t]n / sf]onf vfbsf sfdbf/, uf]kfns, lrofsdfgsf >lds cflb cf;fd
cf];fl/g tyf a;f]jf;f]sf] ;'ljwf ;/sf/ cyjf sDkgLx¿n] ul/lbg yfn] . uf]vf{nLsf 5f]/fx¿
klg :yfgLo :s"n hfg yfn] . cf;fddf lzIffg'i7fg Tof] ;dodf yf]/} lyP . oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf
gf}–kl/jxg dfq lyof] .
k"jL{ g]kfnsf] b]jfg5fk gfpFsf] :yfgaf6 z}zjfj:yfdf cfˆgL cfdfsf ;fydf efiffzf:qL
/ ;flxTosf/ :j=dxfgGb ;fksf]6f cf;fdsf] zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnfdf cfO t]hk'/ ;/sf/L xfO:s"ndf
k9\g yfNg'x'G5 . kfl/jfl/s cefj / c;'ljwfn] bzf}+ sIff;Dd cWoog u/]/ hxfh sDkgLsf]
df]xf]/L eP/ ufªdf}yfgdf a;f]jf; ug'{x'G5 . slj 6Lsfk|;fb zdf{, :jtGqtf ;]gfgL / ;flxTosf/
lji0f'nfn pkfWofo cflb :yfgLo :s"nsf 5fqx¿nfO{ pxfFsf] ;fdLKon] ;flxTok|lt ?lr algg
hfG5 . pxfFsf] g]kfnL / c;dLof efiffdf sljtfofqf eO;s]sf] /x]5 .

62
 cf;fds]z/L clDasf lu/L /fo rf}w'/Ln] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] …r]tgfÚ -!(!(–@^_ klqsfdf pxfF
;x;Dkfbssf] bfloTjdf /x]sf] s'/f …;|i6f / ;flxToÚ gfpFsf] u|Gy -k[=#@*_df dxfgGb
;fksf]6fl;t pQd s'Fj/sf] ;fIffTsf/n] :ki6 u5{ . ;fksf]6fHo"n] :s"nL lzIff cw"/f] 5f8]/ hxfh
sDkgLdf hflu/ lnP/ laxfnL dfemufpFdf ;kl/jf/ a;f]jf; u/]sf] yfxf kfOG5 . :jtGqtf ;]gfgL
k"j{ ljwfos tyf c;dLof / g]kfnL b'j} efiffdf a/fa/ ;flxTo ;[hgf ug]{ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo
laxfnLsf] ;flxlTos klqsf …k"jf]{boÚ -!(*!_ df ;fksf]6fHo"sf] c;dLof efiffdf /lrt sljtf
!(#) lt/ x]8 kl08tsf] :s"naf6 ;?jf ePsf] ;efdf kf7 u/]sf] s'/f pNn]v ub}{ sljtfsf b'O{
k+lQm ptfg'{x'G5M–
……lso cflh ;snf]/] 5fq jf lzIfs
lg/fgGb sflndfst cjgt d'v .
sQ{Jot ;snf]/] lsogf] lj/lt <
lgjf{s lg:kGb o]g lgolt/ ult ..
u'?b]j Û
cgflbsfn/ k/f of]uLhg o]g
d'/] wl/ sQ{Jo/ gj cfjfxg
gj sd{e"ld k|lt sl/j udg
af9s oz:of tj rGb|snf o]g ..ÚÚ
kl5 dxfgGb ;fksf]6f g]kfn kms]{/ uO{ g]kfnL efiffsf k|l;4 slj / efiff lj1fgLsf] ¿kdf
k|lti7f kfpg'x'G5 .
c;d ;flxTo ;efsf] zfvf gfufn]08df vf]n]/ k|yd ;efklt aGg] ;flxTosf/ :j=xl/k|;fb
uf]vf{ /fO{ -!(!$–@))&_ x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] ldq :j=wgaxfb'/ ;f]gf/ -!(!$–!(($_ l;t ldn]/
c;dLof efiff gfufn]08df hglk|o kfg{ ljz]if k|r]i6f u/]sf] tYo yfxf kfOG5 . !(#% b]lv
c;dLof klqsf …cfjfxgÚ, …afFxLÚ cflbdf /rgfx¿ k|sflzt x'G5g\ . …c;d/ hghfltÚ gfpFsf]
cd"No u|Gy 8f=k|df]b e§rfo{;Fu ldn]/ ;+sng ug'{ePsf] 5 . w]/} syf, k|jGw / sljtf k|sfz
ug'{sf ;fy} c;d ;flxTo ;ef h:tf] c;dLof efiff ;flxTosf] dxTjk"0f{ ;+u7gsf] pxfFx¿ b'j}hgf
s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf ;b:o tyf ;Ddflgt cltlysf] dof{bf kfpg]x¿df cGotd /xg'ePsf] 5 . ;g\
!($)–$* sf] aLrdf u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnosf ejg / 5fqfjf; lgdf{0f ug{ a[xt\ kF"hL+ ;+u|x ug]{
sfddf wgaxfb'/ ;f]gf/ c;d]nL g]kfnLx¿sf 3/3/ rGbf ;+u|x ug{ hfg' ePsf] lyof] . df3]{l/6f
sf]onf vfbsf k|jGws :j=6L=aL=k|wfgn] aL; xhf/ ?lkofF ;f]gf/ dfkm{t\ ljZjljBfno lgdf{0f
k"FhLdf bfg lbP/ ;jf{lws wgbftfsf] >]o cfkm"n] tyf ;+u|fxssf] >]o ;f]gf/nfO{ lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
;g\ !($* df ljZjljBfno cf/De ePkl5 ejgx¿sf] gfds/0f eof] tyf ;f]gf/;Fu bfg ;+u|x
ug]{ dfwj a]h a?jf tyf c? lgs} hgfsf] gfpFdf ejgx¿sf] gfds/0f ePsf] kfOG5 .
gfufn]08df klxnf / g]kmf -jt{dfg c?0ffrn k|b]z_ df ;]jf k'¥ofP/ cfhLjg c;dLof efiff
;flxTo / ;fdflhs pTyfgdf ;f]gf/Ho" a|tL /x]sf] tYo kfOG5 . logLx¿ b'O{ hgf / uf]ljGbrGb|
k}/f -!(!& – _ sf] gfpF sf]xLdfdf lgld{t c;d ;flxTo ;ef ejg / g]kfnL lji0f' dlGb/n] cd/
/fVg] 5g\ .
:jtGqtf ;]gfgL, k"j{ ljwfos tyf laxfnL xfO:s"nsf k|lti7ftf k|wfg lzIfs / c;d]nL
g]kfnLsf uf}/j :j=lji0f'nfn pkfWofon] -!(!&–@))&_ g]kfnL / c;dLof b'j} efiffdf w]/} ;+Vofdf
/rgf k|sfz ug'{;fy} tYo ;d[4 /rgfjnL 5f8]/ hfg'ePsf] 5 . c;d ;/sf/sf] ;flxlTos k]G;g
63
kfpg] k|yd g]kfnL efifL x'g] uf}/j cfh{g ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf k|d'v c;dLof ;flxTos[ltx¿df -
!_ …b'u/f ls dxfg lje"ltÚ efg'eQm cfrfo{ cf? dxfk'?if zª\s/b]jÚ -@_ …:jfwLgtf o'h/ gfos
5ljnfn pkfWofoÚ -#_ …Pl/ cxf lbg af]/Ú -$_ …c;d/ d'Vo dGqLn} ;ljgo lgj]bgÚ -%_
…:jfwLgtf ;+u|fdL >lds g]tf bnjL/ l;+x nf]xf/Ú -^_ …;fg ldxlnÚ cflb x'g\ . u'jfxf6L s6g
sn]hdf cWoog ug{] lznfª d]3fnosf k~h'nfn u'?ª tyf hfu'g af;L g/l;+x yfkf pxfFsf
;dsfnLg sn]hsf aGw' /x]sf] yfxf kfOG5 .
c;dLof dfWodaf6 g} nueu ;a} g]kfnL efifLx¿n] lzIff lng' k/]sfn] :jefjtM c;dLof
efiff ;flxTotkm{ 9lNsPsf] tyf cflsif{t eP/ ;a}sf k':ts c;dLof efiffdf k|sfz ePsf
b]lvG5g\ . a[xQ/ c;dLof hguf]i7Lleqsf] cleGg cË aGg k'u]sf] g]kfnL ;dfhn] cf;fdsf] ;a}
k|sf/sf] ljsf;df of]ubfg lbPsf] kfOG5 . c;dLof efiffdf g]kfnLåf/f /lrPsf s[ltx¿ /
;flxTosf/x¿sf] ;"rL n]vsnfO{ pknAw tYo cg';f/ oxfF lbg] k|of; ul/G5 . n]vs / s[lt
5f]l8g ;S5g\ k+lQmsf/sf] c1fgjz . 5'6]sf ;flxTosf/x¿k|lt Ifdf k|fy{gf 5 .

qmd n]vssf] gfpF k':tssf] gfpF / ljwf dGtJo

! :j=dgaxfb'/ If]qL g]kfnL ;dfh\ cf? ;+:s[lt/ c;d ;flxTo ;efåf/f
¿k/]vf -!(*#_ k|sflzt lgaGw
@ :j=clUgaxfb'/ 5]qL dxfslj b]jsf]6f -!(**_ hLjgL
-!(@&–@))!_ g]kfnL sljtLy{ -!(*(_ hLjgL
Pg k|m]ª\s/ uNk -!((^_ syf
df dO kmfi6{ xnf]F -!((&_ lzz' pkGof;
# ;'>L uLtf pkfWofo g]kfn b]z/ ;fw' -@))!_ syf ;Íng
-!(#(_ ;'jfl;t atfx -@))%_ syf ;Íng
e|d0f ;fF]j/0f -@))( lgofqf
$ tf/fklt pkfWofo ef/t/ g]kfnL Hfflt Ps lgjGw
cfnf]skft -@))%_
zÍ/b]j -!(^%- hLjgL
c;d/ hftLo hLjgn} lgjGw
% kß 9sfn g]kfnL /fOh/ cjbfg -
@))%_
efg'eQm hLjgL
b'u/fls dxfg lje"ltM hLjgL
cflbslj efg'eQm cf?
^ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo dxfk'?if z+s/b]j -!(*$_
-!(!&–@))^_ Pl/cxf lbgjf]/ -!(*&_ ;+:d/0f
:jfwLgtf ;+u|fdL >lds hLjgL
g]tf bnaL/ l;+x nf]xf/ -
;+slnt_ -!((#_
:jfwLgtf o'u/ gfos hLjgL
5ljnfn pkfWofo -!(()_
64
& cljgfz >]i7 t'ldo]O df]/ g]kYo lk|of sfJo
-slj jt{dfgdf g]kfndf 5g\_
cfx'lt -!((!_ sfJo
-c;dLof efifL slj jt{dfg
* e'jg]Zj/ j?jf cb[Zo c>' -!(((_ l;lSsddf 5g\ tyf tLgj6f
-!($)_ g]kfnL sljtf ;+sng
k|sflzt 5g\ ._
( 6Lsf/fd pkWofo 8fs/ jrg -;+sng_ t'Ssf / pvfg
…lgeL{sÚ -!(#^_
!) z]/dfg yfkf z]if /fltk'jf gf6s
!! g]kmf/ k/f /fh:yfgn} - ;+:d/0f
ldqb]j zdf{ @))%_
-!($$_ cfGbfdfg cfa' cfhld/ lgofqf
cflb -@))%_
:d[lt/ ;'/eL -@))!_ lgjGw
!@ xl/k|;fb zdf{ tf]df/ hLjg -!(^^_ pkGof;
vgfn tf]df/ sf/g] -!(^^_ pkGof;
hLjgL ;+u|x -!(^^_ hLjgL
!# lji0f'nfn zdf{ c;dLof g]kfnL dfg'x/ k|jGw
Oltj[Q -@))*_
!$ u'?k|;fb pkfWofo - x] dxf]blw -@))!_ sljtf ;+u|x
!($@_
!% uf]df zdf{ a|Xdk'q/ k/f af3dltn} - sljtf ;+u|x
!(&&_
!^ 8f=?b|dfg yfkf c;d/ yn'jf g]kfnL ;dfh lgjGw
!& OGb|sfGt sfsL{ ;fOg jf]8{ syf ;+sng
;/jhfg/ cltly pkGof;
!* 8f=hdblUg ;lrq lqeflifs zAbfjnL c;dLof–c+u|]hL–g]kfnL
pkfWofo -!(%*_ zAbfjnL
!( 8f=v]d/fh g]kfn - c;dLof g]kfnL hghLjg k|jGw ;+sng
!(%&_
@) 1fg axfb'/ 5]qL g]kfnL ;flxTot Pe'd'ls - k|jGw ;+sng
@)!)_
@! 8f=hoGts[i0f zdf{ sfnf{/sf/g] P6f]kfn sljtf
rs'kfgL -@))!_
:jKg Pl6 d'Qm cfsfz/ - syf
@))$
@@ lg? zdf{ k/fh'nL - syf

65
 !(^*_ sljtfO df]/ a'e'Iff -@))&_ sljtf
dfyf] k|]d/ afa] Pd'ls sljtf
cg'ej -@))(_
auL a/df/ afl/ -@))(_ lzz' sljtf
@# /f]hL /fgL zdf{ sf]dn dg bfkf]gt lzz' syf
@$ dlxklt lg/f}nf c;d uf}/j uLtL gfl6sf -P]ltxfl;s_
@% g/axfb'/ bhL{ - z]jfnL t'ld cfsL km'lnjf - sljtf
!(&^_ !((#_
@^ b'uf{ s6'jfn - sx'Fjf jg/ ;'jf; -@))&_ syf
!(&!_
@& s'naxfb'/ 5]qL cfbz{dfnf -!(*@_ lgjGw
sljtf d~h/L sljtf
@* nf]sgfy ;'Aaf ;+uLt tTj lj1fg sljtf
@( s]bf/sNk nD;fn :jtGqtf ;]gfgL 5ljnfn hLjgL
pkfWofo -@))&_
#) gf/fo0f pkfWofo lhlnslg -!(*(_ sfJo
#! gf/fo0f 5]qL efg' rl/t hLjgL
#@ s]zjrGb| pkfWofo dlxnf ljlrqtf -!(()_ hLjgL
-x'dfuf`L_
## x]dGt s'df/ e/fnL PSsf a5/ s]g]s} lhofO lgjGw
yflsj kfl/ < -!(((_
Px]hf/ a5// Pz u/fsL hLjgL
c;dLof -@)))_
cnk :kz{ lbof -!(((_ pkGof;
:jKg b'M:jKg/ 8fo/L - pkGof;
!((*_
#$ 5ljnfn zf:qL låtLo rfls syf ;+sng
#% s'df/ kf]v/]n cslg/ efg'eQm -!((*_ lzz' ;flxTo
#^ tf/fklt pkfWofo /fdfo0f/ dfgt /fd lgjGw
#& 8Da/ bfxfn efg'eQm g]kfnL ;flxTo lgjGw
cGofGo -@))(_
#* alb| u'/fuf~fL a8f] n3' rlGb|sf -@))#_ a8f] – cf;fdsf] Ps
hguf]i7Lo efiff Jofs/0f
#( Freedom k'?iff]Qd e08f/L
Movement and
Role of Indian oL tLg P]ltxfl;s u|Gy
Nepalese (1800- c+u|]hLdf ePtfklg c;dLof–
1950)
g]kfnL b'j}sf lgldQ 5g\ .
$) The Nepalese in s[kf pkfWofo
66
 Assam (1998)
$! The Karbis Past OGb| rDnfufO{+
and present (1999)

k':tssf] ljqmL / ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf gx'g', g]kfnL efifLsf] cfjfbL lj:t[t If]qdf
lkmFlhPsf]n] n]vs ;flxTosf/x¿aLr e]63f6 gx'g' tyf g]kfnL efifLx¿n] /fHoefiffdf g} cWoog
ug]{ aWotfn] ;Dk"0f{ n]vs kl/ro / ;flxTo s[ltsf] hfgsf/L kfpg' Ps sl7g sfo{ xf] . sltko
k':ts / n]vssf gfpF of] tflnsfdf 5'6\g' ;Dej 5 . g]kfnLx¿n] kf7zfnfdf k|j]z u/]kl5 g}
lzIfsåf/f k|f]T;fxg kfP/ klxnf c;dLof efiffdf / kl5 cfˆgf] efiffdf ;flxTo ;[li6 ug]{ k/Dk/f
ag]sf] 5 . dfly pNn]v kfPsf w]/}h;f] n]vsn] g]kfnL efiffdf w]/} df}lns s[ltx¿ lbPsf] kfOG5 .
c+u|]hL, c;dLof / lxGbLdf dfq n]Vg] g]kfnL efifLx¿ dfq #÷$ hgf em'lNsPsf 5g\Ù tfklg
g]kfnL hghLjgdf cfwfl/t ;flxTo pxfFx¿sf] ljifoj:t' b]lvG5 .
g]kfnL ;flxTosf/x¿ w]/}n] cg'jfbåf/f cfˆgf] hftLo cl:dtf k|sfz ug{ vf]h]sf 5g\ .
cfˆgf] efiffsf s[lt cGo efiffdf cg'jfb tyf ljZj ;flxTosf cgdf]n s[lt g]kfnL efiffdf lbg]
w]/} cg'jfbssf] pbo x'g' uf}/jsf] s'/f xf] . cg'jfb s[ltx¿ df]7 % ju{df juL{s/0f ul/G5g\ .
-!_ g]kfnL efiffb]lv c;dLofdf cg'jfb
-@_ c;dLofb]lv g]kfnLdf cg'jfb
-#_ c? efiffsf lstfk g]kfnL ;flxTosf/n] u/]sf g]kfnL cg'jfb
-$_ c? ;flxTo g]kfnL efifLn] c;dLof / cGo efiffdf u/]sf cg'jfb
-%_ g]kfnL ;flxTos[lt ljZjsf c¿ efiffdf cg'jfb

!=g]kfnL ;flxTos[lt c;dLof / c? efiffdf cg'jfb

qm=;++= d"n n]vs ljwf cg'jfbs k':tssf] gfd
! Zofd/fh h};L Oltxf; clUgaxfb'/ 5]qL Oltxf;/ cfwf/t c;dLof
g]kfnL -!((^_
@ z/b 5]qL syf ;+sng /lZd /]vf zdf{ rqmJo"x -@))!_
# s]=jL=g]kfnL sfJo hoGts[i0f zdf{ Kn]6kmd{ -!((%_
$ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo syf ;+sng /lZd /]vf zdf{ pT;u{ cf? cGofGo -
!((^_
% efg'eQm /fdfo0f dxfsfJo uLtf pkfWofo /fdfo0f -uBdf_ !((&
^ e/t hËd pkGof; uLtf pkfWofo snf ;'/h -!((*_
& nIdLk|;fb sfJo uLtf pkfWofo d'gfdbg -5Gbdf_ !(((
b]jsf]6f
* wgaxfb'/ ;f]gf/ cfTdhLjgL uLtf pkfWofo ;f]j/0fdf wgjxfb'/ ;f]gf/
-@))*_
( 8f=v]d/fh g]kfn hLjgL rGb|dl0f pkfWofo ;flxTo csfbdL k'/:sf/
/ 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL ljh]tf g]kfnL ;flxlTos -
@))$_
!) kfl/hft pkGof; nLnfw/ pkfWofo s[i0fr'8f/ km"n -@))#_
67
 …b/ª]Ú
!! cf/=lk=nfdf lgjGw jLgf zdf{ OGb| wg'if -@))&_
!@ && hgf g]kfnL sfJo ldqb]j zdf{ cfGt/f{li6«o g]kfnL sfJo -
sljsf sljtf /– @))*_
s]xL nf]s ;flxTo
!# k|hfklt zf:qL - ;+:d/0f ldqb]j zdf{ :d[lt/ n];]l/ a'6nL -
cg':d[ltsf @))&_
nx/x¿_
!$ lzjs'df/ /fO{ - syf hoGts[i0f zdf{ lgh/f
vx/]_
!% g]kfnL uLtx¿ -<_ uLt k|]dgfy zdf{ p/gLof r/fO/5fF
!^ xf]d axfb'/ 5]qL sljtf ;'Gb/ k|;fb 5]qL 8fn el/ el/ km"n]O km"n -
@))(_
!& ;fg' nfdf syf /f]hL /fgL zdf{ d[ut[i0ff -@))(_
!* jL/eb| sfsL{ 9f]nL sljtf 8Dj/ bfxfn jL/eb| sfsL{ 9f]ln/
lgjf{lrt sljtf -@))(_
!( hf];dlg wd{d"ns b]jLr/0f ;]9fOF hf];dlg k/Dk/f -@))(_
@) nLn axfb'/ 5]qL pkGof; clUg axfb'/ If]qL a|Xdk'q/ cfz]kfz] -@)))_
@! nLn axfb'/ 5]qL pkGof; bnaxfb'/ If]qL a;fOF -@))&_
@@ kfl/hft pkGof; nLnfgGb s[i0f r'8f/ km"n -@))#_
pkfWofo …b/ª]Ú
@# s]=aL=g]kfnL sljtf hoGts[i0f zdf{ s]=aL=g]kfnL/ sljtf -
;+sng @))#_
@$ s]=aL= g]kfnL pkGof; hoGts[i0f zdf{ ;dk{0f -@))^_

@=c;dLof k':tssf g]kfnL cg'jfb

qm=;+= d"n n]vs ljwf cg'jfbs s[ltsf] gfpF / ;g\
! lbg]z zdf{ syf b'uf{ vltj8f aDxk'qsf 5fnx¿ -!((^_
@ xf]dg] j/uf]xfO / syf 1faxfb'/ 5]qL dg k/]sf syfx¿ -@))#_
c¿ s]xL n]vs
# ct'nfgGb uf]:jfdL pkGof; 8f=zflGt yfkf gfdw/] -@)))_
$ Hof]ltk|;fb gf6s uLtf pkfWofo b/jf/sL ;';f/] -@))*_
cfujfnf
% dfdlg /o;d pkGof; ls/0f s'df/ /fO{ cw{j[Q hLjgofqf -!((&_
uf]:jfdL
^ dfdlg /o;d pkGof; ls/0f s'df/ /fO{ cog bfz/yL -@))$_

68
 uf]:jfdL
& lg¿kdf a/uf]xfO pkGof; uLtf pkfWofo cleofqL -@))(_
* kml0fGb| s'df/ pkGof; ls/0f s'df/ /fO{ cg'/fwfsf] d'n's -@))$_
rf}w'/L
( xf]d]g a/uf]xfF`L lgjGw k'ikw/ zdf{ pRrfsfª\Vof -@))$_
!) xf]d]g a/uf]xfF`L pkGof; tf/flglw af3sf] 5fnfdf Zofnsf]
pkfWofo /hfOF -@))#_
!! jL/]Gb| s'df/ pkGof; 5ljnfn d[To'~ho -@))(_
e§frfo{ pkfWofo
!@ /hgLsfGt a/bn} pkGof; 5ljnfn ldl/sGof -@))%_
pkfWofo
5ljnfn sLQ{g 3f]iff -@))*_
!# >LdGt zÍ/b]j wd{u|Gy pkfWofo /
b]j/fh ;fksf]6f
!$ >LdGt dfwjb]j wd{u|Gy b]j/fh ;fksf]6f gfd3f]iff -@))(_
!% nIdLgfy a]ha?jf syf ljhof zdf{ a'l9 cfdfsf] bGtsyf -
@))&_
!^ lx/]g e§frfo{ sljtf k'ikw/ zdf{ lx/]g e§frfo{/ lgjf{lrt
sljtf -@))&_
!& uLtf pkfWofo / rDkf pkfWofo, c;dLof gf/L sljtf -
dL/f 7fs'/ sljtf 8f=zflGt yfkf @))@_
;Dkflbt OToflb
!* ck"j{ s'df/ zdf{ pkGof; rGb|dl0f af3] 6fk'sf] /ft -@))(_
pkfWofo
!( wg]Zj/ O+tL sljtf v8\u axfb'/ 5]qL :jlKgn h'g]nL -@))*_
@) w]/} n]vssf lgjGw tf/fklt pkfWofo :jb]zL lrGtg ;flxTo
P]ltxfl;s n]v dGyg -@)!)_
@! sgs;]g 8]sf lgjGw o'4jL/ /f0ff gofF lkF9LnfO{ -@))&_
@@ ;}ob cJb'n dlns syf clUg axfb'/ 5]qL tLg rSs] uf8L
hfgsL pkfWofo, slDkt jf~5f -@))%_
s]bf/ sNk
@# sdn s'df/ h}g sljtf nD;fn, g]qe"if0f
v8\sf, uf]kfn
v8\sf ab|L
u'/fuf`L
@$ Hof]ltk|;fb gf6s pdfgfy 1jfnL nletf -@))&_
cfu/jfnf
@% w]/} n]vs syf ab|L u'/fuf`L lgjf{lrt c;dLof syf -

69
 @))(_
@^ c;dLof syf clUgaxfb'/ 5]qL g];fldof d}qL dfofdf
syfsf/x¿
@& lk|obf; tfn'stf/ afn syf clUgaxfb'/ 5]qL lsl;ª\sf] sGtljhf]u -
!(*%_
@* c;dLof syf clUgaxfb'/ 5]qL l; hfgf] cfsf] cflxj -
syfsf/x¿ !(*&_
@( dlxd a/f pkGof; jLgf zdf{ PwfgL ;fgLsf] xfF;f]
#) h]l/g a?jf hLjgL b'uf{ vltj8f / afaf d[To'~ho -!((@_
nLnaxfb'/ IfqL
#! 8f=e[u'df]xg pkGof; 5ljnfn u'?k'q -@)!)_
uf]:jfdL pkfWofo

#=g]kfnL ;flxTosf/åf/f c?c? efiffsf s[ltsf] c;dLof cg'jfb

qm=;+= d"n n]vs ljwf cg'jfbs s[ltsf] gfpF / ;g\
! Pg k|m]Í -8f5_ lbglblk uLtf pkfWofo Pg k|m]ªs/ 8fo/L -!(&%_
@ 8f=s]zj /]•L - pkGof; ldqb]j zdf{ cf]khf dfl6/ ;'jf;
t]n]u'_
# tsl; lzjzÍ/ syf hoGts[i0f zdf{ tsl;/ uNk -!((@_
lkNnfO -
dfnfofnd_
$ lji0f'jfdg gf6s hoGts[i0f zdf{ d'VodGqL -!(($_
lr/f]8sf/ -d/f7L_
% kn{ as -cª\u|]hL_ pkGof; xl/k|;fb zdf{ w'gLof cfsfz -!(^&_
^ 8]n sg]{nL / lgaGw x]dGts'df/ b'lZrGtfxLg hLjg -@)))_
af6{g /f;]n - e/fnL
c+u|]hL_
& /jLGb| gfy 7fs'/ - sljtf t'n;L axfb'/ uLtf~hnL
afª\nf_ 5]qL
* /jLGb| gfy 7fs'/ - k|jGw t'n;L axfb'/ /jLGb| /rgfjnL
afª\nf_ 5]qL
( af6]{G8 /f;]n - lgjGw x]dGt s'df/ ;'vL dfg'x xj s]g]s}
cª\u|]hL_ e/fnL
!) 8f=gd]g leG;]G6 lgjGw x]dGt s'df/ ;l7s lrGtf/ cfrfl/t
lkn -c+u|]hL_ ef/fnL kmn
!! Jof; -;+:s[t_ wd{ 8f=nIdL k/fh'nL ue{uLtf -!(*#_
/ gf/fo0f

70
 pkfWofo
!@ 8f=piff ofbj lzz' pkGof; /lZd/]vf zdf{ hf]g jfo P Pl6t/f lbof
!# ;lRrbfgGb syf jL0ff zdf{ /fhs'df/ cf? cGofGo uNk
/fpt/fo -p8Lof_ -!((^_
!$ l/rf8{ /fO6 - pkGof; uLtf pkfWofo yn'jf ;Gtfg -@))*_
c+u|hL_
!% k|]ds'df/ cfn] - efifftTj o1k|;fb zdf{ g]kfnL efiff cf? ;flxTo/
c+u|]hL_ ;+lIfKt kl/ro -!(&$_

c;d ;flxTo ;efn] ;g\ @))! df c;dLof ljZjsf]z lgdf{0f hg;fwf/0faf6 bfg
cfXjfg u/]/ k|:t'lt lnG5 . ;flxTo;efsf ;efklt xf]d]g a/uf]xfF`Lsf] cg'/f]w /Iff ub}{ g]kfnL
;flxTo kl/ifb, c;dn] ( hgf g]kfnL ljåfg lgof]lht ub}{ g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf %^ cf]6f k|ljli6
lbPsf 5g\ . c;d ;flxTo ;efk|lt g]kfnL efifLx¿ s[t1 5g\Ù lsgls c¿ ef/tLo efiffsf ;fy}
g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ToxfF :yfg ldn]sf] 5 . t/ g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf] dof{bf / ul/df j[l4 ug{
g]kfnLsf] cfˆgf] ljZjsf]z clgjfo{ 5 .
n]vsf] yfngL dxfgGb ;fksf]6fHo"n] c;dLof kqsfl/tfdf ;Da4 eP/ g]kfnL ;fy}
c;dLof efiffsf] ;]jf u/]sf] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ;fksf]6fHo"sf] k|:yfgkl5 !(#% b]lv g} xl/k|;fb
uf]vf{ /fO{, wgaxfb'/ ;f]gf/ cflbn] b'j} efiff ;flxTosf] ;]jf u/]sf tYo 5g\ . ;fKtflxs …lgnfrnÚ
sf d'Vo ;Dkfbs xf]d]g j/uf]xfF`L]n] ;g\ !(&# sf] ge]Da/df …g]kfnL ljz]iffÍÚ k|sfz u/]/
;Dkfbgfsf] bfloTj ;bf bfxfnnfO{ lbPsf lyP . lzj;fu/ lhNnfsf] d/fgl:yt cf;fd 5fq
;+:yfn] @))^ df …;gfhl/Ú gfpFsf] :d[ltu|Gy g]kfnL efiff ;flxTo ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t h]i7
;flxlTosx¿sf /rgf ufe]/ k|sfz u/]sf] lyof] . of] kl5 g} nlntgfysf ;Dkfbgdf …/ª\w/Ú
/ x]dGt ad{gsf ;Dkfbgdf …>LdoLÚ k|sflzt x'G5g\ . oL klqsfsf ;Dkfbs c;dLof efifL
t/ ;a} n]v r'lgPsf g]kfnL ljåfgsf 5g\ . :s"n–sn]hsf kq–klqsf, :d[lt u|Gy, ;fdlos
;flxlTos klqsf c;dLof efifLx¿sf] eP/ ;Dkfbgf u/]sf] nfdf] Oltxf; 5 . zf]let s'df/
5]qL, rGb| n'OF6]n, j;Gt ltdl;gf, e'jg n'OF6]n, sdn clwsf/L, d'lQm pkfWofo, 9'08L
pkfWofo, df]xg pkfWofo, OGb| rfdlnª\, w/0fL l/hfn, xs{axfb'/ 5]qL, zf/bf pkfWofo,
hLjg pkfWofo, k|]dnfn k'/L, sdngfy zdf{, v8\u axfb'/ sf}lzs, ;'Gb/ k|;fb 5]qL, /f]zg
5]qL cflb w]/} kqsf/ / ;Dkfbs b]vf k5{g\ . c;d ;flxTo ;efsf dxfclwj]zgdf w]/}hgf
g]kfnL ljåfgn] d'Vo cltly÷;Ddflgt cltlysf] dof{bf k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ . :j=dgaxfb'/
5]qL, ljv{{ axfb'/ 5]qL cflbn] ;flxTo;efsf] :dfl/sf ;Dkfbg;Dd u/]sf x'g\ .
dfly tflnsfx¿df n]vs÷cg'jfbssf ;"rLdf cfPsf clwst/ dxfg'efjx¿n]
c;dLof, c+u|]hL, lxGbL, g]kfnL cflb Psflws klqsf ;Dkfbgf u/]sf] kfOP tfklg n]v
5f]6\ofpg gfpF bf]xf]¥ofOPg .
c;dLof kq–klqsfdf uxlsnf / tYo ;d[4 k|jGw n]vsx¿df :j=ljnfl; 5]qL,
b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/], b'uf{ vgfn, xl/ n'OF6]n, j}Bgfy pkfWofo, lvnfgfy pkfWofo, k"0f{s'df/
zdf{, xl/ uh'/]n, l8NnL/fd vgfn, ejfgL k|;fb zdf{, gj ;fksf]6f, ho gf/fo0f n'OF6]n,
b'uf{ vltj8f, :j=b'jf{;f pkfWofo, :j=gf/b pkfWofo, :j=nIdLk|;fb pkfWofo / w]/} c¿
71
gfpF 5g\ . df}lns / cg'jfb s[lt lbg]x¿sf] gfpF bf]xf]¥ofOPg . c;dLof syf, sljtf
;+:d/0f cflb k|sfz ug]{ au|]NtL c;d]nL g]kfnL k'?if dlxnf b]vf k/]sf 5g\ .
uLt, gf6\oflego, ;+uLt, jfBjfbg, /]l8of] / b"/bz{g snfsf/x¿dWo] g]kfnL
efifLx¿ w]/} 5g\ . b'j} efiff, ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltn] d'l5Psf c;d]nL g]kfnLx¿n] cfˆgf] af]nL
/ ;+:s[ltsf ;fy} lzIff lj:tf/sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k of] /fHosf rf}tkmL{ ljsf;df dof{bfk"0f{
e"ldsf kfng u/]sf] ;j{q b[Zodfg 5 .
;Gbe{–
!= k"jf{~rn klqsf, !(*! …dxfgGb ;fksf]6fÚ n]vsM lji0f'nfn pkfWofo, ;Dkfbsåo
nIdLk|;fb zdf{ / s'df/ kf]v|]n
@= The History and culture of Assamese Nepali-published by Dept of Historical studies, Assam
Article by Sri Abikeshar Sarma, 2009
#= sf];]9'Ëf–k|sfzs–;flxTo ;+rf/ ;d"x, O6x/L, ;'g;/L, g]kfn, k|wfg ;Dkfbs >L lbg]z
kf}8]n, jif{ %, cÍ !) cltly ;Dkfbs >L ab|L u'/fuf`L
$= 5ljnfn pkWofosf] n]v–pQ/k"jf{~rn ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTodfly 5f]6f] l6Kk0fL, ;+wfg
klqsf, k"j{ l;lSsd, l8;]Dj/ @)!)
%= g]kfn ;flxTot Pe'd'ls–1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL
^= xfd|f] Wjlg, h'g @))& ;+Vof–;DkfbsnfO{ kq, 8Da/ bfxfn
&= xfd|f] Wjlg, Plk|n @))& ;+Vof–v8s/fh lu/Lsf] n]v
rfFbdf/L, t]hk'/, c;d

;Demgfdf kmlqmPsf y'Fufx¿

/f]rs l3ld/]

dnfO{ g;f]w sxfF b'V5 3fp

d h] 5' 7Ls} 5' ljyf]Ng gcfpm .
d'6'el/ o:tf] cb[Zo 3fp af]s]/ dfgl;s oGq0ff / zf/Ll/s oftgfn] 56k6fpFb} l8a|'u9
c:ktfnsf] /f]uzøofdf To; lg:tAw /ftdf lgtfGt PSnf] / a]jfl/;] eP/ d[To'nfO{ cFufNg]
xl/eQm s6'jfnsf] ;Demgfdfqn] klg leq d'6'df cftÍsf] l;of]n] r:; 3f]Rg k'Ub5 .
Psflt/ 6L=aL=/ Uofl:6«s cN;/n] ylnPsf s6'jfnsf] dlSsO;s]sf] ;'s]gf;] hLpsf]
;Demgf clxn] dlyËndf cfO/x]5 eg] csf{lt/ sf7df8f}+sf ;8s / uNnLx¿df a'9f] pmgL :j]6/
of sf]6, w';|]km';|] kfOG6 le/]/ rKkn l3;fb}{ s'g} Rof k; M cyjf jf; k;Mdf 3';]/ k|f0f wfGgsf
lglDt …hLjghnÚ r':t} u/]sf s6'jfnsf tL …abgfd cfFvfÚ klg emnemnL ;Demgfdf cfO/x]sf
5g\ .
s6'jfnsf] hLjgsf] ljlzi6 / zfZjt kIfrflx+ xf] pgsf] k|ltefzfnL slj JolQmTjÙ pgsf
dfld{s uLt clg k':ts / kq–klqsfdf 5l/Psf pgsf d"Nojfg\ s[ltx¿ . s6'jfnsf] hLjg /
s[ltTj b'j}sf] 5'§f5'§} kl/ro 5g\ . pgn] cfˆgf] hLjg -vf; u/]/ pQ/f4{ kIfrflx+_ w]/}sf lgDt
clk|o ¿kn] afFr] . pgsf cfkmGtx¿df To; hLjgsf] s'g}klg ;f/ lyPg . sxfF;Dd eg]
s6'jfnsf kl/jf/ ;d]t pgaf6 l56f] d'lQm rfxg nflu;s]sf lyP . ;s] g]kfnL ;flxTosf/x¿df
o:tf] pbfx/0f xDd]l; cGt st} kfOFb}g xf]nf Û o;/L s6'jfnn] cfˆgf] hLjg clk|o / s6' ¿kdf
72
afFr] eg] To; s6' / clk|o kIfnfO{ cf]em]n kfg{ ;+Unf, ;'lsnf sljtf / uLtx¿ g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{
lbP . geGb} s6'jfnsf tL sljtf / uLtn] pgsf] hLjgsf cFWof/f kIfnfO{ wf]P/ qmdzM pgnfO{
nf]slk|otfsf] r'nLdf x'TofpFb} nlu/x]sf 5g\ . afFr'Gh]n la6'nf] 7fGg]x¿ ;d]t d/]kl5 pgsf] k"hf
ug{ yfln;s]sf 5g\ .
s6'jfnaf/] oL k+lQm sf]g{ nfUbf cfˆgf] dgdf kmlqmPsf pgL;Fusf] ;Demgfsf s]xL y'Ëf
l6Kg] k|of; d oxfF ul//x]sf] 5' .
@)–&–^@ sf] ldltdf P=cf]=;L=g]kfnL :s"n l8uaf]O{ cf;fdsf] 7]ufgfaf6 k7fPsf] Pp6f
v'nf kf]:6sf8{ lr7Lx¿s]f y'k|f]df d]/f] cufl8 b]vf kb{5 . ……/rgf x]g]{ ;f}efUo kfPF . ca eg]
xfdLklg of]Uo klqsfsf clwsf/L eof}+ eGg] ljZjf; …/rgfÚn] cgfof;} d]/f] dgdf Nofof] .ÚÚ log}
kª\ltaf6 yflnPsf] To; kf]:6sf8{n] ;j{k|yd xl/eQm s6'jfn …k|jf;LÚ sf] kl/ro d sxfF af]s]/
NofPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 lr7Lsf cf]xf]/Lbf]xf]/L rNb} u/] . …/rgfÚnfO{ pgn] sljtf klg k7fP .
cf;fddf …/rgfÚnfO{ lrgfpg s6'jfn lgs} nfluk/] . @)@# ;fnlt/} x'g'kb{5Ù s6'jfn l;nfª\sf
s[i0fk|;fb 1jfnL;Fu} sf7df8f}+ cfPsf lyP . To;}a]nf pgsf] cg'xf/;Fu} klg ;fIfft kl/rosf]
df}sf d}n] kfPF . Tof] a]nf s6'jfnn] k|l;l4sf] v'8\lsnf] 6]ls;s]sf lyPgg\Ù t/ cfˆgf] sljtfn]
>f]tfsf] Wofg ;xh} cfkm"lt/ tfGg] ;fdYo{ eg] s6'jfndf cfO;s]sf] lyof] . Ps ;zQm slj
JolQmTjsf] ;Defjgf pgdf 68\sf/} b]lvO;s]sf] lyof] .
@)@^ ;fndf s6'jfn c;daf6 sfdsf] hf]xf]df g]kfn k;] / …k|jf;LÚ pkgfdnfO{ lems]/
yGSofOlbP . Tof]a]nf pgL …g]kfnL ;flxTo ;+:yfgÚ sf] clkm;df /flt ;'Tg] uy]{ eg] lbpF;f]
Ps]8]dLdf hflu/ ksfpg hfGy] . kl5 s6'jfnn] cfˆgf alxgLHjfO{+ snfsf/ an/fd yfkfnfO{ klg
sf7df8f}+ lemsfP . yfkf …;dLIffÚ df sf6'{g n]Vg] uy]{, pgnfO{ c¿ 7fpFdf ;d]t sfd vf]Hg
s6'jfn dgUu] ldlxg]t ub}{lyP . oxL a]nf /S;Lsf] r:sf]df cfkm"nfO{ cln a9L 8'afpglt/ klg
s6'jfn la:tf/} cl3 ;b}{ lyP . e}/j cof{nsf] 8]/f Tof] a]nf gofF ;8sdf ToxL+ glhs} lyof] . e}/j
/ d s6'jfnnfO{ e]6\g a/fa/ hfGYof}+ . Pslbg laxfg} hfFbf h]7fg–HjfO{+ - s6'jfn / yfkf_ b'j}n]
df}g j|t lnPsf] b]v]/ xfdL lhNn k¥of}+ . kl5 kf] yfxf ef] b'j}df /fltsf] ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdn] 7"nf]
/8fsf] dRrfPsf] /x]5 . Unf; / af]tnsf em6f/f xfgfxfg\ eP5g\Ù To;}sf] k|efj cem sfod /x]5
. e}/jn] b'j}df ;Demf}tf u/fPsf] / b'j}hgf kZrfQfksf] e'ª\u|f]df lklN;Psf] Tof] b[Zo slxNo} la;{g
;ls+b}g .
@)@( sf] df3df s6'jfn dnfO{ vf]Hb} hgsk'/ cfOk'U5g\ . pgL …¿k–/]vfÚsf] u|fxs
cleofgdf cfPsf /x]5g\ . hgsk'/df tTsfnLg c~rnfwLz ab|Llaqmd yfkfn] …¿k–/]vfÚsf lgs}
u|fxs agfOlbg'eof], t/ pxfF s6'jfnsf] sljtfsf] k|z+;s dfq xf]Og pgsf] …;'/f–k|]dÚ af6 klg
kl/lrt x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 . yfkfhLn] …tkfO{+ otfaf6 c;d hfg] dfG5], k};f kl5 d pxfFnfO{ sf7df8f}+
hfg] a]nfdf lbG5'Ú egL dlt/ ;ª\s]t ug'{eof] . s6'jfnn] kl5 d;Fu 7"nf] u'gf;f] kf]v] . ;fyLx¿n]
dnfO{ ab\gfd u/fP eg]/ pgL lbSs lyP . ;s] o;}sf] v08gsf nflu xf] ls %–^ lbg;Dd
hgsk'/df dsxfF a:tf pgL k"/f ;flTjs / ;fw' e}lbP .
pgsf] ;Ddfgdf /f=/f=SofDk;n] Pp6f eJo uf]i7L u¥of] . tTsfnLg SofDk;lrkm /fdrGb|
axfb'/ l;+xsf] ;efkltTjdf ePsf] To; uf]i7Ldf s6'jfnn] cfˆgf] k|efj s:tf];Fu hdfOlbP eg]
pgL hgsk'/ a;'~h]n pgsf k|]dL kf7sx¿sf] w'O/f] dsxfF nflu g} /Xof] . hgsk'/df agfPsf
u|fxssf k};f ;fFRr} g} s6'jfnsf] xftdf k/]gg\ . kl5 ab|L laqmdHo"n] dnfO{ g} lbg'ef] / d}n]
pQd s'Fj/nfO{ sf7df8f}+df a'emfOlbPsf] lyPF .

73
 @)## ;fndf s6'jfn ;femf k|sfzgdf sfd ub}{ lyP . ToxfF klg s]xL lbgsf nflu dfq
sfd lyof] . d;Fu Pslbg pgn] …/rgfÚnfO{ ;3fpg] dg;fo b]vfP . Pp6f of]Uo ;xof]uLsf]
vf]hLdf d klg lyPF, t/ st}klg cf;g l:y/ gx'g] s6'jfnsf] afgL a]xf]/af6 d kl/lrt lyPF .
To;}n] pgsf] cg'/f]w dfGg wd{;Í6 kl//x]Yof] . o:f}a]nf …cleJolQmÚ sf] ;Dkfbgdf gu]Gb|hLn]
pgnfO{ ;xof]uL /fVg'ePkl5 Tof] k|;Ë ;lhn} 6/]sf] lyof] . kl5 efpkGyLnfO{ …/rgfÚ ;Dkfbgdf
;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . o;} k|;ËnfO cf}+NofP/ s6'jfn Tof] a]nf dL7f] 5]8 xfGb} dnfO{ eGy],
……elthn] gkTofP/ s] ef] t < sfsf -gu]Gb| /fh zdf{_nfO{ kmF;fOxfn]+ .
;flxlTos kqsf/ ;+3sf] Pp6f agef]h Û -;s] @)#^ ;fns} xf] ls Û_ afnfh'df y'k|}
;flxTosf/ / ;flxTok|]dLx¿sf] e]nf 5 . dw'kfgsf] klg Joj:yf 5 . s6'jfn lgs} klxn] g} ToxfF
k'lu;s]sf x'G5g\ . pgsf] …;jf]{RrfgGbÚ df s'g} nufd 5}g Û nuftf/ Pskl5 csf]{ Unf;
l/TofO/x]sf 5g\ . bf}ntljqmd lji6 klg pgnfO{ ;fy lbO/x]sf 5g\ . sljtf kf7sf] qmd klg
rln/x]5 . s6'jfn nj{/fpFb} p7\5g\, s]xL sljtf a]6'Ëf];Fu k9\5g\, la;{G5g\ / km]l/ bf]xf]¥ofpF5g\ .
To; a]nf x7ft\ pgsf cfFvf sljtf ;'lg/x]sf bLks hËdlt/ kb{5g\ clg pgL d':sfpF5g\ /
3f]if0ff u5{g\, ……ca bLks hËdaf6 uLt ;'gf}+ÚÚ bLks hËd 6fg{ ;Qm}gg\ / ;fhafh lagf g}
cfˆgf] dw'/ s07 vf]lnlbG5g\ s6'jfns} uLtaf6 o;/LM–
j]bgfsf] cfFz'el/ ?lemlbg] sf] 5 / Û
leqL dg lsg /f]of] a'lemlbg] sf] 5 / Û
d'v n'sfO{ kL/ ?g Pp6f Gofgf] sfv 5}g Û
olt w]/} dflg; 5g\ cfˆgf] sf]xL ;fv 5}g Û
bLks hËdsf] ;'dw'/ s07af6 km'6]sf s6'jfnsf tL uLtn] aftfj/0f g} ljiffbk"0f{
kfl/lbG5g\ . cfFvfaf6 alnGb| wf/f aufpFb} s[ts[To ePsf s6'jfn bLks hËdsf ufnfdf DjfOF
vfO/xG5g\ / eG5g\,…efO, ltdLnfO{ d s] lbpmF < of] u/La slj s] lbg ;S5 / <Ú bf}ntljqmd klg
?Fb} na{/fpFb} eG5g\, ……tF dxfg\ xf];\ s6'jfn, tF slxNo} db}{g;\, slxNo}===g/f] Û g/f] ÛÚÚ
bLks hËdsf] :j/sf tL uLt ;'Gbf cr]n hlxn] klg d afnfh'sf] Tof] sf?l0fs /
Åbo:kzL{ b[Zo ;DemG5' clg d]/f] dg pbf; x'G5 .
hf8f] dlxgfsf] s'g} /ft, &–* ah]sf] a]nf . ljgf]b bLlIft / d gofF ;8slt/af6
kmls{/x]sf x'G5f}+ . /Tgkfs{ k'u]kl5 b]V5f}+ k]6Lsf] 5]pdf dfG5] em'lDd/x]sf Û pT;'stfn] x]g{ k'U5f}+
ToxfF, s6'jfn nv{/fpFb} s] s] aa{/fO/x]sf x'G5g\ . k]6Lsf] 808L ;dft]/ pleg vf]H5g\, t/
;Qm}gg\ . of] qmd rln/xG5 . pgn] b]Vnfg\ eGg] 8/n] xfdL c;d~h;df kb}{ lyof}+ . Tof] xfntdf
s6'jfn;Fu ;fj{hlgs ¿kn] kl/lrt x'g xfdLnfO{ ;ª\sf]r nflu/x]Yof] . xfdL klG5g vf]lh/x]Yof}+ .
x7ft\ s6'jfnsf cfFvf xfdLdf kl/xfn] Û pgL xfdLlt/ nDsg vf]h]Ù t/ n8] . xfdLn] p7fpg afWo
x'g}k¥of] . pgnfO{ n}hfg 6\ØfS;L /f]Sg vf]Hof}+, t/ Tof] xfnt b]v]/ s;}n] /f]s]gg\ . aNntNn Pp6f
8«fOe/n] /f]Sof]Ù t}klg hfg eg] dfg]g . s6'jfnn] na{/fpFb} eg]–……kf]lvP/ 3fdsf] em'Nsf=====eGg]
uLt n]Vg] d} x'F, d slj x'F, dnfO{ k'¥ofOb]p efO ÛÚÚ geGb} rdTsf/} eof]–To;n] s6'jfnnfO{ n}hfg
dfGof] Û xfdLn] pgnfO{ k'tnL;8ssf] 8]/fdf k'¥ofof}+ . dfly pSng dfg]gg\ ., d cfkm}+ hfG5' eg]/
c•L lnP . clg xfdL 3/ kms]{sf lyof}+ .
@)#& j}zfv ;'?s} s'g} lbg . s6'jfn gofF;8s kLknaf]6df e]l6G5g\ . xfdL df]tLdxndf
lrof vfg hfG5f}+ . vNtLaf6 s'g} sfuh lemSt} pgL eG5g\, …… …/rgfÚsf] e}/j cÍnfO{ d]/f] of]
Pp6f ;fgf] ;Demf}6f] ÛÚÚ clg e}/j;Fu lat]sf] ctLt ;Demb} pgL eG5g\, ……d[To'nfO{ p;}n] h:tf]

74
cFufnf}+ em}+ nfU5 slxn]sfxL+, t/ afUdtLdf x}g, afUdtLn] t dnfO{ c6fpg} rfx]g . d]/f] lgoltdf
a|Xdk'q g} /x]5 Sof/ ÛÚÚ
pgL la/fdL k/]/ c;d hfg] a]nf d sf7df8f}+ aflx/} lyPF . df]tL dxnsf] Tof] e]6 g}
pgL;Fu clGtd e]6 x'g uof] . geGb} s6'jfn cfkm"nfO{ la;fpg a|Xdk'qlt/} nfu] Û ;+of]u s:tf]
kg{ uof] eg] e}/jsf] d[To'af/] s6'jfnn] n]v]sf] ;+:d/0f pgsf] klg d[To' e};s]kl5 lg:s]sf]
…/rgfÚ e}/j cÍ @ df k|sflzt eof] Û
uxgfkf]v/L, 6Ëfn, sf7df8f}+

c;dsf g]kfnL dlxnf ;flxTosf/

nLnf n'OF6]n
!= kl/ro M ljifok|j]z
1fg, lj1fg, k|ljlw, ljrf/ / lrGtgsf If]qdf ljZj knkn kl/jt{g x'Fb} PSsfO{;f}+
ztfAbLdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf clwsf+z blIf0f Pl;ofnL dlxnfx¿ ce}m dWoo'uLg
aa{/tf / kfzljstfsf] l;sf/ alg/x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qdf k|rlnt sltko wfld{s, ;fdflhs tyf
/fhg}lts lqmofsnfkx¿ dlxnfx¿nfO{ dgf]j}1flgs ¿kn] cjd"Nog ug{] vfnsf b]lvG5g\ .
PSsfO{;f}+ ztfAbLdf k|rlnt dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ r'gf}tL lb+b} dfgjLo d"Nosf] ;d]t
pkxf; ul//x]sf sltko dlxnf lj/f]wL lqmofsnfkx¿ lzlIft tyf ;Eo sxlnPsfx¿sf] ;dfhdf
clxn] klg h/f] uf8]/ al;/x]sf 5g\ .
n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, dlxnf cf/If0f / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f s]xL ;do otf o; If]qdf
;jf{lws rrf{df /x]sf zAbx¿ x'g\ . wtL{sf] cfwf cfsfz cf]u6\g] dlxnfx¿sf] kIfdf clu
;fl/Psf ljZj:t/Lo o:tf cjwf/0ffx¿ o; If]qdf rflx+ g]tfx¿sf efif0f, tf/] xf]6nsf uf]i7L,
8n/sf] v]tL, ;8s cfGbf]ng, kqklqsfsf :tDe, r'gfjL cleofgsf d;nf tyf ljkIfL bnx¿n]
;/sf/sf] lj/f]w ubf{ dfq p7fOg] ;Gbe{df ;Lldt kfl/Psf 5g\ . o; If]qdf ;/sf/L :t/af6
;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf dlxnf ljsf;;DaGwL clwsf+z sfo{x¿ b]zsfn ;fk]If geP/ cGt/f{li6«o
hut\df ;/sf/L OHht wfGg'kg{] afWotfsf] pkh b]lvG5 . dlxnf lj/f]wL sltko cjwf/0ff o;
If]qsf] ;femf ;d:of eP klg ef/tLo g]kfnL dlxnfx¿ cem yk ;d:ofaf6 u'lh|/x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
pgLx¿n] a]nfa]nfdf hftLo klxrfgsf] ;ª\s6 klg ef]Ug'k/]sf] oyfy{ ;a}sf ;fd' 5n{ª\u 5 .
o:t}o:tf cg]sf}+ r'gf}tLk"0f{ cj:yfx¿s} dfemaf6 ef/tLo g]kfnL dlxnfx¿ JolQmut
k|of;d} ;dfhdf cfˆgf] kl/ro k|:t't ug{ / cGt/f{li6«o hut\df ;d]t cfˆgf] 5ljnfO{ :yflkt
ug{ ;Ifd b]lvPsf 5g\ . cfˆgf] kl/ro k|:t't ug{] qmddf sltko ef/tLo dlxnfn] ;flxTo
l;h{gfnfO{ klg dfWod agfPsf] kfOG5 . ;Lldt 1fgsf] If]q, cgfjZos / emGeml6nf kfl/jfl/s
tyf ;f+:sfl/s bfloTjx¿n] dlxnfsf] l;h{gwld{tfnfO{ k|ToIf k|efj kfg{] 68\sf/f] l:ylt x'Fbfx'Fb}
klg ef/tLo g]kfnL dlxnf ;h{sx¿af6 lg/Gt/ ¿kn] ljleGg ljwfsf j[mltx¿ l;h{gf x'g'
:jfutof]Uo / k|z+;gLo sfo{ xf] .
@= ljifolj:tf/ M c;d If]qsf dlxnf ;flxTosf/
k|:t't n]vdf c;d eGgfn] k|zf;lgs b[li6n] ljeflht jt{dfg c;d /fHo geP/ ;Dk"0f{
pQ/k"jL{ ef/tnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . /fhg}lts Pj+ k|zf;lgs ljefhgsf b[li6n] xfn c;d If]qdf
c;d, d]3fno, gfufNofG8, dl0fk'/, c?0ffrn, lqk'/f / ldhf]/d u/L ;ft /fHosf] ;d"x /x]sf 5g\
. o; If]qdf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] a'lemG5 . o;} If]qdf a;f]af; u/L g]kfnL

75
efiffdf snd rnfP/ sDtLdf Pp6f k':ts k|sflzt ePsf dlxnf ;flxTosf/sf] ljj/0fd"ns
kl/ro j0ff{g'qmdsf cfwf/df o; n]vdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
cgfldsf
cgfldsf /fO{sf] hGd ;g\ !(^@ d] !! df bflh{lnªdf ePsf] xf] . logn] Pd\=P=, aL=P8\=
;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ . s]xL ;do bflh{lnª ;/sf/L dxfljBfnodf lzIf0f u/]sL
cgfldsfn] kl5Nnf] ;dodf d]3fnosf] dbfg njfg g]kfnL :s'ndf cWofkg u/]sf] hfgsf/L
kfOG5 . ljleGg ;dodf cfof]lht lgaGw k|ltof]lutfdf b'O{k6s k'/:s[t ePsL logn] l;lSsddf
cfof]lht syf n]vg k|ltof]lutfdf t];|f] k'/:sf/ klg k|fKt u/]sL x'g\ .
cgfldsf /fO{sf cGtå{Gå -;g\ @)))_ / gLns07 -;g\ @))!_ u/L b'O{j6f sljtf ;ª\u|x
k|sflzt 5g\ eg] syfofqf -;g\ @))@_ zLif{ssf] syf ;ª\u|x klg k|sflzt 5 . o'uLg ljs[lt,
lj;ª\ultk|lt Joª\Uo k|xf/ ul/Psf cgfldsfsf sljtfdf jt{dfg ;dodf dfgjLo d"No vl:sb}
uPsf]df lrGtf k|s6 ul/Psf] 5 . jt{dfg ljZjdf JofKt xTof, cftª\s tyf o'4sf] lj?4df
cfjfh p7fOPsf logsf sljtfdf zflGtsf] rfxgf d'vl/t 5 . gf/Lsf ljljw ¿ksf] rrf{ ub{}
pgLx¿k|lt >4fefjsf] k|s6Ls/0f kfOg] logsf sljtfdf gf/L cl:dtfsf] vf]hL klg ul/Psf] 5 .
k"j{jtL{ ;flxTosf/k|lt ;Ddfg efj k|s6 ul/Psf logsf sljtfdf efg'eQm, n]vgfy, b]jsf]6f,
;d, ljqmdjL/ yfkf, cudl;+x lu/L cflb cu|h ;flxTosf/k|lt >4fefj cleJol~ht 5 . cem
efg'eQmnfO{ cfnDag agfP/ n]lvPsf logsf y'k|} sljtfdf o'uLg a]lylt, ljs[lt cflbnfO{
xf:oJoª\UofTds kf/fn] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
cfzf/fgL /fO{
;g\ !(#% h'nfO{ !# df dl0fk'/sf] ODkmfndf hGd]sL cfzf/fgL /fO{n] aL=P= ;Ddsf] lzIff
xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ . cf;fd /fOkmN;df cWofkg sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sL logsf] clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL
efiff ;ldltsf] s]Gb|Lo pkfWoIf, dl0fk'/ /fHo g]kfnL efiff ;ldltsf] ;efklt, ef/tLo g]kfnL
/fli6«o kl/ifb\sf] jl/i7 k|ltlglw ;b:o, dl0fk'/ g]kfnL dlxnf ;ª\3sf] ;~rfns, dl0fk'/ g]kfnL
5fq ;ª\3sf] pkb]i6f cflb ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfdf ;lqmotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
cfzf/fgL /fO{sf /rgfx¿ @)@) sf] bzsb]lv g} kqklqsfdf k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf x'g\ .
logsf] od låtLof -;g\ !(((_ gfds syf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5 . o;sf cltl/lQm logn]
…lj/f6;efÚ zLif{ssf] Psfª\sL klg n]v]sf] kfOG5 . gf/Lsf] ;xgzLn k|j[lQ, Tofu, cufw
kltelQmsf] k|:t'lt kfOg] logsf syfx¿df k'?ifsf] bDeL, x7L / :j]R5frf/L k|j[lQsf] lj/f]w
ul/Psf] 5 . ;dfhdf JofKt cGwljZjf; / hftLo lje]bsf] cGTo tyf ;dfh ;'wf/ / hftLo
;Ddfgsf] hu]gf{ ug'{kg]{ efjgf d'vl/t ePsf logsf sltko syfdf cfbz{jfbL :j/ klg
cleJol~ht 5 . ef/tsf] ;'b"/k"j{ dfl0fk'/sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df n]lvPsf logsf syfdf k|o'Qm efiffdf
sxL+ sxL+ Jofs/0fut q'l6 klg kfOG5 .
OGb' k|efb]jL
OGb'k|efb]jL ;g\ !(^( clk|n ! sf lbg zf]l0ftk'/, c;ddf hGd]sL x'g\ . logn] c;dLofdf
Pd\=P= u/L kL=Pr\=8L= pkflw klg xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ . !((* b]lv aL= a?jf sn]h c;ddf
c;dLof efiff;flxTo k|fWofkg/t logL c;d n]lvsf ;flxTo kl/ifb\sf] ;b:osf ;fy} ;flxTo
ef/tLdf klg ;+nUg b]lvlG5g\ . cfˆgf] ;flxTo ofqfdf xl/eQm s6'jfn :d[lt k'/:sf/åf/f k'/:s[t
Pj+ ;Ddflgt logsf] ;kgfsf] h/f] klxNofpFb} -@))&_ zLif{s sljtf s[lt k|sflzt 5 . o;sf

76
cltl/Qm logn] rf}wf}+ ztfAbLsf c;dLof slj dfwj s8fFlnhsf] /fdfo0f -cof]Wofsf08_ sf]
cg'jfb klg u/]sL 5g\ .
5f]6f5f]6f ;+/rgfsf sljtf l;h{gfdf ?lr /fVg] OGb'k|efb]jLsf sljtfdf dft[Tjsf]
dlxdfufg ul/Psf] 5 . gf/Lsf ljljw ¿kn] ef]Ug'kg{] kL8fsf] k|:t'lt kfOg] logsf sljtfdf gf/L
zf]if0f / pTkL8gsf] lj/f]w Joª\UofTds kf/fn] ul/Psf] 5 . hLjg / d[To'sf] bf];fFwdf ;ª\3if{/t
dfG5]sf] lg/LxkgnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf logsf sljtfdf k|s[lt / dfgjsf aLrsf] cGt;{DaGwnfO{
klg s]nfOPsf] 5 . c;dLof hghLjgsf] kl/j]z lrlqt logsf sljtfdf c;d]nL ;+:s[lt,
nf]ssyf, bGTosyf, nf]sf]lQm cflb ;Gbe{x¿ k|ToIf ¿kdf cleJoQm ePsf 5g\ ..
uLtf pkfWofo
;g\ !(#( k]ma|'c/L !$ df c;dsf] zf]l0ftk'/df hlGdPsL uLtf pkfWofon] /fhgLlt
zf:qdf Pd\=P= u/]sL 5g\ . nfdf] ;do;Dd lzj;fu/ sn]h, c;ddf k|fWofkg ;]jfdf ;+nUg
logn] g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\, c;dsf] cWoIf kbdf /x]/ sfo{ ul/;s]sL 5g\ . c;dLof n]lvsf
;+:yfsf] cWoIf, ef/tLo uf]vf{ kl/;ª\3, c;d zfvfsf] cWoIf, c;d ;flxTo ;efsf] ;b:oh:tf
kbdf /x]/ logn] ;flxTosf] ;]jfdf cfk"mnfO{ ;lqmo /fv]sL 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} logL c;dLof
efiffsf] k|ultzLn dlxnf klqsf hf]gfsf] sf6sf] cfhLjg ;b:o klg /x]sL 5g\ . ;flxlTos
;+:yfafx]s ;j{ef/tLo /fhgLlt lj1fg, ;]jf ;fwgf, xl/x/ wfd pGgog ;ldlt cflb u}/;flxlTos
;+:yfx¿df klg logsf] ;lqmotf plQs} ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
nfdf] ;dob]lv l;h{gf tyf cg'jfbsf If]qaf6 ;flxTo ;fwgfdf nflu/x]sL uLtf pkfWofo
ljleGg k'/:sf/ Pj+ ;Ddfgaf6 k'/:s[t tyf ;Ddflgt klg ePsL 5g\ . kb\dk|;fb 9'ª\ufgf
;flxTo k'/:sf/ -@))!_ af6 k'/:s[t logL !% cu:6 @))# b]lv c;d ;/sf/åf/f ;flxlTos
k]G;g k|fKt JolQmTj x'g\ . o;sf ;fy} l;lSsd csfbdLsf] ;DdfgLo ;b:o -@))&_ sf ¿kdf
dgf]gLt logL kfl/hft :d[lt ;flxTo ldt]/L ;Ddfg -@))&_, k'mnrGb| v08]njfn ;+xlt k'/:sf/ -
@))(_, 8f= gLlndfbQ :d[lt cg'jfb k'/:sf/ -@))(_, dxfslj b]jsf]6f ztfAbL ;Ddfg -@)!)_,
nfndfg ;~r/fgL :d[lt ;flxlTos k'/:sf/ -@)!)_ h:tf ljleGg k'/:sf/af6 k'/:s[t Pj+
;Ddflgt klg ePsL 5g\ . nfdf] ;dob]lv ;flxTo ;fwgfdf nfu]sL uLtf pkfWofosf] xfn;Dd
cfVofg cGtu{t syf~hnL -;g\ @))%_ zLif{s syf ;ª\u|x / cfdf d kmf:6 ePF -;g\ !((*_
zLif{s, afnpkGof; k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . logsf dGbflsgL / cnsgGbfsf] tL/}tL/ s]bf/
ab|L;Dd -;g\ @))#, ofqf ;+:d/0f_, dxfk'?if zª\s/b]j hLjg / sd{ -;g\ @))#_ Pg k|]mGs
afNosfndf -;g\ @))(_ gfds s[lt klg k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . l;h{gfTds n]vgsf cltl/Qm
cg'jfb sfo{df logsf] ;lqmotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . logn] Pg k|]mGssf] 8fo/L -;g\ !(&@_, b/af/sL
;';f/] -;g\ @))*_, cleofqL -;g\ @)!)_ h:tf ljleGg efiffsf s[ltnfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb
u/]sL 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm logn] c;dLof gf/L sljsf c;dLof sljtf -;g\ @))#_ tyf
6ª\sgfy pkfWofosf] df}lns /rgfh:tf s[ltsf] ;Dkfbg klg u/]sL 5g\ . dfly pNn]v
ul/Pafx]s uLtf pkfWofosf c;dLof efiffdf ljleGg ljwfsf P3f/j6f k':ts k|sflzt ePsf]
hfgsf/L kfOG5 .
logsf] cfdf d kmf:6 ePF ;Gt'lnt ef]hgsf ljifodf afnaflnsfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]
p2]Zoåf/f clek|]l/t s[lt xf] . logsf] ofqf ;+:d/0f dGbflsgL / cnsgGbfsf] tL/}tL/ s]bf/
ab|L;Dddf g]kfn, ef/t / cGo b]zdf ul/Psf] e|d0f–;+:d/0fnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . kfl/jfl/s tyf
;fdflhs If]qdf b]vfkg{] ;Gbe{x¿nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf logsf syfdf dgf]lj1fgsf] :kz{ klg

77
kfOG5 . c;dsf] ;xl/of kl/j]zsf] lrq0f kfOg] logsf syfdf tT;d zAbsf ;fy} c;dLof
zAbsf] k|of]u ;xh ¿kdf ul/Psf] 5 .
uLtf lnDa"
uLtf lnDa"sf] hGd !$ clk|n !(^$ df c;dsf] uf]nf3f6 eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] . aL=P=
;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sL logsf laxfgL -;g\ @))*_ sljtf ;ª\u|x tyf a'9fafsf] 5ftf -;g\
@))#_ zLif{s syf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ .
uf]df zdf{
;g\ !($@ d] @$ df c;dsf] u'jfxf6Ldf uf]df zdf{sf] hGd ePsf] xf] . c;d uf]vf{
;Dd]ngsf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:o tyf g]kfnL ;ª\uLt laGb', phfg ahf/sf] kl/rfnssf] ¿kdf /x]/ sfd
u/]sL logL s6'jfn :d[lt u|Gy k|sfzg ;ldlt Pj+ clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff ;ldltsf] /flHos
;ldltsf] pk;efg]qL klg ePsL x'g\ . g]kfnL dlGb/ k|aGws ;ldltsf] ;efg]qLsf ;fy} chGtf
cf6{ P;f]l;P;g, u'jfxf6Lsf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:osf ¿kdf ;lqmo logL c;dLof dlxnf ;ldlt
phfgahf/sf] pk;efg]qL tyf u'jfxf6L lax' ;lGdngsf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:o klg ePsL lyOg\ . g]kfnL
;flxTo kl/ifb\ c;dsf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, c;d g]kfnL ;flxTo ;efsf] pk;efg]qLh:tf kbdf /x]/
klg sfd ug'{sf cltl/Qm logn] g]kfnL ;flxTo snf lgs]tg / g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\sf]
pk;efg]qL eP/ cfk\mgf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x u/]sf] kfOG5 . ef/tLo uf]vf{ kl/;ª\3, c;dsf] dlxnf
k|sf]i7sf] cWoIf, zdf{ efUof]bo g]kfnL rnlrq lgb{]lzsf l;lnu'9Lsf] k|ltlglw ;b:o klg /x]sL
x'g\ . nfdf] ;dob]lv uLt n]vg tyf ufogdf ;+nUg logsf ltd|f] lglDt -!(*^_ sljtf ;ª\u|x
tyf ltd|f] k|]/0ffn] -!(*^_ uLt ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5g\ . o;sf cltl/lQm efg':d[lt u|Gy -!((#_ sf]
;Dkfbgdf klg logsf] ljz]if ;lqmotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] c;dLof efiffdf k|sflzt a|Xddk'q/
k/f afUdtLnf]O{ -!((&_ klg logn] ;Dkfbg u/]sL 5g\ . ;'eb|fs'df/L rf}xfg hGdztfAbL ;Ddfg,
ef/tLo g]kfnL /fli6«o kl/ifb\åf/f efiff ;]gfgL ;Ddfg, u'~hg kl/jf/ -sf7df8f}+_, g]kfnL ;flxTo
kl/ifb\ -lj/f6gu/_ a[xQ/ u'jfxf6L efg' hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt, g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\ -c;d_,
g]kfnL ;flxTo snf lgs]tg -u'jfxf6L_, g]kfnL dlGb/ k|aGw ;ldlt, chGtf cf6{ P;f]l;P;g,
g]kfnL ;flxTo snf lgs]tg, c;dL lax' ;ldlt -u'jfxf6L_, dxfslj b]jsf]6f ztfAbL ;Ddfg -
sf7df8f}+_, ldt]/L :jfut ;Ddfg -sf7df8f}+_, jf0fL k'/:sf/ -lj/f6gu/_ h:tf g]kfn / ef/t
b'j}tk{msf ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfaf6 logL ;Ddflgt Pj+ cleglGbt klg 5g\ .
rGb|snf g]jf/
lj=;+= !((( kf}if !^ ut], l8uaf]O{, c;ddf hGd]sL rGb|snf g]jf/n] cfO{=P= cWoog k"/f
u/]sL 5g\ . P=cf]=;L=:s"n, l8uaf]Odf s]xL ;do cWofkg u/]sL logn] cn OlG8of /]l8of]df
k|z:t uLtx¿ klg ufPsL x'g\ . o'y sfª\u|]; l8uaf]O{ zfvfsf] HjfOG6 ;]qm]6/Lsf] sfo{ef/
;Dxfn]sL logL g]kfnL efiff cfGbf]ngdf cToGt ;lqmo ¿kn] nfu]sL JolQmTj x'g\ . ef/tLo
hggf6Ø ;+:yfsf] ;]qm]6/L;Dd /x]sL logL xfn g]kfndf a;f]af; ul//x]sL 5g\ . logL ldt]/L
g]kfnsf] cWoIf, jfz'zlz k|lti7fgsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] ;b:o, 8S6;{ jfOE; P;f]l;P;gsf]
;b:o x'gfsf ;fy} u'~hgsf] ;+:yfks pkfWoIf klg ePsL x'g\ . clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL ;ª\3af6
cfof]lht syf k|ltof]lutfdf ddtf syfdf k|yd k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sL rGb|sfnf g]jf/ c;d
k|ultzLn ;flxTo snf ;+udåf/f ;Ddflgt klg ePsL 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm nf]slk|of
k'/:sf/af6 k'/:s[t logL ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfåf/f ;Ddflgt Pj+ cleglGbt klg eO;s]sL 5g\ .

78
 g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfdf snd rnfpg] rGb|snf g]jf/sf ddtf -lj=;+=@)@@_ /
;fF3'/f] w/ftn -lj=;+=@)^@_ u/L b'O{ syf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5g\ eg] rqmJo"x -lj=;+=@)%)_ /
oflznfnfO{ d]/f] cfh -lj=;+=@)^@_ zLif{s b'O{ sljtf ;ª\u|xsf ;fy} t[i0ffsf] nx/L -lj=;+=@)^@_
uLt ;ª\u|x klg k|sflzt 5g\ . logsf ;Ltfsf] jgjf; / g]kfnL hLjg gfds gf6s /]l8of]af6
k|;fl/t x'g'sf ;fy} Pp6f uLlt PNad klg ;fj{hlgs ePsf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 .
n]vgofqfsf] k"jf{w{df c;ddf a;f]af; u/]sL / kl5 g]kfn cfP/ ;flxTo l;h{gfnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sL x'gfn] rGb|snf g]jf/nfO{ ef/tLo g]kfnL / g]kfnL b'j}lt/sf ;flxTodf rrf{
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . logsf syfdf d"ntM gf/Ldfly k'?ifn] ug]{ cGofo, cTofrf/, b'/frf/, zf]if0f
cflbnfO{ ljifoj:t' agfOPsf] 5 . ljwjfdfly lu2]b[li6 /fv]/ of}gzf]if0f ug{] tyf gf/LnfO{ ef]usf]
;fwg dfq 7fGg] k'?ifsf] :jfyL{, cf8Da/L / kfv08L rl/qnfO{ logsf syfdf :jfefljs 9ª\udf
b]vfOPsf] 5 . logsf syfdf gf/Lsf b'/j:yf, kL8f, c;Gt'li6, ljjztf cflbsf] k|:t'ltsf qmddf
k'?ifsf] k|ltj"mn rl/qnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . gf/Lleq /x]sf] zfZjt rLh dft[Tjsf] lrq0f klg
rGb|snfsf syfdf kfOG5 . ;GtfgljxLg gf/Lk|ltsf] ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf logsf
syfdf k'?ifsf jf;gfsf] kl/0fltn] ubf{ cfdf aGg k'u]sL kLl8t gf/Lsf] lrTsf/ / tgfjnfO{ klg
b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;/L gf/Ln] ef]Ug'kg]{ ljljw k|sf/sf kL8fnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf cfˆgf syfx¿df
logn] kL8faf6 cfxt ePsf gf/Lx¿sf] r]tg tyf cjr]tg dgsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sL 5g\ . gf/L
dgf]ljZn]if0fsf qmddf logn] k|j[mltsf] ;xf/f lnO{ cyf{t\ k|j[mltlrq0f u/L syfnfO{ yk dfld{s,
k|efjsf/L / hLjGt t'NofPsL 5g\ . o; qmddf logn] cfˆgf sltko syfdf hLjg;DaGwL
cfTdb[li6sf]0f;d]t k|:t't u/]sL 5g\ .
rGb|snf g]jf/sf syfdf gf/Lsf kL8f dfq geO{ k|]ldsfsf] d[To'af6 cfxt o'jssf]
JoyfnfO{ k|:t'ltsf ;fy} kTgLaf6 kLl8t kltsf] klg lrq0f dfld{s 9ª\un] ul/Psf] 5 . logsf
;'?sf syfdf c;d]nL g]kfnL hghLjgsf] kl/j]z lrlqt 5 eg] kl5Nnf] ;dosf syfdf
sf7df8f}sf] kl/j]z lrlqt 5 . d'VotM k'?ifsf] cTofrf/ ef]u]/ kL8fo'Qm hLjg afFRg ljjz
gf/Lsf sf?l0fs oyfy{nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 logsf syf clek|]l/t b]lvG5g\ . k/Dkl/t
z}nLdf syf n]Vg] g]jf/sf syfsf] efiffz}nLo ljGof; sltko 7fpFdf Jofs/l0fs b[li6n] q'l6k"0f{
eP klg ;/n 5 .
b}jsLb]jL ltdl;gf
/f}tf, c;ddf hGd]sL b}jsL b]jLn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf :gftsf]Q/ u/]sL 5g\ . lq=lj= df
cWoog/t /xFbf ef/tLo ljBfyL{ ;ª\3sf] sf]iffWoIf ePsL logL c;d g]kfnL ljBfyL{ ;ª\3 b/ª
lhNnf zfvfsf] ;efg]qL klg ePsL x'g\ . ;ltof dxfljBfno zf]l0ftk'/sf] g]kfnL ljefudf
k|jQmfsf ¿kdf sfo{/t logL ;]jf ;fwgf ;+:yf rfFbdf/Lsf] ;b:o, gf/L ;flxTo ;+:s[lt ljsf;
d~r rfFbdf/L zfvfsf] sfo{sf/L cWoIf, g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\ t]hk'/ zfvfsf] pkfWoIf, g]kfnL
;+:s[lt ;'/Iff kl/ifb\, c;dsf] ;flxTo ;lrj klg eO;s]sL 5g\ . of]u k|lzIfssf ¿kdf klg
kl/lrt logn] ;+:s[lt ;'ifdfsf] ;Dkfbg klg u/]sL 5g\ . lj=;+= @)^^ sf] ldt]/L ;Ddfgaf6
;Ddflgt logsf] ltd|f] :yfg sxfF 5 < -;g\ @)!)_ zLif{s sljtf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5 .
gof b]jL
gof b]jLsf] hGd ;g\ !($@ d] ! df laxfnL, c;ddf ePsf] xf] . logn] aL=P= ;Ddsf]
lzIff xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ . nfdf] ;do;Dd laxfnL xfO{ :s'n tyf t]hk'/ ;/sf/L pRrt/ dfWolds
aflnsf ljBfnodf cWofkg sfo{df ;+nUg logL xfn ;]jflgj[Q hLjg ofkg ul//x]sL 5g\ .

79
k'iknfn cWoog uf]i7L tyf dlxnf ;ldlt g]kfnLkl§ tyf lji0f'nfn pkfWofo :d[ltu|Gy k|0fog
;ldltdf logsf] ljz]if ;lqmotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . logsf o'u;lGw -;g\ @))@_ tyf sf};Nof -;g\
@))^_ gfds b'O{j6f cf}kGofl;s s[lt k|sflzt 5g\ eg] cGgk"0ff{ zLif{s s[lt klg k|sflzt 5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm logsf k'm6s/ syfx¿ ljleGg kqklqsfdf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ .
kfl/jfl/s j[Qdf n]lvPsf gof b]jLsf pkGof;df c;dembf/Lsf sf/0f x'g] kfl/jfl/s
lj36gnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . kfl/jfl/s ;dembf/Ln] kl/jf/ / ;dfh ;'vb / cfgGbbfoL x'G5 /
c;demfbf/Ln] b'3{6gf x'g uO{ kl/jf/ ktgsf] vf8ndf hflsP/ cToGt b'vb / qf;b l:yltsf]
l;h{gf x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff cleJoQm logsf pkGof;df gf/L lzIffsf] cfjZostfnfO{ klg k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
d"n ¿kdf cg's"n ;xefuLsf] ;dfj]z kfOg] gof b]jLsf pkGof;df k|lts"n ;xefuLx¿
ktgsf] vf8ndf k/]/ cˆgf] aaf{bL ef]Ug k'u]sf 5g\ . juL{o ;xefuLsf] pkl:ylt kfOg] logsf
pkGof;df c;d]nL u|fdL0f kl/j]z lrlqt 5 . lgDg dWodjuL{o kfl/jfl/s j[Qdf 3'd]sf logsf
pkGof;df b'vfGt / ;'vfGt b'j} jftfj/0fsf] k|:t'lt kfOG5 . c;dembf/L tyf dgd'6fjsf] cGTo
ub{} ;'vL / cfbz{ kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fsf] rfxgfsf ;fy gf/L lzIffsf] cfjZostfnfO{ b]vfpg'
logsf] cf}kGofl;s ceLi6 xf] . t[tLok'?if b[li6laGb' / j0f{gfTds z}nLdf ;+/lrt logsf
pkGof;sf] efiff ;/n tyf c;d]nL g]kfnL eflifsfaf6 k|efljt /x]sf] 5 .
dfof 7j'm/L
lj=;+= @))$ c;f/ !* ut] ef/tsf] nvgpdf hGd]sL dfof 7s'/Ln] aL=P= ;Ddsf] lzIff
xfl;n u/L zf:qLo ;ª\uLtdf h'lgo/ l8Knf]df klg u/]sL 5g\ . cfˆgf] ;flxTo ofqfsf] cluNnf]
;dodf d]3fnosf] l;nfªdf ;lqmo /x]sL logL kl5Nnf] ;dodf g]kfndf /xL ljz]if ¿kn] syf
l;h{gfdf lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sL 5g\ . ljleGg ljBfnodf cWofkg u/]sL logL xfn g]kfn k|1f
k|lti7fgsf] k|f1 ;efdf ;b:o tyf ;dsfnLg ;flxTo klqsfsf] ;Dkfbs d08nsf] ;b:o klg
/x]sL 5g\ . /Tg>L :j0f{ kbs, d}gfnL syf k'/:sf/, lzIff k'/:sf/, lvn zdf{–/fhLjnf]rg hf]zL
:df/s k'/:sf/, d}gf k'/:sf/, cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfhåf/f ;jf{]Ts[i6 k':ts k'/:sf/ cflb
ljleGg k'/:sf/åf/f k'/:s[t logL y'k|} ;ª\3;+:yfaf6 ;Ddflgt Pj+ cleglGbt klg ePsL 5g\ .
logsf gh'/]sf] hf]8L -@)#)_, udnfsf] k"mn -@)##_, ;fF3' t/]kl5 -@)#(_, rf}tf/f] ;fIfL 5 -
@)$^_, dfof 7j'm/Lsf syfx¿ -@)$*_, cfdf Û hfg'xf];\ -@)^$_ h:tf syf ;ª\u|xsf cltl/Qm
OGb|wg'if gfds uLt ;ª\u|x klg k|sflzt 5 . logn] afnsyfsf k"mnaf/L tyf gfgLx¿nfO{
sf];]nLsf] ;Dkfbg klg u/]sL 5g\ .
;dfhdf JofKt /f]u, ef]s, ul/aL, cGwljZjf;, zf]if0f, k|0fo h:tf ljljw JolQmut,
kfl/jfl/s / ;fdflhsh:tf ljljw kIfsf] oyfy{d"ns k|:t'lt kfOg] dfof 7j'm/Lsf syfdf gf/Lsf
ljleGg ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ljz]if :yfg lbPsf] kfOG5 . ljleGg pd]/, cj:yf / ju{sf gf/Lx¿n]
ef]Ug'k/]sf b'/j:yf, cGofo, cTofrf/, b'/frf/, kL8f, cefj, c;Gt'li6, ljjztf, j'm07f, lg/fzf,
tgfp, lj;ª\ult cflb cg]s kIfx¿sf] lrq0f logsf syfdf ul/Psf] 5 . logn] o:tf zf]if0f
lj?4 cfjfh p7fpgfsf] ;§f gf/Lsf] b'v ;xg;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ k|:t't u/]sL 5g\ . d"ntM gf/L;'ne
;/n, sf]dn, s?0f Pj+ efj's kIfx¿sf] k|:t'lt kfOg] logsf s]xL syfdf o'uLg kl/l:yltcg';f/
gf/Lx¿ cfˆgf] cl:dtfk|lt s]xL dfqfdf ;r]t eP klg clwsf+ztM ;xgzLn k|j[lQtkm{ a9L
e'msfj /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] sltko syfx¿ t knfogtkm{ ;d]t pGd'v ePsf 5g\ . logsf syfdf
gf/Lk|lt 3[0ff / ckdfg geP/ ;Ddfg / >4f k|s6 ug'{kg]{ b[li6sf]0f clu ;fl/Psf] 5 . logsf

80
kl5Nnf ;dosf s]xL syfdf rflx+ gf/Lsf] ;xgzLneGbf ljb|f]xL ¿ksf] k|:t'ltsf ;fy gf/L
cl:dtfsf] vf]hL ub{} gf/LjfbL cjwf/0ffnfO{ clu ;fl/Psf] 5 . logsf ;'?;'?sf syfdf d'Vo
¿kdf c;dsf] g]kfnL ;dfh / lj=;+= @)#! kl5sf clwsf+z syfx¿df g]kfnleqs} dWodjuL{o
;xl/of kl/j]z lrlqt 5 .
d'GgL ;fksf]6f
d'GgL ;fksf]6fsf] hGd ;g\ @% gf]e]Da/ !(%) df u'jfxf6Ldf ePsf] xf] . k|j]lzsf;Ddsf]
lzIff xfl;n u/]sL logL] lxGbLdf k|af]w, g]kfnLdf ;flxTo e"if0f x'gfsf ;fy} h]=aL=6L= k|fKt JolQm
x'g\ . a8fufpF g]kfnL ljBfnosf] k|fylds zfvfdf k|wfgcWofkssf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sL logsf]
;xeflutf xfd|f] ;okqL kl/jf/df klg /x]sf] kfOG5 . !(&$ b]lv g} clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff
;ldlt dfnLufpFsf] ;lqmo ;b:o /x]sL logL g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\, c;dsf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv
;lqmo ;b:osf ¿kdf sfo{/t 5g\ . b]jsf]6fgu/ dlxnf ;ldltsf] ;+:yfks ;efklt klg ePsL
logL g/tg ;f/ly ;ª\uLt ljBfnosf] ;b:o ePsL 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} b]jsf]6fgu/, g]kfnL dlGb/
k|aGw ;ldlt, a8fufpF g]kfnL dfWolds ljBfno ;~rfng ;ldlt, a8fufpF g]kfnL pRr ljBfno
;~rfng ;ldlt, dfnLufpF ljBfno lzIfs s]Gb|, u'jfxf6L !) jf8{ lzIff ;ldlt cflb ljleGg
;+:yfdf ;b:osf ¿kdf logsf] ;lqmotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . a8fufpF g]kfnL ljBfno ;~rfng
;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrj eP/ sfo{ u/]sL logL c;d n]lvsf ;ª\3 tyf g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\,
c;dsf] cfhLjg ;b:o klg x'g\ . afnklqsf k"mnaf/Lsf] ;Dkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg logL /]l8of]
u'jfxf6Lsf] g]kfnL sfo{qmdsf lgoldt jftf{sf/sf ¿kdf klg kl/lrt 5g\ .
clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff ;ldlt, dfnLufpF, ef/tLo g]kfnL /fli6«o kl/ifb\, l;lSsd,
clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff ;ldlt, c;d /fHo zfvf, g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\, dfnLufpF zfvf,
g/tg ;f/yL, g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\, c;dh:tf y'k|} ;ª\;+:yfaf6 ljleGg ;dodf ;Ddflgt logL
c;d ;/sf/af6 sLlt{ lzIfs k'/:sf/ tyf ef/t ;/sf/sf] /fli6«o sLlt{ lzIfs k'/:sf/af6
k'/:s[t klg ePsL 5g\ . ;flxTo csfbdLsf] n]vg e|d0f cg'bfg k|fKt ug{ ;kmn logL ;flxTo
csfbdLsf] cg'jfb k'/:sf/sf lglDt h'/L ;b:odf dgf]gLt klg ePsL x'g\ .
d'GgL ;fksf]6fsf syf k"mnaf/L -;g\ @))!_ tyf aNn a'l4 knfof] -;g\ @))%_ u/L
b'O{j6f afnsyf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5g\ . c;dLof dlxnf sljx¿sf sljtf -;g\ @))@_ df logsf]
;kmn cg'jfbsnf b]lvG5 . logsf s]xL /rgf kf7\ok':tsdf klg ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . o;sf
cltl/Qm ef/tLo g]kfnL gf/Ln]vg, ef/tLo g]kfnL syf, History & Culture of Assamese,
Nepali Children literature in Assam df logsf syf / n]vx¿ ;dflji6 5g\ .
d}gf yfkf …cfzfÚ
;g\ !(%@ hgj/L @$ df u'jfxf6L, c;ddf hGd]sL d}gf yfkf …cfzfÚ n] :gfts;Ddsf]
lzIff xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ . nfdf] ;do;Dd cWofkg ;]jfdf ;+nUg logn] k|wfgfWofkssf] kbdf klg
/x]/ sfd ug'{sf ;fy} kqsfl/tfdf klg logsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL ;flxTo snf
lgs]tgsf] cWoIf eP/ sfd u/]sL logL g]kfnL ;flxTo ;ef tyf ef/tLo uf]vf{ kl/;ª\3 c;d
/fHo zfvfsf] pkfWoIf klg ePsL x'g\ . logL eLd/fj cDa]8s/ k'/:sf/ tyf /flHos lzIfs
k'/:sf/af6 k'/:s[t eO;s]sL 5g\ eg] g]kfnaf6 u'~hg ;|i6f ;Ddfg, dxfslj b]jsf]6f ztfAbL
k'/:sf/ tyf ldt]/L :jfut ;Ddfgåf/f ;Ddflgt klg ePsL 5g\ . logsf] s:t"/L -;g\ @)))_
zLif{s sljtf ;ª\u|x g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt 5 eg] lxGbL efiffdf /hgLuGwf -;g\ !(%%_ sljtf
;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5 .

81
 lxGbL / g]kfnL efiffdf ;dfg ¿kn] snd rnfpg] d}gf yfkfsf sljtfdf jt{dfg ljZjdf
JofKt hflte]b, efiff e]bsf sf/0f x'guPsf] ;ª\3if{sf] lj/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . o'4hGo kl/j]zsf sf/0f
pTkGg czfGt kl/l:ylt lrlqt logsf sljtfdf zflGtsf] :yfkgfsf nflu cfXjfg ug'{sf ;fy}
sljsf] snddf ckf/ zlQm lglxt x'g] efj d'vl/t 5 . sljtfdf bfOhf]sf] lgx'Fdf a'xf/L g}
hnfpg] s's[Tosf] lj/f]wdf cfjfh p7fpFb} bfOhf] k|yfsf] lj/f]wdf nfUg ;a}nfO{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf]
5 . ljljw k|sf/sf gf/L zf]if0f tyf pTkL8gsf] k|:t'lt kfOg] logsf sljtfdf gf/L lj/f]wL
ultljlwsf] lj?4 gf/L ljb|f]xnfO{ ;ª\s]tfTds kf/fn] b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} logsf sljtfdf
a]/f]huf/L ;d:of tyf hLjgsf] Ifl0fstf klg cleJol~ht 5 .
l/h' b]jL
l/h' b]jL ;g\ !(&* h'g #) tfl/vsf lbg t]hk'/df hGd]sL x'g\ . logn] c;dLofdf Pd\=P=
u/]sL 5g\ . ufog, uLt n]vg / clegodf ?lr /fVg] logL c;d uf]vf{ ;Dd]ng t]hk'/ lhNnf
;ldltsf] pk;efg]ts [ f ;fy} c;d gf6\o ;Dd]ng a8emf/ zfvfsf] ;fª\u7lgs ;lrj klg
eO;s]sL 5g\ . logsf] cf}+zLsf] rGb|df -;g\ @))&_ gfds syf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5 . o;sf ;fy}
logsf] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf j/–kLkn -;g\ @))*_ zLif{s sljtf ;ª\u|x klg k|sflzt eO;s]sf] 5 .
jt{dfg dfG5]sf ljjztf, afWotf cflbnfO{ b]vfOPsf l/h' b]jLsf syfdf ¿l9jfbL
;ª\sL0f{tfn] u|:t ;dfhsf] oyfy{ lrlqt 5 . n}ª\lus lje]bsf] lj/f]]wfTds k|:t'lt ePsf logsf
syfdf dft[Tjsf] dlxdfufg ub{}{ dft[Tjsf ljljw ¿knfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . dfgjLo ;b\efjnfO{
k|:t't ul/Psf logsf syfdf >dsf] ;Ddfg x'g'kg{] efj clJol~ht 5 . c;d]nL g]kfnL hghLjg
lrlqt logsf syfdf dgf]lj1fgsf] :kz{ klg e]l6G5 .
nIdL …dLg'Ú
;g\ !(%^ d] !( tfl/v vTnf, ldhf]/ddf hGd]sL nIdL …dLg'Ú cWofkg k];fdf ;+nUg 5g\
. ldhf]/d uf]vf{ gf/L ;dfhsf] d'vkq uxgf dfl;s tyf ldhf]/d uf]vf{ o'jf ;+:yfsf] d'vkq o'jf
dfl;ssf] ;Dkfbgdf ;+nUg logL ldhf]/d uf]vf{ gf/L ;dfhsf] s]Gb|Lo ;lrj tyf ldhf]/d uf]vf{
gf/L ;dfh vTnf zfvfsf] ;lrj klg ePsL x'g\ . ldhf]/d uf]vf{ o'jf ;ª\3sf] ;b:o tyf
ldhf]/d uf]vf{ o'jf ;ª\3 vTnf zfvfsf] ;Nnfxsf/ logL ef/tLo uf]vf{ kl/;ª\3sf] cfhLjg
;b:o klg /x]sL x'g\ . ldhf]/d uf]vf{ o'jf ;ª\3åf/f …cfbz{ o'jtLÚ sf] ;Ddfg k|fKt u/]sL logL
ldhf]/d uf]vf{ o'jf ;ª\3åf/f k|bfg ul/g] cg's/0fLo ljlzi6 ;]jf ;Ddfgaf6 ;Ddflgt 5g\ .
ldhf]/dsf ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfaf6 ljleGg ;dodf cleglGbt Pj+ ;Ddflgt logL xl/eQm s6'jfn
:d[lt k'/:sf/, l;lSsdaf6 ;|i6f k'/:sf/af6 k'/:s[t x'gfsf ;fy} cjd lsgf/ k|sfzg,
ufGtf]saf6 ;Ddflgt klg ePsL 5g\ . logsf ldld{/]sf] cg'e"ltx¿ -;g\ @))^_ sljtf ;ª\u|x
tyf st{Jo -;g\ @))#_ zLif{s Psfª\sL ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5g\ .
nfj0o b]jL
nfj0o b]jLsf] hGd dfhufpF, ufªdf}yfgdf ePsf] xf] . :gfts ;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/L
nfdf] ;do;Dd lzIf0f k];fdf ;+nUg logL xfn ;]jf lgj[Q hLjg latfO/x]sL 5g\ . s]xL ;do
c;d ;flxTo kl/ifb\, t]hk'/ zfvfsf] ;efklt kbdf /x]/ sfo{ u/]sL logL c;d n]lvsf ;+:yf,
t]hk'/ zfvfsf] klg ;efklt ePsL x'g\ . logsf] la|6]gdf s]xL lbg -;g\ @)!)_ gfds
ofqf;+:d/0f ;+o'Qm ¿kdf k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . o; ofqf;+:d/0fsf] klxnf] efu logn] n]v]sL
x'g\ eg] kl5Nnf] efu logsf klt huGgfy pkfWofon] n]v]sf x'g\ . ofqf;flxTosf] n]vgdf
dlxnfsf] snd cToGt Go"g b]lvPsf] c;d]nL g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;Gbe{df logsf] k|j]z lgs}

82
cfzfnfUbf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljj/0fd"ns–j0f{gd"ns k|:t'lt kfOg] o; ofqf ;+:d/0fdf logsf]
n]vfOdf c;dLof efiffsf] k|ToIf k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
zflGt yfkf
zflGt yfkfsf] hGd ;g\ !(^! hgj/L ( df u'jfxf6Lsf] zflGtk'/ eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] .
u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnoaf6 lxGbLdf Pd\=P=u/]sL logn] kLPr\=8L= pkflw klg xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ .
xfn cf/=hL=a?jf sn]hdf lxGbLsf] k|fWofkgdf ;+nUg logL u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnosf] g]kfnL
Pd\=P=sfo{qmdsf] ;+of]hs klg /x]sL 5g\ . c;ddf ePsf] sf]nfh cfGbf]ngdf klg logsf]
;lqmotf /x]sf] lyof] .
uLt n]vg / ufogdf klg ?lr /fVg] zflGt yfkfsf] dfof -;g\ @))$_ gfds uLt
;ª\u|xsf ;fy} cfjQ{g -;g\ @))&_ zLif{s syf ;ª\u|x tyf df]xgL 86 sd -@))(_ zLif{s
pkGof; k|sflzt 5 . l;h{gfTds n]vgsf cltl/Qm logn]] c;dLofaf6 g]kfnL efiffdf gfd3/] /
c:t/fu zLif{s b'O{j6f pkGof;sf ;fy} ef/t s] :jfwLgtf cfGbf]ng d]+ kfgjf/L /]nb'3{6gf sf08
gfds s[lt cg'jfb ug'{sf ;fy} c;d]nL g]kfnL syfofqf, nf]lxt 3f6L sL sxflgofF h:tf ;ª\u|x
;Dkfbg klg u/]sL 5g\ . cGt/ª\u klqsfsf] g]kfnL syf ljz]iffª\ssf] cltly ;Dkfbs, /ª\u3/
gfds lxGbL klqsfsf] g]kfnL ;flxTo ;+:s[lt ljz]iffª\s tyf b:tfa]hsf] c;d ljz]iffª\sdf
;xof]uL ;Dkfbssf ¿kdf ;lqmo /x]sL logL d[0do -ax'efifL zf]w klqsf_ / k"jf{sf] ;Dkfbgdf
;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf c;daf6 k|sflzt x'g] xfd|f] Wjlg klqsfsf]
;Dkfbg sfo{df klg logL ljz]if ;lqmo 5g\ . nfdf] ;dob]lv l;h{gf, cg'jfb Pj+ ;Dkfbgdf
;lqmo /x]sL zflGt yfkf ;~rogf/fo0f k|wfg :d[lt :j0f{kbs -;g\ !((*_, ;flxTo csfbdL
cg'jfb k'/:sf/ -@))@_, cfjQ{g syf ;ª\u|xsf nflu 6ª\sgfy :d[lt k'/:sf/ -@))*_, u'~hg
k|ltef k'/:sf/h:tf k'/:sf/af6 k'/:s[t klg eO;s]sL 5g\ .
zflGt yfkfsf syfdf o'uLg hghLjgsf ljleGg ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt kfOG5 . logL
ljleGg ju{ / cj:yfsf gf/Lx¿n] ;d, ljifd tyf lj;ª\ut kl/l:yltdf ef]Ug'k/]sf dfgl;s
;ª\s6af6 pTkGg ;+j]bgfnfO{ ljljw ;Gbe{sf dfWodaf6 ljifoj:t' agfP/ syf l;h{gf ug]{
syfsf/ x'g\ . logn] d"ntM gf/Lsf b'b{zf, j]bgf, 56k6L, ps';d's';, ;Gtfgk|ltsf] df]x, ;ª\s6df
k/]sf] dft[Tj cflbnfO{ syfj:t'sf] ¿kdf cfˆgf syfdf ;d]6]sL 5g\ . o; b[li6n] x]bf{ logsf
syfdf cleJoQm d"n :j/ gf/L ;+j]bgf xf] . ;fdflhs If]qdf b]vfk/]sf ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ultnfO{
klg cf}+NofOPsf logsf syfdf tyfslyt OHhtsf nflu of}gb'Jo{jxf/nfO{ bafpg' kg{] afWotfdf
k/]sf] dft[Tjsf] kL8fbfoL cj:yfsf] lrq0f klg kfOG5 . k'?ifn] gf/Lk|lt u/]sf] zf]if0f b]v]/ ljb|f]xL
x'gk'u]sf] dfgl;stfnfO{ klg logn] cfk\mgf syfdf :yfg lbPsL 5g\ . ;fdflhs ;+:sf/, /Lltlylt
klg k};fsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\g x'g] ;fdflhs kl/kf6Lk|lt Joª\Uo k|xf/ ul/Psf logsf syfdf
sltko k/Dkl/t laDasf dfWodaf6 JolQmsf] Ifl0fs dgf]j]usf] k|:t'lt ul/Psf] 5 logsf] df]xgL
86\ sd gfds pkGof;df c;d]nL g]kfnL hghLjgsf ljljw ;Gbe{x¿nfO{ ljz[ª\vn ¿kdf
k|:t't ub{} ;g\ !&&( df c;ddf ePsf] …alx/fut x6fcf]Ú cfGbf]ng / To;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{
s]nfOPsf] 5 . hftLotfsf gfddf ePsf ;ª\sL0f{tf tyf dfgjtflj/f]wL lqmofsnfksf] lj/f]w
ul/Psf] o; pkGof;df dfgjtfjfbL cjwf/0ff d'vl/t 5 . g]kfnL hfltdfly uf}/jaf]w ul/Psf]
o; pkGof;df hftLo k|]d klg cleJol~ht 5 . k|s[ltdfly lgjf{w ¿kdf dfgj cltqmd0f
ePsf]df lrGtf k|s6 ul/Psf] o; pkGof;df cfk"mdflysf] cfqmd0f k|s[ltn] klg Pp6f ;Ldf;Dd
dfq ;xg ug{] s'/fnfO{ efj's kf/fn] cleJoQm ul/Psf] 5 . cu|h ;flxTosf/k|lt cf:yfefj JoQm

83
ul/Psf] o; pkGof;df nf]slk|o g]kfnL slj xl/eQm s6'jfnsf] d[To' k|;ª\usf] pNn]v u/]/
;flxTosf/sf] lgoltnfO{ oyfy{jfbL 9ª\udf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
;Ltf b]jL
% d] !(&! df pbfnu'8L, c;ddf hGd]sL ;Ltf b]jLn] Oltxf;df Pd\=P= / lxGbLdf
k|jL0f;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ . laxk'/Lof aflnsf xfO{ :s'n, nlvdk'/df lzIf0f k];fdf
;+nUg logn] cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnL gf/L ljrf/k|wfg klqsf ;Demgf tyf d+unb} ;/sf/L sn]hsf]
d'vkq ;Dkfbg klg u/]sL 5g\ . c;d ;flxTo kl/ifb\ tyf c;d ;flxTo ;efh:tf ;flxlTos
;+:yfdf klg logsf] ;lqmotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL / c;dLof efiffdf ;dfg ¿kn] snd
rnfpg ;Ifd logsf ltd|f] :d[ltdf -;g\ !((&_ tyf g]kfnsL 5f]/L -lj=;+=@)^)_ h:tf sljtf
;ª\u|x g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ eg] lbuGt cfsf} ;"o{ -;g\ @))&_ sljtf ;ª\u|x
c;dLof efiffdf k|sflzt ePsf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 .
dfly pNn]v ul/Pafx]s o; If]qsf ;'lgtf ;'Aaf / /Ltf ;f]gf]jf/sf k':tsfsf/ s[lt
k|sflzt ePsf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 . o;sf ;fy} c;d If]qsf ljleGg e"efudf a;f]af; ug{] dlxnf
;flxTosf/x¿sf ljleGg ljwfsf n]v/rgf k'm6s/ ¿kdf ljleGg kqklqsfdf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ .
oLdWo] cfldof 5]qL, cfzf 5]qL, sdnfb]jL e§/fO{, s';'d yfkf, ufoqLb]jL, uLtf /fO{, uf]df
kf}8\ofn, rDkfb]jL, t'n;L b]jL, lbJofb]jL d}gfnL, bLkf zdf{, b'uf{ zdf{, wgdfof 5]qL, lgzf u'?ª,
kb\dfb]jL, af;GtL hf]zL, d~h' pkfWofo, d~h' nfdf, /Tgf v8sf, /lZd /]vf zdf{, /fwf 1jfnL,
/fds'df/L nfdf, /f]hL /fgL zdf{, nfj0ob]jL, jGbgfb]jL, j;'Gw/f zdf{, ljhof zdf{, j]0f'/fgL /fO{,
j]bfb]jL, zlz /fjt, ;/nf lnDa", ;/:jtL ;f]gf/, ;'lgtf yfkf, lxdf hf]zL cflb pNn]vgLo /x]sf
5g\ .
pk;+xf/
ax'efifL tyf ax'wdL{ c;d]nL If]qdf cGo hflt;Fu ;b\efjsf ;fy a;f]af; ul//x]sf
g]kfnL hfltn] a]nfa]nf cl:tTjsf] ;ª\s6 klg a]xf]g'{ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] ljifd kl/l:yltdf
k|fs[lts lhDd]jf/L ;kmntfk"j{s lgjf{x u/L kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs ;ª\sL0f{tfsf] 3]/f
tf]8]/ hftLo tyf juL{o cl:tTjsf nflu ;ª\3if{ ub{} ;flxTo l;h{gf ug{] c;d]nL g]kfnL dlxnf
;flxTosf/sf] k|of; Psbd} ;/fxgLo 5 . olt eP/ klg ltgsf] plrt ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg
c;d If]q / g]kfn b'j} tk{maf6 x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . o;} cefjnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k|:t't cfn]v
tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . kª\lQmsf/sf] lghL ;ª\sngdf ;ª\slnt ;Lldt ;fdu|LnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/
tof/ kfl/Psf] o; n]vdf ;fdu|Lsf] cefjsf sf/0f sltko ;Gbe{x¿ 5'6k'm6 x'g uPsf eP
;Da4 ;a}af6 ;'emfj / ;fdu|L k|fKt ePdf o;nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] k|oTg ul/Gf]5 .
sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
kmf]g M )(&&!$##@!&*
email : luitel.lila@yahoo.com

pQ/k"jf{~rnaf6 ;flxTo csfbdL k'/:sf/ k|fks g]kfnLx¿ tyf k"jf]{Q/ /fHo c;dsf ;flxTos
k]G;g/ g]kfnLx¿
bLggfy lg/f}nf

pQ/ k"jf{~rn ef/tsf ;ftcf]6f k|fGtx¿df 5l/P/ a;f]jf; ug]{ g]kfnL efifL hg;d'bfon]
cfˆgf] efiff ;flxTosf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / >Lj[l4sf nflu ;Sbf] k|of; hf/L /fv]sf 5g\ .
84
 ef}uf]lns kl/j]zsf] c;dfgtf, lzIff dfWodsf] leGgtf, sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ljifdtf,
of]u;"qsf c8rgx¿ cflb w]/} w]/} cfkbfx¿n] em]lnP/ clg 5/kl:6P/ a;f]jf; u/]tfklg hf]z–
hfFu/, ?lr / cGtd{gsf] ;fb[Zotfn] g} cfˆgf] efiff, ;flxTo, ;+:s[ltsf] pTyfgdf k|of;/t 5g\ .
o; e]ssf ;flxTosf/, slj, n]vs, lzIffljb\, a'l4hLjL, ;dfh;]js cflb ;j}n] cf–cfˆgf] tj/n]
efiff;flxTosf] ;]jfdf cfˆgf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .
;flxTo ;]jfsf] cfu|x / cbDo zlQmn] c;d /fHo:t/ tyf ;j{ef/tLo :t/;Dd k'u]/
jl/i7 ;flxlTos ;+:yf …;flxTo csfbdLÚ k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{ klg ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ g]kfnL efifL
;flxTosf/x¿ . o; n]vsf] d'Vo p2]Zo klg ltg} ;flxTok|]dL dxfg'efjx¿sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'
;fy} pgLx¿sf] ;flxlTos ultljlwaf/] b'Orf/ x/km sf]g{] hdsf]{ xf] .
-s_ xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{
xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{sf] hGd !# h'nfO{ !(!@ df gfufNof08sf] sf]lxdfdf ePsf] xf] . pgsf
a'afsf] gfd wg/fh /fO{ / cfdfsf] gfd ozf]bf /fO{ xf] . pgn] cfsfzjf0fL, u'jfxf6Lsf] pklgb]{zs
kbdf /xL w]/}jif{ cfˆgf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNf]sf x'g\ . kl5 pl8;fsf] s6sdf ;?jf eP/ !(^^ df ;]jf
lgj[Q eP .
;flxlTos s[ltTj–
xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{ w]/} efiffsf 1ftf lyP . lxGbL, aËfnL, c;dLof, pl8of, c+u|]hL tyf
gfuf pkefiffx¿df klg pgL n]Vg] ;fdYo{ /fVy] . hfkfgL / dl0fk'/L efiffdf klg pgL af]NGf ;Sy]
.
pgsf b'O{j6f sljtf ;Íng …afa/L… / …dgr/Lsf] af]nLÚ qmdzM !(&$ / !(&& df
k|sfzdf cfPsf x'g\ . pgsf] syf ;+sng …oxfF abgfd x'G5Ú klg k|sfzg ePsf] 5 .
k'/:sf/÷;Ddfg M
ax'd'vL JolQmTjn] ubf{ b]z leqsf / aflx/sf w]/} ;+u7gx¿n] k'/:sf/ k|bfg u/L
;Ddflgt u/]sf 5g\ pgnfO{ . …hubDaf >L k'/:sf/Ú, …km"nrGb v08]njfn ;DfGjo k'/:sf/Ú,
…kf/;dl0f k|wfg :d[lt k'/:sf/Ú, …cudl;+x lu/L :d[lt k'/:sf/Ú, …kb\dk|;fb 9'Ëfgf :d[lt k'/:sf/Ú,
…c;d g]kfnL ;flxTo ;ef k'/:sf/Ú, …;flxlTos k]G;gÚ, …:jtGqtf ;+u|fdL k]G;gÚ h:tf ;Ddfg–
k'/:sf/x¿ kfpg ;dy{ ePsf 5g\ pgL .
dfgjtfjfbL ljzfn Åbosf wgL oL k'?ifsf] @))% ;g\sf] !$ gf]e]Da/sf lbg gfufNofG8
/fHosf] sf]lxdfdf b]xfj;fg eof] .
-v_ slj k'iknfn pkfWofo
slj k'iknfn pkfWofo k"jf]{Q/ ef/t c;dsf Pshgf k|ftM:d/0fLo slj x'g\ . c;d
k|fGtaf6 g]kfnL ;flxTo ljwfdf …csfbdL k'/:sf/Ú k|fKt u/]/ cf;fd] g]kfnLnfO{ uj{ ug{ ;Sg]
:yfg lbnfpg ;kmn ;j{k|yd slj x'g\ pgL .
pgsf] hGd lj=;+=!(^# nIdL k"hfsf] cdfjZofsf lbg c;dsf] nlvdk'/ lhNnfsf]
nfOdfs'/L eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] . n]vgfyLo z}nLdf n]Vg] slj k'iknfn pkfWofosf] n]vgL ;g\
!($% lt/sf] ;dob]lv z'¿ x'G5 . pgsf] klxnf] sljtf bflh{lnªaf6 k|sflzt …ef/tLÚ klqsfdf
5flkG5 .
k'iknfn pkfWofosf …piff d~h/LÚ, …hLjg k|eftLÚ, …a;GtÚ, …piff nx/LÚ, …jiff{Ú, …/dfOnf]
t]hk'/Ú h:tf sljtfn] k|fs[lts j0f{gdf sljsf] sfJout k|ltefsf] ;Lk 5n{Ë kfb{5 . To:t}

85
…ljr/fÚ, …la;Xof/Ú, …ugugÚ, …u/Lasf] qmGbgÚ, …lwSsf/Ú, …cw'/f] cfzfÚ cflb sljtfdf blnt,
zf]lift, cgfy, lgM;xfo, lgd'vfx¿sf] p4f/sf] lglDt sljn] cfXjfg u/]sf 5g\ .
…piff d~h/LÚ sljtf ;+u|x ;g\ !(*& df k|sfzdf cfPkl5 ;g\ +!(** df ef/tsf]
;j{>]i7 ;flxlTos ;+:yfg …;flxTo csfbdLÚn] k'/:s[t ub{5 To; ;ª\u|x lglDt slj k'iknfnnfO{ .
-u_ >L nLnaxfb'/ IfqL
nLnaxfb'/ IfqL k"jf]{Q/ ef/t c;d k|fGtsf g]kfnL ;flxTofsfzsf Pshgf pHjn gIfq
x'g\ . dft[efiff g]kfnLsf] ;fwgf clg l;h{gfdf cfOk/]sf s}of}+ x'/L–jtf;nfO{ 86]/ ;fdgf ub}{ cl3
a9\g] ;flxTosf ;hu k|x/L x'g\ pgL .
;g\ !(## df u'jfxf6L, c;ddf hGd u|x0f u/L k|fylds lzIff lznfªsf ljleGg
ljBfnox¿df lnP/ :gfts l8u|L u'jfxf6L s6g sn]haf6 ;Dk"0f{ u/L u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfno,
c;daf6 cy{zf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ l8u|L xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ pgn] .
IfqLn] ;g\ !(%( b]lv !(^& ;Dd cfsfzjf0fL, u'jfxf6Lsf] g]kfnL sfo{qmd tLgjif{ :yfoL
/ rf/jif{ cf+lzs ¿kdf ;~rfng u/]sf x'g\ . pgL ;g\ !(^@ b]lv !(($ ;Dd u'jfxf6Lsf] cfo{
ljBf kL7 sfn]hdf cy{zf:qdf k|fWofkg/t /xL ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf x'g\ .
;flxlTos s[ltTj–
nLn axfb'/ IfqLsf] snd sljtf, syf, pkGof;, gf6s, lgaGw h:tf ;flxTosf ljljw
ljwfdf a/fa/ cl3 a9]sf] b]Vg kfOG5 . pgsf] …lzj :t'ltÚ sljtf ;g\ !($( df k|sfzgdf
cfpF5 . To:t} ;g\ !(%& df …a;fOFÚ pkGof;, !(^* df …ct[KtÚ pkGof;, !(*^ df …a|Xdk'qsf]
5]p5fpÚ / @))* df …k|ltWjlgx¿ lj:d[ltsfÚ pkGof; k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(^! df pgsf]
…c;ddf g]kfnL efiffsf] ;fx|f]ufx|f]Ú gfds ;fgf] lgaGw k|sfzg ePsf] 5 eg] !((& df …k"jf{~rn
ef/tLo g]kfnL syf ;flxTo / kqsfl/tfsf] Oltj[QÚ gfds cg';GwfgfTds n]v klg k|sflzt
ePsf] 5 . To:t} ;g\ !((( df pgsf] …‰ofp/] kf6L{df nfUbfÚ lgjGw k|sfzg eof] eg] ;g\ @)))
df …k"jf]{Q/ ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s lbUbz{gÚ k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .
gf6s / Psfª\sL ljwfdf lgofNbf IfqLsf] …bf]af6f]Ú gf6s sf7df8f}+af6 k|sflzt ePsf]
kfOG5 . km]l/ csf]{ gf6s …z'¿sf] v]nÚ ;g\ !(*& df sf7df8f}+af6} k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g\
!(&* df …dfqÚ Psf+sL gfds s[lt klg k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 .
k'/:sf/÷;Ddfg
nLn axfb'/ IfqLn] cfˆgf] sd{do hLjgdf k|fKt u/]sf k'/:sf/ / ;Ddfg o;k|sf/ 5g\–
O{=;+= !(*# df ……g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng, bflh{lnªaf6 …lbofnf]Ú k'/:sf/, !(*% df klZrd
a+ufn bflh{lnªaf6 …efg'Ú k'/:sf/, !(*& df gofF lbNnLaf6 …;flxTo csfbdLÚ k'/:sf/, ;g\
!(($ df c;d ;/sf/åf/f …;flxlTos k]G;gÚ / @))! df jf/f0f;Laf6 …dbg :df/s
JofVofgdfnfÚ k'/:sf/, sf7df8f}+af6 @))# df …j]blglw k'/:sf/Ú, …l;lSsd ;Ddfg ;Dd]ng
@))$Ú, ufGtf]såf/f ;Ddflgt tyf l;lSsd ;/sf/åf/f dfl;s ;Ddfg k]G;g k|fKt . pgn] kfPsf
cGo ;Ddfg÷k'/:sf/ x'g\–…c;d g]kfnL ;flxTo ;ef k'/:sf/Ú -@))^_, cle–hdfg :d[lt 6«i6
s'j]tsf] …:kGbgÚ ;flxlTos clegGbg cÍ -@)!)_ .
-3_ ljqmdjL/ yfkf
ljqmdjL/ yfkf pQ/k"jL{ d]3fno k|fGtsf Pshgf jl/i7 slj, n]vs, pkGof;sf/,
syfsf/ x'g'sf] ;fy} uLtsf/ / lrqsf/sf lx;fjn] klg w]/} Voflt a6'Ng ;Ifd ;h{s x'g\ . pgsf]

86
hGd @ km/j/L !(%) df lznfªsf] afx| kTy/df ePsf] xf] . lktf :juL{o /3'jL/ yfkf / dftf
:juL{of sf}zNof yfkfsf ;'k'q ljqmdjL/ yfkfn] ;g\ !(^* b]lv !(&! ;Dd @÷% uf]vf{
/fOkmN;df hflu/ vfPsf lyP .
;flxlTos s[ltTj
syf, pkGof;, ;+:d/0f, hLjgL h:tf ljljw ljwfdf snd rnfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTo
e08f/nfO{ ljqmd jL/ yfkfn] 7"nf] u'g nufPsf 5g\ . pgsf] ;g\ !(*# df …ljutsf] kl/j]zleqÚ
pkGof; k|sfzdf cfpF5 . To;kl5 …l6:6f b]lv ;tnh;DdÚ pkGof; !(*^ df / …xTof M /ftf]
8fo/Lsf]Ú gfds ;+:d/0f !(($ df k|sflzt x'G5 .
…aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] df]gfln;fÚ syf ;+sng !((& df k|sfzg ePkl5 ;g\ @))) df
ef/tsf] ;j{>]i7 ;flxTo ;+:yfg …;flxTo csfbdLÚn] k'/:s[t ub{5 pgnfO{ . pgsf] @))& df k'gM
…df6f] af]Nbf] xf]Ú gfds pkGof; k|sfzgdf cfpF5 eg] km]l/ @)!) df hLjgL ;flxTo …dl0fl;+x
u'¿ª\Ú k|sfzg x'G5 .
k'/:sf/÷;Ddfg
ljqmdjL/ yfkfn] g]kfn -sf7df8f}_+af6 ;g\ !(*$ df …/Tg >LÚ k'/:sf/, !((@ df …;|i6f
k'/:sf/Ú k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .
-ª_ 5ljnfn pkfWofo
slj 5ljnfn pkfWofo jt{dfg cf;fd] g]kfnL ;flxTodf 5Gbf]j4 sljtf n]Vg] sljx¿sf
aLr cu|Ld :yfg cf]u6\g ;Ifd slj x'g\ . pgL zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnf cGtu{t lw/fO+dfh'nL ufpFdf
j;f]jf; u/L pRr dfWolds ljBfnodf cWofkg sfo{ ;DxfnL jtd{fgdf ;]jf lgj[Q 5g\ .
;flxlTos s[ltTj–
5ljnfn pkfWofosf] ;g\ !(() df …nLn axfb'/ IfqL tyf pgsf] a|Xdk'qsf] 5]p5fpÚ
pkGof;sf] ;dfnf]rgf k|sfzg ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !(() df g} pgsf] Ps v08sfJo …kjgb"tÚ
k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . k'gM !((! df …cl:tTj jf]wÚ v08sfJo k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !((@ df
lxGbL gf6s …rGb|u'KtÚ sf] cg'jfb k|sfzg ePkl5 ;g\ !((* df ;f]xL s[ltsf nflu pgnfO{
…;flxTo csfbdL cg'jfb k'/:sf/Ú af6 ;Ddflgt ul/of] . To;kl5 ;g\ !((% df pgsf]
Oltxf;d"ns sfJo …sfd¿kfÚ k|sflzt x'G5 eg] ;g\ @))) df …5lj sljtf ;+u|xÚ klg k|sflzt
x'G5 . oL afx]s pgsf] qmdzM …b]jsf]6f dxfsfJoÚ / …zfs'Gtn dxfsfJo M Ps b[li6Ú -;dfnf]rgf_
k|sflzt eO{ c;d]nL g]kfnL ;flxTosf] >Lj[l4df 7"nf] of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 .
-r_ k|f=b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]
efiff, ;flxTo, ;+:s[ltsf k'hf/L k|f=b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] c;d]nL g]kfnL ;flxTofsfzdf Pshgf
pHHjn gIfqdf ulgG5g\ . pgsf] hGd ;g\ !(#& df cf;fdsf] zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnf cGtu{t a"9f
5k8Ldf ePsf] xf] .
k|fylds lzIff a"9f 5k8Ld} ;DkGg u/]sf l3ld/]n] t]hk'/ ;/sf/L ljBfnoaf6 pRr
dfWolds :t/ ;Dk"0f{ u/L lznfªsf] ;]G6 PGyf]lgh sfn]haf6 :gfts l8u|L xfl;n u/] . To;kl5
c;dsf] u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLlt lj1fgdf :gftsf]Q/ l8u|L Pj+ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno,
sf7df8f}+af6 g]kfnL ;flxTodf klg :gftsf]Q/ l8u|L xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ . pgL ;g\ !(^* b]lv b/ª
sn]hsf] g]kfnL ljefuLo k|d'vsf ¿kdf cWofkg/t e} !((& df ;]jflgj[Q ePsf x'g\ .
k|sflzt s[lt–

87
 l3ld/]sf] ;g\ !(*# df Olt j[QfTds s[lt …a"9f 5k8LÚ k|sflzt x'G5 eg] !(*# d} uLt
;+u|x …w'sw'sLÚ k|sfzgdf cfpF5 . To:t} ;g\ !(*^ df ;flxlTos lgaGw ;+u|x …;ldwfÚ, !((# df
sljtf ;+u|x …ztleiffÚ, @))! df …slj k'iknfn pkfWofo M JolQmTj / s[ltTjÚ k|sflzt x'G5 .
;g\ @))# df ;flxlTos lgaGw ;+u|x …;fwgfÚ / ;g\ @))* df …zflGtsf] vf]hLdfÚ sljtf ;+u|x
klg k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . o; afx]s ljleGg ;flxlTos klqsf ;Dkfbgsf] If]qdf klg l3ld/]sf]
cjbfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . !(&@ df …cfFvfÚ klqsf, !(*@ df …slj k'iknfn tyf ;dfh;]jL k|;fb
l;+x ;'Aaf :dfl/sfÚ clg !(*@ d} …zf]l0ftk'/ g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb klqsf …zf]l0ftk'/Ú clg !(*%
df cf;fd uf]vf{ ;Dd]ng klqsf …;Dd]ngÚ, …k|;fb l;+x ;'Aaf :d[lt u|GyÚ, …wgaxfb'/ 9sfn 5]qL
:dfl/sfÚ / @))# df …lszf]/ >]i7 :dfl/sfÚ sf] ;DkfbsTjdf pgL ;+nUg /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
;Ddfg÷k'/:sf/–
b'uf{ k|;fb l3ld/]nfO{ ;g\ @))) df c;d ;/sf/n] …;flxlTos k]G;gÚ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
pgn] …xl/eQm s6'jfn :d[lt k'/:sf/Ú -snf lgs]tg, u'jfxf6L, c;daf6_ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . To:t}
;g\ @)!) sf] !) hgj/Lsf lbg g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb, c;dn] klg pgnfO{ ;flxlTos cjbfgsf]
nflu k'/:s[t u/]sf] 5 .
-5_ uLtf pkfWofo
cf;fd]nL g]kfnL ;flxTo pTyfgdf k|fM uLtf pkfWofosf] cjbfg dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . pgn]
lk5l8Psf] g]kfnL dlxnf ;dfhdf hfu[lt Nofpg cfˆgf] sndsf] hf]8n] EofP;Dd k|of; u/L w]/}
dfqfdf ;Ifd klg ePsL l5g\ .
pgsf] hGd ;g\ !(#( sf] !$ km/j/Lsf lbg zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnfsf] ljxfnL uf+ df}yfgdf
ePsf] xf] . k|fylds lzIff uf+ df}yfg aflnsf ljBfnoaf6 k|fKt u/]sL pkfWofon] ljxfnL
xfO{:s"naf6 k|j]lzsf pQL0f{ ul/g\ . u'jfxf6L ;lGbs} uN;{ sn]haf6 :gfts l8u|L xfl;n u/]kl5
pgL u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLlt lj1fgdf :gftsf]Q/ l8u|L xfl;n ug{ ;kmn eOg\ .
k]zf–
k|f=uLtf pkfWofo c;dsf] lzj ;fu/ sn]hdf lgi7f;fy /fhgLlt lj1fg cWoflksfsf]
sfo{ ;Dxfn]/ !((( ;gsf] km/j/L dlxgfdf ;]jf lgj[Q ePsL x'g\ .
;flxlTos s[ltTj–
k|fWofks uLtf pkfWofosf] ;g\ !(&@ df cg'jfb s[lt …Pg k|m]+ssf] 8fo/LÚ sf] c;dLof
cg'jfb k|sfzgdf cfPsf] xf] . To;}u/L pgLåf/f e/t hËdsf] rlr{t g]kfnL pkGof; …sfnf] ;"o{Ú
c;dLof efiffdf …sÚnf ;"/hÚ gfd lbP/ cg'jflbt eO{ k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . pgsf] ;g\ !(*&
df …efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0fÚ g]kfnLaf6 c;dLof efiffdf cg'jfb eO k|sfzgdf cfpg' dxTjk"0f{ sfo{
ePsf] 5 . ;f] k':ts c;d ;flxTo ;efn] ;g\ !(*& df …efg'eQm/ /fdfo0fÚ gfdn] k|sfzdf
NofPsf] 5 .
pko'{Qm s[lt afx]s klg lgofqf ;flxTodf k|fM uLtf pkfWofon] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsL
5g\ . pgsf] snd g]kfnL / c;dLof b'j} efiffdf a/fa/ rn]sf] kfOG5 .
;Ddfg÷k'/:sf/
k|f=uLtf pkfWofo ;'bL3{ sfn ;flxTo ;]jf / ;flxTo ;+u7g;Fu ;+nUg /xL ;]jf sfo{df
a|tL ePsLn] c;d ;/sf/n] @))# df …;flxlTos k]G;gÚ k|bfg u/]/ ;Ddfg k|bz{g u/]sf] 5 .
-h_ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo

88
 lji0f'nfn pkfWofosf] hGd O{ !(!& sf] !^ h'nfO{sf lbg zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnfsf] ljxfnL
dfhufpFdf ePsf] xf] . k|fylds lzIff laxfnL dfhufpFdf ;Dk"0f{ ePkl5 pgsf] pRr dfWolds
lzIff t]hk'/ ;/sf/L xfO{:s"ndf ;Dk"0f{ x'G5 . To;kl5 u'jfxf6L O6g sn]haf6 :gfts l8u|L
xfl;n u/]sf x'g\ pgn] .
lji0f'nfn pkfWofon] cfkm" :gfts låtLo jif{sf 5fq 5Fbf g} ;j{k|yd ljxfnL xfO:s"ndf
c:yfoL k|wfg lzIfssf lx;fjdf sfo{ lgjf{x u/] . t/ kl5 :yfoL k|wfg lzIfs lgo'Qm ePkl5
k'gM k9fO{ z'¿ u/L ;g\ !($$ df :gfts e} bf];|f] rf]l6 ljxfnL xfO:s"ndf x]8dfi6/ lgo'Qm eP .
;g\ !(%& df lzIfssf] hflu/ 5f]8]/ c;dsf] uxk'/ ;dli6af6 sf+u|]; bnaf6 ljwfossf] r'gfj
lht]/ nuftf/ tLgk6s;Dd sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg ;dy{ eP . pgn] ;g\ !(&* b]lv !(*# ;Dd
ljxfnL ;dli6af6 honfe u/L ljwfossf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNf]sf x'g\ .
;flxTo ;]jf–
lji0f'nfn pkfWofo g]kfnL / c;dLof efiffdf ;dfg ¿kn] snd rnfpg ;Sg] Pshgf
lgi7fjfg\ ;flxTo;]jssf ¿kdf lrlgPsf 5g\ . pgn] hDdf !& j6f s[ltx¿ /rgf u/]sfdf
afx|j6f g]kfnL efiffdf / afFsL kfFr c;dLof efiffdf 5g\ . c;dsf dxfk'?if >LdGt z+s/b]j /
k|Voft :jtGqtf ;]gfgL 5ljnfn pkfWofosf] hLjgL eg] b'j} efiffdf k|sflzt 5g\ . …l6Kkg6fkgÚ
pgsf] kl5Nnf] s[lt dflgG5 . k"jf]{Q/ g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ pgn] u/]sf] cjbfgsf] oy]i7 d"NofÍg
eg] cem} x'g afFsL g} 5 .
;Ddfg÷k'/:sf/–
;g\ !(&# df …ef/tLo :jfwLgtf ;+u|fdL tfd|kq / k]G;gÚ k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd ePsf pkfWofo
;g\ !((# df c;d ;/sf/sf] …;flxlTos k]G;gÚ, …s'nrGb| v08]njfn k'/:sf/Ú / …kbd k|;fb
9'Ëfgf k'/:sf/Ú h:tf ;Ddfg–k'/:sf/n] klg ;'zf]let ePsf 5g\ .
-em_ ls/0f s'df/ /fO{
c;d]nL g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;df ls/0f s'df/ /fO{ Pshgf pboL o'jf slj x'g'sf ;fy}
;kmn cg'jfbssf ¿kdf klg bVvn k|fKt u/]sf ;h{s x'g\ . pgsf] hGd ;g\+ !(^& sf] !#
;]K6]Da/sf lbg bflh{lnªsf] tse/ lrofaf/Ldf ePsf] xf] . pgL /Iff cg';Gwfg sfof{no, t]hk'/,
c;ddf sfo{/t 5g\ .
k|sflzt s[lt–
pgsf] …cfTd ;Ddf]xg / 3fOt] zAbx¿Ú sljtf ;+sng ;g\ !((% df k|sfzg ePsf] 5 .
pgsf] csf]{ u|Gy …zAbl;t ;fOgf] ufF:b}Ú -ef/tLo g]kfnL sljx¿sf] kl/rofTds n]v ;Fufnf]_ n]
g]kfnL ;flxTo e08f/nfO{ cem uxlsnf] kfg{ 7"nf] cjbfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . pgsf k|sflzt cg'jfb
s[ltx¿ …cw{j[Q hLjgofqfÚ -!((&_, …cEoGt/ blIf0f sfd¿ksf]Ú -@)))_ / …cog bz/yLÚ /
…cg'/fwfsf] d'n'sÚ -@))$_ x'g\ .
k'/:sf/÷;Ddfg–
;g\ !((# df slj ls/0f s'df/ /fO{ …;|i6fÚdf k|sflzt pTs[i6 sljtfsf] lglDt …;|i6f
k'/:sf/Ú a6'Ng ;Ifd ePsf lyP . To;}u/L pgn] ;g\ !((( df …cfwf n]vf b:tfj]hÚ -c;dLof
efiff_ sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb …cw{j[Q hLjgofqfÚ sf] lglDt …;flxTo csfbdL cg'jfb k'/:sf/Ú nfe
u/L c;d]nL g]kfnL ;flxTodf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .
-`_ z]/dfg yfkf

89
 c;d]nL g]kfnL ;flxTodf z]/dfg yfkfsf] gfd lr/:d/0fLo 5 . pgsf] hGd ;g\ !($)
sf] km/j/L dlxgfdf zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnf cGtu{t @ g+ lztndf/L lzª\/Ldf ePsf] xf] . pgsf] snd
g]kfnL / c;dLof b'j} efiffdf a/fa/ rn]sf] kfOG5 . …z]if /flt k'jfÚ c;dLof efiffdf n]v]sf]
gf6sn] c;dLof efiffdf yfkfsf] bvn :ki6 kfb{5 . pgsf] g]kfnL efiffdf …kTy/ af]N5Ú pkGof;
!(*@ ;g\df k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . To;kl5 …OGb|]0fL syf ;Fufnf]Ú !(*% df k|sflzt x'G5 . ;fy}
…nx/ syf ;Fufnf]Ú !((% df k|sfz e} lg:sG5 . pgLåf/f /rgf ul/Psf] / ;g\ !((* df
k|sflzt ePsf] …kfFrkft] Psfª\sL ;+sngÚ sf] b'O{j6f ;+:s/0f lgl:s;s]sf] 5 eg] …cfTd :d[ltsf
pknlAwx¿Ú sljtf ;+u|x k|sfzf]Gd'v 5 .
xfdLn] xif{;fy uf}/j cg'ej u/]sf 5f}+Ù o:tf Pshgf ;flxTo ;fwsnfO{ c;d ;/sf/n]
;g\ @))& df ;flxlTos k]G;g lbP/ ;flxTosf] >Lj[l4sf] lglDt xf};nf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
-6_ uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg
uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg k"jf{~rn ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTosf Pshgf ;j{dfGo k|ltef x'g\ .
pgsf] hGd ;g\ !(#% sf] & hgj/Lsf lbg bflh{lnªsf] gfu/L kmfd{df ePsf] xf] . pgn]
k|fylds÷dfWolds lzIff bflh{lnªd} ;Dk"0f{ u/L lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sf7df8f}+af6 g]kfnLdf
:gftsf]Q/ l8u|L xfl;n u/]sf x'g\ .
lzIf0fnfO{ g} k]zf lx;fjdf cFufn]/ uf]kL gf/fo0f k|wfgn] uf]vf{ xfO:s"n, lznfª\df kfFr
jif{ clg ;Gt PGyf]gL sfn]hdf k}+tfnL; jif{ cWofkg u/L cjsfz lnPsf x'g\ .
k|sflzt s[lt–
uf]kLgf/fof0f k|wfgsf] ;g\ !(&% df …;fOns cfO/x]5Ú sljtf ;+u|x k|sfzgdf cfPkl5
!(&* df csf]{ sljtf ;+u|x …o:tf] e"n kf] u/]+5'Ú k|sfzg x'G5 . To;kl5 ;g\ @))) df …ljjt{gÚ
-;dfnf]rgf_ / @))& df …cfsfzn] klg 7fpF vf]lh/x]5Ú -sljtf ;+u|x_ k|sflzt x'G5 . k|sflzt
s[lt tkm{ lgofn]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] k|wfgsf] ;g\ !(&% b]lv @))& ;Dd #@ jif{sf] cjlwdf rf/j6f
s[lt k|sfzg ePsf] kfOG5 . nfdf] cjlw;Dd s[lt ;+Vof eg] yf]/} b]lvPsf] ePklg pgn] cfˆgf
w]/} h;f] ;do g]kfnL ;flxTo ;+;f/sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / >Lj[l4sf lgldQ g} vlr{g] u/]sf] kfOG5
.
pgn] k|fKt u/]sf k'/:sf/÷;Ddfgx¿ x'g\ M–
-s_ ;flxTo ;Dd]ng k'/:sf/ -@))!_
-v_ dbg u'7L JofVofgdfnf k'/:sf/ -!(($_
-u_ kb\d k|;fb 9'Ëfgf k'/:sf/ -@))$_
-3_ ;~ho gf/fo0f :j0f{ kbs -!((*_
-ª_ /Tg>L :j0f{ kbs -!(&%_
-r_ dfOsn dw'';"bg ;Ddfg -@))$_
-5_ cfzaxfb'/ :d[lt k'/:sf/ -@))*_
-h_ kf/;dl0f k|wfg k'/:sf/ -@))*_
-em_ …cfsfzn] klg 7fpF vf]lh/x]sf] 5Ú sljtf ;+sngdf ;flxTo csfbdL k'/:sf/ -@)!)_
-7_ tf/fklt pkfWofo
;g\ !(#$ sf] ^ ck|}nsf lbg a|Xdk'qsf] 6fk' …af6'n] lanÚ df hlGdPsf tf/fklt pkfWofo
lzIfssf] k]zf cFufn]/ ;g\ !(^) b]lv !((@ sf] cS6f]a/ dlxgf;Dd ;'bL3{ sfn lgi7f;fy lzIff
bfg u/]/ cWoIfsf] kbaf6 ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf x'g\ .
90
 ;g\+ !(&& df c;d ;flxTo ;efåf/f c;dLof efiffdf g]kfnL nf]ssyf …gjdLÚ tf/fklt
pkfWofosf] ;+o'Qm n]vs ¿kn] k|sflzt x'G5 . ;g\ @))! df …efiff k|bLkÚ / …bz dxf/yLÚ klg
k|sfzgdf cfpF5 .
;Dkfbgsf] If]qtkm{ x]bf{ …d'lQm bfgÚ, …RofFv]Ú -q}dfl;s_ / …kv]6fÚ cflb klqsf pgsf]
;Dkfbgdf k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ . pgn] ;g\ !(&@ b]lv !(&( ;Dd pbfnu'8L c;d ;flxTo
;efsf] ;efklt / sfo{sf/L ;efkltdf /x]/ lgi7fk"j{s sfo{ ;Dxfn]sf x'g\ . To:t} !(*^ b]lv
!((# ;Dd clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff ;ldlt, c;d /fHo zfvfsf] cWoIf kbdf klg pgL
sfo{/t\ lyP .
c;dsf ;flxTo ;+u7gx¿;Fu ;+nUg /x]sf pkfWofon] c;dLof / g]kfnL efiffdf hDdf
cf7j6f s[lt k|sflzt u/fO;s]sf 5g\ . pkfWofosf] ;flxTo sd{sf] nflu c;d ;/sf/n] pgnfO{
…;flxlTos k]G;gÚ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((# df …ef/tLo g]kfnL /fli6«o kl/ifbÚn] pgnfO{ …efiff
;]gfgLÚ k'/:sf/n] klg k'/:s[t u/]sf] 5 .
6Lsf/fd pkfWofo …lgeL{sÚ
6Lsf/fd pkfWofosf] hGd lznfªsf] 5]p gf]i6]Og eGg] 7fpFdf ;g\ !(#^ sf] @) h'gsf
lbg ePsf] xf] . pgn] k|fylds / dfWolds lzIff ljZjgfy rf/fnL, zf]l0ftk'/df ;Dk"0f{ u/L
xl/ZrGb| sfn]h, jf/f0f;Laf6 :gfts / Onfxfjfb ljZjljBfnoaf6 lxGbLdf Pd=P=u/]sf x'g\ . ;g\
!(*$ b]lv ljZjgfysf] P;=aL sn]hdf lxGbL cWofkssf] ¿kdf hfuL/ nfuL ;g\ !((! df
:j]R5fd"ns cJofxlt lnP/ ;flxTo l;h{gf / ;+u7gsf sfddf g} pgL nfu] .
6Lsf/fd pkfWofosf] snd g]kfnL, lxGbL / c;dLof efiffdf a/fa/ rn]sf] kfOG5 . pgsf
df}lns, cg'lbt tyf ;Dkflbt s[ltx¿ g]kfnL, lxGbL / c;dLof efiffdf o;k|sf/ 5g\\–
g]kfnL df}lns–
-!_ …rDkfÚ -v08sfJo_
-@_ …/fu cg'/fuÚ -uLt ;+u|x_
-#_ …>4f~hlnÚ -sljtf ;+u|x_
-$_ …e|flGtÚ -syf ;+u|x_
-%_ …k"l0f{dfsf] k|]dkqÚ -kq ;+sng_
-^_ …k"l0f{dfÚ -pkGof;_
-&_ …uf]kfn l;+x g]kfnLÚ -ljlgjGw_
cg'lbt–
-!_ …lhK;LÚ -v08 sfJo_
-@_ …k'l:sgsf s]xL sljtfÚ
-#_ …OGb' Ps M laGb' b'OÚ
lxGbLdf–
-!_ …u+ufÚ -v08sfJo_
-@_ …pj{zLÚ -v08sfJo_
c;dLofdf -df}lns_–
-!_ …8fs/ jrgÚ -vf]h_
-@_ …rDks gu// Oltxf;Ú
c;dLofdf -cg'lbt_–
91
gjdL -;+o'Qm ¿kdf_
k'/:sf/÷;Ddfg M–
-!_ ;g\ !(&* df ef/t ;/sf/sf] lzIff / ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnoaf6 km]nf]l;k k|fKt
-@_ ;'bL3{ ;flxTo ;]jf u/]sf] x'gfn] c;d ;/sf/åf/f ;g\ @))@ df ;flxlTos k]G;g k|bfg
-#_ …cd]l/sg afof] u|flkmsn OG:6L6\o"6Ú af6 …d]g ckm b Oo/ @))% 3f]lift .
rfFbdf/L, t]hk'/ -c;d_
kmf]gM (*%(@@!^)@

g]kfnL Pd\=P= pb\3f6gdf u'jfxf6L hf“bf

8f= vu]Gb|k|;fb n'OF6]n

u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6gsf nflu ToxfFsf lgb{]zs 8f=
sGbk{ bf;sf] cfu|xcg';f/ Ps dlxgfclu g} ;do ldnfOPsf] lyof] . To;sf nflu @)^& k';
!& ut] sf7df8f}+af6 uf}xf6Ltk{m k|:yfg ul/of] . a'4 Po/af6 rGb|u9L ljdfg:yndf pqFbf ToxfFsf
k'/fgf ;flxTosf/ r"8fdl0f /]UdL dnfO{ g} s'l//x]sf lyP . pgn] dnfO{ ToxfFaf6 labf u/]kl5 d
b'O{ ah]lt/ kfgL6\ofª\sL k'u]+ . ToxfF dnfO{ lng ptfaf6 ;flxTosf/ nf]sgfy pkfWofo rfkfufO{+
cfpg] s'/f ePsf] lyof] . k"j{kl/lrt gePsf] x'Fbf xfdLn] cfk;L kl/rosf nflu lhp8fn /
n'ufsf] /ª\ atfPsf lyof}+ . d}n] cfkm" cUnf] ePsf] atfPsf] lyPF eg] pgn] cfkm" k'8\sf] ePsf]
atfPsf lyP . b]Vg]]lalQs} xfdLn] Pscsf{nfO{ lrlgxfNof}+ . klxnf] k6s k|ToIf e]63f6 / kl/ro
ePsf nf]sgfy ;]jflgj[Q l;kfxL, pd]/n] kfs} eP klg ul7nf] lhp8fnsf vfOnfUbf /x]5g\ t/
eg]hlt k'8\s}rflx+g} xf]Og . xfdLn] bfh'efOsf] ;fOgf] nufof}+ . ukmufkm ub}{ xfd|f] ofqf clu a9\of]
. pgn] dnfO{ ;f]e}m cfˆg}} 3/df k'¥ofP . pgsf] 3/ l;lnu'8L gk'Ub} ;'>'t gu/ sbdtnf eGg]
7fpFdf /x]5 . ;a} ;Gtfg jl/kl/ g} /x]5g\ . pgsL >LdtL n'OF6]nsL 5f]/L /lx5g\– lbbLefOsf]
;fOgf] nufOxflnof] . pgsf 5f]/f huGgfy tyf 5f]/Lx¿ zf/bf / ef/tLn] dfdf eGg yflnxfn] .
pgsf HjfOF s]bf/ l3ld/] d]/f k'/fgf ljBfyL{ /x]5g\ . o;/L xfd|f] ;fOgf] ;xhtfk"j{s glhls+b} uof]
. a]n'sf lgs} a]/ ukmufkm eof] cg]s ljifodf .
csf]{ lbg df};d lgs} lr;f] lyof] . xfdL pQ/aª\u ljZjljBfno kl/;/ uf8Laf6} 3'Dof}+ .
uf8L s]bf/n] rnfPsf lyP eg] gf/bk|;fb zdf{n] ufO8 u/]sf lyP . ToxfF 3gZofd g]kfn /
eLdsfGt pkfWofo;Fu klg e]63f6 eof] . xfdL gfdaf6 k"j{kl/lrt eP klg cg'xf/af6
gjkl/lrt lyof}+ . g]kfnL ;flxTo / ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxToaf/] s]xL If0f s'/fsfgL eof] .
u'jfxf6Ldf Pd\=P= g]kfnL sfo{qmdsf] k|f/Deaf/] pgLx¿sf b[li6sf]0f a'‰g dnfO{ t s] nf]sgfy
bfOnfO{ klg vf;} cK7\of/f] k/]g . To; lbg a]n'sfsf] vfgf s]bf/sxfF vfOof] . lgs} enfb\dL
kf/fsf s]bf/ / cln g]tf vfnsL >LdtL zf/bfsf b'O{6L 5f]/L /x]5g\ . h]7L 5f]/L Zj]tf lgs}
km;f{OnL /lx5g\ . ToxL+af6 nf]sgfy bfOn] dnfO{ cg]slt/ kmf]g ;Dks{ u/fP . ;do laTg vf;}
;do nfu]g .
csf{] lbg nf]sgfy / s]bf/n] dnfO{ afu8'u|f Pc/kf]6{ k'¥ofP/ labfO u/] . d :kfO;
h]6af6 tLg ah]lt/ u'jfxf6L Pc/kf]6{ plqPF . 8f= zflGt yfkf lgs} a]/b]lv d]/f] k|tLIffdf /lx5g\ .
pgn] dnfO{ ;f]e}m lho' u]:6 xfp;df k'¥ofOg\ . s]xL If0fd} gj ;fksf]6f / uLtf pkfWofox¿ klg

92
cfOk'u] . lgs} a]/ ukmufkm eof] . pgLx¿af6 5'l§Pkl5 d s]xL If0f TolQs} 6xlnPF / vfglkg
u/L g]kfn 6]lnlehg x]b}{ ;'t]+ .
csf{] lbg u'jfxf6L bz{gsf] sfo{qmd /flvPsf] /x]5 . u]:6 xfp;af6 sfdfVoflt/ nfluof] .
o;clu aflx/}af6 bz{g ul/Psf] sfdfVof o;k6s rflx+ leq} uP/ zflGt;Fu bz{g ul/of] . ToxfF
lgwf{l/t /sd lt/]kl5 ;f]e}m bz{g ug{ kfOg] Joj:yf /x]5, ef/tsf cGo dlGb/df klg o:tf]
rng 5 . leq lgs} cFWof/f] sfdfVof dlGb/sf] bz{g u/L aflx/ cfP/ pHofnf]df aQL aflnof] .
To;} lbg e'jg]Zj/L, lt¿klt, jlzi7 u'kmf, kN6g ahf/nufot u'jfxf6Lsf ;a}h;f] bz{gLo :yn
/dfOnf] u/L zflGt;Fu 3'ldof] / vfgf klg zflGt;Fu} vfOof] . u'jfxf6L e|d0faf6 kmls{g]lalQs}
ef/tLo uf]vf{ kl/;ª\3af6 ;Daw{gf sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] /x]5 . kl/;ª\3sf ;efklt k'ikw/
zdf{, sfo{sf/L ;efklt s[i0f e'h]n, gj ;fksf]6fnufot y'k|} k|ltli7t JolQmx¿sf] pkl:yltdf
dnfO{ ;Ddfg ul/of] . ;a}n] ‘lho'df g]kfnL Pd\=P ;~rfngdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] cflb eGb}
v'a k|z+;f u/] eg] dnfO{ lbOPsf] ;Ddfg kqdf klg o:t} s'/f n]lvPsf] lyof] .
k'; @! ut] cyf{t\ hgj/L % . g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6g x'g] lbg . k"j{ lgwf{l/t
;do ;f9] b; ah] g} sfo{qmd ;'? eof] . sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng lgb{]zs 8f= sGbk{ bf; :jo+n] ub}{
oxfF g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngdf 8f= vu]Gb|k|;fb n'OF6]nsf] clt ljlzi6
of]ubfg /x]sf] / of] sfo{qmd k|f/Desf] d"n >]o 8f= n'OF6]nnfO{ g} lbg'k5{ cflb eGb} c;dL /
lxGbL b'O{ efiffdf d]/f] v'a k|z+;f u/] . k|d'v cltlysf] cf;gaf6 pb\3f6g efif0f ug{] a]nf d
g]kfnL, lxGbL, cª\u|]hLdWo] s'g efiffdf af]nf}+ eGg] s'/f ubf{ Pshgf ljBfyL{n] …g]kfnLdf af]Ng'xf];\,
xfdL sf7df8f}+sf] g]kfnL ;'Gg rfxfG5f}Ú elgg\ . d}n] eg]+—…d sf7df8f}+sf] xf]Og g]kfnsf] g]kfnL
af]N5' ÛÚ pb\3f6g efif0fsf qmddf d}n] …dnfO{ lho'n] :k];n sf];{ P8efOh/ agfP/ ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf]
lhDd]jf/L lbPsfn] oxfFsf] kf7\oqmd / kf7\o;fdu|Ldf ePsf /fd|f kIfhlt ;a} tkfO{+x¿sf clg
g/fd|f hlt d]/fÚ eGbf ;a} 5Ss k/] . kf7\oqmd / kf7\o;fdu|L agfpFbfsf c;lhnf, cK7\of/f /
To;df 8f= bf; / 8f= yfkfsf] ljz]if ;xof]u cflb ljleGg ;Gbe{sf] rrf{ ub}{ g]kfnL x'gfsf]
gftfn] d}n] cfˆgf] st{Jo k"/f u/]sf] eGb} pb\3f6g efif0f 6'ª\UofPF . . d]/f] pb\3f6g efif0f
;lsg]lalQs} sfo{qmd ;dfkgsf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . x/]s sfo{qmddf /fhgLlts bnsf 7'6]
g]tfx¿nfO{ hDdf u/]/ asDk'm;] efif0f gu/fO{ gx'g] kl/kf6L ePsf 7fpFsf] dfG5] d t/ ToxfF
d~rdf Pshgf klg /fhgLlts JolQm lyPgg\, af}l4s, k|fl1s JolQmTj dfq lyP . xfdLn] ltgnfO{
ufnL ug{ dfq l;s]sf] t/ ltgsf /fd|f sfdsf] cg's/0f ug{ gl;s]sf]df dnfO{ cfTdUnflg eof] /
dgdf s:tf]s:tf] nflu/Xof] t/ ToxfF To:tf s'/f u/]/ cfˆgf] cfª sGofP/ 5f/f] p8fpg' plrt
lyPg .
sfo{qmdsf] cf}krfl/s pb\3f6gsf] ;dflKtkZrft\ sIffsf] klg pb\3f6g ul/of] . ToxfF
ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf y'k|} ljBfyL{sf] pkl:ylt lyof] / ltgLx¿ w]/} s'/f hfGg pT;'s b]lvGy] .
ltgLx¿sf pT;'stfn] dnfO{ klg cln a9L g} k9fpg pTk|]l/t u¥of] . c;d ;flxTo ;efsf
;efklt &@ jifL{o s]=aL= 5]qL, c;d ;flxTo kl/ifb\sf ;efklt gj ;fksf]6f, ef/tLo uf]vf{
kl/;ª\3sf ;efklt k'ikw/ zdf{ ;a ljBfyL{ lyP . ljleGg ljifodf Pd\=P, Pd\=lkmn ul/;s]sfx¿
klg egf{ ePsf lyP . d}n] ;'?df Psb'O{j6f dfq Snf; lng] ;f]r]sf] lyPF t/ ljBfyL{x¿sf]
pT;'stf / ljZjljBfnosf] ljz]if cfu|xdf Ps xKtf Snf; lnPF . 8fO/]S6/ bf;n] klg ;'?df s]xL
Snf; lnOlbg cfu|x u/]sf lyP t/ kl5 eg] – …v} ljBfyL{x¿ tkfO{+nfO{ 5f]8g} dfGb}gg\, cfkm}+
;f]r]/ lg0f{o ug'{;\ .Ú pgsf] sfd ug]{–u/fpg] z}nL klg cg's/0fLo g} lyof] . s'/f sd / sfd w]/}

93
ug]{, laxfgb]lv a]n'sf;Dd clkm;d} a;L l;;L l6eLaf6 ;ayf]s lg/LIf0f ug]{, cfkm" kª\r'cn x'g]
/ sd{rf/LnfO{ klg cg'zf;gdf /fVg], jfd em'sfpsf eP klg ljZjljBfnodf /fhgLlts uGw
g5g]{, ljZjljBfnosf] ljsf;df bQlrQ eP/ nfUg] s'zn k|zf;s lyP bf;hL . cs}{ b]zsf]
ljZjljBfnodf cfˆgf] efiff;flxTo k9fpFbf dnfO{ 5'§} vfn] /dfOnf]] cg'e"lt eof] . lbge/ sIff
lng] clg sIff ;lsPkl5 ;Ddfg sfo{qmd / e]63f6d} Jo:t x'g] lbgrof{ g} aGof] .
k'; @$ ut] c;d ;flxTo ;efåf/f ToxfFsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{;d]tsf] pkl:yltdf dnfO{
;Ddfg ul/of] . ;efklt s]=aL= 5]qL, d"n ;lrj dbg yfkfnufot y'k|}sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] To;
;Ddfg sfo{qmddf klg …lho'df g]kfnL Pd\=P ;~rfngdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf]Ú eGb} k|z+;fsf]
jiff{ g} ul/Psf] lyof] eg] dnfO{ lbOPsf] clegGbg kqdf klg o:t} s'/f n]lvPsf] lyof] . To;
sfo{qmddf d}n] klg cg]s ljifodf nfd} efif0f 7f]s]+ .
k'; @% ut] d]/f] hGdlbg ePsf] s'/f laxfg} 5f]/L Ce'n] kmf]g u/]kl5 dnfO{ ;Demgf eof]
. d sIffdf k:bf af]8{df …8f= vu]Gb|k|;fb n'OF6]nnfO{ hGdlbgsf] xflb{s z'esfdgf’ eGg] n]lvPsf]
lyof] . v} pgLx¿nfO{ of] s'/f s;/L yfxf eof], dnfO{ yfxf ePg . ;+of]u g} egf} 8f= zflGt
yfkfsf] hGdlbg klg To;} lbg /x]5 . xfdL b'j}sf nflu Tof] hLjgsf] klxnf] ;+of]u lyof] . xfdLn]
Pscsf{df z'esfdgf / pkxf/ cfbfgk|bfg u¥of}+ . o:tf] cgf}7f] ;+of]u xfd|f nflu dfq xf]Og
;a}sf nflu cgf}7} lyof] . tdfd ljBfyL{ / cGon] ;d]t xfdLnfO{ ld7fO / ljleGg pkxf/;lxt
z'esfdgf lbP/ hGdlbg dgfP . To;lbgsf] nGr c;d ;flxTo kl/ifb\sf ;efklt tyf d]/f j[4
ljBfyL{ gj ;fksf]6fn] /fd}| xf]6ndf nu]/ u/fP . To;} lbg a]n'sf clvn c;d uf]vf{ 5fq ;ª\3n]
d]/f] ;Ddfg clegGbg u¥of] . To; sfo{qmddf ljBfyL{ ;ª\u7gsf ;efklt hubLz vgfn, 8f=
zflGt, 8f= vu]gnufot y'k}|sf] pkl:ylt lyof] . ljBfyL{ g]tfx¿n] klg lho'sf] g]kfnL Pd\=P=
sfo{qmd;Fu} hf]8]/ d]/f] cEoy{gf u/] . lbglbg} u]:6 xfp;df x'g] sfo{qmd / dflg;x¿sf]
cfjthfjt b]Vbf ToxfFsf sd{rf/L / c¿ cfuGt'sx¿ klg 5Ss ky{]=== .
k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;docg';f/ g} k'; @^ ut] sfo{qmdsf] ;dfkg ug'{ lyof] . ljBfyL{x¿n] ToxfF
klg ljz]if ;Ddfg sfo{qmd /fv]sf /x]5g\ . ToxfF d]/f ;Ddfgdf JoQm u/]sf zAb / dnfO{ lbPsf]
clegGbg kqdf n]lvPsf zAbaf6 d lgs} efjljef]/ ePF . d}n] ;du| sfo{qmdaf/] nfd} efif0f ub}{
sfo{qmd ;kmn kfg{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbPF . ;a}n] o; sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf] >]o
dnfO{ dfq lbO/x]sf a]nf d}n] …To;sf] >]o svudf /x]sf]Ú eGbf ;a} 5Ss k/] . s cyf{t\ sGbk{,
v cyf{t\ vu]Gb|, u cyf{t\ uLtfy{sf] ;s[otfaf6 of] sfo{qmd ;kmn ePsf] / o; sfo{qmdnfO{
;kmn t'Nofpg 8f= zflGt yfkfsf] ljlzi6 e"ldsf /x]sf] eGb} pgsf] gfd a]7Ls ePsfn] ca
qmflGt /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGbf tfnLsf] u8\u8fx6 / xfF;f]sf] kmf]x/f 5'6\of] . 8fO/]S6/ 8f=sGbk{
bf;n] klg d]/f] of]ubfgsf] k|z+;fdf lgs} ;do vr{ u/] . sfo{qmd ;+of]hs 8f=zflGt yfkfn]
…lho'df g]kfnL Pd\=P= :yfkgf 8f=n'OF6]nsf] of]ubfgaf6 dfq ;kmn ePsf] / pxfFsf] ;xof]u
gePsf] eP of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'Fb}gYof]Ú eGg]h:tf s'/f u/L d]/f] lgs} k|z+;f ul/g\ . tLg lbg]
l;nf]ª sfo{qmdsf nflu dnfO{ lng cfOk'u]sf 6]sgf/fo0f pkfWofo klg sfo{qmddf ;l/s lyP .
ljb]zL ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ;KtfxJofkL sIff d]/f nflu gf}nf] cg'ej
lyof] . k"/} lbg zflGt sIffd} al:yg\ . d}n] eg]sf s'/f a]nfa]nf af]8{df n]lVyg\ . pgL dnfO{
u]:6xfp;af6 lho' k'¥ofpg], b'O{ ah]lt/ nGr vfg nfg] dfq xf]Og d]/f nflu sIffd} vfg] kfgL
;d]t NofOlblGyg\ . aLraLrdf sfof{noLo sfd;d]t EofpFlyg\ . pgL d]/f] sIff lng] tl/sfaf6
lgs} k|efljt ePsf] / y'k|} s'/f l;s]sf] atfpFlyg\ . lvl/nf] HofgsL zflGt ;fFlRrs} k'mlt{nL /

94
sfdk|lt nugzLn /lx5g\ . sltko lh2L :jefj eP klg pgsf] ;+of]hg sfo{sf}zn / v6fOsf
clu lh2Lkg lkmSsf b]vfk5{ . h] xf];\ ToxfF Ps xKtf lgs} /dfOnf];Fu laTof] / d}n] To;nfO{
hLjgsf] clj:d/0fLo 36gfsf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5' .
l;nf]ªsf] sfo{qmd ;sL k'; #) ut] laxfg b; ah] 6]sgf/fo0fn] dnfO{ u'jfxf6L
NofOk'¥ofP . xfd|f] k"j{of]hgfd'tflas b/ª sn]hsf] sfo{qmd pb\3f6gdf hfg' lyof] . dnfO{ ToxfF
nfg] lhDdf lho'sf k"j{ 6«]h// tyf Joj:yfkg ljefusf k|f=8f= x]drGb| uf}tdn] lnPsf lyP .
ToxL sfo{qmds} nflu pgn] d]/f] Kn]g l6s6 klg ;fl/lbPsf lyP . pgsf Sjf6{/df rfd|] vfO{ !@
ah]lt/ pgsL >LdtL / efOsL 5f]/L nf]lxtf;lxt xfdL af6f] nfUof}+ . pgn] ;':t/L uf8L rnfpFb}
ljleGg 7fpF b]vfpFb} nu] . aLr af6f]df 6fo/ kª\r/ eP/ s]xL If0f /f]lsg' k/] klg ofqf lgs}
/fdfOnf] lyof] . pgsf] k'/fgf] 3/ l;ª\/L eP klg oltv]/ l9lsofh'nLdf a:bf /x]5g\ . % ah]lt/
pgsf 3/df k'luof] . pgsf *$ jifL{o lktf k|hfklt zf:qL To; If]qsf lgs} k|ltli7t JolQm
/x]5g\ . ;dfh ;]jfdf ljz]if ?lr /fVg] zf:qLn] ljBfno, dlGb/, kf6L, kf}jf, wf/f cflb agfpg
lgs} 7"nf] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf /x]5g\ . n]vgdf klg ?lr ePsf zf:qLsf b'O{j6f lstfa klg k|sflzt
/x]5g\ . pgsL cfdf eg] uf}k|f0fL . zf:qL bDktLsf rf/ efO 5f]/f . h]7f] x]d;fu/ u'jfxf6Llt/}
s'g} 7"nf] sfuh pBf]udf sfd ubf{ /x]5g\ . pgsf b'O{ ;Gtfg ;lrtf / jf;'b]j . dflxnf] x]drGb|
Joj:yfkgsf k|fWofks, ljifout y'k|} k':tssf n]vs clg lho'sf 6«]h//;d]t eO;s]sfn] logsf]
To; If]qdf kx'Fr / k|lti7f b'j} pRr /x]5 . lho'df g]kfnLdf Pd\=P= Nofpgdf klg pgsf] lgs}
7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] a'[lemof] . s;}nfO{ yfxf glbO{ leqleq} sfd kmQ] ug{] :jefjsf x]drGb| lgs}
ldng;f/ / eb| JolQmTjsf wgL /x]5g\ . pgsL >LdtL klg hf]8L ldNg] g} /lx5g\ . k"gfdf k9\g]
5f]/L lgj]lbtf lax'df 3/ cfpg gkfP/ lrlGtt eO{ l5gl5gdf kmf]g ul//xlGyg\ . ;flx+nf] 3gZofd
:yfgLo ljBfnodf k9fpFbf /x]5g\ . pgsf nf]lxtf / lul//fh gfds b'O{ ;Gtfg . 5f]/L nf]lxtf
lgs} xFl;nL . ltgL sn]h k9\g] eP klg ;jf, kf}g] / c9fO{sf] e]b cln a'l‰b/lxgl5g\ . a]nfa]nf
Tof] xfF;f]sf] ljifo aGYof] . cln 6f9fsf] sn]hdf k9fpg] sfG5f] cd/ lgs} Hofgbf/ / lbnbf/ klg
. pgsf b'O{ ;Gtfg bLlIftf / ldlyn]z . lax'df e]nf ePsf] lgs} 7"nf] uf}td kl/jf/sf ;fy v'a
/dfOnf] u/L lax' dgfOof] .
k|;ª\u lax'sf] . lax' c;d If]qsf] 7"nf] kj{ /x]5, ;fj{hlgs 5'§L g} lbg] vfnsf] . lax'
jif{df tLgk6s kbf{] /x]5— ef]ufnL lax' -df3] ;ª\qmflGt_, /ª\ufnL lax' -j}zfv] ;ª\qmflGt_ /
sª\ufnL lax' -sflQs] ;ª\qmflGt_ . vfg] kj{sf ¿kdf /x]sf oL lax'dWo] ;aeGbf a9L vfg] lax'
ef]ufnL lax' /x]5 cfk"m To;}df kl/of] . htf uof] ltn / gl/jnsf n8\8', lk7f, df5fdf;' cflb
cg]s kl/sf/ vfg'kg{] . d o:tfdf plt afgL gk/]sf] dfG5] s]xL lbg t x}/fg} ePF t}klg clncln
vfFb} lx+8]+ . x]drGb|hLn] dnfO{ y'k|} 7fpF 8'nfP . pgn] hxfFhxfF k'¥ofP tL ;a} cfkmGth:t} nfUy] .
g]kfnL hflt eg]kl5 d]/f nlu ;a} cfkmGt . To;df klg otflt/sf ljleGg ;fyLefOsf cfkmGt
To;} cfkmGt x'g] g} eOxfn] . lbge/ 3'd3fd u/L a]n'sf lgs} a]/ 3/fo;L jftfj/0fdf cfuf] tfk]/
al;of] .
csf{] lbg laxfg} xfdL l;ª\/Ltk{m nfUof}+ u'Kt]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] bz{g ug{ . Tof] To; 7fpFsf]
cg]s ls+jbGtL hl8t k|l;4 dlGb/ /x]5 . d]/f k'/fgf r]nf /~hg clwsf/L / ldq 8f= x[bo
sf]O/fnfsf 3/df klg k'luof], af]nfPhlt ;a} 7fpFdf k'Ug ;lsPg . To; lbg d]/} k|d'v cfltYodf
To; If]qs} lgs} k|ltli7t / ;DkGg JolQm u0f]z g]jf/sxfF ljz]if ldl6ª /flvPsf] lyof] .
P;\=Pn\=;L=sf] Pp6} Aofrsf ;fyLx¿ /Tg g]jf/, lxd;fu/ pkfWofo, t]h/fh 5]qL, 6]saxfb'/ 5]qL,

95
/f]lx0fLs'df/ ;'tf/, ;'rGb| bf; cflb ldn]/ cfk"mn] k9]sf] l;ª\/L dfljsf ;]jflgj[Q lzIfsnfO{
;Daw{gf ug{] of]hgf agfO{ Tof] ldl6ª cfof]hgf ul/Psf] /x]5 . d}n] klg ljleGg /fo;Nnfx lbPF .
;a Ps ;] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ kbdf k'u]sf JolQmx¿sf] Pscsf{nfO{ tF eGg] :t/sf] ldqtf ;fFRr}
nf]enfUbf] lyof] . To; sfo{qmddf klg dnfO{ ljz]if ;Ddfg ul/of] . ldl6ª ;lsPkl5 xfdLn] vfgf
ToxL+ vfof}+ . u0f]z g]jf/sf c;dL / g]kfnL u/L b'O{j6L >LdtL ePsf] s'/f pgn] ;xhtfk"j{s
atfP . vfglkgkZrft\ xfdL uf}tdhLsxfF k'u]/ t]hk'/tk{m k|:yfg u¥of}+ . aLr af6f]lt/ st}
b'36{gfsf sf/0f af6f] aGb ePsf] yfxf kfPkl5 xfdL kmls{of}+ . a]n'sf y'k|}lt/ lgDtf lyof] t/ st}
uOPg=== .
csf{] lbg laxfg} xfdL t]hk'/tk{m nfUof}+ . uf}tdhL To; 7fpFdf klg k"/} kl/lrt /x]5g\ .
pgn] dnfO{ ltgLx¿s} cfu|xdf t]hk'/sf jof]j[4 ;dfh;]jL cd/gfy e§/fO{, ;flxTosf/
1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL / uLtf pkfWofosxfF klg k'¥ofP . ToxfF klg km'nf]d ufdf];f cf]9fpg afFsL /fv]gg\
. To; /fHosf] ljwfg ;efWoIf 6ª\saxfb'/ /fO{sxfF eg] hfg EofOPg . oL ljleGg 7fpF 3'dfpFb}
uf}tdhLn] dnfO{ g]kfnLk§L eGg] 7fpFdf cjl:yt hogf/fo0f n'OF6]nsxfF k'¥ofP . pgL xfd|}
k|tLIffdf /x]5g\ . eJofsif{s Hofg / cUnf] sbsf hogf/fo0fsf] JolQmTj s'g} uf]/f d'n'ssf
ux'Fuf]/f ljb]zLh:t}=== . /fhgLlt zf:qsf ;]jflgj[Q k|fWofks n'OF6]n b/ª sn]hsf] g]kfnL
ljefusf ;+:yfks k|fWofks /x]5g\ . pgsL >LdtL gofFb]jL klg ;]jflgj[Q lzIfs . b'j}hgf To;
If]qsf k|ltli7t ;flxTosf/ klg . 5f]/fa'xf/L, 5f]/LHjfO{+ ;a} ljb]zlt/} . 7"nf] 3/df tL b'O{ /
gfltgL ozf]w/f a:bf /x]5g\ . vfglkg u/]/ gftf s]nfpg yflnof] . pgsf / d]/f xh'/af bfh'efO
/x]5g\ . xfdL klg bfh'efO eOxfNof}+ . …ptf a:g sl7g eP ot} cfP/ c+z lng' knf{, 3/ klg k'Ug]
vfnsf] 7"n} /x]5Ú egL 7§f ul/of] . pgn] klg 7§}7§fdf …cfwf 3/ lbg]Ú atfP . cflv/ tL ;a}
uk}m t lyP lg . b]z vfO{ z]if ePsf n'OF6]nsxfF rflx+ g]6 klg rnfOFbf] /x]5= . d}n] lgs} lbgkl5
aNn d]n r]s ug{] df}sf kfPF .
To; lbg k'iknfn :d[lt cWoog uf]i7L gfds ;+:yfaf6 dnfO{ ;Daw{gf ug{] of]hgf
agfOPsf] /x]5 . hogf/fo0f bDktL, ldqnfn pkfWofo, b]jLk|;fb pkfWofo, huGgfy pkfWofo,
sdnfb]jL, nfj0ob]jL, d's'Gb rfkfufO{+, d'lQm n'OF6]n, v]dfgGb ld> cflbsf] pkl:yltdf cToGt
;f}xfb|{k"0f{ jftfj/0fdf ;Daw{gf sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . kfgL k/]/ at/ -df};d_ lrl;Psf] eP klg
dnfO{ To;n] vf;} c;/ u/]g . a]n'sf Psl5g ukmufkm ug{] ;f]rfO lyof] t/ rf/}lt/af6 kmf]g
cfO/x]sfn] w]/} ukm ug{ EofOPg . Totfsf] df]afOn ;f/} ;:tf] clg s'/f ul//x]s} a]nfdf klg
ld:8 sn cfpg] ePsfn] NofG8nfOgsf] k|of]u plt xF'bf] /x]g5 . ljZjgfy rf/fnL, sfla{cfªnfª,
l8uaf]O{nufot ck/ c;dsf] lgs} 6f9f6f9f;Dd dnfO{ nfg nfnflot lyP, dnfO{ klg hfg] dg
gnfu]sf] xf]Og t/ o;k6s Jo:t sfo{qmdn] ubf{ EofOPg . x]/f}+ csf{] k6s s]s:tf] x'G5 <
csf{] lbg b/ª sn]hdf pb\3f6g sfo{qmd lyof] . @@ j6f ljefu / $%)) hlt ljBfyL{
ePsf] Tof] ef/ts} lgs} k'/fgf] sn]h /x]5, ;g\ !($% df :yflkt . ToxfFsf lk|lG;kn 8f=
hozª\s/ xhfl/sf, cfO8f]n ;+of]hs ljwfg a/f, hogf/fo0f n'OF6]nnufotn] dnfO{ SofDk;sf
dxŒjk"0f{ 7fpFx¿ b]vfP . lgs} Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;~rflnt To; sn]hdf k'm6an / lqms]6 v]Ng]
lgs} 7"nf] d}bfg klg=== . To; sn]hsf] :yfkgfdf zf]l0ftk'/sf] Ps clzlIft g]kfnL k|e'/fd
sfsL{sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] s'/f d}n] w]/}sf d'vaf6 klxn] g} ;'lg;s]sf] lyPF . sn]h :yfkgfy{
s]xL rGbf dfUg pgsf 3/df k'u]sf dfG5]nfO{ pgn] l;ª\uf] sn]h agfpg} k'Ug]u/L kfFr xhf/ lbg]

96
jrg lbP5g\ . s]xL lbgkl5 af]/fel/ rfFbLsf df]x/ ;fOsndf xfn]/ ToxL+ NofOlbP5g\ . kl5 yk
;xof]u klg u/]5g\ . of] sNkgfeGbf aflx/sf] 36gfsf ¿kdf ;asf d'vd'vdf e'mlG8Psf] /x]5 .
cF, k|;ª\u pb\3f6g sfo{qmdsf] . g]kfnL ljefusf k|d'v v]dfgGb ld>sf] pb\3f]if0f /
lk|lG;kn hozª\s/ xhfl/sfsf] ;efkltTjdf pb\3f6g sfo{qmd ;'? eof] . ToxfF klg ;j{k|yd
;Daw{gf g} ul/of] . pb\3f6g efif0fsf qmddf d}n] cGo s'/fsf ;fy} k|e'/fd sfsL{sf] of]ubfgsf]
s'/f klg p7fPF . …olt k'/fgf] sn]hsf] ;+:yfkssf] st} ;flns xf]nf / c¿ hLljt
;flnsx¿;Fue}m+ pgsf] klg ;flns 5]pdf a;]/ kmf]6f] lvRg kfOPnf pgsf gfddf s'g} ejg
xf]nf eG7fg]sf] t/ cfk"mn] o:tf] s]xL gb]v]sf] clg csf{]k6s cfpFbf o:tf] cj;/ kSs} kfpg]
ck]Iff u/]sf]Ú eGg] s'/f d}n] atfpFbf ;efdf lgs} a]/ tfnLsf] u8u8fx6 dlRrof] . kl5
lk|lG;knn] klg …of] ;f/} /fd|f] s'/f xf], otflt/ xfd|f] Wofg uPsf] /x]g5, d of] sfd kSs} u5'{Ú eGg]
k|lta4tf JoQm u/] . d k|lta4tf k'/f0f ;'gLn]vL ;s]sf] dfG5] . otfsf xfd|f k|lta4tfaf/] eGg}
kb{}g t/ Totfsf] k|lta4tf otfsf] h:tf] x'Fb}g /], k"/f x'G5 /] eGg] ;'g]/ d k|;Gg ePF . ToxfF
k|e'/fdsf] ;flns aGg' eg]sf] g]kfnL hfltsf] of]ubfg lg¿lkt x'g' lyof] / Tof] tdfd g]kfnL
hfltsf nflu uf}/jsf] ljifo klg lyof] . pb\3f6g sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 lk|lG;knn] xfdLnfO{ c;dL
vfg]s'/f v'jfpg] egL lnˆ6 r9]/ hfg'kg{] lgs} cUnf] xf]6ndf nu] . ToxfFaf6 t]hk'/ ahf/ k"/}
b]lv+bf] /x]5 . vfgf vfP/ kmls{Pkl5 sIff pb\3f6g eof] . ToxfF klg ljBfyL{ TolQs} pT;flxt
lyP=== .
To; lbg a]n'sf c;d ;flxTo ;ef zf]l0ftk'/n] rfFbdf/L eGg] 7fpFdf ljz]if ;Ddfg
sfo{qmd /fv]sf] /x]5 . rGb|dl0f pkfWofo, v8uaxfb'/ sf}lzs, bLggfy lg/f}nf, df]xg ;'j]bL
3gZofd ltdl;gf, b]jsLb]jL, b'uf{b]jL, em/gfb]jL, ;ljtf ch{]n, u0f]z kf}8]n, ;Gtf]if bfxfn cflb
y'k|}sf] pkl:yltdf ;DkGg To; sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng v]dfgGb ld>n] u/]sf lyP . pgLnufot
;a}n] …g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmdsf] :yfkgfdf 8f= n'OF6]nsf] ct'ngLo of]ubfg /x]sf] / pxfFs} sf/0f
cfh of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] clg k|e'/fd sfsL{sf] s'/f p7fOlbP/ xfdLnfO{ yk u'g nufPsf]Ú
cflb eGb} d]]/f] k|z+;fdf zAbj[li6 g} u/] . d}n] klg g]kfnL hflt / efiffsf nflu s]xL ;xof]u ug{
kfPsf]df v';L JoQm u/]+ eg] g]kfnL hfltsf uf}/j k|e'/fdsf] ;Demgfdf g]kfnL hfltn] s]xL
gu/]sf]df lrGtf JoQm u/]+ . a]n'sf 3gZofdsxfF vfgf vfO{ hogf/fo0fsxfF k'u]/ ;'ltof] .
csf{] lbg laxfg v]dfgGbsxfF vfgf vfO{ sn]h uOof] / Snf; lnOof] . lbpF;f] ldqb]j zdf{
/ 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qLn] dnfO{ ToxfFsf kfs{, dlGb/ cflb ;a} /d0fLo 7fpF 3'dfP . a]n'sf c;d ;flxTo
kl/ifb\ t]hk'/n] xl/x/wfd rfFbdf/Ldf ;Ddfg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] /x]5 . b'uf{k|;fb
pkfWofosf] ;efkltTjdf ;~rflnt To; sfo{qmddf To; kl/ifb\sf k"j{;efkltx¿ k|f= b'uf{k|;fb
l3ld/], k|f= 6Lsf/fd pkfWofo lgeL{s, k|f= uLtf pkfWofosf ;fy} k|f= d'Qmfb]jL -cy{zf:qsL eP/
klg s]xL ;do g]kfnL ljefudf k9fPsL_ ldqb]j zdf{, j;'Gw/f zdf{, 5ljnfn pkfWofo, an/fd
pkfWofo, l8NnL/fd vgfn, s';'d]Zj/L b]jL, hogf/fo0f, 3gZofdnufotsf JolQmx¿ pkl:yt
lyP . ToxfF dnfO{ 5Gbf]a4 sljtfdf :jfut / ;Daw{gf ul/of] clg d]/f af/]df n]lvPsf] sljtf g}
;Daw{gf kqsf ¿kdf lbOof] . ToxfF klg ;a}n] …lho'sf] Pd\=P= g]kfnL sfo{qmdsf nflu 9'ª\uf]
vf]Hbf b]ptf ldn]sf], of] sfo{qmd tkfO{+s} of]ubfgaf6 ;kmn ePsf], xfdL C0fL 5f}+Ú cflb eGb}
;Daw{gf u/] . b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] lq=lj= :yfkgfsfns} g]kfnLsf ljBfyL{ /x]5g\ . pgn] lq=lj= df
cfk"m k9\bfsf] k|;ª\u sf]§ØfpFb} …lho'df g]kfnL Pd\+=P= :yfkgfdf 8f=n'OF6]nsf] of]ubfg clåtLo
/x]sf] / o;nfO{ c;djf;Ln] slxNo} ge'Ng]Ú cflb eGb} d]/f] v'a k|z+:ff u/] . 6Lsf/fdhLn]

97
…sf7df8f}+df e]6\g] k|of; ubf{ klg ;Dej gePsf] t/ oxL+ e]6\g kfPsf]df uf}/j nfu]sf]Ú s'/f atfP
. ToxfFsL k|ltli7t cu|h ;flxTosf/ uLtf pkfWofon] lho's} k|;ª\u lgsfn]/ d]/f] k|z+;f ub{} o;
If]qdf Pp6f g]kfnL k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf] atfOg\ . j;'Gw/f zdf{n] lgs} efj's
eP/ …cfk"mn] olt 7"nf] ljåfg\ b]j/ kfPsf]Ú eGb} clegGbg ubf{ d klg efph" kfPsf]df lgs} efj's
ag]sf] lyPF . ToxfF pkl:yt ;a}n] pb\3f6g sfo{qmddf k|e'/fd sfsL{sf] k|;ª\u sf]§ØfOlbPsfdf
k|;Ggtf JoQm ub{} c;d ;flxTo kl/ifb\ / ;ef b'j}sf cWoIf tkfO{+s} ljBfyL{ ePsfn] oL b'j}
;+:yfnfO{ Ps agfpg dWo:ytf ul/lbgÚ ;d]t cfu|x u/] . …r''Sof{OF ug'{ / k'm6\g' xfdL g]kfnL
hfltsf] k}t[s ;DklQ ePsf] / clg cfk"m ldg]6ldg]6df k'm6\g] / k'm6fpg] b]zsf] afl;Gbf ePsfn]
oxfF b'O{j6f ;ª\u7g x'g' vf;} cgf}7f] gnfu]sf] t/ dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf c¿sf] x]kfOaf6 hf]lug
oxfFrflx+ ldNg' g} /fd|f] xf], o;sf nflu d csf{] k6s cfpFbf k|oTg u5'{Ú eGbf ;a}n] tfnL ahfP/
k|;Ggtf JoQm u/] . d}n] …l6o' g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu g]kfnL ljifosf nflu cS;kmf]8{, SoflDa|h ;a
ePsf] / cfk"m ToxL+af6 cfO{ lho'df g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu ;xof]u ug{
kfPsf]df v';L nfu]sf]Ú s'/f bf]xf]¥ofPF . sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 Psl5g 3'd3fd ul/of] / ldqb]jsxfF
vfgf vfO{ hogf/fo0fsxfF kms{]/ ;'ltof] .
csf{] lbg laxfg ToxfFaf6 1fgkL7 l8u|L sn]h lgsf;Lsf] sfo{qmdsf nlu k|:yfg ug'{ lyof]
. dflg; dfq xf]Og df};d klg labfOdf lj/lQmPem}+ nfUYof] . l;dl;d] kfgL kl//x]sf] lyof] . d]/f]
labfOsf nflu afofF6f rf/fnL;Dd 3gZofd cfPsf lyP . lgsf;Laf6 cfO8f]nsf ;+of]hs
tkgrGb| slnt, g]kfnL ljefusf k|d'v rGb| l3ld/], g]kfnL lzIfs /lj clwsf/L / cle kf7s
uf8L lnP/ dnfO{ lng cfPsf lyP . ToxfFaf6 lgsf;L cln 6f9} /x]5 . a]n'sf e'6fgs} 5]pdf
/x]sf] /lj clwsf/Lsf 3/df al;of] . ToxfF a]nfa]nf aQL hfFbf] /x]5 . d w]/h;f] aQL hfg] /fi6«sf]
klg /fhwfgLsf] afl;Gbf . To;n] dnfO{ plt c;/ kfg{] s'/} ePg . lgs} ylst ePsfn] a]n'sf
cln l56} lgbfOof] .
csf{] lbg laxfg vfgf vfO{ 1fgkL7 l8u|L sn]h k'luof] . d ToxfF k'Ubf sn]hsf ;a}
kbflwsf/Lx¿ d]/} :jfutdf k|tLIff/t lyP . ltgLx¿n] d]/f] eJo :jfut u/] / sn]hsf ;a}h;f]
7fpF b]vfP . ToxfF d]/f] ;Ddfgdf t'nAofg/;lxt eJo sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] /x]5 . To;kl5
;Ddfg sfo{qmd k|f/De eof] . sn]hsf k|]l;8]G6 bofgGb e08f/L, efO; lk|lG;kn cldt zdf{,
cfO8f]n sf]cl8{g]6/ tkgrGb| slnt, h'lgo/sf lk|lG;kn k|]dk|;fb pkfWofo, uelg{ª a8Lsf
;b:o t?0f zdf{, af]8f]sf ljefuLo k|d'v dG6' /fdfl;of/L, cª\u|]hLsf k|d'v /Dofg slntf,
cy{zf:qsf pTkn 8]sf, c;dLofsf lxdfgL xfnf]O{, k/d]Zj/L bf;nufot lzIfs, ljBfyL{ /
cleefjsx¿sf] pkl:yltdf lgs} eJo ;Ddfg sfo{qmd ul/of] . dnfO{ ToxfF ;a} ljefuLo
k|d'vx¿af6 hftLo ;+:s[ltcg'¿ksf cg]s pkxf/ k|bfg ul/of] . dnfO{ sn]hsf] nfOa|]/Laf6
ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTo gfds k':ts;d]t pkxf/ lbOof] . dnfO{ ToxfF lbOPsf v/fO,
hfkLnufotsf pkxf/ d}n] Nofpg ;lsg, kl5 pgLx¿n] sf7df8f}+d} k7fOlbP . l;ª\uf] sn]hs}
tkm{af6 ul/Psf] Tof] ;Ddfg sfo{qmddf klg …g]kfnL Pd\=P=sfo{qmdsf] :yfkgfdf 8f= n'OF6]nsf]
ljlzi6 of]ubfg /x]sf]Ú eGg] s'/f ;a}n] atfP . g]kfnL efifLOt/ ;d'bfoaf6 ;d]t xflb{stfk"j{s
;Ddfg ul/+bf dnfO{ lgs} efj's t'Nofof] . d}n] ltgLx¿sf] ;b\efjk"0f{ lqmofsnfksf] d'Qms07n]
k|z+;f u/]+ . ;Ddfg sfo{qmdsf] nuQ}kl5 d}n] lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / :yfgLo a'l4hLjLnufotsf 7"nf]
;d"xsf aLr nfd} efif0f 7f]s]+ . pgLx¿n] /fv]sf lh1f;faf/] klg lgs} a]/ af]n]+ . sfo{qmd
;lsPkl5 a]n'sflt/ :yfgLo ljleGg 7fpFsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f ul/of] .

98
 csf{] lbg c;d ;flxTo kl/ifb\ lgsf;Låf/f ;Ddfg sfo{qmd /flvPsf] /x]5 . ToxfF To:tf
sfo{qmdnfO{ …kl/ro kj{Ú klg eGbf /x]5g\ . zflGt/fd kf]v/]nsf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGg To;
sfo{qmddf sn]hsf k|]l;8]G6 bofgGb e08f/L, ab|L u'/fufO{+, rGb| l3ld/], /lj clwsf/L, o'jf g]tf
kLtfDa/ kf7s, u0f]z 5]qL, u'?k|;fb sf]O/fnf, lbn uf}td, 6Lsf/fd l3ld/], cle kf7snufot y'k|}
g]kfnL dlxnfk'?ifx¿sf] pkl:ylt lyof] . v's'/L;lxtsf] sfnf] 6f]kL, k"mna'§] ufDrf,
clegGbgkq;lxt ul/Psf] To; ;Ddfg sfo{qmddf klg g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmd;Fu hf]8]/ d]/f]
k|z+;f ug{ afFsL /fv]gg\ .
sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 dnfO{ e'6fg 3'dfpg n}hfg] of]hgf agfOPsf] /x]5 . zflGt/fd kf]v/]n,
kLtfDa/ kf7s, Pjgf/fo0f kf7s, u0f]z 5]qL, rGb| l3ld/] / /lj clwsf/L;lxt xfdL e'6fgtk{m
nfUof}+ . v}/]gL gfds lgs} km/flsnf] au/ kf/ u/]/ hfg'kg{] /x]5 . avf{ ofddf kfune}m+ af9L
cfpg] x'Fbf To;nfO{ …kunf vf]nfÚ klg elg+bf] /x]5 . xfdL b'O{ ah]lt/ e'6fg u]6 k'Uof}+ . To; lbg
e'6fgdf :yfgLo r'gfjsf sf/0f u]6 aGb ul/Psf] /x]5 . xfdLn] 6f9}af6 e'6fg x]¥of}+ . dnfO{
e'6fg 3'dfpg gkfPsf]df ltgLx¿ ;a} lvGg eP . d}n] …h]hlt 3'ldof] d]/f nflu tL ;a gofF 7fpF
x'g\, df}sf k/] k]ml/ 3'df}+nfÚ eg]kl5 ltgLx¿sf] lvGgtfdf Go"gtf cfof] . xfdL ToxfFaf6 kms{]/ rGb|
l3ld/]sf] 3/df cfOk'Ubf /ft kl/;s]sf] lyof] . ToxL+ 5]pdf Pp6f g]kfnLsf] lax]df k8\sfPsf]
k6fsfn] To; If]qs} zflGt eª\u u/]h:tf] nfUYof] . lax]df lgDtf lyof] t/ ylst ePsfn] uOPg .
xfd|f] emfkf, df]/ªh:t} nfUg] lgsf;L clwsf+z g]kfnLsf] a;f]af; If]q /x]5 . To; 7fpFdf
g]kfnL ;+:s[lt k"/} hLljt /flvPsf] /x]5 . ;x/af6 cln 6f9f ePsfn] ltgLx¿ cfk"mnfO{ ufpFn] g}
7fGbf /x]5g\ . ToxfFc;d If]qsf] k|l;4 gf6\o ;d"x nfnLu'/fF;nufot ljleGg gf6\o d08nLx¿
klg /x]5g\ .
c;dlt/ dfG5]nfO{ klxnf] :jfut tfd'n -sfFrf] ;'kf/L_, kfg / To;kl5 lrofaf6 ul/+bf]
/x]5 . ToxfF tfd'nkfg ;a}sf] lk|o /x]5 . slxNo} gvfPsfn] vfFbf dfltG5 eGy] . d}n] Psk6s
hogf/fo0fsxfF clnslt vfPF . sfg tfTof] eg] eGg' xfdL cf}ifwL u5f{}+ eGy] . d]/f] sfg klg tft]g
/ dnfO{ ld7f] klg nfu]g . To;afx]s cGt d}n] st} klg tfd'nkfg vfOg .
csf{] lbg laxfg ;a]/} u'jfxf6L kms{g' lyof] . d]/f] labfOsf nflu j/k/sf y'k|} dflg; hDdf
ePsf lyP . /lj / clj dnfO{ k'¥ofpg u'jfxf6L;Dd} cfPsf lyP . aLr af6f]sf] s'g} 7fpFdf s'g}
/fhgLlts ;ª\u7gn] d]/f] clegGbg sfo{qmd /fv]sf] /x]5 t/ ;dosf sf/0f ToxfF pkl:yt x'g
;lsPg . ;f9] b; ah] lho' u]:6 xfp; k'Ug]lalQs} zflGt klg cfOk'lug\ . To; lbg lho'df y'k|}
sfo{qmd / ldl6ªx¿ lyP . xtf/xtf/ vfglkg u/]/ lho' uOof] . lho' cfO8f]nåf/f ;~rfng
k|f/De ul/Psf] /]l8of] Hof]lt t/ª\usf] pb\3f6g ul/of] . ;f] cj;/df 8fO/]S6/ sGbk{ bf;n] d;Fu
ljz]if cGtjf{tf{ lnPsf lyP . d]/f] cGtjf{tf{ lng lgs} klxn] b]lv g} k|of; ul//x]sf efis/nfO{
aNn ;do lbg ;s]+ . Tof] cGtjf{tf{ g]kfnL ljifo;Fu ;Da4 lyof] . pgn] g]kfnL sljtfsf]
Oltxf;nufotsf ljifodf nfd} cGtjf{tf{ lnP . Tof] ljBfyL{sf nflu k|;f/0f / ljt/0f ug{] ;fdu|L
xf] /] . d]/f] cGtjf{tf{ g;lspGh]n vu]g zdf{ ;fgf b'O{ 5f]/L;lxt aflx/ dnfO{ g} s'l//x]sf /x]5g\
. cGtjf{tf{ ;lsPkl5 xfdL u]:6 xfp; kmls{of}+ . vu]g cfO8f]naf6 k':ts lnP/ cfP . o; k6s
vu]gsf] ;xof]u klg pNn]Vo /Xof] . gj ;fksf]6f, Pl86/ OGrfh{ k|;]glht bf;x¿ klg labfO
e]63f6sf nflu cfPsf lyP . s]xL If0f ukmufkm u/L ;a} cfcfˆgf] af6f] nfu]kl5 drflx+
x]drGb|hL lng cfPsfn] pt}lt/ nfu]+ / ToxL+ vfgf vfPF . olt w]/} lbg a:bf klg 8fO/]S6/sf]

99
lgDtf]rflx+ o;k6s TolQs} yftL /Xof] . csf{] lbg kmls{g' kg{] ePsfn] a]n'sf kf]sfk'Gt'/f ldnfP/
a]n}df ;'ltof] .
csf{] lbg laxfg} zflGt cfOg\ / dnfO{ af6fdf vfgf v'jfP/ !! ah] Po/kf]6{ k'¥ofOg\ . d}n]
Po/kf]6{ lelqg] a]nfdf dnfO{ ToxfFsf nflu lbOPsf] df]afOn zflGtnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/lbPF .
Toltv]/ pgL lgs} zfGt b]lvlGyg\ . o;k6ssf] u'jfxf6L ofqf nfd} eP klg Jo:ttfsf sf/0f
ToxfF a;'Gh]n ;f]Rg] k'm;{b} ePg t/ lx+8]kl5 cg'e"lt eof] u'jfxf6Ln] dnfO{ y'k|} lrh lbO;s]sf]
/x]5 . y'k}| ;Ddfg / pkxf/x¿ clg d'6'el/ y'k}|y'k}| dfof, ;b\efj, :g]x, cfTdLotf === . sltko t
slxNo} e'Ng g;lsg] ;Gbe{x¿ klg=== .
o:t}o:tf s'/f ;DemFbf;DemFb} Kn]g afu8'u|f NofG8 ubf{ kf] d em;ª\u ePF . Pokf]6{af6
aflx/ lg:sL lk|k]8 6ØfS;L lnP/ v'/{ sfs8leQf cfOk'u]+ . d]/f] df]afOn rL/ lgGb|fdf kl/;s]sf]
/x]5, lapFemg] t/v/} u/]g . ToxL+ l;dfgfsL lah'nLd}of;Fu ;Dks{ u/fOlbPkl5 aNn sfOFs'OF ug{
yfNof] . 3/df clg c¿ b'O{rf/hgf ;fyLefO;Fu ;Dks{ eof] . ToxfFaf6 rGb|u9L cfOk'Ug]lalQs}
dnfO{ lng r"8fdl0f jflzi7 cfOk'u] / pgs} 3/df lnP/ uP . ToxfF b|f]0f pkfWofo, xf]d ;'j]bL
cflb;Fu klg e]63f6 eof] . a]n'sf lgs}a]/;Dd otfptfsf ukmufkm eP=== .
csf{] lbg laxfg d]rL SofDk; uOof] . SofDk;df y'k|} ;fyLefO;Fu lrghfg / ukmufkm
eof] . Tof] klg g]kfnsf] k'/fg} SofDk; . otfsf] d]rL SofDk; / ptfsf sn]h ;DemFbf dnfO{
lbSs nfUof] . dfn kfP/ dfq xF'bf]/x]g5 rfn klg kfpg' kbf{] /x]5 eGg] cg'e"lt d]rL SofDk;n]
lbO/x]Yof] . Toqf] km/flsnf] Pl/of TolQs} v]/ uPsf]=== . x'g t xfdLnfO{ To:tf] x]g{]–agfpg] k'm;{b
eP kf] . To; lbg lbpF;f] s~rghª\3f Pk\m=Pd\=df ljz]if cGtjf{tf{sf nflu af]nfOof] . jt{dfg
/fhgLlts ultljlwnufot d]/f] c;d ofqf tyf u'jfxf6Ldf g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmdsf af/]df
/]l8of]sf k|aGw lgb]{zs rGb| e08f/Ln] nfd} cGtjf{tf{ lnP . /fhgLlt 5f]8]/ kqsfl/tflt/ nfu]sf
hNbfaNbf k"j{ ljBfyL{ g]tf e08f/L cGtjf{tf{ lng vlKk; /x]5g\ . xfdLsxfF /fhgLlt of]Uotf
grflxg] sdfpbf/ k];f ePsfn] pRrlzlIft / af}l4sx¿hlt k|foM To;sf] ;+;u{af6 6fl9g] k|df0f
rGb| e08f/Ln] g} lbO/x]sf lyP .
csf{] lbg sf7df8f}+ kms{g' lyof] . 3f]lift Ps 3G6f / c3f]lift b'O{ 3G6f Kn]g l9nf] eof] .
of] 36gf klxnf] gePsf] / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o /f]u g} ePsfn] Totflt/ Wofg lbg'sf] cy{} lyPg .
Po/kf]6{df y'k}| kl/lrtx¿ e]l6P . ukm u/]/} ;do sfl6of] . l9n} u/]/ eP klg wGg Kn]g p8\of] /
d /ft gkb{} 3/df lelqPF . /fte/ d]/f] tg otf clg dgrflx+ pt} stfstf bf}l8/Xof]=== .
o;k6ssf] lgs} nfdf] / clt Jo:t u'jfxf6L ofqf clj:d/0fLo /Xof] . otf / ptfsf
g]kfnLdf y'k|} ;dfgftf kfOP klg sltko s'/fdf lgs} leGgtf b]lvGYof] . ptfsf g]kfnLn] /fd|f]
sfdsf] lbn vf]n]/ k|z+;f ug{ l;ls;s]sf /x]5g\ . Totfsfn] g]kfnL ;+:s[lt / efiffnfO{ /fd}|;Fu
hLjGt /fv]sf /x]5g\ . g]kfnnfO{ lxGb" /fi6«af6 wd{ lg/k]If /fi6« 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]df eg] Totfsf
g]kfnL ;Gt'i6 /x]g5g\ . Totflt/ a;f]af; ug{] clwsf+z g]kfnL ef}lts ¿kn] ;DkGg eP klg
7fpF7fpFdf dgf]j}1flgs qf; eg] /x]5 . pgLx¿sf cleJolQmaf6 o:t}o:t} emNsGYof] . c;d
If]qdf clwsf+ztM k"j{]nL eflifsf af]ln+bf] /x]5 . c¿ h];'s} eP klg ltgLx¿ hflt / efiffsf nflu
rflx+ x'?Ss} x'Fbf/x]5g\ . ltgLx¿sf lqmofsnfk / cleJolQmdf d}n] To:t} 5gs kfPF .
klxn] otfaf6 uPsf sltkon] cfˆgf] x}l;oteGbf dflysf cgfjZos cfZjf;g afF8]sf
klg /x]5g\ . ljleGg sfo{qmddf o;k|lt u'gf;f] klg ;'lgof] t/ dnfO{ ToxfF s'g} cfZjf;g afF8\g'
lyPg / afFl8g klg . c¿n] klg cfk"mn] ug{ g;Sg] s'/f ul/lbG5' / ghfg]sf] s'/f hfGb5' eg]/

100
u'8\8L xfFsL g]kfnLx¿sf] abgfd gu/]s} eP /fd|f] x'GYof] . dnfO{ ToxfF a;'Gh]n x/]s lbgh;f]
;Da4{gf, cEoy{gf, ;Ddfg, clegGbg ul/of] t/ cgf}7f] s] lyof] eg] s'g lbg sxfF sltv]/ ;Ddfg
ul/G5 eGg] kQ} glbO{ dnfO{ crfgs To; 7fpFdf k'¥ofpFy] . ;a}lt/sf sfo{qmddf …u'jfxf6L
ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL Pd\=P=sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf tkfO{+sf] ljlzi6 of]ubfg /x]sf] 5, tkfO{+
gcfOlbPsf] eP of] sfo{qmd g} ;kmn x'g] lyPg, tkfO{+sf] of]ubfg o; If]qsf ;a} g]kfnLn] slxNo}
e'Ng] 5}gg\, tkfO{+sf] gfd :j0ff{If/n] n]lvg]5Ú cflb eGy] / lbOPsf ;Ddfg–clegGbg kqdf klg
o:t} s'/f n]lvPsf] x'GYof] . o;/L ;Ddfg ubf{ ;a}nfO{ v';L g} nfU5, dnfO{ klg nfUof] g} t/ o;
k6s lbglbg}h;f] ck|Toflzt ¿kdf PSsfl; ul/g] ;Ddfg sfo{qmdrflx+ cln cgf}7} nfUof] . dnfO{
To; If]qdf nu]/ ;Ddfg ul/G5 eGg] ;f]r]/ d}n] of] sfd u/]sf] lyOg, d}n] of] sfd g]kfnL x'gfsf]
st{Joaf]waf6 u/]sf] lyPF clg of] sfd olt 7"nf] xf] eGg] klg ;f]r]sf] lyOg t/ To; 7fpFsf nflu
t of] cb\e't} sfd eP5, of] s'/f sfd ;lsPkl5 dfq yfxf eof] . c;d If]qaf6 dnfO{ cg]s
vfnsf ef}lts pkxf/ lbOP klg dfgl;s pkxf/ g} a9L kfPh:tf] d}n] dx;'; u/]+ . ToxfFaf6
dnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf ef}lts j:t'nfO{ 3/sf] sf]7fdf / dfgl;s j:t'nfO{ lbndf ;hfP/ /fv]sf] 5'
/ ;b}j /flv/xg]5' . ho xf];\ c;djf;L g]kfnL hfltsf] === .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}+
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drkhalu@yahoo.com

c;dsf tL clj:d/0fLo If0fx¿ ⁄

/f]rs l3ld/]

ef/tsf] pQ/k"jL{ /fHo c;d k'u]/ ToxfFsf g]kfnLx¿sf] l:ylt a'‰g] wf]sf] bzsf}+ cl3b]lv
lyof] . alxgL nIdLsf] 3/ c;dsf] zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnfdf eP/ klg ToxfF hfg] tf/tDo slxNo} ldNg
;s]sf] lyPg . o;k6s aNn ;fOt h'¥of] / efO6Lsf lglDt alxgLsxfF k'Ug]u/L sflt{s !( ut]
@)^& -% gf]e]Dj/ @)!)_sf lbg sfs/le§faf6 l;nu9L x'Fb} k"hf 6«feN;sf] cf/fdbfoL a; r9]/
t]hk'/ tkm{ nfluof] . ;xwld{0fL ;'l:dtf / 5f]/f k|tLs;lxt tLghgfsf] 6f]nL lyof] xfd|f] . lbp;f]
# ah] l;nu9Laf6 s'b]sf] a; klZrd aËfnsf ljleGg ;x/–ahf/ ufpF x'b} c;dtkm{ x'OFlsb}
lyof] . nIdLk"hfsf] lbg ePsf]n] af6f]df htftt} nIdLsf d"lt{ 78\ofOPsf 7"nf–;fgf k08fndf
lgs} eL8ef8 b]lvGYof] . ;fFem l5lKkb} uPkl5 lah'nLsf emndNn k|sfz, km'nem8L, e+}rDkf /
/s]6sf /ª\la/ËL rxs clg cflt;afhLsf dgdf]xs 56fn] ;Dk"0f{ ofqf dfu{nfO{ cfnf]lst /
pHjn kfl//x]sf lyP . bLkfjnL / dxfnIdLsf] cf/fwgfdf ufOPsf ehg–sLt{g / afBjfbgsf
clj/fd rsf{ Wjlgn] xfd|f sfg u'Ghfodfg e}/x]sf lyP . xfd|f] a;sf ;a}h;f] ofqL g]kfnL g} lyP
. klZrd aËfn 5f]8]/ c;d /fHo k|j]z ubf{ klg ;8ssf b[Zodf s'g} kl/jt{g lyPg . bLkfjnLsf]
cTolws pNnf; / pdË /ftel/ g} ofqf dfu{sf] ;Dk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf JofKt lyof] .
;q 306f nfdf] a;ofqf kl5 ef]lnkN6 @)^& sflt{s @) ut] -^ gf]e]Da/_ laxfg & ah]
xfdL zf]l0ftk'/sf] ;b/d'sfd t]hk'/ ;x/ k'Uof}+ . t]hk'/af6 csf]{ ;fgf] afxg 6f6f Doflhsdf
;jf/ eP/ ! 306fdf nf]s/f nfa/3f/L alxgLsxfF k'u]kl5 xfd|f] tfTsflns uGtJo 6'lËof] . ;fgf]
ahf/ nf]s/f / ToxfF j/k/sf ;j}h;f] ufpFdf g]kfnLx¿s} a;f]af; /x]5 . To;f] t t]hk'/ gk'Ub}
;8sdf g]kfnLx¿s} rxnkxn b]lvPsf] lyof] . l;nu9L b]lv c;d;Dd g} g]kfnL kl/j]zsf]
JoflKt cg'ej u¥of}+ xfdLn] . nf]s/fsf] nfa/3f/L k'Ubf s08S6/n] …efg'rf]sÚ eg]sf] ;'Gbf d]/f
101
sfg 7f8f eP Û o;f] aflx/ x]/]sf] t rf}af6f]sf] dfemdf xfd|f cflbslj efg'eQmsf] eJo zflns
7l8Psf] /x]5 . 7"nf cIf/n] ToxfF n]lvPsf] lyof]–xfd|f uf}/j, cflbslj Û g]kfnaf6 olt 6f9f ljb]zL
e"lddf ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfn] cflbsljnfO{ …xfd|f uf}/jÚ eg]/ oqf] cfb/ lbPsf] b]Vtf xfd|f] 5ftL uj{n]
9Ss km'n]sf] lyof] . xfd|f cflbslj ToxfFsf klg uf}/j /x]5g\ Û
c;d uf]vf{ /fOkmN;sf] Aof/]s /x]5 nf]s/fdf . ;a}h;f] uf]vf{nL cg'xf/sf kmf}hLx¿ Û
uf]vf{nL kmf}hsf] axfb'/Lsf k|tLs v's'/L le/]sf uf}vf{ ;}lgssf zflns klg b]lvP ToxfF .
uf]vf{nLx¿n] g} :yfkgf u/]sf] lgs} km/flsnf] ;'Gb/ nIdLgf/fo0f dlGb/ kl/;/ klg /x]5 .
bz{gfyL{df g]kfnLx¿s} rxnkxn a9L lyof] .
efO6Lsfsf] cl3Nnf] lbg xfdL c;d k'u]sf xf}+ . To; lbg ;fFem b]lv /flt cj]/;Dd x/]s
3/sf cfFugdf b]p;] / e}lngLx¿sf] rxnkxn b]lvof] . u'Go"rf]nf] k6'sL dh]qf]df ;lhPsf
aflnsf, o'jtL clg bf}/f ;'?jfn k6'sf O:6sf]6 / 6f]kL nufPsf afns / o'jfx¿ ;j} ;okqLsf]
dfnf le/]/ dfbn / v}+h8Lsf] tfndf b]p;L e}nf] v]Nb} g]kfnL ;+:s[ltnfO{ hLjGttf lbO/x]sf lyP
. Totfsf] b]p;L e}nf]df ljb]zL afhfsf sfg 5]8\g] Wjlg ;'Gg' k/]g . cfˆg} g]kfnL df}lns efsf /
df}lns afhfn] jftfj/0f u'~hfodfg e}/x]sf] lyof] .
efO6Lsfsf] lbg ;8sdf 6Lsf yfKg / 6Lsf nufOlbg cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ ul//x]sfx¿sf] nsf]{
b]lvGYof] . lgwf/df ;Kt/ª\uL OGb|]gL emNsfP/ ;okqL / uf]bfj/Lsf dfnfn] ;lhPsf bfh'efOx¿sf]
a]Un} pdËn] ltxf/sf] /d0fLotfnfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofP em}+ nfUbYof] . c;ddf a;]sL alxgLaf6
b;sf}+ kl5 ltxf/sf] 6Lsf] nufpg kfpFbf xif{n] clee"t ePF d . alxgLsf] xiff{lt/]s klg cj0f{gLo
lyof] .
ltxf/ labf ePkl5 c;dsf ljleGg :yn 3'dfpg] of]hgf agfP ef~hL ;fljqL / eflgh
dfwjn] . ;f]l7ofaf6 c;dsf k|l;4 g]kfnL ;flxTosf/ kb\d 9sfn e]6 ug{ cfpg' ef] . c;ddf
g]kfnL hflt / g]kfnL ;flxTosf] l:Yltaf/] pxfFaf6 lgs} hfgsf/L kfOof] . k/z'/fd s'08 /
sfdfVof dfO{ c;dsf k|l;4 tLy{:yn /x]5g\ . k/fk"j{sfn b]lv g} g]kfnaf6 g]kfnLx¿ tL
tLy{:ynsf] ofqf lglDt cfpg] ub{y] . To; e]ssf] xl/of] jg / pj{/ e"ldn] s[lif / uf]kfngdf
/dfpg] g]kfnLnfO{ cfslif{t ug'{ :jfefljs g} lyof] . ltg} tLy{ofqL g]kfnLdWo] w]/}h;f] c;ds} jg
hËnlt/ st} ufOuf]7 /fv]/ t st} v]tL ls;fgL u/]/ a:g yfn] . g]kfnLx¿sf] c;ddf
j;f]jf;sf] Oltxf; o;/L z'? ePsf] dflgPsf] /x]5 . cfxf]d /fhfsf] zf;gsfndf g]kfnLx¿n]
c;ddf j;f]jf; u/]sf] tYo c;dsf dxfk'?if zÍ/b]jsf s[ltaf6 klg k'li6 x'g] s'/f ToxfFsf
ljåfgx¿af6 cjut eof] . O{==;g\ !*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw kl5 tTsfnLg a[l6z ef/tLo cfdL{df
g]kfnLx¿sf] etL{ ;'? ePkl5 g]kfnLx¿sf] c;d jf; ylkof] . ;g\ !*@$ df uf]vf{ /fOkmN;sf]
u7g kl5 ljleGg n8fO{+df axfb'/L b]vfpg] uf]vf{ ;}lgssf kl/jf/nfO{ :yfoL ¿kdf g} c;dsf
ljleGg 7fpFdf a;fpg] qmd tLj| eof] . ltg} ;}lgssf gftfuf]tf Oi6ldqx¿ c;d e"ldk|lt
cfslif{t eP / g]kfnaf6 c;d a;fO{ ;/fO{ Jofks dfqfdf x'gyfNof] . adf{, e"6fg, l;lSsd
tkm{af6 ;d]t g]kfnLx¿sf] c;d k|j]z emflËPsf] :jLsf5{g\ ToxfFsf g]kfnL hfgsf/x¿ . c;d
/fHosf ;a}h;f] lhNnfx¿df g]kfnL hfltsf] a;f]jf; /x]5 . zf]l0ftk'/, tLg;'lsof, sfla{cfªnf]ª,
b/ª, sfd¿k, gnaf/L, uf]nf3f6, sf]qmfemf/, nlvdk'/, w]dfhL, l8a|'u9, gufpF, gy{ s5f/ lxN;
g]kfnLx¿sf afSn} a;f]jf; ePsf lhNNff /x]5g\ . c;d], aËfnL, af]8f], lxGbL, g]kfnL efifL
hfltx¿sf] ;lDd>0f /x]5–c;d /fHo . c;dsf] ljsf;df g]kfnL hfltsf] of]ubfg ToxfFsf cGo
jfl;Gbfsf] eGbf sd /x]g5 . cem s[lif / b'Uwsf If]qdf t g]kfnLn] aufPsf] kl;gfn] ;d[4

102
agfPsf] /x]5 c;dnfO{ . wfgsf] afnf em'n]sf kx]+nk'/] v]t, slnnf d'gfn] emkSs ePsf lrof
aufgsf lj:t[t xl/of kmfF6, a|Xdk'q lsgf/sf pj{/ e"lddf b]lvg] ufO e}+;Lsf afSnf uf]7 Û oL
;j} ;d[l4sf k"jf{wf/x¿df g]kfnL hfltsf] kf}/v / kl;gf cln a9L g} 5l/Psf] k|ToIf cg'ej
u¥of}+ xfdLn] ToxfF .
/fhgLltdf, lzIffdf, k|zf;lgs If]qdf klg g]kfnLx¿n] cfˆgf] pkl:ylt 68\sf/} b]vfPsf
5g\ c;ddf . /fHo ljwfg ;efdf, s]Gb|sf] nf]s ;efdf r'gfj lht]/ hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj
ul//x]sf 5g\ sltko g]kfnL . ljBfno, ljZjljBfnox¿df k|fWofks, ljefuLo k|d'v h:tf
dxŒjk"0f{ kbdf /x]/ cfˆgf] bIftf k|dfl0ft ul//x]sf 5g\ g]kfnLx¿ . k|zf;gsf pRr kbdf k'u]/
/fi6«, /fHo / hgtfsf] sNof0fdf of]ubfg lbO{/x]sf g]kfnLx¿n] ToxfF cfˆgf] hfltsf] lz/ 7f8f]
kfl//x]sf 5g\ . ;]gf / ;'/Iff lgsfox¿df sfo{/t g]kfnLx¿ t tL ;ª\u7gsf cleGg cË g} eP Û
o;/L c;dsf] hghLjgsf k|To]s kIf;Fu ;dflxt eP/ ToxfFsf d"n cflbjf;Lx¿;Fu xflb{s
;DaGw /fv]/, cfˆgf] hftLo uf}/j pRr /fv]/ ToxL e"ldnfO{ cfˆgf] ;j{:j 7fg]/ c;dsf ;'of]Uo
;Gtfg eP/ a;]sf /x]5g\ g]kfnLx¿ c;d e"lddf .
xfdL 3'Dg uPsf slt ufpF 7fpF t k"/f g]kfnLdo g} lyP . rfFbdf/L, g]kfnL k6\6L,
;/nkf8f, df3]{6f, l;kf]l/of, df/kfr], nfa/3f/L, a''8fufpF, rf/b'jf/, udL/L, nf]s/f cflb 3'Dbf
xfdL g]kfn aflx/ 5f}+ h:tf] k6Ss} nfUb}g . oL t s]xL pbfx/0f dfq x'g\ . c;dsf leqL efudf
/fO{, lnDa", ;'Fbf/, du/, g]jf/, afx'g, IfqLx¿sf] a;f]jf; ePsf ufpF k|z:t /x]5g\ .
c;dsf] Pp6f k|d'v zx/ zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnfsf] s]Gb| t]hk'/ 3'Dg HjfO{+ cgGt e§/fO{, alxgL
nIdL, eflgh dfwj;Fu} !# gf]e]Da/df xfdL klt kTgL / 5f]/f k|tLs uof}+ . dxfe}/j dlGb/,
u0f]z3f6 h:tf b]j:ynsf] bz{g / a|Xdk'q dxfgbnfO{ glhsaf6 x]¥of}+ xfdLn] . t]hk'/sf]
sf]nkfs{, rf]sahf/, k'a]/g ahf/ cflbnfO{ klg s]xLj]/ lgofNof}+ . zx/ ahf/sf 3/ oxfF 7"n7"nf
agfpg] rng /x]g 5 . w]/h;f] b'O{ tn] 3/ g} b]lvP . km§km'§ dfq a9L tnf ePsf 3/ b]lvP .
tL ;/sf/L ejg, c:ktfn cyjf Jofkfl/s–z}lIfs k|lti7fg lyP .
c;d k'u]kl5 ToxfFsf] /fhwfgL u'jfxf6L / k|l;4 zlQmkL7 sfd¿k sfdfVof hfg} kYof]{ .
cGoyf xfd|f] ofqfn] k"0f{tf kfpFb}gYof] . To;}n] u'jfxf6Lsf] af6f] nfUof}+ !$ gf]e]Da/ @)!) sf] lbg
laxfg ;a]/} . nf]s/faf6 u'jfxf6L s/La % 306fsf] af6f] /x]5 uf8Ldf . alxgL nIdL / ef~hL
;fljqL;Fu uof}+ xfdL . efGhL km/fl;nL, c;d] efiff af]Ng bIf, :yfgLo ljBfnosL lzlIfsf
ePsLn] xfdLnfO{ ky k|bz{g u/fpg ;Ifd lyOg\ . k|foM pgs} sf/df 3'Dof}+ xfdL . u'jfxf6L k'u]/
To; lbg klxn] jlzi6 cf>d / afnfhL dlGb/ bz{g u¥of}+ . lt?klt afnfhLs} k|lts[ltdf
agfOPsf] /x]5 of] dlGb/ . lt?klt rflx+ kxf8 dfly 5 eg] oxfFsf] afnfhL dlGb/ ;dy/ d}bfgdf
agfOPsf] /x]5 . d"lt{ / dlGb/ pxL lt?klts} z}nLsf . pt}sf] h:tf] ljzfn uf]k'/d\ -dlGb/åf/_
klg .
lbpF;f] tLg ah] xfdL sfdfIff dlGb/ k'Uof}+ . xfd|f] :joDe" h:t} t/ cln 7"nf] km/flsnf]
kxf8sf] y'Dsf]df /x]5 sfdfIff dlGb/ . laxfgsf] k"hfkl5 lbp;f] # ah] dlGb/sf] 9f]sf v'Nbf] /x]5
. xfdL 7Ls ;dodf k'u]5f}+ . ;fdfGo bz{gfyL{s} k+lQmdf ldl;of}+ / cfwf 306f kl5 g} bz{g ug{
kfof}+ . xfd|f] u'Xo]Zj/L h:t}Ù t/ cln ulx/f] vfN8f]df–s]xL l;+9L tn em/]kl5 b]jLsf] k|:t/ kL7sf]
bz{g kfObf]/x]5 . kL7sf] aflx/L efudf lah'nLsf] pHofnf] lyof] . t/ leq d'Vo 7fpF rflx+ cFWof/f],
s]jn lbofsf aQLx¿ dfq an]sf] lyof] . b]jLsf] kL7 d'lGt/af6 snsn hn alu/xFbf] /x]5 . Tof]
hnnfO{ xftn] :kz{ ub}{ lz/df z]rg ug'{kg]{ k/Dk/f /x]5 . xfdLn] To;} u¥of}+ . dlGb/ leq, d'Vo

103
kL7df k'Ug'eGbf klxn] b]jL b]jtfsf d"lt{x¿sf cufl8 la:s'g lkm+hfPh:t} zo–kfFrzo, xhf/sf
gf]6x¿ lkm++hfP/ a;]sf x'Fbf/x]5g\ k08fx¿ . bz{gfyL{nfO{ b]jLsf] d'Vo d"lt{ oxL xf] / e]6L oxL+
r9fpg'k5{ eGg] e|d kfbf{/x]5g\ tL k08fx¿ . ljz]if kf7, k"hf nufpg'k5{ eGb} k08fx¿ xfd|f
sfg km'Qm} lyP . alxgL / efGhLaf6 o:tf s'/fdf Wofg glbg klxNo} ;ts{ u/fOPsfn] xfdL tL
k08fsf] k|efjdf k/]gf}+ / tn u'kmfdf /x]sf] b]jLsf] d'Vo kL7df g} bz{g–k"hf u¥of}+ . To;lbg
laxfg} b]lv xfdL ef]s} lyof}+ . t/ ef]ssf] cg'ej slQ klg ePg . lxGb" dfqsf] Pp6f d'Vo
zlQmkL7 h;sf] ;DaGw cfˆgf] /fi6« g]kfn;Fu klg ufFl;Psf] 5Ù ToxfF k'u]/ zflGtk"j{s k"hf–
cf/fwgf ug{ kfpFbf ckf/ cfWoflTds cfgGb cg'e"lt e}/x]Yof] .
bz{g ;s]/ aflx/ lg:Sof}+ xfdL . kL7sf] bz{g gu/L s]xL gvfg] rfxgfn] laxfg} b]lv ef]s}
lyof}+ . cj rflx+ s]xL vfg'k5{ eGg] dgdf nfUb} lyof] . olQs}df b]Vof}+–dlGb/sf] k]6Ldf a;]sf
b'O{tLghgf 7"nf7"nf k]8fn] el/Psf 6f]s/L cufl8 /fv]/Ù bz{g u/]/ kms{g] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k]8f
afFl8/x]sf lyP . xfdL ;j}n] klg b'O{ b'O{ cf]6f k]8f kfof}+ . dlGb/s} k]6Ldf a;]/ vfof}+ . z'4 v'jfsf
Hofb} :jflbi6 k]8f lyP tL . b'O6} k]8fn] 8Dd c3fOof] . kfgL lkof}+Ù cj s]xL vfg] cfjZostf
k/]g Û
u'jfxf6L k'u]/ ToxfFsf g]kfnL ;flxTosf/x¿;Fu e]6 ug'{ d]/f] csf]{ pb\b]Zo lyof] . c;d
k'Ug] lalQs} g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifbsf cWoIf gj ;fksf]6fnfO{ kmf]g u/]/ cfkm" u'jfxf6L cfpFg /
pxfFx¿;Fu e]6 ug{ OR5's /x]sf] eg]sf] lyPF . ;fksf]6fhLn] ;xif{ cfdGq0f lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
sfdfIff dlGb/af6 lg:sFbf ;fFemsf] % alh;s]sf] lyof] . d}n] gj ;fksf]6f hL nfO{ kmf]g u/]+ /
cfkm" u'jfxf6L cfOk'u]sf] ;"lrt u/]+ . xfd|f ;jf/L rfnsnfO{ pxfFn] xfdL k'Ug'kg]{ 7fpFsf] hfgsf/L
lb+b} ToxfF lng dfG5] k7fpg] s'/f eGg'eof] . pxfFn] eg]sf] 7fpFdf k'Ubf emdSs ;fFem kl/;s]sf]
lyof] . xfdLnfO{ lng Pshgf efO df]6/ ;fOsndf cfPsf /x]5g\ . pgs} kl5kl5 xfd|f] afxg
u'8\of] . psfnf] psfnf] kxf8L kylt/ hfFb} lyof}+ xfdL . s]xL k/ b]Vof}+ emndNn 6o"anfO6 an]sf]
pHofnf] 5 . /ËL la/ËL aNa lwklwk u/]/ hUdufO /x]sf 5g\ . k08fn agfOPsf] 5 . t"n
6fFluPsf] :jfut åf/ 5 . glhs} k'u]kl5 b]Vof}+ Pp6f :df/sdf 7l8Psf] zflns 5, w]/} JolQmx¿sf]
hd36 5 . xfd|f] cufl8 s'lb/x]sf] df]6/ ;fOsn 6Ss cl8of] . xfd|f] afxg klg /f]lsof] . xfdL
uf8Laf6 cf]ln{of}+ . d[b' d':sfg 5b}{ cufl8 a9\g'ePsf ;|i6f gj ;fksf]6fsf] cg'xf/ b]v]+ . pxfFn]
8f]¥ofpFb} ;ef:yndf nu]/ a;fpg'eof] . xfd|f ;xofqL ;j}nfO{ ToxL+ NofP/ /flvof] . xfdL gj
;fksf]6f ;lxtsf ;|i6fx¿;Fu e]6]/ xf]6ndf a:g hfg] tf/tDo ldnfP/ cfPsf lyof}+ . efGhL
;fljqLn] xf]6n aGbf]a:t klg ul/;s]s]sL lyOg\ . ;fksf]6fhLn] efGhLnfO{ af]nfP/ xfd|f ;fdfg
uf8Laf6 lemSg nufP/ st} k7fpg nfUg'ePsf] b]v]+ . efGhL cfPkl5 o;af/] ;f]w]+ . ;fksf]6fhLn]
cfˆg} 3/df xfd|f ;fdfg k7fpg'ePsf] /x]5 . xfdL xf]6n a:g hfg] s'/f vf/]h u/fP/ cfˆg}
kfx'gf agfpg] x'g'eP5 ;fksf]6f bDktLn] Û
pb\3f]ifsn] dfOsdf 3f]if0ff u/]sf] ;'lgof]–xfd|f k|d'v cltlysf] cfudg e};s]sf] 5 / cj
;ef z'? x'G5 Û ;efWoIftf o'j/fh u8\tf}nfhLn] u/]kl5 pb\3f]ifsn] eg]–…xfd|f] ;f}efUon] g]kfnaf6
o; cj;/nfO{ :d/0fLo u/fpg cfOk'Ug' ePsf] 5 k|l;4 ;flxlTos klqsf …/rgfÚ sf k|wfg
;Dkfbs–g]kfn ;flxlTos kqsf/ ;ª\3sf cWoIf /f]rs l3ld/]Ù pxfFnfO{ k|d'v cltlysf] cf;g
u|x0f ug{ cg'/f]w ub{5' ÛÚ d]/f lglDt of] ck|Tofl;t s'/f lyof] . o:tf] csNkgLo cj;/ o; ;'b"/
If]qdf s;/L h'6\g uPsf] xf] Û /ge'Nn k/]+ d . of] sflQs @& ut]sf] lbg /x]5 . ut]sf lx;fjn]
dxfslj b]jsf]6fsf] hGdlbg . b]jsf]6f hoGtL cfof]hgf ul/Psf] /x]5 ToxfF . To; 7fpFsf] gfpF g}

104
b]jsf]6f gu/ /x]5 . dxfsljsf] eJo cw{sbsf] k|:t/ d"lt{ :yflkt /x]5 ToxfF . gj ;fksf]6fhLn]
d k'u]sf] ;"rgf kfPkl5 cfof]hsx¿;Fu ;Nnfx u/L lgwf{l/t sfo{qmdnfO{ s]xL tGsfP/ d]/f]
cfudg;Dd ;xefuLx¿nfO{ kvf{pg'ePsf] /x]5 . ToxfFsf ;|i6fx¿n] o;/L k|d'v cfltYosf] cj;/
lbP/ jf:tjdf d k|lt :g]xl;Qm pbf/tf b]vfpg' ePsf] a'em]+ d}n] . dxfsljsf] hGde"ldaf6 lgs}
6f9f o; ;'b"/ k|fGtdf dxfsljs} hGd lbgdf cfOk'u]5' . cfkm"n] cTolws >4f u/]sf, g]kfnL
jfª\dosf lzv/ ;|i6f, cfˆgf lktfsf k/d ldq clg kf/:kl/s kfl/jfl/s lgs6tf ePsf tL
>4]o JolQmTjsf] hGd hoGtLdf k|d'v cfltYosf] o:tf] ck|Tofl;t ;'vb ;+of]u h'g'{nfO{ cfkm"k|lt
dxfsljs} 7"nf] cg'sDkf 7fg]+ d}n] . k|d'v cfltlysf] kl/ro pb\3f]ifs b'uf{ vltj8fn] lbg'eof] .
dxfsljsf] k|ltdf cufl8 bLk k|Hjng k'ikw/ zdf{ -pbfnu'8L_ n] ug'{eof] . dxfsljsf] k|ltdfdf
dfNofk{0f ug{ dnfO{ nufOof] . k|To]s jif{ b]jsf]6f hoGtLsf sfo{qmd 5'6fPsf] lyPg . o; k6s
ljb]z cfOPsf]n] 5'6\of] eGg] Gof;|f] dgdf lyof] . t/ oxfF o;/L tL dxfg ;|i6fnfO{ >4f cr{g ug]{
csNkgLo ;+of]u h'/]sf]df dgleqsf] v'zL yfldg;Sg' ePsf] lyof] . dxfsljsf] k|ltdfdf
dfNofk{0fkl5 k|d'v cltlynfO{ ;Djw{gf ul/g] pb\3f]if eof] . xfd|f]lt/ ul/g] clegGbgnfO{ ToxfF
;Djw{gf elg+bf] /x]5 . dfnf nufP/ c;dLof uD5f cf]9fpFb} k':ts nufotsf ljleGg j:t'x¿
pkxf/ lb+b} k|d'v cltlynfO{ cEoy{gf ul/of] . To; kl5 ljleGg jQmfsf dGtJo / sljtf kf7 eP
. cfkm"n] dGtJo lb+bf cj;/ cg's"n cfkm"n] b]v]sf dxfslj k|ltsf cfˆgf ;+:d/0f, dxfsljsf]
zLjgz}nL, cfˆgf lktf ;f]dgfy l3ld/] Jof; / dxfsljsf] ldqtf, g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf]
pGgltdf dxfsljn] lbg'ePsf] ck"j{ cb\e't of]ubfg cflb af/] rrf{ u/]+ . cGTodf d}n] eg]+–cfh
o;/L g]kfnaf6 olt 6f9f, ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hfltsf uf}/j dxfsljsf] hGdhoGtL ;df/f]xdf k|d'v
cfltYo ug]{ cj;/ kfpg' d]/f] 7"nf] ;f}efUo xf] . o;lglDt d >L gj ;fksf]6f ;lxt ;Dk"0f{
cfof]hs ju{k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' Û
d]/f] dGtJo kl5 af]Ng] ;j} h;f] jQmfn] of] l3ld/]hLsf] ;f}efUo xf]OgÙ xfd|f] ;f}efUo xf] .
dxfsljnfO{ ghLsaf6 b]Vg], lrGg], dxfslj kl/jf/;Fu xflb{s lgs6tf ePsf JolQmnfO{ o;
cj;/df xfdLn] cfkm";Fu kfpg' xfd|f] kf] ;f}efUo xf] Û dxfsljn] g} cfh ck|Toflzt ¿kn]
tkfO{+nfO{ oxfF pkl:yt u/fOlbg'ePsf] xf] eGg] vfnsf dGtJo lbg'eof] . gj ;fksf]6f, b'uf{
vltj8f, sflnbf; yklnof, k'ikw/ zdf{ nufotsf JolQmx¿n] af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] . d}n] g]kfnL
;flxTo kl/ifb c;dsf lglDt cWoIf gj ;fksf]6fhLnfO{ s]xL k':ts–klqsf pkxf/ lbPF . …/rgfÚ
sf] dxfslj b]jsf]6f ljz]iffÍ, hubLz l3ld/]sf] rlr{t k':ts …cGtd{gsf] ofqfÚ cfˆgf] k':ts
…;Demgfdf kmlqmPsf y'FufÚ h:tf k|sfzg lyP tL . dxfsljsf] :df/snfO{ cem ;Dk"0f{tf lbg
b]jsf]6f k':tsfno vf]Ng] / To;df pxfF ;DjlGwt / pxfFsf ;du| k':tsx¿ /fVg] cfkm"x¿n]
of]hgf agfPsf] t/ g]kfnsf k|sfzg kfpg g;s]sf], g]kfnaf6 cfpg] cltlyx¿n] cfZjf;g dfq
lbg] t/ To:tf cfZjf;g oyfy{df kl/0ft x'g g;s]sf cflb s6' oyfy{ s]xL jQmfn] JoQm ug'{eof]
. pxfFx¿nfO{ cfZj:t kfb}{ ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 g]kfnsf s]xL k|d'v k|sfzg ;+:yfnfO{ k':ts ;xof]u
lglDt cflwsfl/s kq n]v]/ dnfO{ lbg'eP cfkm"n] k|of; ug]{ t/ tL k':ts sf7df8f}+df lhDdf
lng]Ù otf Nofpg] Joj:yf cfkm}+n] ldnfpg'kg]{ s'/f eg]+ . klxn] b]lv laRs]sf]n] xf]nf t/ d]/f]
k|:tfjnfO{ uDeL/tf;Fu lng'ePg pxfFx¿n] .
sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePkl5 gj ;fksf]6fn] xfdLnfO{ ToxL+ glhs} /x]sf] cfˆgf] lgjf; sljtf
lgs]tg n}hfg'eof] . c? ;xefuLsf] nsf]{ klg Tot} nfUof] . ;fksf]6fhLsf] ;'Gb/ 3/sf] 7"nf] a}7s
sf]7fdf vfhf uf]i7L rNof] . g]kfn / c;dsf] jt{dfg g]kfnL ;flxTosf] :j¿k–k|j[lQ / ljsf;af/]

105
kf/:kl/s ljrf/ cfbfg–k|bfg u¥of}+ xfdLn] . g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt g]kfnL k':ts klqsf otf gcfpg]
/ otf ef/taf6 k|sflzt g]kfnL k':ts–klqsf g]kfndf ;'ne gx'g] ;d:of uDeL/ ¿kdf p7\of] .
b'j} tkm{sf ;flxTosf/ / ;flxlTos kf7s Ps–csf{sf ;[hgfaf/] o;/L cgle1 /xg' kg]{ l:yltnfO{
lg/fs/0f ug]{tkm{ ;zQm k|oTg ul/g' kg]{ s'/f rNof] . ef/t / g]kfn b'O b]zsf ;/sf/n] otflt/
uDeL/ rf;f] glnPaf6 of] ;d:of oyfjt\ /x]sf] wf/0ff d}n] /fv]+ . ef/taf6 lxGbL / cª\u|]hL
efiffsf k':ts klqsf g]kfndf lgaf{w ¿kn] hfG5g\ . t/ ef/tsf g]kfnL efiffsf k':ts kq–
klqsf g]kfndf k9\g kfOb}gg\ . To:t} g]kfndf 5flkPsf k':ts kq–klqsfn] ef/ttkm{ k|j]z
kfpb}gg\ . aL=kL=sf]O/fnf ef/t g]kfn k|lti7fgåf/f cfof]lht k|To]s k6ssf ef/t–g]kfn–g]kfnL
n]vs ;Dd]ngsf cj;/df b'j} /fi6«sf ;xefuLn] of] ;d:of lg/fs/0f ug'{kg]{ dfu ;zQm ¿kn]
p7fpb} cfPsf 5g\ . b'j} /fi6«sf /fhb"t / pRr kbflwsf/Ln] cfkm cfˆgf ;/sf/ ;dIf of] s'/f
k'¥ofP/ ;d:of lg/fs/0f ug]{ cfZjf;g klg k|To]s ;Dd]ngdf lbPsf 5g\ . t/ kfFrf}+ ;Dd]ng
e};Sbf klg ;d:of oyfjt\ 5 . c;daf6 g]kfn kms]{kl5 ef/tLo g]kfnL n]vs–kf7sx¿af6
p7fOPsf oL ljifo af/] ljleGg d~rdf d}n] rrf{ u/]+ . ;femf k|sfzg, g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, /Tg
k':ts e08f/, e[s'6L k|sfzg cflb ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;dIf klg s'/f p7fPF . ljleGg
sfo{qmddf Pp6} d~rdf a:g] cj;/ kfPsf a]nf k|wfgdGqL / ;~rf/dGqLhLx¿nfO{ klg of]
;d:of lg/fs/0f ul/lbg cg'/f]w u/]+ . t/ clxn];Dd oL k|oTgx¿ lgikmn g} e}/x]5g\ . g]kfnsf
s]xL k|d'v k|sfzg ;+:yfx¿n] rflx+ o;df /fd|} rf;f] b]vfPsf 5g\ / ;DjlGwt If]qnfO{
3r3Rofpg yfn]sf 5g\ . x]/f}+ ltgsf k|oTgn] s]xL kl/0ffd Nofpnf ls <
u'jfxf6Lsf] b]jsf]6f hoGtL / gj ;fksf]6fhLsf] 3/sf] sf]7] uf]i7Ldf p7]sf pko'{Qm
;d:ofnfO{ cfkm"n] uDeL/tfk"j{s lnPsf] / o;af/] g]kfn k'u]/ lg/fs/0f lglDt ;Sbf] k|oTg ug]{
wf/0ff ToxfF JoQm u/]sf] lyPF . To; ;Gbe{af/] ePsf kl5Nnf ultljlw cjut u/fpg' ;fGble{s
nfu]/ s]xL zAb oxfF vlr{Psf] x'F . u'jfxf6Ldf gj ;fksf]6fhLsf] xflb{stfk"0f{ cltYosf b'O lbg
xfd|f lglDt clj:d/0fLo /x] . gj ;fksf]6f–d'GgL ;fksf]6f bDktL / pxfFsf 5f]/f–a'xf/Lsf
;b\efjo'Qm Jojxf/af6 o; kl/jf/sf] eb|tf / lzi6tfsf] ;'vb cfsng ug{ kfof}+ xfdLn] .
u'jfxf6Lsf] bf];|f] lbg laxfg ;j]/} b]jsf]6f gu/, a8fufpFsf] kxf8L y'Dsf]df /x]sf] j}i0ff]b]jL
dlGb/ bz{gfy{ psfnf] nfUof}+ xfdL . hDd"df /x]sf] k|l;4 j}i0ff] b]jL dlGb/s} oyfy{ emNsf] lbg] u/L
ag]sf] /x]5 of] k|lts[lt Û j}i0ff] b]jLsf] bz{g ;s]/ cf]n{b} lyof}+ . af6f] 5]pd} plePsL s/La ;Q/L
jif{ hltsL a'9L cfd}n] xfdLlt/ kms]{/ elgg\–cfˆg} dfG5] h:tf nfu]/ e]6\g klv{PsL tkfO{+x¿nfO{
Û tL cfd} z'4 g]kfnL e]]if e"iffdf lyOg\ . u'Go" rf]nf], vf:6f], /ftf] wfuf]n] af6]sf] r'N7f], l;pFbf]df
l;Gb"/ , lgwf/df vf]6fn] 6fF;]sf] /ftf] 6Lsf nufP/ plePsL lyOg\ pgL . g]kfnlt/s} s'g} kxf8L
ufpFaf6 sfdfIff bz{g ug{ ev{/ cfPsL xf]lng\ oL cfd} Û eGg] nfUof] / ;f]w]+–cfd} Û tkfO{+sf] 3/
sxfF, dfOtL sxfF < pgn] elgg\–d]/f] 3/ oxL+ xf] Û dfOtL klg cf;fd g} xf] Û d hlGdPsL klg oxL+
Û ca dg]{ klg oxL+ Û g]kfn} gb]v]sL oxL+ hGd]sL oxL+ x's]{sL oL cfd}n] g]kfnL ;+:s[ltnfO{ o;
ynf]df s;/L cfTd;ft\ u/]sL 5g\ Û c;ddf g]kfnLx¿n] cfˆgf] kg, cfˆgf] klxrfgnfO{ s;/L
hf]ufP/ /fv]sf 5g\ of] Pp6f hLjGt pbfx/0f b]Vof}+ xfdLn] Û 7fpF 7fpFdf o:tf vfnsf b[Zo c?
klg b]Vof}+ . cr]n l;g]df / 6]lnlehgn] leœofPsf] pQfpnf] kgsf] b'ik|efjn] o'jf k':tf cfˆgf]
kgaf6 lj:tf/ ljd'v x'Fb} hfFb}5 eGg] lrGtf kfsf c;d] g]kfnL cleefjsx¿df kfOGYof] .
j}i0ff]b]jLsf] bz{gkl5 laxfgsf] lrof vfhf vfP/ gj ;fksf]6f kl/jf/af6 labf eof}+ xfdL .
cl3Nnf] lbg a]n'sf dgfOPsf] b]jsf]6f hoGtL :yn / dxfsljsf] k|ltdfnfO{ wLt df/]/ x]¥of}+ .

106
a8fufpF g]kfnL ljBfno klg ToxL+ /x]5 . d'GgL ;fksf]6f ToxL+ k|wfgfWoflksf x'g'x'bf] /x]5 .
b]jsf]6f gu/ kf]i6 clkm; x]¥of}+ . o; ef/tLo df6f]df xfd|f dxfslj ToxL+sf uf}/j ag]/ ToxfFsf
g]kfnLx¿sf cf:yfsf cfwf/ eP/ cfˆg} gfdsf] gu/df o;/L k"lht eP/ /x]sf 5g\ . oL s'/f
dgdf v]Nbf g]kfnL x'g'sf] uj{n] 5ftL km/flsnf] ePsf] cg'e"ltdf /dfPF d Û dxfsljsf] k|ltdfnfO{
k|0ffd ub}{ b]jsf]6f gu/af6 labf eof}+ xfdL . cjsf] xfd|f] uGtJo lyof]–pdfgGb dlGb/ . u'jfxf6L
glhs} dxfgb a|Xdk'qsf] aLrdf /x]sf] Pp6f ;fgf] 6fk"dfly /x]sf] dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ /x]5–pdfgGb
. 7"n} cfsf/sf] Pp6f :6Ld/ l/he{ u/]/ a|Xdk'qsf] cgGt ulx/f] hnsf] 5ftLnfO{ 5rNsfpFb}
pdfgGb lt/ s'b\of] xfd|f] :6Ld/ Û a|Xdk'qnfO{ ghLsaf6 lrGg], 5'g] / hn ;]rg ug]{ df}sf ToxL
a]nf 5f]Kof}+ xfdLn] . zx/L sf]nfxnaf6 6f9f pdfgGbsf] Tof] 6fk" dgf]/d, cfgGbbfoL / zflGto'Qm
:yn /x]5 . pdfgGb ;lxt c? s]xL dlGb/sf] bz{g–cjnf]sg u¥of}+ . pdfgGbdf e]6L r9fOPsf
g]kfnL gf]6 b]vfpFb} xfdLnfO{ g]kfnL 7fg]/ k'hf/Ln] ;fl6lbg cfu|x u/] . ef/tLo ?lkofFdf s]xL
g]kfnL gf]6 ;fl6lbPF d}n] . k|;Gg eP j[4 k'hf/L Û o;kl5 km]l/ :6Ld/df ;jf/ eP/ lsgf/ftkm{
cfof}+ . cj kN6g ahf/ tkm{ u'8\of] xfd|f] uf8L ToxfF uf]vf{ ;}lgsx¿n] ef/t :jtGq x'g'eGbf
cl3g} agfPsf] dlGb/ u'jfxf6Lsf] aLr ahf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ Jo:t 7fpFdf /x]5 . g]kfnL dlGb/ gfpFn]
k|Voft /x]5 /fwf s[i0fsf] Tof] dlGb/ . ToxfF jl/kl/ g]kfNfLx¿sf 7"nf 7"nf Jofkfl/s ejg klg
/x]5g\ . /fwfs[i0f dlGb/s} xftfdf g]kfnL k':ts klqsfsf] k;n / ;f]N6L :jL6\; gfdsf] ld7fO
k;n klg b]Vof}+ . ToxL+ uf]vf{ xfO:s"n klg /x]5 . g]kfnL k'vf{x¿åf/f :yflkt uf}/jk"0f{ :df/s
/x]5g\–u'jfxf6Lsf kN6g ahf/, g]kfnL dlGb/ / uf]vf{ xfO:s"nx¿ Û glhs}sf] km]G;L ahf/df s]xL
lsgd]n u/]kl5 xfd|f] u'jfxf6L ofqf 6'lËof] . u'jfxf6Laf6 ljbf eP/ xfdL dËnbf]O{, ldzg
rf/cfnL, afnLkf8f x'Fb} ;fFem l5lKkPkl5 nf]s/f k'Uof}+ / km]l/ alxgL nIdLsxfF g} a:of}+ .
c;ddf ;aeGbf a9L g]kfnL hg;ª\Vof ePsf] lhNnf zf]l0ftk'/ /x]5 . To; lhNnfsf
ljleGg zx/, ufpF htftt} g]kfnLx¿sf] lgs} afSnf] a;f]jf; /x]5 . ef/tLo :jfwLgtf ;ª\u|fddf
cu|0fL e"ldsf v]Ng], ;dfh ;]jf / ljsf;sf sfddf cu| k+lQmdf pleg], /fhgLltdf nfu]/ ;f+;b,
ljwfos, dGqL aGg ;kmn x'g], g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTonfO{ ;d[4 kfg{ ;dlk{t x'g], lzIff If]qdf
uxlsnf] of]ubfg lbg], ;}lgs ;]jfdf nfu]/ zf}o{ / k/fqmddf cfˆgf] hfltsf] Voflt rDsfpg]
g]kfnLx¿sf] afx'No klg o;} zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnfdf /x]5 . lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd t]hk'/ ;x/sf b'O{
k|d'v a:tL rfFbdf/L / g]kfnL k6\6L t k"/f g]kfnLdo g} /x]5g\ . ToxfFsf cflb jfl;Gbf g} /x]5g\
g]kfnLx¿ Û jt{dfg t]hk'/nfO{ ljsf; ;d[l4sf] :j¿k lbg g]kfnL hfltsf] of]ubfg c?sf] eGbf
a9L g} /x]5 . o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ :yn t]hk'/sf g]kfnL ;|i6fx¿ / af}l4sx¿;Fu cGt/s[of ug]{ d]/f]
rfxgf k"/f u/fpg cl3 ;g'{ef]–k|;fb l;+x ;'Aaf lrGtg d~r, rfFbdf/Lsf ;lrj bLggfy
lg/f}nfhL . pxfFn] cfˆg} lgjf; rfFbdf/Ldf !% gf]e]Da/sf lbg e]63f6 / cGt/s[of sfo{qmd
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] ;"rgf lbg'ePsf] lyof] . To; lbg lgwf{l/t ;dodf xfdL lg/f}nfhLsf] lgjf;
k'Uof}+ .
c;d] g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;dfhsf ;'ljVoft JolQmTjx¿sf] pkl:ylt /x]5 ToxfF . b'uf{k|;fb
l3ld/], hogf/fo0f n'OF6]n, cd/gfy pkfWofo, 1fgaxfb'/ IfqL, dfwj e§/fO{, v8\u axfb'/
sf}lzs, v]dfgGb ld> nufotsf JolQmx¿ x'g'x'GYof] . bLggfy lg/f}nfhLn] cfof]hgsf] p2]Zo
cjut u/fpFb} uf]i7LnfO{ cf}krfl/stf lbg :yfgLo jof]j[4 af}l4s JolQmTj cd/gfy pkfWofo
e§/fO{Ho"nfO{ ;dfWoIfsf] cf;g u|x0f u/fpg' eof] . d]/f] kl/rodf s]xL zAb vlr{Pkl5 pxL

107
u'jfxf6Ldf ul/Ph:t} ;Daw{gfsf] qmd oxfF klg eof] . >LdtL ;'l:dtf, 5f]/f k|tLs / eflgh
dfwj ;lxt ToxfF k'u]sf] lyPF d . g]kfnaf6 kfx'gf xfdL ;j}n] xflb{s ;Djw{gf pxfFx¿af6 kfof}+ .
dGtJosf qmddf sf7df8f}+n] bfhL{lnª, lznfª\ / u'jfxf6Lsf Ps b'O{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf/nfO{
dfq dfof u/] em}+ nfU5, c;dsf] g]kfnL ax'n o; lj:t[t e"efusf ;|i6fx¿ sf7df8f}+sf b[li6df
;w}+ cf]em]n k/]sf 5g\ . otf cfpg] g]kfnsf cltlyx¿nfO{ xfdLn] af/Daf/ of] s'/f cjut
u/fPsf xf}+ . o:tf] lje]b x6fpg k|oTg ul/g] cfZjf;g xfdLn] kfPsf klg xf}+, t/ kl/0ffd z"Go g}
/Xof]======cflb s'/f eGg'eof] jQmfx¿n] . u'jfxf6Ls} h:tf] b'j}lt/sf k':ts klqsf cfbfgk|bfg
gx'g] / k9\g gkfOg] kL8f oxfF klg bf]xf]l/of] . d}n] pxfFx¿ ;dIf k|:tfj /fVt} eg]+–tkfO{+x¿
;xof]u ug'{x'G5 eg] d …/rgfÚ sf] Pp6f cÍ …c;d] g]kfnL ;flxTo ljz]if cÍÚsf ¿kdf lgsfNg
rfxG5' . ;fdu|L rog–;Dkfbg nufotsf sfd tkfO{+x¿n] g} lhDdf lng'kb{5 . oL s'/f :jLsfo{
eP oxL pkl:yltaf6 To; sfo{sf lglDt sf]xL of]Uo ;|i6fnfO{ ;+kfbs ;+of]hssf] lhDd]bf/L tf]Sg]
sfd u/]/ cfh}b]lv of] sfd cf/De u/f}+ . d cfˆgf] jrg k"/f ug]{5' . of] sfd x'g;s] c;dsf] o;
lj:t[t e"efusf g]kfnL ;|i6f, ;flxTo / ;dfh;Fu kl/rosf] ;fy{s cj;/ xfdL b'j}tkm{sfn]
kfpg] 5f}+ .
pxfFx¿nfO{ d]/f] k|:tfj ;sf/fTds nfu]5 / tTsfn} …/rgfÚ sf] To; ljz]iffÍsf lglDt
k|fWofks b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]nfO{ ;+of]hs–cltly ;Dkfbssf lglDt To; e]nfn] rog u¥of] . of] sfd
g]kfn / c;dsf g]kfnL efifLx¿sf lglDt pknlAwd"ns 7xl/g] ljZjf; d}n] JoQm u/]+ . kf/:kl/s
ljrf/ ;Dk|]if0f kl5 pkxf/sf ¿kdf xfdLn] k':ts kq–klqsf cflb cfbfgk|bfg klg u¥of}+ .
;f}xfb|{tfk"0f{ xflb{s Gofgf]kg dgel/ lnP/ t]hk'/–rfFbdf/Lsf] To; e]nfaf6 ljbf eof}+ xfdL .
csf]{lbg efGhL dfwjLn] pgsf] 3/ ;f]l7of nlug\ . efGhLsf ;;'/f cfb/0fLo ;flxTosf/
kb\d 9sfnhL xfd|f] k|tLIffdf x'g'x'GYof] . HjfO{+ ;fx]a /fh' 9sfn / pxfFsf lbbLx¿sf] klg
pkl:ylt lyof] ToxfF . lrof–vfhf vfFb} s]xLj]/ a;]/ HjfO{+ cgGt, ef~hL ;fljqL, xfdL bDktL /
5f]/f k|tLs ljZjgfy rf/cfnL tkm{ k|:yfg u¥of}+ . ;jf/L rnfpg] :yfgLo c;d] o'jf kfk" lyP .
a|Xdk'qsf] lsgf/df cxf]d /fHosf zf;sn] :yfkgf u/]sf] ljZjgfy dlGb/df bz{gfyL{x¿sf] 3'OFrf]
lyof] . tLy{:yn dfq geP/ /d0fLo ko{6g :ynsf ¿kdf klg ljsf; ul/+b} /x]5 ljZjgfy
rf/cfnLnfO{ . To; e]ssf] Pp6f k|d'v ahf/ klg /x]5 ljZjgfy rf/cfnL . ToxfF :yflkt
nIdLgf/fo0f dlGb/ klg bz{g u¥of}+ . :yfgLo g]kfnL j}i0fj k'hf/L lyP dlGb/df . b'O{ 306f hlt
ljZjgfy rf/cfnL / j/k/ latfP/ nf]s/flt/ kmls{of}+ xfdL . nfa/3f/L e§/fO{ /fO; ldn -alxgL
HjfO{+sf] lgjf;_ cfOk'Ubf emdSs ;fFem kl/;s]sf] lyof] .
xfdL cfˆgf] k|yd c;d ofqfsf] clGtd If0ftkm{ cfO;s]sf lyof}+ . t]hk'/df klxNo} !*
gf]e]Dj/sf lglDt k"hf 6«feN;sf] /flq a;sf] l6s6 a's ul/;s]sf lyof}+ . c;ddf s]xLlbg
alxgLsf] kl/jf/;+usf] /dfOnf] ;flGgWo clj:d/0fLo /Xof] . HjfO{+ cgGt, alxgL nIdL, ef~hL
;fljqL, eflgh dfwj, ef~h] a'xf/L d]g'sfx¿ xfdLnfO{ ;lhn} ljbf lbg] kIfdf lyPgg\ . ptf
g]kfndf slt sfd yftL /fv]/ cfOPsf] lyof] . ca kms{g} kYof]{ xfdLn] . km]l/ csf]{ k6s cfpg]
eGb} ljbf eof}+ .
c;dsf g]kfnL ;|i6fx¿;Fusf] kl/ro / cGt/s[of lgs} pknlAwd"ns eof] . c;ddf
cfˆgf] efiff / ;+:s[lt hf]ufpg lgs} sl7g ;ª\3if{ ug'{k/]sf]Ù alx/futsf] cQf] yfkL g]kfnL
hfltnfO{ lje]bsf b[li6n] x]g]{ dfq xf]Og, lj:yflkt g} ug]{ cgy{sf/L cleofg rnfpg yflnPsf]
h:tf ;s; a]xf]g{] jfWotfdf 56k6fO/x]sf] 5 ToxfF g]kfnL ;dfh . Pp6} hflt / Pp6} efiffnfO{

108
s;}n] g]kfnL eGg] s;}n] uf]vf{nL egfpg afWo kfg]{ h:tf slrËn rn]sf] b]lvof] . cem sltko
g]kfnL cu'jfx¿ t cfˆgf] dft[efiff g} c;dL n]vfpg] c:j:y cleofgdf nfu]sf s'/f ;d]t
:yfgLo g]kfnL kq klqsfdf k9\g kfOof] . ljå]if, 3[0ff / cftÍsf] sxfnLdf lg;fl;b}, ad /
aGb'ssf 5/f{af6 Hofg hf]ufpFb} cfˆgf] efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;flxTo hf]ufpg] lhDd]bf/L sl7gtfk"j{s
lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g\ c;dsf g]kfnL ;|i6f, af}l4s / ;dfhsf cu'jfx¿ . c;d] cflbjf;L
:yfgLox¿;Fu xflb{s ;DaGw /fVt}, kf/:kl/s lgs6tf sfod ub}{, cfkm" hGd] x's]{ a9]sf] /fi6« /
/fHosf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t x'b} hfltTjsf] uf}/j a9fpg bQlrQ c;d /fHosf g]kfnLx¿sf] st{Jo
lgi7fnfO{ xflb{s clejfbg ug}{k5{ xfdLn] . c;daf6 l;nu9Ltkm{ kms{+b} ubf{ a;sf] ‰ofnaf6
b]lvPsf g]kfnL cg'xf/ / g]kfnL j:tLx¿tkm{ x]bf{ log} efjgf ?dlNnPsf lyP d]/f] dgdf .
kf/:kl/s eflifs–;flxTos ;b\efj sfod ug{ o; ofqfn] ;fgf] l;Gsf] ;Dd efFRg] sfd ug{ ;Sof]
eg] cfkm"nfO{ ;kmn 7fGg]5' d Û ho sfdfIff Û ho c;d] g]kfnL ;dfh / ;flxTo Û
!% j}zfv @)^*
uxgfkf]v/L, 6Ëfn
sf7df8f}+

Pp6} xl/eQm kof{Kt x'G5

hubLz l3ld/]
s'/f @)#$ ;fnsf] xf] .
xl/eQm s6'jfn Pslbg laxfg} /S;Ln] l6Nn k/]/ d sxfF cfP . To;a]nf pgL dnfO{ ;'Gg] eGbf cfˆgf]
eGg] ;'/df lyP . rrf{ af/Daf/ g]kfnL sljtfsf] ;xh / c;xh k|j[lQ jl/kl/ 3'ld/Xof] . pgn] g]kfnL
sljtfsf ;xh k|j[lQsf Psb'O{ cu'jf sljx¿dfly ljifjdg u/] / eg] M–
…sljtf o:tf] x'g'kb{5 . ltdL 6]k u/–d eG5' .Ú
pgL sljtf eGg nfu], d}n] xtf/ xtf/ 6]k u/]+ . nueu ;f9] tLg ldg]6;Dd pgn] sljtf af]n] h'g
o;k|sf/ 5–
!= ===Tof] sdnsf] ;§f u'nfkmsf] kQf dnfO{ rflx+b}g
Pp6f vf]nf eP k'U5–Pp6f au/ eP k'U5
d au/df lbg/ft ;'t]sf] dfG5]–;'lt/xg ;S5' .
@= P cfpm Û eTsfO lbpF oL dxnx¿
Psrf]l6 5fldx]/ d]/f] d'6'nfO{ Tof] dxn klg s]xL xf]Og
dxnnfO{–dxn ltdL hf] eG5f} Tof] dxn xf]Og
ToxfF xfd|f] cf:yf 5}g ToxfF ljZjf; 5}g
#= ltdL d]/f] af/Ldf /f]k]sf] Pp6f sf]lknf u'nfkmnfO{ 5fldx]/
ToxfF sf]dntf 5 ls 5}g .
$= d t xfDkmfn]/ lx+8\g ;Sg] sf]zL / d]rL x'F
d t xfDkmfn]/ lx+8\g ;S5' sf]zL / d]rL
ltdL PskN6 d]/f] tGt'nfO{ 5fldx]/
sxfF d 5 ls 5}g
s] ltdL eG5f} u'nfkmdf dfq} sfF9f 5–d leq klg sfF9f 5
d ltdLnfO{ klg laemfOlbg ;S5'
t/ dnfO{ glh:Sofpm===t/ dnfO{ glh:Sofpm .
%= dnfO{ l;Ë} afFRg b]pm
d h;/L afFlr/x]sf] 5'

109
 d h;/L xfFl;/x]sf] 5'
ltdL slxNo} d sxfF cfpg] gu/
a? ;nfd 5 ltdLnfO{
t/ cfP/ dnfO{ glh:Sofp .
^= d slxn] eL/ klg aGg ;S5'–slxn] vf]nf klg aGg ;S5'
ltdLnfO{ eL/af6 v;fO klg lbg ;S5'
vf]nfdf aufO klg lbg ;S5' .
&= dfG5] t x'F lg
;'v b'Mv ltd|f] / d]/f] Pp6} 5
d afF8\g klg ;S5'
d lgdf]7]/ /fVg klg ;S5'
t/ ljZjf; u/
d ltdLnfO{
xhf/ kN6 dfkm u/] klg
ha ltdL d]/f] dnfO{ lh:Sofpg cfpF5f}
d ToxfFg]/ ltdLnfO{ klg 5f]8\g] 5}g
st} ltdL l/;fP klg
st} ltdL v';fP klg .
*= d}n] 9f]u]sf P b]jtfx¿ xf]
d}n] 9f]u]sf P b]jtfx¿ xf]
Psrf]l6 dlt/ x]/–slt Jo+Uo 5 d]/f] cg'xf/df
P km"naf/Ldf kmqm]sf sf]lknfx¿
x]/, d]/f] cg'xf/ ltdLx¿h:t} x'g ;s]g
st} d afFr]sf] 5'
st} d afFr]sf] 5'
st} d xfF;]sf] 5' eg]klg Pp6f Jo+Uo xfF;f]
dnfO{ ;a}n]–cg'xf/–d]/f] cg'xf/ x]/]/
lwSsf/L /x]sf x'G5g\ .
(= ltdL kv{
Ps}l5g kv{
d ltdLnfO{ Pp6f ;fFrf] s'/f s] elGbG5'
d hf] afFr]+–ltd|f nflu afFRg ;lsgÙ d d]/} nflu dfq afFRg ;s]+]
ltd|f nflu xfF:g ;ls+g, hf] s]jn d]/} nflu dfq xfF:g ;s]+
!)= kv{ P af6f]df hfg] dfG5]x¿
ltdL Psrf]l6 cfˆgf] ult /f]s
/ d ltdLnfO{ s] eG5' eg]
ef]6] sf]zLdf af9L cfof]–ToxfF Psrf]l6 k'Ug' k5{
e}/xjfb]lv dfly tn st} klx/f] uof]
ToxfF klg ltdL / xfdL k'Ug'k5{
Tof] k}/f] ;Fw} d]/f] dgaf6 u}/x]sf] x'G5
Tof] af9L ;Fw} d]/f] dgaf6 cfO/x]sf] x'G5 .
!!= ltdL 5fldx]/ Pp6f dfG5]nfO{
hDd} dfG5]sf] syf ToxL dfG5]leq x'G5
dfG5]nfO{ ltdLn] lrGg ;Sof} eg]
Pp6} dfG5] kof{Kt x'G5
Pp6} xl/eQm s6'jfn kof{Kt x'G5 .
Ps t /S;Ln] g5f]Psf] a]nfdf klg s6'jfnsf cfFvf / lha|f] ;w}+ dft]sf x'Gy] . t/ cfh gdfTg] s'/}
lyPg . pgL /fd|/L lx+8\g ;Sg] / af]Ng ;Sg] l:Yltdf lyPgg\ . af]Ng g;Stf g;St} klg n/al/+bf] :j/df Tof]
sljtf af]n] .

110
 pgL cfˆgf w]/} sljtf ;Demg ;Sg] slj x'g\ . t/ of] sljtf pgn] ev{/ n]v]/ cfPsf eg] xf]nfg\ h:tf]
nfUb}g . pgsf] o;;+u ldNbf] h'Nbf] sljtf d}n] k9\g kfPsf] 5}g .
of] Sof;]6 d;+u s6'jfnsf] lrg' :j¿k ;'/lIft /x]sf] 5 .
…cleJolQmÚ k"0ff{Í @* kmfu'g @)#&

syf

e}+;L uf]7 / uf]7fnf]

b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]

…slxn]sfxL+ t o;f] uf]7kl§ klg hfg' lg Û slt 3/dfq} al;/xg dg nfu]sf] xF <Ú >LdtL
dfofl;St :j/df PSsfl; elG5g\ . xf] t Û h] rLh klg ;w}+ gh/sf ;fd' 5 eg] To;sf] d"No x|f;
x'G5 . s]xL lbgsf] cf]em]ndf ;fob d klg gofF x'G5' ls eg] em}+ nfUof] / e}+;L uf]7df hfg]
t/v/df nfU5' . t/ gf]s/L ug]{ dfG5]n] Tolt l5§} cjsfz kf] sxfF kfpF5 / < df5f dfg]{n] sltv]/
df5fn] 7'ª\5 eg]/ k'Ëf]kl§ lglg{d]if x]l//x] em}+ d klg slxn] b'O{–tLg lbgsf] 5'§L cfpnf / kfFr
lbgsf] …Sofh'PnÚ hf]8]/ uf]7 hfpF eGg] Jou|tfdf /xG5' .
z}lIfs cg'i7fgsf] gf]s/L / uf]7 b'j} ljk/Ltd'vL 5g\ . k9fpg] ljifo af}l4s s'/f] xf] t/
e}+;L uf]7 eg] lxnf], uf]a/, 3'/–w"jfF / hËnsf] j:t' xf] . ;fyLn] eg]sf] s'/f em§ dgdf k5{, …uf]a/
/ 3'/ w"jfFsf] uGwn] g5f8];Dd xfdL af}l4s ;+;f/df ljr/0f ug{ ;St}gf}+ x} ;fyL ÛÚ lzjhLn]
xnfxn s07df wf/0f u/]h:tf] k'vf{b]lv cfPsf] of] uGw sxfF o;} 5'6\5 / < o:t} s] s]
gfgfcf]nLsf efjgfx¿ dl:tisdf cf]Ol//xG5g\ . tLg lbg nuftf/ ofqf ubf{ dfq} uf]7 k'luG5 .
cyf{t\ kfFrcf]6f lhNnf kf/ u/]/ 5}6f}+ lhNnf tLg;'lsofsf] wf}nf 3f6df, hxfF lktfhLsf] 8]/f 5,
k'U5' . ef]lnkN6 laxfg ;ftah] lt/ b"w v]Kg] dlzg gfpdf r9]/ lktfhLsf] 8]/f k'U5' . To;sf]
ef]lnkN6 laxfg ;ftah] lt/ b"w v]Kg] dlzg gfpdf r8]/ @)–@% dfOn 6f9f sAa" 6fk"l:yt uf]n
sf]7gLsf 5]pdf ePsf] uf]7df k'U5' .
slxn] cfOk'Unf / eGg kfOPnf eGg] xtf/sf] k|tLIffdf a;]sfx¿ uf]7 gk'Ub} va/
;'gfpF5g\Ù …tkfO{+sf] cl:t cfPsf] cf5fd] s]6f] uf]7sf b'O{ a]6/Lsf nfO6, sDan / efOsf gofF
n'uf rf]/]/ efUof] ÛÚ va/ eGg] t va/ lbP/ xn'Ëf] eof] xf]nf . t/ d]/f] dg eg] uË6fn] ;dfP
h:tf] x'G5, To;} e/Ë eP/ cfpF5 ef/L x'G5 . aNn tNn ef]s / ltvf{n] x/x/ x'Fb} uf]7 k'U5' .
b'O{–tLg sf]7fsf] ;fgf] uf]7 . Ps nDa/ k'/fgf] uf]7fnf] h'F3] uf]7sf] rfnL 5fO/x]sf] x'G5 .
b'O{ nDa/ dfOnf] a'9f] cu]gfsf 5]pdf plª/x]sf] x'G5 . 6f6\gfdf bz afx|cf]6f b'O{ dlxgf x'g
nfu]sf ev{/ afFw]sf n}gf kf8f 5g\ . …n}gf kf8f olQ x'g\ <Ú d k|Zg u5'{ . h'F3] 7f8} hjfkm lbG5Ù
…lsg Tolt x'Gy] < c¿ kfF5–5 cf]6f aflx/ dfp;Fu} 5g\ . clg cg]{sf] yf]/] ;fFem laxfg eO/Ú5 .
kf}+7f klg al;;s]sf] 5 . o;kflnsf ladf/n] k8s] y'k|} d/] ÛÚ dg tLg s'/]t tn em/] em}+ x'G5 .
lsgeg] w]/} kf8f x'Fbf cfdbfgL /fd|f] x'G5, b'O{–rf/ xn /fFuf a]Rg kfOG5 eGg] cfz x'G5 . o;kfln
s]xL t u/f}+nf ls eGg] x'G5 . t/ kf8f d/] eg] b"w x'Fb}g, afFsL af]Sg' l;jfo s]xL kfOFb}g .
……afa} hfp hfp Û b'w]/f]df kfgL NofP/ dxfhgnfO{ rfxf ksfP/ b]p ÛÚÚ h'F3] a"9fnfO{
cx|fpF5 . a"9f dfG5] /fd|/L sfg ;'Gb}gg\Ù t/ d cfOk'u]sf]n] xf]nf rgfvf] b]lvG5g\ . 58\s] gh/n]
h'F3]kl§ x]b}{ b'w]/f] afN6L lnP/ 5]pdf ePsf] sfnL gfnflt/ hfG5g\ .
111
 ……o:tf] afFb/sf] k'R5/ h:tf] dfG5] uf]7df NofOlb/Ú5f} Û g e}+;L b'x'G5 g e}+;L–kf8fg} lrG5
. d t o:tf] n'lnKofª;Fu PSn} sfd ug{ ;lQmg .ÚÚ h'F3]sf] s'/fn] dnfO{ klg l:ylt a'‰g afFsL
/x]g . t/ s] ug'{ < ahf/sf] ;fu–;AhL h:tf] xf]Og uf]7fnf vf]Hg] ljifo Û v'?Ss uof] ;/Ss
lsg]/ NofOxfNof] Û eGg] lalQs} eg]h:tf] uf]7fnf] kf] sxfF kfOG5 / < zf:qdf tLg lqnf]ssf] s'/f
kfOPnf t/ uf]7fnfnfO{ kmsfpg rf/ nf]ssf] s'/f sy'g{ hfGg'k5{ . clg dfq} uf]7fnf] uf]7 a:g
/fhL x'G5 . ToxL dfly k'/fgf uf]7fnfn] gofFsf] bf]if dfq} b]V5 . gofFnfO{ /fd|/L cx|fO l;sfO u/]/
;wfpF eGg] bz{g\ uf]7fnfdf 6\ofSs} x'Fb}g . afemfafemsf] bz{g g} uf]7fn] bz{g xf] . oxL s'/f a'em]/
d r'Kk nfU5' .
……dxfhg Û ltd|f] uf]7df d a;]sf] kfFr jv{ ef]Ù ltdLn] lbPsf rf/ dfp e}+;Ldf Pp6f d/f] .
kfFr dfp e}+;L geP d t labf dfU5' Û sfG5f / ltdLn] dnfO{ kmfn] xfn]sf xf}, t]lt s'/f t d
klg a'‰g ;S5' ÛÚÚ
uf]7fnf] xf], k]6df s'/f /fVg ;Qm}g, l;w} elgxfN5 . of] s'/f h'F3]n] eG5 eGg] dnfO{ klg
s]xL em:sf] lyof] . ……P h'F3] Û t]/} nflu oqf] af6f] wfP/ d cfPsf] Û ;k'/ u/\Ù ;a} rfFhf] ldNb} u}
xfN5 lg ÛÚÚ d ;DemfpF5' . t/ p;df d]/f] s'/f ;'Gg] w}o{ 5}g . KofRr} elgxfN5–……klv{g] hlt t
d}n] klv{xfn]+ lg Û ca klv{Gg . lbg]eP o;kfln cfPsf a]nf ldnfOlbO xfn, xf]Og eg] 3/ uP/ d
cfˆg} v]tL–af/Ldf nfU5' ÛÚÚ
lktfhL / efOsf uf]7sf t'ngfdf Df]/f] uf]7 Tolt 7"nf] xf]Og . ToxL $)–%) dfpsf] 5 .
e}+;L uf]7fnfnfO{ lbg] s'/f lqsf]0f -d, efO / lktfhL_ df k/]sf] 5, ;f]em} ldNb}g, lsgeg]
pgLx¿s} x]/rfxdf d]/f] uf]7knfO x'G5 . cfˆg} hfs -ayfg_ af6 ldnfpF eg] cfkm}+nfO{ g} yf]/
5g\, k'u]sf] 5}g . cfdbfgL eg] ;w}+ cf]/fnf] nfu]sf] nfUo} 5 . gf]s/Lsf] k};fn] e}+;L lsGg] s'/f k/}
/Xof] . ca hjfkm s] lbg] < p;sf] dgsf] s'nf] csf{kl§ kmsf{pg] h'lSt lvofpg nfU5' . klxn]
a]:;/L xkf/] em}+ u/]/ / kl5 zfGt efjn] ;DemfPF . wGg d]/f] bfp v]/ uPg . pm ;]nfPh:tf] x'G5
. h] xf;\, s]xL lbgsf nflu uhf]{ 6nf{ ls h:tf] nfUof] . Ps nDa/ uf]7fnfsf w]/} a}u'g ePklg
Pp6f u'g eg] 5 . hlt g} l/;fPklg cfˆgf] sfd;Fu eg] slxNo} l/;fpFb}g pm .
uf]7fn] efiffdf d dxfhg Û lsgeg] d]/f] uf]7 5 . wgsf] uxgf;Fu of] s'/fsf] ;DaGw 5}g .
kfFrf]6f x'g\ ls kfFr;o, ;+1f Pp6} xf] . uf]7df dxfhg cfPsf] df}sfdf uf]7fnf lgSs} km'lt{nf
x'G5g\ . dflnssf] nfdf] cg'kl:yltdf ePsf] sfdrf]/ k|j[lQnfO{ 9fs5f]k ug{] k|j[lQn] xf]nf .
……uf]7sf] afGsL oxL xf] t < vf]O{, a]/f klg 5}g, 5fgfsf] w'/L klg df/]sf] /x]g5 Û o:tf]
kf/fn] lxpFb] uf]7sf kf8f hf8fn] ;f]Q/ x'Fb}gg\ <ÚÚ d k|Zg u5'{ . d]/f] Aofu 5fd5'd ub}{ tfd"n–kfg
lgsfn]/ hF'3] pQ/ lbG5–……;fyL bx|f] eP kf] uf]7 /fd|f] x'G5 ÛÚÚ pm cfˆgf] dgsf] eSsfgf] kf]Vg
yfN5 . ;fy} cfˆg} dfq sfo{s'zntfsf] 9f]n lkl6/xG5 . olQs}df dfOnf] a"9f] kfgL lnP/ cfOk'U5
. n7\ofu|} ePklg a"9f] dfG5] slDtsf] x'F eGb}g . uf]7fnfx¿sf] k/:k/ afemf] 6fg{ d df}g /xG5' .
s;}sf uf]7df sf]xL gf}nf dfG5] b]lvP eg] cGo j/k/sf uf]7sf uf]7fnf / dxfhgx¿ klg
e]nf x'G5g\ lh1f;' dg lnP/ . uf]7df c? rLhnfO{ 5f8]/ b'O{j6f rLhsf] ;Fw} cefj g} x'G5 . tL
x'g\ tfd"n–kfg / rLgL . uf]7 cfpFbf oL b'O{ b'n{e rLh dxfhgn] lnP/} cfpF5g\ eGg] ;a}n]
7fGb5g\ / t} vfg kfOxflnG5 ls eGg] cfz j/k/sf ;a}n] u5{g\ . To;df d Joltqmd x'Gg . e]nf
ePsf dflg; aLraf6 Pp6fn] tfQft} elgxfN5–……dxfhg cfpg'ePsf] /x]5, P h'F3] Û rfxf a;f g
vfpFm ÛÚÚ

112
 d]/f] ;sf/fTds pQ/ kfP/ h'F3] cfkm}+ s/fxLdf rfxf a;fpg yfN5 . a6'sf / yfndf xfn]/
rfxf lbO;s]kl5 tfd"n sf6\g yfN5 . o;/L ;fgf]ltgf] …rfxfÚ ;df/f]x ;dfKt x'G5 .
zx/] hLjgaf6 clt b"/ of] hËn] d'n'sdf s]jn gbL, au/, xl/of] hËn3f/L, uf]a/, lemFuf,
8fF8f–ef6f, v/, sfz, nx/f / a8]/fsf rf]of, g"g, 8'F8, rf]s], e}+;LnfO{ sGofpg] 3f]rf, sfgf
nufPsf ef/, afN6L, bfDnf, 6'F8];f, a6g]p6f, b"w ttfpg] 7"nf s/fxL, gfp–a}7f, s'F8'nf, e}+;L–kf8f
cflbsf] ;dli6 ¿k g} …uf]7Ú xf] / To;sf s'zn ;~rfns g} uf]7fnf / uf]7 dflns Û
lbp;f] sf]xL uf]7fnf e}+;L r/fpg hfG5g\ . sf]xL bfp/f kfgL, 3'/–w'jfF ug{ / 6f6\gf]–esf/f]
;f]xf]g{ uf]7d} tNnLg /xG5g\ . ;fFem kg{ nfUbf n}gf e}+;L XjfOF XjfOF / x'O{+ x'O{+ ub}{ km8b'jfn s'b]/
cfpF5g\ . lbgel/sf] k6\of/nfUbf] ;do /dfOnf] jftfj/0fdf kl/0ft x'G5 . dfp cfPsf] uGw kfP/
n}gf kf8f tlGsb} 6\ofF 6\ofF s/fpg yfN5g\ . uf]7fnfx¿ cfˆg} efsf / :j/df lxGbL lkmNdL uLt
ufpFb} sf]xL 3'/ nufpg, sf]xL afN6L kvfNg / Nofd -nfnl6g_ afNg yfN5g\ . sf]xL sf]xL
uf]7fnfx¿ eg] k/:k/ s'/fsfgLdf cZnLn afSo / 5f8f xfpefp klg k|bz{g u5{g\ . cfkm'nfO{
eg] pgLx¿sf To:tf s'/f / O;f/f g;'g] em}+ u/L r'krfk krfpg'kg]{ afWotf cfOk5{ . of] 7fpF g}
o:t} Û hxfF cfOdfO{x¿sf] uGw} x'Fb}g . cfˆgf kf}?if efjgfnfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg{ uf]7fnfx¿n] ljleGg
e+uLdf lvr]sf lkmNdL gflosfx¿sf] t:jL/ cfkm" ;'Tg] rfªsf 5]p leQfdf 6fF;]sf b]lvG5g\ .
;fFem kg{ yfn]kl5 a"9f uf]7fnf eft ltx'gkl§ nfU5g\ . d tvtfsf] rfªdf 9lNsPsf] x'G5' .
h'F3] eg] aflx/ ynf]df sfd ub}{ x'G5 . a'9fn] s]xL eGg vf]h]em}+ nfU5 . +sltv]/ rfg; k5{ /
dxfhgnfO{ cfˆgf ax kf]vf}+ eGg] efj pgsf] cg'xf/af6 k|i6} lrlgG5 . geGb} pgL lj:tf/} ;fgf]
:j/n] eGg yfN5g\ klg–……d h'F3];Fu a:g ;lSbg dxfhg Û dnfO{ vfln srsr ul//xG5 Û cl:t
3Lp rf]/]/ a]Rff] Û ca tkfO{+ cfOk'Ug'ef]Ù dnfO{ labf lbgf];\ Û d 3/ hfG5' ÛÚÚ
h'g e'd/Ldf gk/f}+ eGof] To;}df kl/g] eOof] af Û uf]7fnfsf] of] labf dfUg] /f]u slxNo}
uPg . uf]7 cfOk'Uof] pxL labf dfUg] s'/f 5 . x'g t e/kbf]{ gePklg s]xL ;3fp t ldNb}5 Û
e/kbf]{nfO{ ;fy lbPs} 5 . d p;nfO{ kmsfpg yfN5'–……x]/\ dfOnf Û tF geP d]/f] uf]7 rNb}g .ÚÚ pm
s]xL cfZj:t x'G5 . uf]7fnf] ldnfpg] rt'¥ofOF klg 7"n} /fhgLlt xf] . geP uf]7} nyflnË x'G5, s]
ug'{ < uf]7jfnf dxfhgx¿n] of] s'/f /fd|/L g} a'em]sf x'G5g\ .
qmdz M /ft kb}{ hfG5 . e}+;Lsf c¿ ayfg ynfdf cfOk'U5g\ . /ftsf] cGwsf/df d
e}+;Lsf cg'xf/ 7Dofpg ;lStg . gf}nf] x'gfn] nf7df k:g 8/ klg nfU5 . uf]7fnf dfpsf gfd
8fSt} kf8f 5f]8\5g\ / b"w b'x'G5g\ . uf]7df d]/f] ug]{ sfd s]xL x'Fb}gÙ a]sf/ a:g] d} dfq x'G5' .
cf]ng lagf ?lvPsf] 3fF6L aNn leHg yfNof] . afn'jfsf] e'OFdf af]/f cf]5\ofP/ kNofF6L
df/]/ a:5' . wLt d?~h]n b"w–eft vfPkl5 uf]7fnfx¿sf] cleof]u ;'Gg] a]nf cfpF5 . eft vfg
a:tf t/sf/Ldf vf];f{gL xfn]sf] /x]g5 . ……vf];f{gL 5}g <ÚÚ a"9fnfO{ ;f]W5' . a"9fn] pQ/ lbG5–……h'F3]
dufpFb} dufpFb}g Û d}n] s] ug'{ < lhlg; n]v]/ k7fpg] pxL xf] Sof/ ÛÚÚ
h'F3]nfO{ ;f]Wbf eG5–……cfˆgf t uf]7df dflns a;] kf] lhlg; cfpF5 Û n]Vtf n]Vtf x}/fg
x'OG5, lhlg;} k7fpFb}gg\ ÛÚÚ
uf]7fnf;Fusf] aftlrtn] dnfO{ em:sf] x'g nflu/x]5 . sf]xL uf]7fnf a'emSsL, uDeL/ / gd|
:jefjsf klg x'G5g\ . t/ dnfO{ Tof] gl;k sxfF < d]/f uf]7fnf hlt klg cfP em8Ë], Psf]xf]/f /
afpF7f dfq} . h'F3] 7"nf] s/fxLdf /ftLsf] ;a} b"w ttfpF5 . t/ o;f] ljrf/ ubf{ s'/f ttfpg xf] ls
h:tf] klg nfUb}5 . pm PSsfl; eG5–

113
 ……dxfhg Û d ltd|f] uf]7df a;]sf] kfFr 5 jv{ ef] Û dnfO{ sf/af/ rflxG5 . ltdLn]
b]vfOlbPsf] sfp8fn] x'Fb}g . lbg]eP /fd|f ultnf e}+;L b]p geP k"/f lx;fk u/]/ labf u/ ÛÚÚ d
zfGt :j/df a'emfpF5'–
……kvL{ kvL{, d efO / af ;Fu ;Nnfx u/L t]/f] lrQ a'emfOlbpFnf, lsg cflQG5;\ <ÚÚ ……ltdL
uf]7 cfP lkR5] ;Fw} o;} eG5f} t/ sfd eg] s}No} x'Fb}g ÛÚÚ pm /fFlSsP/ eG5 .
p;nfO{ ;Demfpg] efvfdf d eG5'–……t}+n] cfPb]lv bf];|f] dfG5]nfO{ uf]7df ;x]sf] 5}g;\\,
PSn}n] uf]7 rNb}g . tF lsg c? uf]7fnfnfO{ cfˆg} ;fyL efO ;/x ;lDemP/ cx|fO l;sfO ub}{g;\ <
s'g} gofF dfG5] Nofof] eg] ;ftf lbg klg s6\b}g . ca d]/f] uf]7 s;/L rN5, t}+ eg\ t ÛÚÚp;sf]
bf]ifnfO{ pbfËf] kf/]/ cf}+NofOlbFbf pN6} RofFl¶g kf] yfN5 / labfsf] ;f}bfkl§ nfu]/ dnfO{ g} unfpg
kf] vf]H5 .
pm cfˆgf] Psf]xf]/f] l9kLdf cl8u 5 . d]/f] cg'kl:yltdf p;n] p7fPsf] kmfObf / p;sf]
Psnf}6L /huhdf d ;r]t 5' . t} p;nfO{ ;xL dfu{df Nofpg ;ls kf] xfN5' ls eGg] WofpGgdf
5' . t/ s'/f ldNb}g, ldNg] 6'F8f] klg km]nf kb}{g . Hofbf ax; gu/L r'kf] nfu]/ a:5' .
kmn]ssf] rfªdf cf]5\ofg nufOPsf] x'G5 . l;/fgL ldNb}g . c;lhnf]d} ;'Tg] t/v/ u5'{ .
h'F3] v/sf] d'7f] k'R5«|] h:tf] Psxft hlt kf/]/ 6g6gL afFW5 / d]/f] l;/fgd'lg 3';fl/lbG5 . l;/fgL
s]xL cUnf] x'G5 . ca eg] ;'Tg ;lhnf] x'G5Ù d ;'T5' .
laxfg Ao"Flem+bf uf]7fnfx¿ pl7;s]sf x'G5g\ . cl3Nnf] ;fFemdf gcfPsf Ps–b'O6f n}gf
e}+;L klg /ftL g} s'g}a]nf ynfdf cfO;s]5g\ . laxfg p3|fO/x]sf b]lvG5g\ . afFsL s]xL /ftL rg{
uPsf hËnd} x'G5g\ . ynf] k|foM l/Q} x'G5 . ynfsf] uf]a/ ˆofFlscf]l/ uf]7fnfx¿ ;fgf] s/fxLdf
rfxf a;fNg yfN5g\ . d klg p7]/ xft–d'v w'G5' / rfªdf a;]sf] x'G5' . xn;f/f] sLnf]df afFw]/
k5fl8sf v'§f lgg 8f]/Ln] s;]/ h'F3]n] xn;f/f] tfGb} -y'g tfGb}_ u/]sf] b]V5' . klxn] uf]6f b'x'G5,
kl3|Pkl5 b'x]/ NofpF5 / cfwf ln6/ hlt plDnP/ sl¶Psf], /ª sfnf] eO;s]sf] rfxfdf dflyaf6
VjfNn vGofpF5 clg /xn b"w afN6Ldf xfN5 .
d k|Zg u5'{–……/ftLsf] Toqf] b"w 5Fbf5Fb} laxfgsf] b"w rfxfdf xfn]sf] <ÚÚ h'F3] 7f8} hjfkm
lbG5–……;fhL b"w x'Fbfx'Fb} af;L b"w sf] vfcf];\ <ÚÚ
dgdf ts{gf x'g yfN5, ……oL uf]7fnfx¿ cfˆgf 3/ uPkl5 s] o;/L g} cfwf ln6/ ;fhL
b"w rfxfdf xfn]/ vfg kfpnfg\ < ls dxfhgsf] t xf] lg, a;'~h]n df]h u/f}+, oxfFaf6 lx+8]kl5
b]v}hfnf eGg] uf]7fnfx¿sf] bz{g xf] <ÚÚ
hËndf /ftL rg{ uPsf e}+;L laxfg v]bfP/ Nofpg'k5{ . geP b"w zx/ nfg ca]/ x'G5 .
rfxf vfPkl5 To; ljefudf kg]{ uf]7fnfx¿ xftdf u'jfnLsf] nf}/f] lnP/ hËnlt/ lx+8\5g\ . geGb}
Ps–b'O{ 306fkl5 e}+;L ynfdf cfpg yfN5g\ . 8'F8df lgd]s xflnG5 / d':nf] w'jfF 5'6fP/ 3'/
nufOG5 . clg tf wdfwd klxn] n}gf b'x'g] qmd rN5 . To;kl5 l76f / z]ifdf xn;f/f e}+;L
b'lxG5 . b"w b'xF'b} afN6Ldf vGofpFbf d afN6Lsf sfF6Ldf cfFvf k'¥ofpF5' . ;fob dflnsx¿sf]
WofpGg g} afN6L eg]{kl§ x'G5 e}+;Lsf] kmfFrf]df b"w xf];\ gxf];\ . k}sf/L -b"w lsGg] hg_ nfO{ 8]9
?lkofF ;]/sf b/n] a]r]sf] b"wn] b'O{ tLghgf uf]7fnfx¿sf] dlxgfjf/L b/dfxf / vfO{vr{, uf]7sf]
cGo vr{, e}+;Lsf jflif{s vhfgf, cfkm"n] u/]sf rfgr'g vr{, ToxL+dfly wf}nf ahf/sf] ef/tjif{
el/sf] vfB ;fdu|Lsf] pRr b/ ;a} cfo hf]8\bf Joo g} cUnf] x'G5 . oxfF cy{gLltsf] ;ftf] uPsf]
kfOG5 . /ftf] wsf]{n] gfdsf] tn slxNo} 5f]8\b}g .

114
 h'F3] /ftL pdfn]sf] b"w 5fnL -t/_ sf6]/ 6Lgdf xfN5 . oxL 5fnL km';{tsf] a]nf kmfP/
dvfg agfOG5 / vf/]kl5 l3p x'G5 . h'F3] b"w lnP/ b'O{ dfOn 6f9f ePsf] 3f6df, hxfF
oGqrflnt gfp /xG5, b"w k'¥ofpg xtfl/Psf] b]lvG5 . laxfg a]n'sfsf] 6'Kkf] -b"wdf xflng] kfgL_
ldnfP/ ToxL !&–!* ln6/ b"w hDdf ePsf] x'Fbf] xf] . gf} ah]leq} 3f6df b"w k'¥ofOPg eg] kmf6\g]
8/ x'G5 . 7]sfbf/L ug]{ dxfhgn] gf]S:ffg vKg'k5{ .
……uf]7df lhlg;sf] nflu l;lnk n]lvb]p t ÛÚÚ eGb} h'F3] uf]7df gePsf lhlg; kmnfSg
yfN5 . d n]Vt} hfG5' . dxfhg cfPsf] df}sf 5f]kL cl3b]lv gcfPsf ;fdfgx¿ dufpg] p;sf]
dGf;fo a'‰g a]/ nfUb}g . l;lnk h]kdf xfn]/ xtf/ xtf/ ef/ sfFwdf p7fP/ h'F3] c?;Fu} 3f6lt/
lx+8\5 .
lbpF;f]sf] s'/f . s]xL lj>fd u/]/ d p7]sf] x'G5' . h'F3] To;} w':; km'n]/ a;]sf] 5 .
s'/}s'/fdf d]/f] efO / p;sf] uf]7fnf] ;Gg];L sfG5fsf bf]ifx¿ avfGg yfN5 . pgLx¿n] d]/f]
uf]7k|lt ;Fw} c;xof]u / a]jf:tf u/] /] Û h'F3]n] s/fPsf] ;f/;f/} ;'lgG5 . efOsf] uf]7 d]/f uf]7
b]lvg\ To:t} ;okfOnf hlt 6f9f xf]nf . cfˆgf] s'/f sf6]sf] ;'g]/ b'j} d]/f] uf]7d} cfOk'U5g\ .
……s] elg;\ c/] ÛÚÚ efO h'F3]lt/ hfO nfU5 . ……Pp6} uf]7 a;]sf] a]nf ;f]Wb} g;f]wL uf]7
5'6fP/ nu]sf], uf]7 agfpg ;3fO nfU5f}+ eGbf …kb}{g Û d]/f] uf]7 d cfkm} agfpF5'Ú eg]sf] s'/f efO
/ ;Gg];L sfG5fn] dnfO{ ;'gfpFbf ts{n] afemfafemsf] ¿k lnG5 . ;Gg];L sfG5f] / h'F3] oL b'O{
uf]7fnfx¿ k/:k/ wf/]xft kf/]/ nfh–efF8 af]Nb} xft 5f]8f5f]8 ug{ yfN5g\ .
x}/fg eP/ efO eG5–……of] PsnsfF6] dfG5] xf] . o;n] c? uf]7fnf] klg ;xFb}g / cfkm" klg
PSn}n] ;a} sfd EofpFb}g . o;/L ltd|f] uf]7 rNb}g bfh' Û o;nfO{ labf lbg' g} /fd|f] x'G5 . slt
;xg' ca <ÚÚ
clxn] ePsf] g/dfOnf] b[Zo / h'F3]sf] cGtd'{vL a]xf]/f b]Vtf dnfO{ klg emGsf 5'6\5 .
cfˆgf] uf]7 wfgL cfPsf] h'F3]nfO{ cfj]udf cfP/ d labf lbg] 3f]if0ff u5'{ . a"9f] uf]7fnf]kl§ x]5'{,
pgsf cfFvf v'zLn] xfF;]sf b]lvG5g\ . h'F3] 3fOt] af3 em}+ kmGkmlgG5 / eG5–
……7Ls 5, vfg gkfP/ oxfF ltd|fdf cfPsf] x'OFg . lslno/ dxfhgn] tF d]/f] uf]7df cfO;\
eg] b; dfp /f]Hhf e}+;L lbpFnf eg]sf 5g\ . d]/f] kfpFbf] b]p d jxL+ hfG5' ÛÚÚ
lslno/ dxfhg csf]{ kfnsf] uf]7sf] 7"n} uf]7sf] b]ZjfnL dxfhg xf] . uf]7kfnfx¿sf
cfˆgf cfˆg} kfn x'G5g\ . ufO{–e}+;L clws ;+Vof ePdf e}+;L kfnf dxfhgx¿n] leGgfleGg} kfn -
ayfg_ agfP/ tLg–rf/ dfOnsf] Jojwfgdf r/gsf] ;'ljwf kfg{ uf]7 /fV5g\ . Ps kfnsf e}+;Ln]
csf]{ kfnsf r/gdf cfP/ r/] eg] emu8fsf] ;"qkft x'g] ;+efjgf klg x'G5 . lsgeg] 3fF;sf]
afx'Nodf g} e}+;L uf]7 ;lk|G5 .
uf]7fnfsf] cefjdf hl6ntf ;w}+ g} ef]Ug' kl//xG5 . ef]lnb]lv d]/f] uf]7 ;DxfNg] Odfgbf/
uf]7fnfsf] 6'Ëf] nfUg' g} d'Vo k|Zg 5 . efUo xf] of b'ef{Uo, uPsf] jif{ h'F3] ladf/L eP/ c:ktfndf
lrlsT;fwLg ePsf] df}sf 5f]kL uf]7sf] n§Lk§L kf/]/ efUg] uf]7fnf] kf] d]/f uf]7df a:g 6'Kn'Ss
cfOk'Uof] . ;f]Rt5', ef]lnsf] nyflnª\unfO{ ;DxfNg hfFbf emg\ 7"nf] etfe'Ësf] k}/f] t hfFb}g <
rfFbdf/L, t]hk'/, c;d
*
x]ªbf+u
v8\u axfb'/ sf}lzs

*
x]ªbf+u–c;dsf cfxf]d /fhfsf] zf;gsfndf Jojxf/ x'g] Ps c:q Pj+ t/jf/

115
 kmfu'g ;lsg nfu]sf] lyof] . kfgL lgs} lbg gkgf{n] ¿vkftx¿ w"nf]n] ;]tfDd] b]lvGy] .
3l/ 3l/ dlrPsf] xfjfsf] emf]+sfn] kft klt+u/;Fu} w"nf]nfO{ klg ;f]xf]/ ;fxf/ kf/]/ 3/sf] leq};Dd
k'¥ofpFb} lyof] . oqtq 5l/Psf] w"nf]df xftsf] :kz{ x'Fbf cfª\ g} lhl/ª\ª x'GYof] . aflx/ p/f7nfUbf]
jftfj/0f 5fPsf] lyof] . ljbfsf] lbg . 8«OË ¿dsf ;fdu|Lx¿ oyf;Dej k'5kf5 ug]{ k|oTg ub}{
lyPF d . PSsfl; u]6 ah]sf] zAbn] d]/f cfFvf aflx/ u]6df 7f]lSsg k'u] . cfuGt'snfO{ b]v]/ cfFvf
To;} 8lNnP . ;f]Rb} g;f]r]sf] csNkgLo b[Zo Û em;Ë ePF . cfª lr;f] ePsf] xf] ls tftf] x'g
vf]h]sf] 7Dofpg} ;lsg . ls+ sQ{Joljd"9 cj:yfn] pAhfPsf ;f]rx¿ d'x"t{d} d]/f] dl:tisdf
k3fl/g yfn] . sltv]/ aflx/ lg:s]5', yfx} ePg . cfuGt'snfO{ ;s];Dd xFl;nf] d'xf/sf] gd:t]n]
:jfut ug{ rfxFbf klg d]/f] cg'xf/df gd:t]n] stf stf xfF;f] pKhfpg g;s] h:tf] nfUof]
cfkm}+nfO{ .
…;~r 5}g ls s;f] <Ú cfuGt'ssf] ck|Toflzt k|Zgn] dnfO{ em;Ë kf¥of] . dfgf}+ d lgb|fd}
lyPF . s;}sf] cs:dft\ pkl:yltn] o;/L a]r}g kfnf{ eGg] d}n] ;f]r]sf] klg lyOg . x'gt cfuGt's
k"j{ kl/lrt g} ePtfklg d]/f] 3/df p;sf] of] klxnf] kbfk{0f lyof] . km]l/ klg lsg cfof] xf]nf <
s] eGg] xf] < s;f] ug]{ xf] < o:tf ylk+b} u/]sf k|Zgx¿n] dnfO{ k6Ss} :jfefljs x'g lbPsf
lyPgg\ . a? z+sf pkz+sfn] d]/f] ljj]sdf lg/Gt/ lj;+ultsf] k'N7f] emf]:t} lyof]Ù h;n] ubf{
cfuGt'snfO{ d}n] cltlysf] ;/n kl/efiff leq ;d]6\g ;s]sf] lyOFg . ;fob d]/f] o:tf] dg:tflts
l:yltn] p;nfO{ klxnf] k|Zg g} d]/f] :jf:Yo ;DaGwdf ug{ s/ nufPsf] lyof] xf]nf Û d}n] klg lsg
xf] pm cfPsf] p2]Zo eGbf jiff}{+ e]63f6 x'g g;s]sf] b'Mv];f]af6 g} af]nLsf] ufF7f] km'sfpg' d'gfl;a
;lDemPF . cjZo 7"nf a8f g]tf–dGqL;Fu p;sf] a;p7 /x]sf] s'/f ;fyLx¿sf] d'vaf6 g;'g]sf]
klg xf]Og . kl/lrt x'Fbf klg cfuGt'ssf] cg'xf/df Pskm]/f] /fd|f]u/L b[li6 8'nfpg dnfO{ lgs}
s;/t ug{ kl//x]Yof] . emg\ dgsf s'/f d;Fu} la;fpF5' eg]/ p cfPsf] egL hfGbf d hlt lj:do
ePF plQg} nlHht klg ePF . cfkm}+df ljZjf; ePg . ;fFrf] eGg' xf] eg] cfkm}+n] ;'g]sf] s'/f cfˆg}
sfgnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ ufx|f] kb}{ lyof] .
cfuGt's d]/f] ;fd' a;]sf] lyof] . x]bf{ ;]t} km'n]sf] skfn, sf6\g gEofPh:tf em':; ;]tf
7'6] bfx|L, ;]t} h'Fuf, leq ufl8Psf cfFvf, a'9\of}nLsf h:tf ?b|s07L tn t'n'{Ë em'l08Psf df;'sf
n'D;f . af]Nbf lgwf/sf d'hf tndfly u/]sf] ;lhn} cfFvf kg]{ . p;sf] of] cg'xf/nfO{ g d}n] ;f]em}
:jLsfg{ ;s]+ g t ljZjf; g} ug{ ;s]+ . d]/f] ljj]s cfkm}+ nueu kRrL; jif{ cl3sf] p;sf] Tof]
b'h{o ¿kdf ljr/0f ug{ yfNof] . stf stf eo / zª\sfn] d]/f] z/L/ v'Dr]h:tf] nfUof] cfkm}+nfO .
o:t} eo / zª\sfn] clg sltko gldNbf gLltut sf/0fn] ubf{ Ps ;dodf pm;Fu b"/Œj a9\b}
hfFbf Ps k|sf/n] d cnUu} h:tf] x'g'k/]sf] lyof] . cjZo p;sf] sfo{ k4ltsf] kIf lng' Pj+
;dy{g ug'k5{ eg]/ p;n] dnfO{ slxNo} klg hf]8 u/]sf] lyPgÙ pd]/df pm d eGbf o:t} rf/ kfFr
jif{hlt h]7f] ePsf]n] . clxn] krkGg jif{ eGbf a9L p;sf] pd]/ gx'g' kg]{ . of] zx/df cfpg'
eGbf cl3 pm sxfF lyof] < s] uYof]{ < k9fO{ s] xf] < s;}nfO{ ;6Ls hfgsf/L gePtfklg pk/
c;dsf] s'g} leqL ufpFaf6 pm cfPsf] xf] eGg] s'/fdf nueu ;j} Psdt lyP .
xf] Û d]/f] ;j} lj:dosf] s]Gb|ljGb' ag]sf] Tof] cfuGt's x]ªbf+ug} xf] Û of] ToxL x]ª\bf+u xf]
h;nfO{ c;dsf] ljb]zL v]bfpg] cfGbf]ngn] …;"o{w/ a?cfÚ gfpF g} ljn'Kt kf/]/ x]ªbf+u gfpFn] gj
hGd lbPsf] lyof] . c;dsf] Tof] eofgs cfGbf]ngsf] dWodl0f lyof] x]ªbf+u . x]ªbf+usf] gfpF dgdf
cfpgf;fy Ps b'bf{Gt ;fx;L, afx'anL tGb'?:t o'jssf] cg'xf/ emNemNtL cfpF5 d]/f cfFvfdf .
st}af6 klg cfFvf kg]{ 7"nf] 6fpsf], ‰ofKk sfnf] skfn, lrpF8f]df r':; bfx|L, ;d/f] t/ rflxbf]

116
eGbf 5f]6f] uw{g . ;k|]sf xft kfv'/f, km'Q lg:s]nfg\ h:tf 7"N7"nf cfFvf . hltv]/ x]bf{klg emD6L
kf] xfNg] xf] ls h:tf] Û pu| hftLotfjfbsf] dnhnn] ;k|]sf] dxfjL/ x]ªbf+u o:t} b]lvGYof] .
Pslbg dxfTdf ufGwLsf] clx+;f gLltnfO{ a|Dx c:q agfP/ ljb]zL nv]6\g z'? ePsf]
hghfu/0f rfF8} g} hg cfGbf]ngdf kl/0ft eof] . h;/L h;/L cfGbf]ng c;ddf rs{+b} lkmhfl/+b}
hfFb} lyof], x]ªbf+u p;/L g} ;j{zlQmdfg\sf ¿kdf pn{+b} lyof] . dflg;x¿ p;sf] k/fqmd x]/]/
p;nfO{ /aLgx'8;Fu bfFHg] uy]{ . …x]ªbf+u cfpFb} 5 ÛÚ eg]sf] ;'Gb} 3/3/sf nfO6 ‰ofk em'k lgEy] .
?Fb} u/]sf gfgL s]6fs]6Lx¿ cfkm}+ r'k x'Gy] . …cfcf] x} cfcf] Û lg:s]/ cfcf] Û====v]b x} v]b, lg:s]/
v]b Û ljb]zL v]b ÛÚ eGb} dzfn xftdf lnP/ x]ªbf+u af3 h:tf] uh{+bf af6f 3f6fx¿ hg;d'b|df
kl/0ft x'g slt a]/ klg nfUb}g lyof] . k'ln;sf] lgGb|fx/0fsf/L Tof] dxfjL/ x]ªbf+usf] cfh ;'6'Ss}
cfudg ePsf] 5Ù Tof]] klg d]/f 3/df . cfFvfn] b]v]tfklg ljj]sn] st} b]Vg dfq ;s]sf] 5}g .
PSsfl; d]/f] dg tL ;Í6u|:t lbgx¿nfO{ k5\ofpg yfN5 . hxfF u[xxf/f kLl8t cft{hgsf
ef}+tfl/Psf cg'xf/x¿n] tL cv08 k|tfkL x]ªbf+usf cg'ufdLx¿nfO{ RofpFb} u/]h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{
. s;/L cfGbf]ng lx+;fTds aGg k'Uof] . lgoGq0f gePh:t} ;De+mbf clxn] klg dg lr;f] eP/
cfpF5 .
qmdzM cfGbf]ng lx+;fsf] lbzftkm{ a9\g yfNof] . lgoGq0f gePh:t} lx+;f pGdfb ;+qmfds
em}+ ufpFufpFdf km}ln+b} hfb} lyof] . a9\bf] xTof n'07gh:tf] kfzljs sfo{n] dflg;x¿ ql;t lyP .
o:tf] h3Go u0f cfj]usf] clGtd kl/0ffd;Dd gkv{g]x¿ cfˆgf] h]h:tf] h]yf] lyof]Ù a]rljvg u/L
sf]xL lznu9Llt/ t w]/}h;f] cfˆg} k'Vof}{nL d'n's /fd|f] eGb} g]kfnlt/ k]lnP . x'g klg xf], laxfg
3/af6 lg:s]sf] dfG5] a]n'sL 3/ cfOk'u]g eg] km]l/ ;xL;nfdt kms]{nf eGg'klg lwSsf/ lyof] .
t/ o:tf] ;+s6do l:yltdf klg …d/] cfˆgf] hGd e"lddf dg]{ Û efUg] st} xf]Og ÛÚ egL b[9
;+sNkdf cl8u /xg]x¿n] cfˆgf] 7fpF 5f8]gg\ .
cfGbf]ng cfj]usf] OGwgn] emg\ /lGsg yfNof] . ef/tsf cGo k|fGtaf6 cfpg]x¿nfO{ klg
alx/fut eGb} cfGbf]ngsf/Ln] cf}+Nofpg yfn] . ;/sf/L ;+klQ Wj+z ug]{, 7"nfa8f Pj+ dfGo
u'?hgnfO{ cj1f ug]{ ck;+:s[ltg} ;+:s[ltsf] ufoqL dGq eP/ rf/}lt/ km}lng yfNof] . oBlk
cfGbf]ngsf d'Vo xf]tf eg] 5fq–5fqf g} lyP . lj:tf/} ;du| c;d Hjfnfd'vLdf kl/0ft x'gyfNof]
. af6f3f6fsf k'nx¿ hnfP/ v/fgL kfl/P . cfh Ps ufpF hNof] eg] ef]ln bz ufpF hn]sf] va/
;'Gg'kb{Yof] . hfpFeGbf csf]{ ufpF hfg g;lsg] l:ylt lyof] . hxfF hxfFaf6 Hofg dfn a9L dfqfdf
ljWj+; ePsf] va/ cfpg] ub{Yof] dflg;x¿ x]ªbf+u ToxfF k'u]5 eGg] c8sn nufpg] uy]{ . sfg"g
Joj:yf t 5}g a/fa/ lyof] . cft+lÍt dflg;x¿ qflxdfd\ eP/ a]n'sL vj/ ;'Gg /]l8of] ePsf
3/df eL8 nufpg] uy]{ . eoeLt, c;'/lIft dflg;x¿ x]ªbf+usf 5fofFb]lv klg 8/fpFy] . x]ªbf+usf]
lj/f]w ug'{ eg]sf] cfGbf]ngsf] lj/f]w ug'{ a/fa/ lyof] . ;fob o;}n] xf]nf x]ªbf+usf afa' cfdfnfO{
km"nsf] dfnf / km"na'§] uD5fn] ufpF ufpFdf eJo :jfut ug]{ Ps c3f]lift k|ltof]lutf aGb}lyof] .
eo / zÍfdf cNem]sf dflg;x¿ cem a9L c;'/lIft Pj+ ;Í6 em]Ng gk/f];\ eg]/ cfGbf]ng
dRrfpg]x¿n] h] h;f] eGy] p;} ug{ t}of/ lyP . ljkbu|:t c;xfo dflg;x¿ czflGt / cgfx"t
;+s6sf] cfzÍfdf ddf{xt cg'xf/ lnP/ ef}+tfl/Psf b[Zo d]/f cfFvfaf6 cem cf]em]n x'g ;s]sf
5}gg\ . xf] Û cfGbf]ngsf] lJfWj+;s ¿k b]Vg] / ef]Ug]nfO{ ljl;{g hlt ufx|f] lyof], gb]v]sfnfO{
pknlAw u/fpg klg plQs} ;fx|f] lyof] .
slxn]sfxL+ sNkgf g} gu/]sf] s'/f jf:tjdf aGg k'Ubf] /x]5 . cfh d]/f] l:ylt To:t} eof] .
Tof] eofgs c;dsf] ljb]zL v]bfpg] cfGbf]ngsf] dxfg of]4f x]ªbf+u d]/f] ;dLk lj/fhdfg 5 .

117
;fFrf] eGg] xf] eg] p d]/f] 3/sf] sf]7fdf c6fpg k'u]sf] 5 . p;n] dgsf s'/f s] ;'gfpnf eGg]
sf}t's eGbf klg kRrL; jif{ cl3 5 jif{;Dd rn]sf] c;d cfGbf]ngsf tL ljgfzsf/L lbgx¿;Fu
5'6sf/f kfpg ddf cGt/åGå z'? x'g yfNof] . Psflt/ cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf emem{/fpFbf lbg csf{kl§
c;xfo kLl8thgsf d[tk|foM cftlÍt cg'xf/ . rf/}lt/ km}lnPsf jLeT; ¿k . zq' ldq glrlgg]
l:ylt . dfG5]n] slt;Dd ;Gb]x ug{ ;S5 / sxfF;Dd tn emg{;S5 eGg] s'/f of] cfGbf]ngn] 5n{Ë
kf/]sf] lyof] . ofb cfpF5 s;/L dg]Zj/ gfy dfi6/sf] ;kl/jf/nfO{ xfdLn] xfd|f] ufpFsf]
afF;‰ofª\df rf/lbg;Dd n'sfP/ /fVg'k/]sf] lyof] . lat]sf tL eofgs lbgx¿n] dnfO{ rf/}lt/af6
5]sf/f] xfn] h:tf] nfUof] . ;dLkdf a;]sf] x]ªbf+un] d]/f] dgf]å]u ;fob a'‰g} ;s]sf] lyPg . p;sf
dgsf s'/fn] olQsf lbg;Dd d]/f dgdf plAhPsf k|Zgsf] vf]/fs kfO/x]sf lyP . ;fob To;}n]
xf]nf d}n] k|Zg ul//xg'k/]g . df}gtfn] g} dnfO{ p;sf k|To]s zAb a'‰g 7"nf] ;3fp k'¥ofpFb} lyof]
. p;sf s'/f d]/f] ljj]sn] hlt ;d]6]/ /fVg ;Sof] Tof] nueu o;k|sf/ 5–ufpF3/ / ;fyLefOsf
d'vaf6 ;'g]/ xf]nf, p;n] klg d]/f] af]nfpg] gfpFn] g} ;Daf]wg ug{ ?rfPsf] b]lvof] .
dfG5] hGdb} g/fd|f] sxfF x'G5 / < af]u]efO{ Û /fd|f] g/fd|f] t sd{n] agfpFbf]/x]5 . ;'Gof} af]u]
efO Û cfj]u ;[i6 pu| hftLotfjfb g} j[xt\ hflt u7g k|lqmofdf 7"nf] afws l;4 x'g] s'/f
;dodf pknlAw ug{ g;Sg' cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f 7"nf] e"n lyof] . w]/} If]qdf ljWj+; ug]{ tTjx¿
lyP sf]xL, gfpF hf]l8lbP x]ªbf+usf] .===ltnnfO{ kxf8 agfP/ dfG5]nfO{ ;Gsfpg] ;+jfb kqx¿n]
cfj]usf] ufoqL dGq hk]/ la/fnfnfO{ l;+x agfP . l;+xnfO{ r}+ d';f agfP/ cfˆgf] ahf/ km}nfP .
;"o{w/ j?cfnfO{ x]ªbf+u agfpg]x¿ /ftf/ft lbUuh g]tf ePgg\ / af]u]efO < === x]ªbf+unfO{
;+s6df]rgsf ¿kdf pEofP/ hUufhdLg x8Kg]x¿ c§flnsf v8f u/]/ clxn] dxfg ;dfh
;'wf/s algP Û ;fFRr} eg]sf] af]u] efO Û xfdLh:tfnfO{ rflx+ gs{df klg 7fpF gx'g'kg]{ xf] .
x]ªbf+usf d'vaf6 klg Pslbg o:tf zAbx¿ lg:s]nfg\ eg]/ g d}n] ;f]r]sf] lyPF g pDdLb g}
u/]sf] lyPF .===af]u] efO Û eGg'kg]{ s'/f cem 5g\ . Pslbg clu|d ltdL;Fu ;do dfu]/ cfpg]5' .
eGb} x]ªbf+un] d;Fu labf lnof] . aflx/ 7"nf] ;fFem kg{ nfu]sf] /x]5 . p x]bf{ x]b}{ cf]em]n eof] . t/
kRrL; jif{ cl3sf] c;d cfGbf]ngn] hGdfPsf tL b'is/ If0fx¿n] k|]tfTdf h:t} eP/ dnfO{
t;f{pg vf]h]h:tf] nfUof] .
d]/f 5f]/f 5f]/Ldf x]ªbf+usf] cfudgn] g s]xL k|efj kf¥of] g km/s g} b]lvof] . cjZo
;"o{w/ a?cf eg]/ d}n] kl/ro u/fPsf] Tof] cfuGt's c;d cfGbf]ngsf] cv08 k|tfkL dxfgfos
x]ªbf+u lyof] eGbf d]/L >LdtL cfZro{rlst eOg\ .
ljb]zL v]lbpg\ gv]lbpg\ Tof] eofgs cfGbf]ng eg] Pslbg yfldof] . cfGbf]ngsf] kIfdf
k|f0f lbg] zxLb eP . zxLb j]bL lgdf{0f eP cfGbf]ngsf] lj/f]wdf k|f0f lbg]x¿ g zxLb eP g
zxLbj]bL g} algP . s:tf] lj8Dagf Û Ifdtf / cy{sf] xf]8afhLdf zxLb j]bLx¿ klg nf]s
b[li6af6 cf]em]n x'gyfn] . a]u/ kl/>d / ;xhnEo sdfO{k|lt ;j} wfjdfg x'gyfn] . cfufsf]
d':nf]n] l/Qm kf/]sf] xfjfsf] 7fpF k"lt{ ug{ rf/}lt/af6 lr;f] xfjfsf] d]x]/f] rn]h:t}, lagf kl/>dsf]
sdfO{ k|lt dflg;sf] w'O/f] dlRrg yfNof] . Pp6f hdftn] a]u/ kl/>d g} wgf9\o x'g] af6f]
ckgfP . hflt / efiff ;+:s[lt arfpg] hg cfj]u t/]nL kb}{ uof] . cfj]udf k|f0f lbg;Dd
s'07faf]w gug]{ hgtfsf] b[li6af6 olt rfF8} cfGbf]ngsf] :d[lt n'Kt k|foM xf]nf eGg] s'/f s;}n]
klg ;f]r]sf lyPgg\ .
======e/v/} c:ktfnaf6 dfGb|f]df kf]sf] kf/]/ NofPsf] nf; b'Ohgf l76f s]6fn] vf]Nb}lyP .
d]/f] ;fyL lgd{n zOsLof klg d[tssf] clGtd ofqfsf] tof/Ldf h'6]sf] lyof] . laxfg p;}sf]

118
kmf]gaf6 kfPsf] va/n] d klg oxfF cfOk'u]sf] 5' . …===d]/f] hfg] a]nfdf pm uof] ÛÚ eGb} Ps j[4f
/f]O/x]sL lyOg\ . pgsf] nfrf/ z/L/n] ?g] zlQm g} lglv|b} uPsf] cfef; lb+b}lyof] . csf]{ s'gfaf6
nfznfO{ Psf]xf]/f] x]/]/ Ps cwj}+;] dlxnfn] cfF;' k'l5/x]sf] b]Vbf d}n] cG;f/af6} j[4fnfO{ d[tssL
cfdf egL cg'dfg u/]sf] l7s} /x]5 . t/ cwj}+;] dlxnf d[tssL lbbL eg]/ ;fyLaf6 yfxf nfUof] .
crfgs o:tf] zf]sfs'n kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug'{knf{ elg d /QLe/ k|:t't lyOg . nfz x]bf{ Pp6}
k|Zgn] d]/f] ljj]snfO{ 3r3RofpFb} lyof] . ;fFRr} d[ts c;d cfGbf]ngsf] dxf k|tfkL x]ª\bf+u g} xf]
t < x]ª\bf+u klg dg]{ k|f0fL xf] Û olQsf lbg;Dd d}n] lj;]{sf] /x]5' h:tf] nfUof] . p;sf hNbfaNbf
lbgsf tL k/d lxt}ifL cfh sf]xL b]lvPgg\ . p;sf] cfwf p3|]sf] d'vn] …af]u] efO Û eGg t w]/}
s'/f lyP ÛÚ eg]/ k5'tf] u/]h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ . ;fFRr} Û …km]l/ cfpF5'Ú eg]/ p;n] d]/f] 3/af6 ljbf
lnPsf] k|foM rf/ dlxgf k'Ug nfu]sf] /x]5 . d]/f] 3/df p;sf] cfudg ToxL klxnf] / clGtd aGg
uof] . ;De+mbf 3fF6L;Dd cfP/ s]sf uf]nf c8\lsPh:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ .
===x/ rLhsf] cfˆgf] ;do x'Fbf]/x]5 . Tof] ;donfO{ 7Ls ;dodf Vofn ug]{ gug]{ tf}/tl/sf
dfly lge{/ /x]sf] x'Fbf] /x]5 hLjgsf] ult . x]ª\bf+usf] d[To'n] df}gtfsf] efiffdf stf stf To:t}
Ozf/f u/]sf] xf] ls h:tf] dnfO{ cg'dfg eof] . emg\ ;fyLsf d'vaf6 x]ª\bf+u cljjflxt g} /x]sf]
yfxf nfUbf yk lrGtfn] dnfO{ ;tfpg yfNof] .
rfFbdf/L, t]hk'/, c;d
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laxfgsf] klxnf] ;fO/]gsf] ;fy;fy} of] ;dfrf/ klg ;f/f rGbgf lrofsdfgel/ k}mlnof]–
……d]d;fx]an] lxhf]b]lvg} vfgfkLgf 5f]l8g\ /] Û /ftel/ /f]O/x]sL l5g\ /] Û …6fOu/ÚnfO{ ;'D;'DofO/x]sL
l5g\ /] ÛÚÚ
;dfrf/ ;fFrf] lyof] . laxfg} ;fx]an] pgsf] 5]pdf uP/ dfofn' :j/n] ;':t/L …/~hgfÚ egL
af]nfpFbf klg pgL emls{Og\ / elgg\–……ef] kb}{g dnfO{ af]nfpg ÛÚÚ clg s]xLa]/ kl5 km]l/ elgg\–
……af]nfpg] eP a? e]6]/Lg]/L 8fS6/nfO{ af]nfOlbg'xf];\–6fOu/sf] nflu . dg}{ cfFl6;Sof] Û 6fOu/nfO{
s]xL eof] eg] t d klg afFRg ;lSbg ÛÚÚ eGb} km]l/ 3'FSs 3'FSs ub}{ ?g nflug\ .
;fx]a cyf{t\ lrofsdfgsf] Dofg]h/ c?0ff]bo e§frfo{ kTgLsf] of] l:ylt b]v]/ ;fx|}
ljrlnt eof] . cl:y/ eP/ pm s] u¿F s] gu¿F x'Fb} leq / aflx/ ug{yfNof] . cgfof;\ s]xL
;lDemP em}+ u/L aflx/ lg:s]/ cfof] / aËnfsf] rf}sLbf/nfO{ lrRofP/ af]nfof] –
……xs{axfb'/ ÛÚÚ
……hL ;fÚa ÛÚÚ xs{axfb'/n] s'2} cfP/ h'Qf ahfP/ 7f]Sof] .
……hf, tF clxn] g} 8«fOe/nfO{ af]nfP/ n] Û e]6]g]/L 8fS6/nfO{ lng zx/ hfg'k5{ .ÚÚ cx|fof]
;fx]an] .
……x'G5 ;fÚa ÛÚÚ xs{axfb'/ aL/an 8«fOe/sf] Sjf6{/lt/ s'b\of] . ……6fOu/ la/fdL ePsf]
sf/0fn] d]d;fx]an] vfgfkLgf 5f]l8g\, s] of] ;fgf] s'/f] xf] <ÚÚ xs{axfb'/ ;f]Rb} uof] .
Psl5gkl5 aL/an 8«fOe/n] xs{axfb'/nfO{ ;fydf lnP/ zx/tkm{ hfg hLk :6f6{ u¥of] .
o:t}df xs{axfb'/sL kTgL wgdfof cQflnFb} s'2} hLksf] cl3lNt/ cfOk'uL .
……s] eof] < lsg o;/L cflQFb} s'b]sL <ÚÚ eGb} xs{axfb'/ hLkaf6 cf]ln{of] .
119
 ……;fg'===;fg'===l56f] lxF8\gf];\===ÛÚÚ wgdfofsf] ;f; km'n]/ cfPsf]n] ubf{ s'/f k"/f ug{ ;lsg .
……s] ;fg' ;fg' eg]sL < s] eof] ;fg'nfO{ <ÚÚ xs{axfb'/n] kTgLnfO{ s]¥of] .
……;fx|f] eO/x]sf] 5 Û l56f] lxF8\gf];\ g l56f] ÛÚÚ wgdfofn] cft{gfb u/L .
……klv{ Û d ;fÚanfO{ eg]/ cfpFm ÛÚÚ eGb} xs{axfb'/ aËnflt/ s'b\g vf]Hof] .
……kb}{g, l56f] 3/ hfpFm Û ;fg'nfO{ s] eof] lg===d]/f] ;fg' ÛÚÚ eGb} wgdfof af}nfxLh:tL eP/
8fFsf] 5f]8]/ ?g yfnL .
…ef], g/f] tF, d ;fÚasf] x's'd lnP/ cfpF5' .ÚÚ xs{axfb'/ km]l/ bf}8\of] .
;fx]a aËnfsf] rp/df g} jNnf5]p–kNnf5]p ul//x]sf] lyof] . xs{axfb'/n] ……;nfd ;fÚaÚÚ
eGbf eml:sP/ x]b}{ Psk|sf/n] lrRofpFb} ;f]Wof]–……xs]{ Û 8fS6/ vf]O{ <ÚÚ
……;fÚa Û lngnfO{ hfg} cfF6]sf lyof}+Ù d]/L 3/jfnL cfOk'uL Û 3/df d]/f] 5f]/f] ;fx|f] ladf/ 5
eGb}5] . ;fÚa cfhnfO{ 5'§L lbg'k¥of] .ÚÚ x8a8fpFb} eGof] xs{axfb'/n] Ps} ;f;df .
……s] elg;\ < tFnfO{ 5'§L rflxG5 c/] Û oxfF d]d;fx]an] d]/f] 3/af6 dnfO{ 5'§L ul/;s]sL
l5g\, ToxLdfly tF a]js"km 3/ hfgnfO{ 5'§L dfU5;\ Û af]nf, t]/L 3/jfnLnfO{ oxfF ÛÚÚ vfpFnf em}+
u/]/ cfFvf /ftf /ftf kf/]/ s/fof] Dofg]h/ e§frfo{ .
……x'G5 ;fÚa ÛÚÚ eGb} xs{axfb'/ efUof] ToxfFaf6 / wgdfofnfO{ lnP/ km]l/ ;fx]asf] cl3lNt/
cfof] . wgdfof ?Fbf ?Fbf af}nfxLh:tL ePsL lyO{ .
……PO{ wgdfof Û tF lsg oxfF sfdsf] r6f/f]aLr l8:6a{ ug{ cfpF5];\ < tFnfO{ yfxf 5}g
xs]{nfO{ d s:tf] sfddf k7fO/x]sf] 5' <ÚÚ s8\lsof] ;fx]a .
……xf]Og ;fÚaÙ dfkm kfpmF Û d]/f] Pp6} ePsf] 5f]/f]–Tof] klg clxn] ;fx|f] ladf/ eO/x]sf] 5 .
To;}n] ubf{ pgnfO{ lng cfPsL . km]l/ cfh t cfOtaf/sf] 5'§L klg t xf] lg ÛÚÚ wgdfofn] cfˆgf]
kIf ;dy{g ub}{ egL .
……r'k\ Û dnfO{ l;sfpg gcfOh tF ÛÚÚ ;fx]a emg\ ;fx|f] sl:;of]–……xs{axfb'/ Û tF hLkdf
rl9xfn\ Û d xfd|f] c:ktfnsf] sDkfp08/nfO{ t]/f] 3/df k7fOlbpFnf . tF uP/ s] ug'{ ;S5;\ / <
sDkfp08/n] kf] bafO{ lbG5 t Û tF hf, uO{ xfn\ ÛÚÚ
……x'G5 ;fÚa Û wgdfof, tF 3/ hf Û ;fÚan] sDkfpG8/ afa'nfO{ k7fOlbg'x'G5 . d Ps}l5gdf
cfpF5' .ÚÚ /f]O/x]sL wgdfofnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbFb} xs{axfb'/ xtf/;fy uf8Ldf r9\of] . wgdfof
Psf]xf]/f] eP/ x]/]sL x]¥o} eO{ . hLk w"nf] p8fpFb} s'Bf] zx/lt/ .
;fx]an] wgdfofnfO{ Ps;o ?lkofF lb+b} eGof]–……hf of] ?lkofF lnP/ . t]/f] 5f]/fsf] nflu
sDkfp08/nfO{ k7fOlbG5' . st} dl/xfNof] eg] of] ?lkofFn] sfqf] lsGg' . hf, uO{xfn\ Û d]/f] lbdfu
v/fa gu/\ .ÚÚ ;fx]a emls{+b} leq k:of] .
wgdfof d"lt{jt\ ToxLF ple/xL Ps}If0f . p;nfO{ ;fx]an] eg]sf Ps–Ps zAbn] sf]/f{
a;f{pg yfn] . cfFvf cl3lNt/ cGwsf/ b]vL p;n] . Tof] ?lkofF klg ToxLF ˆofFlslbpFem}+ nfUof]
p;nfO{ . t/, cfˆgf] 3/df vfg] rfdn, g"g, lrgL ;a}yf]ssf l/Qf efF8f ;DemL p;n] . ;fg'nfO{
;DemL–p;sf] 6L7nfUbf] cg'xf/ ;DemLÙ clg Tof] ;osf] gf]6 d'¶Ldf Rofk]/ …;f===g'Ú eGb} s'bL
cfˆgf] 3/lt/ .
lrofsdfgsf] aLr}aLr hLkdf hfFbf hfFb} ubf{ xs{axfb'/n] cfˆgf] Kof/f] 5f]/f]nfO{ ;lDem/Xof]
. p;sf] Pp6}dfq 5f]/f] ;fg' ;fg}b]lv /f]uL 5 . 8fS6/n] …PlgldofÚ -/Qm xLgtf_ ePsf] 5, /ut
lbg'k5{ eg]sf] lyof] . t/ sDkgLsf] c:ktfndf Tof] Joj:yf 5}g, aflx/ nfg] xs{axfb'/sf] xljut
5}g . ufpFsf dfG5]x¿n] kx]+n] ePsf] 5 eg]/ Pshgf wfdL nufOlbPsf lyP . xfF;, s'v'/f, k/]jf

120
dG;fpg nufP/ ;ftlbg;Dd tf]/Lsf] t]ndf kfgL ld;fP/ b'af]sf] d'06fn] kx]+n] emf/]sf] lyof]
wfdLn] . t/, emg\ eGof] emg\ lbglbg} ladf/ a9\b} uof] . uPsf] b'O{ rf/ lbgb]lv otf emg\ vf]sL
klg nfu]/ 3fF6L £of/{ £of/{ ug{ yfNf]sf] lyof] . xs{axfb'/ lbg/ft aËnfdf sfd u5{ .
slxn]sfxL+dfq cfˆgf] Sjf6{/df k'U5 . To;}n] p 5f]/fk|lt plt Wofg lbg kfpFb}g .
km]l/ lxhf]b]lv g} …6fOu/Ú klg la/fdL ePsf]n] ca t 6fOu/nfO{ dfq xf]Og d]d;fÚanfO{
klg 8fS6/ nufpg'k5{ h:tf] ePsf] 5 . ;fÚan] lxhf]klg, cfhklg 8o"6Ldf hfg} kfPg .
d]d;fÚan] Psl5g klg aËnf aflx/ ghfg' eg]sfn] pm aËnfdf g} al;/Xof] . xg ;~hf]u klg
s:tf] < ptf ;fg' ;fx|f] la/fdL x'g', otf 6fOu/ Û PSnf] xs{axfb'/ stflt/ bu'/f];\ <
d]d;fÚasf] 6fOu/ klg sDtL /fd|f] 5}g t Û xs]{nfO{ b]Vof] eg] s'2} cfP/ sfv}df a:g
vf]H5 . t/, xs]{sf] hLpsf] d}nf nfU5 eg]/ d]d;fÚa p;nfO{ af]Sg} lbGgg\ . xs]{nfO{ eg] To;
e'Ss'n] 6fOu/nfO{ af]ls/x'Fh:t} nfU5 . 6fOu/sf] g'xfO{–w'jfO{ ug]{, a|z ug]{, To;nfO{ laxfg b"w /
la:s'6 lbg], lbpF;f] df5f–df;'–eft cflb lbg], la/fdL x'Fbf 8fS6/ af]nfpg], bafO{d"nf] lng hfg]
OToflb sfdx¿ ;a} xs]{] g} ug]{u5{ . c¿a]nf rflxF Tof] df]/f] e's'Nn] d]d;fÚasf] sfvdf a;]/ pN6f]
p;}nfO{ e'Sg] u5{ . kf]xf]/ ;fn 8'Nbf d]d;fÚanfO{ ;fx|} g} dg k/]sf]n] bflh{lnªaf6 lsg]/ NofPsf]
gub kGw| ;odf .
kGw|;o ?lkofF eg]sf] sDtL xf] / < xs]{sf] tLg dlxgfsf] tnj hDdf ubf{ klg kGw|;o
k'Ub}g . To;}n] t ;fg'nfO{ b"w v'jfpg'k5{, af5f–af5L x'G5g\, uf]a/–dn eP af/Ldf ;fukft
/f]Kg'x'G5 eg]/ Pp6f ufO{ lsGg vf]h]sf] lyof] p;n] kf]xf]/ ;fn . t/, kGw| ;oeGbf sDtLdf s'g}
ufO{ klg p;n] lsGg kfPg . pm;Fu aNnaNn hDdf u/]sf cf7;o ?lkofFn] t lxhf]cfhsf lbgdf
Pp6f afv|f] klg lsGg ;lsFbf] /x]g5 .
nueu Ps 306fkl5 pgLx¿ zx/sf] e]6]/Lg]/L c:ktfndf k'u], t/ b'ef{o g} egf}+ 8fS6/
a¿jf u'jfxf6L uPsf /x]5g\ . To;}n] Psl5g klv{g'kg]{ eof] . aNnaNn b'O306fkl5 8fS6/ zdf{
cfOk'u] . xs{axfb'/n] s'2} uP/ ;nfd 7f]Sof] . clg hDd} s'/f] lj:tf/k"j{s atfPkl5 8fS6/nfO{
lng cfPsf] s'/f] hgfof] . 8fS6/n] s]xLa]/ klv{g nufP . pgnfO{ lnP/ aËnfdf cfOk'Ubf
lbpF;f]sf] Ps aHof] .
8fS6/n] 6fOu/nfO{ w]/}a]/ hfFr], x]/ljrf/ u/] . To;sf] dnd"q ;fy} To;sf] pN6L klg
/fd|/L k/LIff u/]/ x]/]kl5 ……o;nfO{ 6]kjd{ -nfdf] h'sf_ k/]sf] /x]5, df5f–df;' w]/} gv'jfpg'ÚÚ eg]/
OGh]S;g cflb lbP/ ……cGo bafO{x¿ zx/af6} cfh} NofOxfNg' ÛÚÚ egL n]lvlbP . 8fS6/nfO{ k'¥ofpg
;fy} bafO{ cflb klg Nofpg egL xs]{ / aL/an 8«fO{e/ km]l/ zx/ uP .
;fFem emdSs kbf{ dfq} pgLx¿ kms]{/ cfOk'u] . xs{axfb'/n] x:ofª\ / km:ofª\ ub}{ uP/
;fx]anfO{ laGtL u¥of] / 3/ hfg] cfb]z dfUof] . ;fx]an] d]d;fx]asf]df k7fof] .
d]d;fx]an] xs]{sf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 emls{+b} elgg\–……hlxn] klg d]/f] oxfF c;'ljwf k/]sf] a]nfdf
tF rflx+ cg]s axfgf agfpg] u5{;\ . kb}{g 3/ hfg Û 6fOu/ clxn] aNn clnslt la:s'6 vfP/
lgbfPsf] 5 . cem} /fd|f] lgsf] eO;s]sf] 5}g . /ftLx'Fbf] s'g} cK7\of/f] k¥of] eg] km]l/ 8fS6/nfO{
lng hfg'k5{ . pN6L–6§L u¥of] eg] ;f]xf]g'{ k5{–clg tF uP/ s;/L x'G5 <ÚÚ
……xf]Og d]d;fÚa Û d]/f] 5f]/f] ;fx|f] ladf/L 5, p;sf] d'v x]g{dfq} hfG5' . ef]ln cOxfN5' lg Û
6fOu/ t ca lgsf] eOxfN5 c/], lrGtf lng' kb}{g eg]sf 5g\ 8fS6/ ;fÚan] ÛÚÚ xs]{n] b'O{ xft hf]b}{
laGtL u¥of] d]d ;fÚal;t .

121
 ……/~hgf, xs]{nfO{ hfgb]pm Û p;sf] ab\nfdf cfh sflt{sn] sfd u5{ . o;sf] 3/af6
tLgrf]l6 dfG5] cfO;s] .ÚÚ ;fx]an] leq k:b} eGof]–……hf xs{axfb'/, tF l56f] 3/ hf ÛÚÚ
xs]{nfO{ k7fPkl5 ;fx]an] d]d;fx]anfO{ la:tf/} eGof]–……p;sf] 5f]/f] lbpF;} dl/;s]5 ÛÚÚ
……cf]x\ Û e]/L :of8 ÛÛÚÚ d]d;fx]an] b'Mv k|s6 u/L .
;fOsn lnP/ cFWof/f]df klg z/L/sf] ;Dk"0f{ zlQmn] s'bfpFb} xs{axfb'/ 3/lt/ nfUof] .
p;nfO{ ;w}+sf] of] b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ af6f] klg clxn] sf]zf}+ 6f9f em}+ nflu/x]5 . vNvnL kl;gf
r'xfpFb} 3/5]pdf k'Ug cfF6\bf p;n] wgdfof sÍnf cfjfh lgsfn]/ /f]O/x]sL ;'Gof] .
p;sf] cfFugel/ 5/–l5d]sLx¿ el/e/fp lyP . s;}n] p;nfO{ eGof]–……;fx|} l9nf] ul/;\ xs]{
Û t]/f] 5f]/f] w]/} 6f8f] k'lu;Sof] ÛÚÚ
cfFugdf t'n;Lsf] d7 cl3lNt/ ;'tfO/fv]sf] p;sf] j+zsf] k|bLk, p;sf] pQ/flwsf/L,
p;sf] Psdfq 5f]/fsf] nfznfO{ 5f]lk/fv]sf] ;]tf] n'uf b'j} xftn] kG;fpFb} 5f]/fsf] lxpFh:tf] lr;f]
eO;s]sf] cg'xf/nfO{ 5ftLdf 6fF:b} 8fFsf] 5f]8L–5f]8L /f]of] xs{axfb'/ .
?Fbf–?Fbf yfls;s]kl5 lj:tf/} eGof]–……ca csf]{ hGddf rflx+ t}+n] dh:tf] u/La afa'sf]
3/df hGd lng slxNo} gcfpg' ;fg' Û d]/f] /fhf Û a? ;fÚasf] aËnfdf s's'/ eP/ hlGd;\ eg]
klg o;/L bafO{kfgLsf] cefjdf, vfg]s'/fsf] cefjdf csfn} dg'{kg]{ 5}g t}+n] Û hf, d]/f] gfgL hf
ÛÚÚ
xs{axfb'/ z"Godf Psf]xf]/f] x]/]sf] x]¥o} eof] . p;sf] dg–dl:tisdf clxn] dfgf}+ ;f]rfO{ g}
;lsPsf] 5 . p;sf] cGt/fsfzdf s]jn ;fx]as} aËnf, ;fx]a clg d]d;fx]asf s7f]/ cleJolQm
af]s]sf cg'xf/x¿, 6fOu/sf] la/fdL cj:yf clg cfˆgf] 3/, 5f]/f] / :jf:gLsf cg'xf/x¿ emNofs
em'n's cf]xf]/bf]xf/, cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ul//x], ul//x] w]/}a]/;Dd .
lzª\/L, c;d

afnsyf
nf]eL cfn]
d'GgL ;fksf]6f

Pp6f h+undf Pp6L ;/bfgL{ xfQL lyO{ . p;sf] gfpF /fd|L lyof] . p;sf b'O{ 5f]/f lyPÙ sfn]
/ cfn] . sfn] /fd|f] :jefjsf] lyof] . cfn] eg] lgs} r6\k6] / PsnsfF6] :jefjsf] lyof] . s;}sf]
s'/f klg ;'Gb}g lyof] . p;nfO{ h] dg nfUof] ToxL ug]{ uYof]{ .
Pslbg /ftL cfn], sfn] / p;sf ;fyL;ª\uLx¿ ;a} ldn]/ ufpFlt/ cfxf/ vf]Hg uP5g\ .
Tof] hËnsf] 5]psf] ufpFdf d'lvofsf] s]/fsf] !)–!@ la3fsf] af/L lyof] . ToxfF ;w}+ kfn] x'Gy] .
To;lbg kfn] ;a} d'lvofsf] 5f]/fsf] lax] x'gfn] lax]df uPsf lyP . sfn]n] rf/}lt/ x]/]/ kfn]
gePsf] cg'dfg nufP/ ToxL+ k:g] ;Nnfx u/L eGof]Ù …;'g ;fyL xf] Û xfdL cfxf/sf] lglDt cfPsf
xf}+ . s]xL gf]S;fg gu/L s]/fsf kft vfcf}+ / lx+8L xfnf}+ ÛÚ ;a}n] eg]Ù …x'G5, x'G5 sfn] bfO xfdL
To;} u5f}{+ ÛÚ af/Ldf k;]/ ;a}n] k]6el/ s]/fsf kft vfP . kms{g] a]nfdf cfn]n] Pp6f kfs]sf]
s]/fsf] 3/L b]v]5 . p;sf] dg ToxL kfs]sf] s]/fdf lyof] . p;n] cfˆgf] bfO sfn]nfO{ eGof]Ù …bfOÙ
ltdLx¿ lx+8\b} u/Ù d Psl5gkl5 cfpF5' .Ú sfn]n] p;sf] s'/f ;'g]/ p;nfO{ a'emfof]Ù …o;f] gu/
cfn]Ù k]6 el/OxfNof]Ù ca s] 5 < cfˆgf] kfn 5f]8\g' x'Fb}g . lx+8 ef]ln cfP/ vfg" ÛÚ cfn] eG5Ù
…xf]Og, d}n] Pp6f kfs]sf] s]/fsf] 3/L b]v]sf] 5' . To;nfO{ vfP/ cfpF5' .Ú sfn] eG5Ù …efO, laxfg
x'g cfF6]sf] 5 . ca kfn]x¿ klg cfpnfg\ . vfg' g} dg 5 eg] hfpm g lnP/ cfpmÙ hËndf uP/
122
;a} ldn]/ vfcf}+nf .Ú sfn] hfGbYof] cfn]nfO{ /f]s]/ /f]ls+b}g . To; sf/0f a'emfOjl/ k7fof] . ;j}
;fyLnfO{ hËnlt/ k7fP/ p rflx+ efOnfO{ kvL{ a:of] . lgs}a]/ eof] efO kms]{/ cfPg . stf
vf]Hg] Tof] afSnf] s]/faf/Ldf < ptf eg] cfn]n] bfOsf] s'/f s]/f vfg] :jfbdf la;]{5 . p
cf/fdl;t s]/f vfO/x\of] . laxfg ePsf] rfn} kfPg . efOnfO{ kv]{/ al;/x]sf] sfn]nfO{ ;fYfLx¿
cfO{ lnP/ uP .
To;lbg d'lvofn] xfQL ;dfTg] kf;f] agfP/ 5f]8]sf] /x]5 . nf]eL cfn] Pp6f 3/Ln] g
c3fP/ csf]{ vfg hfFbf hfndf k/]5 . lar/f cfn]sf] lbg lau|]sfn] p;sf] To:tf] ljhf]u eof] .
;fyLx¿l;t kms]{sf] eP / bfO sfn]sf s'/f dfg]sf] eP p;sf] Tof] xfn x'g] lyPg .
ptf logLx¿ l9nf] u/]sfn] sfn]sL cfdf /fd|L klg cfPsL lyOg\ . sfn], cfdf / ;fyLx¿
hËnsf] 5]pdf kv]{/ al;/x]–ca cfpnf ca cfpnf eg]/ . t/ cfn] cfPg . pgLx¿ va/ ug{
klg hfg ;Qm}gg\ . pgLx¿ hËnlt/ kmls{g yfNbf xfQLsf] lrTsf/ ;'g] . pgLx¿nfO yfxf eof]Ù
of] lrTsf/ cfn]sf] g} xf] . cfn] hfndf kmF:of] eGg] c8\sn sf6] . pgLx¿l;t s]xL pkfo lyPg .
cfdf, bfO sfn] / ;fYfLx¿ cfF;' emfb}{ hËnlt/ kms]{/ uP .
cfn]sL cfdf /fd|Ln] eGb} ?Fb} hfFb} lyOg\–…x]/ gfgL xf] Û ltdLx¿ cfn] h:tf] g x'g' . p lh2L
/ nf]eL lyof] . To;sf] kl/0ffd cfh e]§fof] . p y'g'jf k¥of] . cfˆgL cfdf, bfHo" / kfn klg 5'6] .
To;n] nf]e gu/L ltdLx¿l;t cfPsf] eP, bfOsf] s'/f dfg]sf] eP slt /fd|f] x'g] lyof]Ú eGb}
hËnlt/ nfu] .
cfn] cfˆgf] e"nn] k5'tfO{ /x]sf] 5 . t/ s] u/f];\Ù nf]e / lhb clg cfkm" eGbf 7"nfsf] s'/f
gdfg]/ p;n] oqf] 7"nf] ;hfo e]§fof] .
sljtf lgs]tg, b]jsf]6f gu/,
u'jfxf6L &*!)!!, c;d

PsfÍL gf6s
;fd"lxs :jfy{
b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]

[af6fsf] 5]pdf uNnf dfnsf] bf]sfg . ToxL bf]sfgsf] cf8df /flvPsf nfdf a]~r 5g\ . ToxL+
/d]z / /tg b'O{ o'js a]~rdf a;]/ aft dfl//x]sf 5g\ .]
/d]z M vf]O, s] eGg] <
/tg M s] <
/d]z M ToxL t eg]sf] Û
/tg M s'/f v'n:t ub}{gf} lsg <
/d]z M eg]/ elg g;Sg' 5 Û
/tg M xf]Og, ltdLnfO{ s] ePsf] 5 xF <
/d]z M b]v]sf 5}gf} ufpFdf s] eO/x]5 <
/tg M P afaf Û s] ePsf] 5 / <
/d]z M s] yf]s ePsf] 5}g / <

123
/tg M x] /fd Û s] xf] o:tf] < 7"n} kxf8 vl:sP h:t} 5 .
[/d]z / /tgsf] jftf{nfk eO/x]sf] a]nf Zofd 6'Kn'Ss cfOk'U5 . b'j} ZofdnfO{ …cfpm cfpm ÛÚ
eGb} :jfut u5{g\ .]
Zofd M xf]Og, d}n] ltdLx¿sf] u'Kt a}7ssf] dof{bf eË u/]+ ls Sof xf] <
/d]z M -Zofdlt/ x]b}{_ d ufpFsf] s'/fdf Hofb} lrlGtt 5', 7"n} cf}8fxf cg'ej eO/x]5 .
Zofd M dfg] <
/d]z M b'O{–tLg JolQm g} ;dfh xf]Og . ;dfh t enfb\dLx¿ Pslqt eO{ a;]sf] 7fpFnfO{ elgG5
cyf{t\ w]/} enf dflg;x¿sf] ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfh elgG5 .
Zofd M xf] t, JolQmut :jfy{ rl/tfy{ ug{ cyjf cfˆgf] b'gf] ;f]‰ofpg b'O{–rf/ hgf ldn]/
;dfhsf] gfd kmnfSb} hyfefjL ul/G5 eg] Tof] ;dfh xf]OgÙ jf ToxfF ;fdflhs enfO
x'Fb}g Û
/tg M ToxL t eg]sf] Û g]kfnLsf cg'i7fgx¿df rGbf ;+u|x ul/G5, sfo{ ;lsPkl5
;fwf/0f ;ef af]nfP/ cfo–Joosf] lx;fk bflvn ul/+b}g . tby{ ;ldlt eË u/]/ gofF
sfo{sfl/0fL sld6L u7g x'Fb}g . of] t g]kfnL ;dfh s} b'/f/f]u aGg uPsf] 5 . ltdLn]
st} ToxL OlËt u/]sf t xf]Ogf} <
/d]z M cF, s'/fsf] 6'F8f] km]nf kf/]5f}, af7f g} xf} eGg' k5{ .
Zofd M ufpF ljsf;df Tofu tk:ofsf ;fy} af}l4s u'0fn] klg ;DkGg x'g'k5{ .
/tg M xfd|f] zAbnfO{ xfd dfq kfl/of] eg] cyjf …dÚ sf] Wjhf p8fOof] eg] c¿ s]
/Xof] / < t/ ;dfh ;w}+ nf6f] a'Ëf] eP/ /xFb}g .
/d]z M t/ oxfF b'O{–rf/ JolQmn] ;dfh ;]jfsf gfddf ;fdflhs /sd lxgfldgf ug{
rfXof] eg] s] r'k nfu]/ a:g] <
Zofd M of] s'/f t ;dfh ;'wf/sx¿n] lrGtf ug'{kg]{ ljifo xf] .
[of] syf]ksyg eO/x]sf] a]nf ;l/tf cfOk'U5] . pm lzlIftf 5, ;fdflhs sfddf ;+nUg 5, tLg}
hgf ;l/tfnfO{ cfpm a}gL eGb} :jfut u5{g\]
;l/tf M nf}, tkfO{+x¿ ;j}nfO{ Ps ;fydf kfpFbf xlg /fd|f] nfu]g, s] eGg', ;~r
;'lj:t} <
/tg M ;'lj:t}, ;'lj:t} a}gL ;l/tf Û ltdL k|ult ;+3sL d"n ;lrj xf} . gf/L
hfu/0fsf nflu ltd|f] :j/ a'nGb 5 . 3/sf] rf/leQf leqd} cfˆgf] v]n ;lDemg]
dlxnfx¿ clxn] aflx/sf] v'nf xfjfdf ;f; km]g{ kfO/x]sf 5g\ . ;ef–;ldltdf klg
of]ubfg lbg / af]Ng yfn]sf 5g\ . of] t ltd|} k|of;n] ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ ;fdflhs
k|ultsf] b;L klg dfG5' d .
/d]z M xf], cl3 cl3 o:tf] lyPg . b'O{rf/ hgfn] ;dfhsf] sfd uy]{ . pgLx¿n] g}
;dfhsf] l;p/ le/]sf lyP .

124
Zofd M ;dosf] ult / dflg;sf] dlt klg ablng'k5{ . gf/L hfu/0fn] ;dfhsf]
k'/fgf] klx/g vf]nfOlbP/ gofF lrGtf wf/fnfO{ ult lbg dbt ug]{5 .
;l/tf M xf] lg Û k'?ifsf] gf/Lk|lt jiff}{+ k'/fgf] s/]nL Tolt l56} vf]lnPnf / < k'/fgf]
Joj:yfaf6 gofF Joj:yfdf cfpg s]xL k|ltlqmof x'G5 g} . ljjt{gsf] k|lqmof
l9nf] rN5, ljKnjsf] h:tf] b|'tultdf x'Fb}g .
/tg M cfxf Û Sof /fd|f] ts{ lbof} . ltdLh:tL ;'wf/jfbL wf/fsL r]nL kfP c¿ s]
rflxof] < of] t u|fd ljsf;sf] z'e–nlR5g xf] .
[oxL aLrdf uf]j4{g kfWo]sf] k|j]z Û uf]j4{gnfO{ b]v]/ ;a} rlst x'G5g\]
/d]z M otf slxNo} gcfpg] dfG5], s] crDd Û uf]j4{ghL Û otf stf <
/tg M t}, cfpg] p2]Zo t xf]nf Û
uf]j4{g M stf x'GYof], Pt} Û a"9Ln] s/ s/ u/]/ Pp6f ;fgf] kf7L lsGg nufO{, To} x/fP/
vf]Hg lx+8]sf] .
;l/tf M -lvTsf 5f8\b}_ xf]Og af Û zx/df ufO{–afv|f v'nf 5fl8lb+bf gu/kflnsfsf]
lgod eË x'G5, zx/Lof hLjgsf] z[ª\vnfdf Jof3ft k5{ . kfNg} k¥of] eg] klg afFw]/
kfNg', s;}n] cfklQ ub}{g . -;a} unNn xfF:5g\ . uf]j4{g dNofs d'n's u/]/ x]5{g\,
c;lhnf] dfG5g\ ._
Zofd M xfd|f] ufpF ca z'4 ufpF /x]g . of] t ca zx/sf] cË eO;s]sf] 5 . ufO{–
afv|f kfn] cfˆg} 3/ kl/;/leq} /fVg'k5{, afFw]/ kfNg'k5{ . l5d]sLsf] :jfGt M ;'vfo
jftfj/0fdf xgg\ ug'{ /fd|f] xf]Og .
/d]z M s] eGg' ;fyL xf] Û cl:t ev{/} g;{/Laf6 /fd|f u'nfkm km"nsf lj?jf / c¿ y'k|}
kf]y|] km"nsf la?jf NofP/ /f]k]sf] lyPF, Pp6f kf7L k;]/ Tolt /fd|f km'Ng nfu]sf km"n ;a}
a'6'n} kf/]/ vfP5 . /fd|f] km"n au}+rf Pp6f agfpF eg]sf] t x'g ;Ddsf] r:sf] kf] kfOof]
Û
/tg M ToxL t eg]sf] . 5f8f ufO{–afv|f kfNg'sf] dfg] c¿nfO{ hfgL hfgL b'Mv lbg'
xf], laNs'n} ufpFsf] pGglt gxf];\ eGg' xf] .
;l/tf M xf], ;dfh ljsf;df oL klg jfws tTj x'g\, ;a}n] a'‰g' kg]{ s'/f x'g\, a'‰g'
ef] af Û
uf]j4{g M -gf/fh x'Fb}_ ef], ef] w]/} efif0f 5fF6\g' kb}{g Û d}n] klg hfg]sf] 5 . -uf]j4{g
/fFlSsFb} ToxfFaf6 bz{skl§ dNofs d'n's ub}{ lx+8\5g\ ._
Zofd M -;fyL kl§ x]b}{_ Ps s'/fdf 5Ss kg'{5 . xfd|f ;ef ;ldltdf lsg dflg;x¿
zfGt eP/ a:g g;s]sf < af]Nbf klg pRr ;f]/n] af]Ng], c¿ pkl:yt k'?if–dlxnfx¿
klg sNofª s'n'ª ul//xG5g\ Û
/d]z M xfdLx¿n] w]/} s'/f l;Sg', hfGg' / dgg ug'{ kg]{5 . qmdzM kl/jt{g Nofpg'k5{
eg]sf] . d]/f] lrGtfsf] sf/0f klg ToxL xf] . ;dfhnfO{ kl/dflh{t kf/f}+ eGg] s'/fnfO{
hf]8 lbg'k5{ .
125
;l/tf M ;dfhsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; xfd|f] Wo]o x'g'k5{ . JolQm :jfy{ Tofu]/ ;fd"lxs
:jfy{kl§ nfUg' g} k5{ .
/tg M nf}, xfdL ;a} xfd|f cu|h ;dfh ;'wf/s ;'AafHo"sf] …xfd|f] ufpF ;efsf] P3f/
;"qL sfo{qmdÚnfO{ ;kmn u/fpg arga4 xf}+ .
[;a} …xf]Ú eg]/ 6fpsf] xNnfP/ :jLs[lt lbG5g\ . o;}aLr bf]sfgsf] 5]psf] af6f]af6 l/dfNgL cfd}
hfFbf hfFb} /d]z, /tgx¿n] b]V5g\ / 7f87f8} M]
/tg M xf]Og cfd} Û otf stf lg Û
l/dfNgL M -6Ss cl8P/_ Pt} cfsL, lsg rflxof] <
/tg M t}, afv|f–kf7f jf ufO{ g} x/fP ls eg]/ ;f]w]sf] .
l/dfNgL M t]/fdf afv|f–kf7f, ufO{ 5g\ / ;f]W5;\ < csf{sf j:t'efp x/fpg\ ls /fv'g\,
tFnfO{ lsg of] vf]hL–gLlt <
/d]z M xf]Og, 5f8f ufO{ / afv|fn] c¿sf af/Ldf k;]/ vlt u/] c/] lg Û cl:t eLid
k|;fbsf af/Ldf ePsf ;fu–kft, af]8L ;a} 9'6\ofP eGy] t Û
l/dfNgL M ljgf 6]sfsf a]/f af5{g\, lsg k:t}g t < cfˆgf] a]/f b/f] nfpg' lg Û lsg
csf{nfO{ bf]if lbg' < t]:;} kmQ'/ nfpFbf/Ú5g\ Û
;l/tf M afkm /] Û cfd} t dfkfsL kf] /lx5g\ . -;fyLlt/ x]/]/ cf}+nfn] d'v 5f]k]/ xfF:5] ._
l/dfNgL M -emls{P/_ ef], oL lasfd]x¿;Fu sf] s'/f u/f];\ < lbgel/ xfF;], luHhl/P Û
csf{n] ufO{–afv|f kfn]sf] klg ;xg g;Sg], P:tf 88'jfx¿;Fu sf] sr\sr ul//xf];\ <
hfG5', jxfF af6fdf la:s'g ;'sfP/ cfsL–eGb} kmTkmtfpFb} lx8\l5g\ .
Zofd M b]Vof} Û log} x'g\ xfd|f ufpFsf ;'–gful/s . k/fk"j{b]lv kf]if0f ul/cfPsf]
dl/s'Rr] ef/Lsf yfªg] ljrf/x¿ cem;Dd h:tfsf] t:t} 5g\, 5f]8]sf 5}gg\ . ;+;f/sf]
kl/jt{g;Fu jf:tf 5}g . o:tf 3/sf hs{6] afF;sf h/fh:tf JolQmnfO{ lrNofpg] sfd
;l/tf a}gLnfO{ 5fl8lbPF, ls s;f] < -;l/tf kl§ x]/]/ xfF:b} eG5_
;l/tf M ufpFsf] ;'wf/ ug{ hfFbf cl/Ëfnsf] uf]nfdf xft xfNg' k/]s} 5 . gLn8fd /
6'6'NsfnfO{ k/jfx u/]/ ePsf] 5}g .
/d]z M otf ;'g t ;fyL xf] Û l/dfn afa}, 5f]/f–a'xf/Lx¿ ;a} lsg r'k eO{ a;]sf <
ufpFsf ;ef–;ldltdf klg Tof] 3/sf sf]xL cfpFb}gg\ .
/tg M a'l9ofsf] /0fr08L d"lt{sf cl3 sf] r"F u/]/ af]Ng ;S5 < cfˆgf] 3/ ;lk|P ufpF
lsg rflxof] < s] ufpFn]n] xfd|f efF8fF eft xflnlbG5 < csf{sf 3/ 3/ et'jf eP/ lsg
hfg' k/f] < log} cNnf/]x¿n] x]¿g\ g ufpFnfO{ elG5g\ c/] cfd} .
Zofd M ha ufpFsf s'g}klg sfd–wfd jf ;dfhsf JolQm;Fu p7a;\ 5}geg] ta s]
ug'{ <
/d]z M 7f8f] a]t Pslbg bf]la|g s/ nfU5 . ;donfO{ klv{P/ a:g' l;jfo csf]{ pkfo
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136
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137
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zLif{sn]g} n]vsåf/f ;f] k':ts n]lvg'sf] p2]Zo / k':tsleq ;d]l6Psf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] 5gs s]xL
dfqfdf lbG5 . jf:tjdf !@ KjfOG6sf dl;gf cIf/df l8dfO{ cfsf/sf] (! k[i6leq cf]ul6Psf]
o; k':tsnfO{ e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo agfpg n]vs kb\d 9sfnn] lgs} ldlxg]t ug'{ePsf] 5 .
k':tssf] cf/Ded} c;ddf g]kfnLx¿sf] cfudgsf] cf}lrTonfO{ k'li6 ug{ vf]Hb} n]vs
9sfnn] g]kfn / c;d /fHodfem kf}/fl0fs sfnb]lv rlncfPsf] k|uf9 ;DaGwaf/] dfq rrf{
ug'{ePsf] 5}g, Oltxf;df pknAw ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df g]kfn / c;d /fHodfem ljleGg sfnv08df
ulx/f] P]ltxfl;s ;DaGw /lxcfPsf] ;d]t v'nf;f ug'{ePsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf lglDt – …sfd¿ksf
k|l;4 /fhf xif{ jd{gsL sGof /fHodtLsf] ljjfx g]kfnsf /fhf hob]j låtLol;t ePsf] lyof] .
log} c;dLof /fhsGof /fHodtLn] sf7df8f}+l:yt >L kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/ lgdf{0f ug{ nufPsL
lyOg\ .Ú egL k':tssf] k|yd k[i6d} n]vs 9sfnn] 7f]s'jf u/L n]Vg' ePsf] 5 . of] s'/f] slt
tYok"0f{ / Oltxf;;Ddt 5 <, — kfbl6Kk0fL jf k':ts–;Gbe{ s]xL pNn]v gul/Psfn] o;sf]
cflwsfl/tfaf/] ls6fgL ug]{ sfd Oltxf;lj1x¿sf] lhDdf nufpg' g} a'l4dfgL x'g] 7fg]sf] 5' .
o;} u/L g]kfn / c;d /fHodfem k/fk"j{sfnb]lv rlncfPsf] P]ltxfl;s ;Dks{–;DaGwnfO{
5n{ª\Uofpg] cGo pbfx/0f klg n]vsn] o; k':tsdf k|:t't ug'{ePsf] kfOG5 . o;afx]s ;g\
!*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwkl5 g]kfn clw/fHosf] w]/} 7"nf] e"efu ef/tdf uflePsf] / tTsfnLg j[l6z
zfl;t ef/tdf e"efu;lxt nfvf}+ g]kfnLx¿ klg ufleg afWo ag]sf] tYolt/ klg n]vsn] ;Í]t
ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !*@% df c;ddf vlgh t]nsf] kQf] nfu]kl5 tyf ;g\ !*$) df c;ddf
lrofv]tLsf] z'?jft ePkl5 eg] ufF;–af;sf] vf]hLdf ef}+tfl/Psf g]kfnLx¿nfO{ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf
Hofnfbf/L ;:tf dhb"/sf ¿kdf j[l6z zf;sx¿n] esfes c;d leœofpg yfn]sf] / ltgnfO{
hUuf–hdLg pknAw u/fP/ :yfoL ¿kdf ToxLF a;f]af; ug{ k|]l/t u/]s]f tTsfnLg oyfy{lt/
Ol¨t ug{ klg n]vs r'Sg'ePsf] 5}g . oL / o:t} cg]s sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ ;of}F jif{cl3b]lv
g]kfnLx¿ c;d / k"jf{~rn ef/tsf ljleGg :yfgdf lelqg] qmd hf/L /x\of] tyf ltg} g]kfnL /
138
ltgsf ;Gtfg–b/–;Gtfgn] To;} w/tLdf cfºgf] kf}/v / kl;gf l;~rg u/L, To;}sf] pGglt /
k|ultdf lbnf]Hofgn] ;l/s eO{ ToxL+s} ag]/ lhGbuL u'h/a;/ ub}{ hfg yfn] . ljz]if u/L c;dsf
ljleGg lhNnf / ufpF–ufpF;Dd k'u]sf g]kfnLx¿ /}yfg] c;dLofx¿sf] dg lht]/, pgLx¿l;t
;b\efj / ;Dk|Llt sfod u/L k':tf}+k':tfb]lv a;f]af; ub}{cfPsf 5g\ . c;ddf /xFbf a:bf
g]kfnLx¿n] c;dLof efiff–;flxTo, snf–;+:s[ltnfO{ klg c¨Lsf/ ub}{ hfg yfn] . c;dLof efiff–
;flxTo / snf–;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf lglDt g]kfnLsf ;Gtfgn] klg of]ubfg ug{ yfn] . Toltdfq
geO{ c;dsf ljleGg c~rnsf] ljsf;–lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df c;dLofx¿l;t s'ddf s'd hf]/L
g]kfnLx¿n] klg xf]:6]df x}F;] ub}{ uP . ;fdflhs pTyfg–ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkdf dfq ;+nUg geO{
g]kfnLx¿ ToxfFsf] /fhgLlts ultljlwx¿df klg plQs} ;lqmotfsf ;fy xf]ldg k'u] . /}yfg]
c;dLofx¿;Fu ldn]/ ef/tsf] :jfwLgtf ;ª\u|fddf g]kfnLx¿ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;xefuL ePsf y'k|}
36gfx¿ ;fy} g]kfnL ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿n] ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdsf qmddf u/]sf alnbfg /
cfTdf]T;u{sf cg]sf}+ pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't u/L n]vs 9sfnn] c;dsf] hftLo hLjgdf g]kfnLx¿sf]
cjbfgsf] k'li6 j:t'k/s 9¨af6 ug'{ePsf] 5 .
cfhsf] c;dnfO{ …c;dÚ agfpgdf g]kfnL ;d'bfosf JolQm–ljz]ifx¿sf] ;d]t pNn]vgLo
of]ubfg /x]sf] tYonfO{ k|:6\ofpg] qmddf n]vs kb\d 9sfnn] /fhgLlt, ;dfh;]jf, ;flxTo,
;+:s[lt, lzIff, v]ns"b cflb If]qdf ljlzi6 sfo{ ug]{ jl/i7 c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf] 5'§f5'§} klg rrf{ /
d"NofÍg ug'{ePsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf lglDt …c;d Pzf]l;P;gÚnfO{ …c;d k|b]z s+u|]; kf6L{Údf
¿kfGtl/t ug{sf lglDt cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{x'g] :jgfdwGo 5ljnfn pkfWofoÙ c;dsf]
/fhg}lts cfsf;df pbfP/ g]kfnL ;d'bfosf k|ltlglw g]tfsf] 5lj agfpg ;kmn – bnjL/l;+x
nf]xf/, lji0f'nfn pkfWofo, rGb|axfb'/ If]qL, /fd zdf{, s'naxfb'/ If]qL, :j¿k pkfWofo, ?b|
k/fh'nL, dl0fs'df/ ;'Aaf cflbÙ z}lIfs If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] – k+=u¨fw/ pkfWofo,
l6sf/fd zf:qL, k++= u'0fgfy pkfWofo sfºn] cflb Ù c;dLof efiff–;flxTodf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg,
k'¥ofpg] – xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{, wgaxfb'/ ;'gf/, k'iknfn pkfWofo, lji0f'nfn pkfWofo,
clUgaxfb'/ If]qL, b'jf{;f pkfWofo, kb\d 9sfn, xl/eQm s6'jfn, uLtf pkfWofo, s'naxfb'/ If]qL,
xl/ uh'/]n, dgaxfb'/ If]qL, z]/dfg yfkf, cljgfz >]i7 cflb Ù To:t} snf–;+:s[ltsf] If]qdf
cfºgf] ljlzi6 klxrfg agfpg ;kmn k|ltefx¿ cf/tL g]jf/, ljk'naxfb'/ , ;/:jtL If]qL, cGh'
b]jL, ;/:jtL k|wfg, rqmkfl0f zdf{, uLtf~hln If]qL cflbÙ v]ns"b If]qdf k|lti7f cfh{g ug]{ –
v]d/fh clwsf/L, x]dgfy l3ld/], n'/] If]qL, s[i0faxfb'/ /fO{, eQmaxfb'/ If]qL, s'naxfb'/ If]qL,
af]w/fh If]qL, bLkf If]qL, dL/f If]qL cflb Ù o;} u/L ;dfh;]jfsf] If]qdf sfo{ u/L lrlgPsf – eQm
axfb'/ k|wfg, lzjnfn uxt/fh, k|;fbl;+x ;'Aaf, k|]dl;+x ;'j]bL, rGb|nfn h};L, kb\daxfb'/ kf}8]n,
k|e'/fd sfsL{ 5ljnfn zdf{, g/l;+x yfkf, k/z'/fd s6'jfn cflbÙ c;dsf s]xL cu|0fL g]kfnL
dlxnfx¿ – cGgk"0f{ b]jL, ef]udfof b]jL, xs{dfof, uLtf pkfWofo, hfgsL b]jL, 8f= zflGt yfkf,
8f= od'gf b]jL, km"n]Zj/L 9sfn, /Ltf u'?ª, :juL{o -zxLb_ j}hoGtL b]jL pkfWofo cflb / cGo
w]/}sf] of]ubfgsf af/]df n]vs 9sfnn] c;dLof efiffdf n]lvPsf] cfˆgf] o; k':tsdfkm{t\
c;dLof ;dfhnfO{ cjut u/fpg vf]Hg'ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ c;dsf] ;Gbe{df cToGt :t'To k|of;
dfGg'kb{5 .
k':tssf] pQ/f4{lt/ Ps 7fpFdf n]vs 9sfnn] :ki6 zAbdf eGg' ePsf] 5, – æc;ddf
ljb]zL jlxisf/ cfGbf]ng x'g'eGbf cl3;Dd c;dLof / g]kfnL ;Dk|bfodfem ;DaGw cToGt ;'dw'/
lyof], b'j} ;Dk|bfo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] af6f]df cu|;/ klg lyP . t/ ljb]zL jlxisf/ cfGbf]ngkl5sf

139
lbgx¿df c;d]nL g]kfnLx¿sf] dgdf lr;f] k;]sf] 5 .Æ of] lr;f] / zÍfnfO{ x6fpg] lbzfdf
c;d /fHo ;/sf/, ljleGg c;dLof ;+3–;+:yf / c;dLof ;j{;fwf/0fn] u/]sf s]xL dxTjk"0f{
sfo{sf] !$ j6f a'Fbfdf 5'§} rrf{ ub}{ To:tf ;sf/fTds sfdsf] k|z+;f ug{ ;d]t n]vs kb\d
9sfn kl5kg'{ePsf] 5}g .
s'g} klg l;4x:t c;dLof n]vsn] n]v]hlQs} :t/Lo c;dLof efiffdf kb\d 9sfnn] of]
k':ts n]Vg'ePsf] xf] . c;dsf g]kfnLx¿ c;dLof efiffdf slt kf/Ët 5g\ / pgLx¿ s;/L
c;dLof efiff–;flxTo–;+:s[ltdf leh]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] of] k':ts cfkm}+ pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 . t/
oxfFlg/ d s] s'/f k|i6 kfg{ rfxG5' eg] c;djf;L g]kfnLåf/f o; ljifodf n]lvPsf] / k|sflzt
ePsf] of] g} klxnf] k':ts eg] xf]Og . o;cl3 klg lji0f'nfn pkfWofosf] c;d] g]kfnL -k|sfzs M
efg' k|sfzg, eb|k/' , g]kfn Ù ;g\ !(&!_ , k'?iff]Qd pkfWofosf] ef/tLo g]kfnLx¿ -k|sfzs M
n]vs cfkm} Ù ;g\ !(&*_, Zofd/fh h};Lsf] c;ddf g]kfnLx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld -k|sfzs M
af]ws'df/L k|sfzg, l8uaf]O{, c;dÙ ;g\ !(() Zofd/fh h};Lsf] o; k':tssf] clUgaxfb'/
If]qLåf/f ul/Psf] c;dLof cg'jfb ;g\ !((^ df ;Toj|t If]qL, ljZjgfy rf/fnL, b/ª, c;dåf/f
k|sflzt eO;s]sf] 5 ._ kb\d If]qLsf] t'/fsf g]kfnL -k|sfzsM k|bLk If]qL, t'/f d]3fnoÙ ;g\
!((#_, d'lQm uf}tdsf] dl0fk'/df g]kfnL -;g\ !(((_, 8f= nIdLk|;fb k/fh'nLsf] pQ/–k"jf{~rnLo
ef/tLo g]kfnL ;dfh / ;flxTo -;g\ ================_, clg dgaxfb'/ If]qLåf/f c;dLof efiffd}
n]lvPsf] æc;d/ g]kfnL ;dfh cf? ;+:s[lt/ ¿k/]vfÆ -k|sfzs M c;d ;flxTo ;ef, u'jfxf6L,
c;dÙ ;g\ !(*#_ cflb 5g\ . t/ kb\d 9sfnn] c;dLof efiffdf n]Vg'ePsf] of] k':ts cGo
n]vssf k':tseGbf p2]Zo / ;Gb]zsf lx;fan] lgtfGt leGg 5 . of] k':ts n]vsn] g]kfnL eGbf
klg c;dLof kf7snfO{ nlIft u/L n]Vg' ePsf] k|i6 5 . o; k':tsåf/f n]vsn] k|]lift ug{
vf]Hg'ePsf] ;Gb]z klg g]kfnL eGbf c;dLof lj1 kf7s jf dd{1 ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu g} a9L xf] .
c;dsf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] g]kfnL JolQmTjx¿af/], ;+3–;+:yfaf/], ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts–
cy{gLlts Oltxf;af/] dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L, dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf lbg] dfq p2]Zo o; k':tssf] geO{–
c;dLof hgtf / c;djf;L g]kfnLdfem ztfAbLof}Fb]lv /lxcfPsf] hftLo ;dGjo tyf ;'dw'/
;DaGwnfO{ cem sl;nf] / cem k|uf9 agfpg' klg xf] . cfˆgf] pb]Zodf o; k':tsn] s]xL xb;Dd
;kmntf xft kfg]{ ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .
…/rgfÚ k"0ff{Í *(, j}zfv–h]7 @)^#
@)& s[ltdfu{, cd/fjtL 6f]n,
sf]6]Zj/, sf7df8f}+
kmf]g M $$&%@^*

s]=aL g]kfnLsf b'O{ ;fdu|Ldfly M Ps b[li6

7fs'/ zdf{
efiff ;flxTosf] If]qdf cgj/t nflu/xg] JolSt b]z dfq geP/ ljZjsf uf}/j x'g\ . s'g}
klg b]zdf ;of}F efiff x'g ;S5g\, efiffn] cfˆgf] b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldf gf3]/ cfˆgf] 7fpF agfPsf]
x'G5, g]kfnL efiffn] klg g]kfndf ;Lldt g/x]/ cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ;d]t k|efj kfb{} uPsf] b]lvG5 .
To;df klg l5d]sL /fi6« ef/tdf t k|efj kfg'{ :jfefljs g} xf] . bflh{lnª, l;lSsd, c;d, e'6fg,
adf{ cflbdf t g]kfnL efiff–efifLsf] ax'ntf g} b]lvG5 . cg]sf}F ;flxTosf/x¿ ToxfF hGd], x's{] /

140
g]kfnL efiff–;flxTosf] lg/Gt/ ;]jf ul//x] . efiffsf] b[li6n] ;a}nfO{ Ps agfPsf pbfx/0f k|z:t
kfOG5g\, o;sf] s'g} ;Ldf x'Fb}g / /xFb}g klg .
ef/tsf] c;dIf]qdf klg g]kfnL efiff af]Ng] k|z:t 5g\ / lbgfg'lbg efiff–lj:tf/ ePsf]
5, cg]sf}F ;flxTosf/ hGd]sf 5g\, efiffnfO{ ;d[4 t'NofPsf 5g\ . To;}dWo] g]kfnL efiff–;flxTosf]
If]qdf cgj/t nflu /xg] s]=aL= g]kfnL x'g'x'G5 . pxfF w]/} ;dob]lv n]vg / ;Dkfbg sfo{df
nflu/xg'eof] .
!^ gf]j]Da/ !(#(, d'lnofaf/L, l8uaf]O{, c;d ef/tdf hGdg'ePsf v8\uaxfb'/ …cefufÚ
kf}8\ofn 5]qLsf] ;flxlTos gfd g} s]=aL= g]kfnL xf] . pxfFn] g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf] If]qdf 7"nf]
of]ubfg ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf k|sflzt s[lt x'g\– …gj c>'Ú -v08sfJo !(^)_ lj/xL -
sljtf;ª\u|x !(^$_ d]/f] 3/ d]/f] ;+;f/ -pkGof; !(^%_ ;dk{0f -/fli6«o pkGof; -!(^%_ t:jL/
Ps/ftsf] -pkGof; !(&#_ sNkgf -syf;ª\u|x !(&)_ Kn]6kmfd{ -P]ltxfl;s sfJo -!(*$_ ef]s–
d[To'–;ª\3if{ -syf;ª\u|x !((!_ cg'/fu -uLt;ª\u|x !(*#_ ;tL uf]df -wfld{s gf6s -!(($_
eTs]sf] 3/ -sljtf;ª\u|x -!((%_ xTofsf/L -c;dLof n3' pkGof; -!((@_ clgolGqt dg -
sljtf;ª\u|x -@))!_ sflnbf;s[t …d]3b"tÚ g]kfnL cg'jfb -@))$_ .
s]=aL=g]kfnLåf/f g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljwfdf rnfOPsf] snd ax' cfoflds b]lvG5 . pxfFn] w]/}
;dob]lv sljtf, v08sfJo, pkGof;, syf, cg'jfb, uLtdf snd rnfpg'ePsf] xf] . xfn} s]xL
slj–;flxTosf/x¿ / ljljw n]vx¿ -@)!) O{=_ k|sfzgdf cfPkl5 ;dLIff / JolStkl/ro
ljwfdf klg pxfFsf] snd rn]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . s]=aL=g]kfnLsf] efiff–;flxTo;[hgfsf] yfngL ;g\
!(^% / k|sfzg ;g\ !(^) b]lv …gj c>'Ú v08sfJo / …/ <Ú k|Zgjfrs sljtfaf6 ePsf] b]lvG5
. sl/a 5 bzssf] ;flxToofqfdf 8fF8fsfF8f, n]sa];L 5ª\5ªfpFb} clj/n aUg] lxdgbLem}F lg/Gt/
au]sf] hLjgofqf cToGt ;fy{s b]lvG5 . laGb' k|sfzg, nfdl8+u c;daf6 k|sflzt x'g] laGb' -
g]kfnL ;flxlTos q}dfl;s klqsf_sf] ;Dkfbg, s]xL ;do k/]nL, l6kg–6fkg / /ldtf klqsfsf]
;Dkfbg cflb sfo{af6 ;DkfbsLo Ifdtf klg b]lvG5 . nfU5 M To;}sf] k|efjaf6 g]kfnL slj–
;flxTosf/x¿ / ljljw n]vx¿h:tf] k':ts k|sfzgdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] cg'ej x'G5 . o; n]vdf
k|:t't u|Gysf ;fy} ef/tLo /rgfx¿sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb ljz]iffª\s laGb' klqsfsf] oyf;Dej rrf{
ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

!= …g]kfnL slj–;flxTosf/x¿ / ljljw n]vx¿Ú

;flxTosf/ s]=jL=g]kfnLn] ljleGg ;dodf n]Vg'ePsf g]kfnL slj, ;flxTosf/sf of]ubfg

ljifodf / ;flxTo csfbdL k'/:sf/ k|fKt n]vsx¿sf ;DaGwdf JoSt ePsf efjgfx¿ tyf cGo
;flxTo;DaGwL n]lvPsf /rgfx¿ ;d]6]/ g]kfnL slj–;flxTosf/x¿ / ljljw n]vx¿ -
O{=;+=@)!)df, laGb' k|];, nfdl8+u -c;d, ef/taf6_ k|sfzgdf Nofpg'ePsf] 5 . k|sflzt
n]vx¿n] g]kfnL efiff–;flxTosf] If]qdf g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ;flxTosf/x¿ / ljleGg ;+:yfx¿
dfkm{t\ g]kfnL efiff–;flxTosf] ;]jf u/]sf] ;DaGwdf nfdf] kl/ro lbOPsf] x'Fbf of] dxŒjk"0f{ k':ts
aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf] pTyfgdf lg/Gt/ ;dlk{t ;flxTosf/ Pj+ ;Dkfbs s]=jL=g]kfnLåf/f
…s]xL ;flxTosf/x¿ / ljljw n]vx¿ -;ª\lIfKt cWoog_ k':tsfsf/sf ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . o;leq

141
dxŒjk"0f{ JolStTjx¿sf lrgf/L, ljleGg ;+:yfx¿sf lrgf/L / s]xL ;dLIffTds n]v ;dfj];
ePsf 5g\ .
;dLIffTds n]vx¿df …k|]/0ffn] hGd]sf] /fdfo0fsf slj jfNdLls / efg'eQmÚ zLif{sdf
jfNdLlssf] s]xL k"j{ Oltxf; / efg'eSt cfrfo{sf] hLjgL;lxt s]xL sljtfx¿ p4/0f ub{}
/fdfo0fsf] ;DaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn aflx/ efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] ;Ddfg lyof], efjgfTds
k|]d lyof], efiffut ;DaGw lyof], eGg] s'/f b]vfpFb} eGg'ePsf] 5M–
…slt kf/vL snd 5– efg'eQmsf], ;fFRr} eGg' xf] eg] efg'eQmaf6 g} g]kfnL ;flxTosf]
:j¿k lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . t/ klg, g]kfnn] pgnfO{ k|yd sljsf] pkflwn] ;Ddflgt ug{
lxrlsrfO/x]sf] lyof] . cflv/ pgsf] lgwgsf] &) jif{kl5 bflh{lnËsf hgtf ef/tLo g]kfnLx¿n]
pgsf] ;Ddfgfy{ k|yd u|Gy k|sflzt u/] …cflbsljÚ pkflwn] ;Ddfg ub{}, clg dfq kf] aNn
g]kfnn] klg k|yd sljsf] :jLs[lt lbg afWo x'g'k¥of] .Ú
of] egfOn] efg'eQmk|lt pxfFsf] cufw >4f k|s6 x'G5 . of] n]v !(^@ sf] …laGb'Údf
k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] .
…slj df]tL/fd e§Ú zLif{sdf g]kfnL efiff–;flxTosf dfWolds sfnsf d'Vo slj df]tL/fd
e§sf] ;DaGwdf ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . of] lj=;+=@)@@ df …:d[ltÚ klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v
xf] eg] t];|f] zLif{s …dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fÚdf b]jsf]6f;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbFb} pgsf ljleGg
uBkB sljtfsf] p4/0f ul/Psf] 5 . of] n]v ;g\ !(^% df …;'dgÚ df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] .
…slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnÚ o; v08sf] rf}yf] n]v xf] . o;df slj lz/f]dl0fsf]
jfNosfnb]lv lnP/ g]kfnL ;flxTodf slju'?sf] ¿kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
s]=aL=g]kfnL eGg'x'G5– …Ct'ljrf/Ú / …a'l4ljgf]bÚ pgsf] pHHjn k|ltefsf] kl/ro xf] .
pgn] n]v]sf s[ltx¿df …t?0ftk;LÚ pgsf] Ps dxfg\ s[lt xf] . sf/0f– sfJosf] ;a} u'0fn] kl/k"0f{
ePsf] …t?0ftk;LÚ pgsf] k|ltlglw /rgf x'g uPsf]n] g} xf]nf afns[i0f ;dn] t?0f tk;LnfO{
dxfslj sflnbf;sf] …d]3b"tÚ / …u|] sf] PlnlhÚl;t bfFHb} eg]sf lyP– n]vgfyHo"n] t?0f tk;L
n]v]/ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] C0f r'sfP . -k[=!(_
o;df n]vgfysf sljtf p4[t ug'{sf ;fy} …laGb'Ú q}dfl;stkm{af6 sljtf dfUbf
…pkb]zfTds kq sljtfdf kfP/ v';L JoSt ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} slj x[borGb| l;+x k|wfg -
3fd5fof !(*)df_ sljx[bo d=jL=jL=zfxb]j -pbo klqsfdf k|sflzt @))*_ dgf]j}1flgs
syfsf l;h{gxf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, -ljrf/ klqsfdf k|sflzt @))*_ slj Pj+ gf6ssf/M
eLdlglw ltjf/L -k/]nL klqsfdf k|sflzt !(&#_, snf;fwsM slj afns[i0f ;d -ljrf/ klqsfdf
k|sflzt @))*_, ¿kgf/fo0f l;+x M Ps ;+:d/0f, cR5f /fO{ …/l;sÚ M Ps hgjfbL n]vs,
:jR5Gbslj uf]kfn l;+x g]kfnL -laGb' / k"jf{]bo klqsfdf g]kfnL / lxGbL efiffdf k|sflzt_,
cl:tTjjfbL slj M cud l;+x lu/L, xl/eSt s6'jfn M Ps ;Demgf -…efg'Ú xl/eSt ljz]iffª\sdf
k|sflzt @))& ;g\_ ljBf dxfjfl/lw M kf/;dl0f k|wfg -/Tg>L klqsfdf k|sflzt ;+=–@)$#_,
slj hL= l5l/Ë M Ps b]g -k|lqmofdf k|sflzt ;g\ !(($_ slj s[i0fk|;fb 1jfnL–Ps ;Demgf,
;fyL u'?eStsf] ;Demgfdf -:d[lt u|Gydf k|sflzt_, g]kfnL ;dfhsf ;]js nfn ;nfdsf sd/]8
;'j]bL -k|]d ;'j]bL_, xl/k|;fb uf]vf{/fO{sf] ;Demgfdf, ;flxTo / ;dfhsf ;]js–8f=hut 5]qL,
:jtGqtf ;]gfgL lji0f'nfn pkfWofosf] ;Demgfdf, -…lji0f'nfn :d[ltÚ u|Gydf k|sflzt_, sdndl0f
bLlIftaf/] n]Vg kbf{===-:kGbg M sdndl0f bLlIft clegGbg cÍ @))( df k|sflzt_ n]vx¿ /x]sf

142
5g\ . o; v08sf ;dLIffTds n]vx¿df g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|fylds sfnb]lv cfw'lgssfn;Ddsf
;flxTosf/x¿ b]lvG5g\ .
o; k':tssf] bf];|f] v08 ;flxTo csfbdL v08 /x]sf] 5 . ;flxTo csfbdL k'/:sf/n]
;Ddflgt ;flxTosf/x¿ zLif{s lbP/ n]vs eGg'x'G5– æ;flxTo csfbdL lbNnLn] g]kfnL efiffnfO{
% l8;]Da/ !(&% ;g\df dfGotf lbPkl5 g]kfnL ;flxTosf/x¿nfO{ csfbdL k'/:sf/n] ;Ddfg ug{]
3f]if0ff u/] cg';f/ g]kfnL ;flxTosf/af6 qmdzM csfbdL k'/:sf/ kfpg] s[lt, s[ltsf/ / jif{ tyf
;ª\lIfKt kl/ro;lxt oxfF pNn]v u/]sf 5f}F .Æ . of] egfOaf6 g} :ki6 x'G5 M g]kfnL ;flxTosf]
If]qdf of]ubfg u/]sf JolStTjx¿nfO{ ef/t ;/sf/n] klg a]nfavt k'/:s[t / ;Ddflgt ug{]
u/]sf] 5 . n]vs s]=jL= g]kfnLn] tL ;flxTosf/x¿sf] lrgf/L;lxt pNn]v u/]sf JolStTjx¿ x'g\–
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, lzjs'df/ /fO{, u'dfgl;+x rfdlnª, cf]ls pdf UjfOg, cl;t /fO{, Pd=Pd= u'?ª,
OGb| ;'Gbf;, /fdrGb| lu/L, dT:o]Gb| k|wfg, z/b 5]qL, nLnaxfb'/ If]qL, k'iknfn pkfWofo,
t'n;Laxfb'/ If]qL, t'n;L sfZok, ludL{ z]kf{, cf/=kL= nfdf, ;fg' nfdf, 8f=hLjg gfdb'ª,
g/]Gb|dl0f k|wfg, df]xg 7s'/L, dl0fk|;fb /fO{, dgk|;fb ;'Aaf, ljqmdjL/ yfkf, /fdnfn clwsf/L,
nVvLb]jL ;'Gbf;, k|]d k|wfg, ljGBf ;'Aaf, h;of]~hg Kof;L, s[i0fdf]xg df]Stfg, eLd bfxfn,
nId0f >Ldn, xfodg bf; /fO{ ls/ft, ;dL/0f If]qL lk|obzL{ .
o; k':tssf] t];|f] v08df ljljw n]vx¿ /flvPsf] 5 . o;df– xfd|f] ;flxTo / ;dfh,
k"jf{~rn k|ultzLn ;flxTosf] k|efj, g]kfnL efiffsf] c8rgdf pkGof;af/] n]Vg kbf{, xfd|f] /fli6«o
dËndo lbj; kGb|x cu:t, PSsL;jL+ zbLdf ;dGjo ;flxTosf] dxTj, efiff lbj;sf] pknIodf,
lxGbL / g]kfnL ;flxTosf dw'/ ;]t' M 8f= bLgfgfy …z/0fÚ, wfld{ssfn, jL/ sfn / cfw'lgs
sfn;Ddsf sljtfdf gf/L lrGtgsf efjgf, l5d]sL efO– ef/t / g]kfn, ;'gdf ;'uGw cflb
zLif{ssf n]vx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
cGtdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf nfu]sf JolQmx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ sb/ ub}{ ;dLIffTds
b[li6sf]0f /flvPsf] Pj+ g]kfn aflx/ /x]sf egf}F jf ef/tdf /x]sf g]kfnL efiff–efifL
;flxTosf/x¿sf] ;Ddfg u/]sf] k|;ª\u NofP/ pgLx¿sf] kl/ro /flvPsf] x'gfn] klg of] k':ts
dxTjk"0f{ ag]sf] 5, lsgls ;flxlTos If]qsf] cg';Gwfg, cWoog ug]{ JolQmx¿sf nflu of] k':ts
w]/} pkof]uL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{ JolQmTjnfO{ b]Vbf eGg dg nfUof] M

s]= aL= eP :jo+ ;|i6f nfUb5g\ ;a ;fydf

efiff–;flxTodf nfUg] JolQm–JolQmTj dfemdf .

la/fgf] kgdf si6 ef]u]sf] If0f hLjg

cfgGbn] sxfF /D5 slj vf]H5 ToxL+ wg .

krf;f}F jif{ ;flxTo ;]jfdf nfU5 dflg;

To;}sf] efjgf aU5 wf/0ff cg'zfl;t .

:jb]zsf] eP dfof ToxLF g} aU5 efjgf

k'vf{s} k|]/0ffaf6 eof] ;flxTo–;fwgf .

143
@= …laGb'Ú ef/tLo /rgfx¿sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb ljz]iffª\s

…laGb'Ú g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt x'g] ;flxlTos q}dfl;s klqsf xf] . s]=aL=g]kfnLsf]
;DkfbsTjdf nfdl8ª\, c;d -ef/t_ af6 k|sflzt x'G5 . jif{ $( h'g + cu:t–@)!) cÍ !!^–
!!& n]lvPsf] of] cÍleq ljleGg ;flxTosf/x¿sf] /rgfnfO{ g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/L k|sfzgdf
NofOPsf] 5 . o; cÍsf] ;DkfbsLodf elgPsf] 5– æ;flxTo ;dfhsf] k|ltlglw xf], o;}n] xfdLn]
klg …laGb'Ú sf] o; cÍnfO{ cg'jfb ;flxTosf] ¿kdf cyf{t\ ;dGjo ;flxTosf] ¿kdf ;dfhsf]
lglDt s]xL geP klg ltn a/fa/ t s]xL unf{ eg]/ k|sfzgdf NofPsf 5f}F .Æ of] egfOn] :ki6
x'G5 of] cÍ cg'jfb cÍ xf] ljleGg efiffaf6 g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/]/ /flvPsf] x'gfn] b'O{j6f
dxŒjk"0f{ sfd ePsf] 5– Ps t cg'jfb ;flxTosf] ljsf; csf{] …laGb'Ú klqsf dfkm{t\ cGo efiffdf
/lrPsf] ;flxTosf] / ;|i6fx¿sf] 1fg .
;j{k|yd lqd"lt{ lgs]tgåf/f :yflkt nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f zt jflif{sL ;df/f]x ;ldlt tyf
cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnL efiff ;flxTo ;Dd]ng sf7df8f}+n] ;flxTosf/ OGb|axfb'/ /fO{nfO{ k'/:sf/ k|bfg
ul/Psf]df awfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . g]kfnL efiff–;flxTo;]jLx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ sb/ ub{} ;Ddfg x'g' /
v';L k|s6 x'g' :jfefljs xf] .
o; cÍleq /x]sf sljtf, syf, lgaGwflbsf] ljifodf ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; ePsf]
5 . lxGbL sljtfaf6–g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ul/Psf ( j6f, vf;Lefiffaf6 !, jËfnL efiffaf6–#,
dl0fk'/L efiffaf6–!, pl8;faf6–!, c;dLofaf6–#, c+u|]hLaf6–!, k~hfaLaf6–!, d/f7Laf6–! /
efiff pNn]v gePsf–@ u/L hDdf @# j6f sljtf cg'jfb u/]/ /flvPsf] 5 . ;a} sljtf
uBljwfdf /x]sf 5g\ .
syfdf–lxGbLaf6–!@ j6f, t]n]u'af6 ! dl0fk'/Laf6–!, cf;fd]nLaf6–%, ef]hk'/Laf6–!,
aª\ufnLaf6–!, tldnaf6–! / efiff pNn]v gePsf syf–# u/L hDdf @% j6f syf cg'jfb u/L
/flvPsf 5g\ . pkGof; c+z–!, lgaGw–@ / JolSt kl/ro–! o;df k/]sf 5g\ . oxfF d"n n]vssf]
gfd g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb ul/;s]kl5sf] zLif{s / cg'jfb ug]{ n]vssf] gfd lbg] k|of; ul/Psf]
5M
ljleGg efiffx¿af6 cg'jfb ul/Psf sljtfx¿df – -s_ ef/te"if0f cu|jfnsf]
lxGbLsljtf– …cfO/x]sx¿nfO{ Pp6f k|ZgÚ zLif{sdf xf]daxfb'/ If]qL, -v_ lgd{n cfgGbsf]
lxGbLsljtf – …tLg sljtf– afaf, df5f / ;kgf zLif{sdfÚ dgf]h af]u6L, -u_ dfvgnfn
rt'j{]bLsf] lxGbLsljtf – …km"nsf] clenfiffÚ zLif{sdf – s[i0fljqmd /f0ff, -3_ P;=Pr= k|Nxfb,
zdf{sf] dl0fk'/L xfOs' sljtf zLif{sdf rf/j6f -kfj/, pkfo gePsf s[ifs, ;Tosyf, ofqf_–
xl/df]xg kf]v|]n, -ª_ ljj]s lg/fnfsf] lxGbLsljtf – …zAbÚ zLif{sdf df]xg 7s'/L, -r_ /d]z
k|tfksf] pl8ofsljtf– …xfdLnfO{ rflxg] s]xL 5}gÚ zLifs{df–df]xg 7s'/L, -5_ lbgs/ s'df/sf]
lxGbLsljtf …clxNofÚ zLif{sdf t'naxfb'/ dfn]df, -h_ x]dfË ljZjf;sf] c;dLof sljtf–…Pp6f
gofF /f]dflG6s sljtfÚ uf]kfn v8\sf, -em_ czf]s vGgf, …czf]sÚsf lxGbL sljtf– …od'gf Ps gbLÚ
/ …lbNnLaf6 cfpg'ePsf] <Ú b'O{ zLif{sdf ho 5fª\5f, -`_ j|h]Gb| lqkf7Lsf] lxGbLsljtf …lbNnLÚ
zLif{sdf hLjg gfdb'+u, -6_ sgkmfd l;+x gªsg/Lx+sf] vf;Lsljtf …r]/fk'FhLÚ zLif{sdf lbn' ;'j]bL,
-7_ s};/ zdLdsf] lxGbLsljtf– …s}n] k"/f x'g]5 of] ;kgfÚ zLif{sdf– s[i0f kL= 76fn, -8_ slj
gh?nsf] afËnfsljtf– d dxf ljb|f]xL / /jLGb|gfy 7fs'/sf] lbJo :jtGqtf zLif{sdf –
s]=aL=g]kfnL, -9_ r'ª 8L=;f]gfdsf] c+u|]hL sljtf–…ltAatsf kx]Fnf km"nÚ zLif{sdf – 8f=nIdLk|;fb

144
k/fh'nL, -0f_ 8f=;'bz{g uf;f]sf] k~hfaLsljtf– …cfdf hf] oxfF l5g\ pxfF klg l5g\Ú zLif{sdf–pbo
7fs'/, -t_ xL/]Gb|gfy bQsf] c;dLofsljtf– …lgzf pT;jÚ zLif{sdf ls/0f /fO{, -y_ ;'gLn
u+uf]kfWofosf] sljtf …Tof] d'x"t{df gL/fÚ zLif{sdf– ;tLz /;fOnL, -b_ lgndl0f km's'gsf] c;dLof
sljtf–…tkfO{+ cfw'lgs sljtf k9\g'x'G5 <Ú zLif{sdf gj ;fksf]6f, -w_ k|bLk d'vf]kfWofosf]
a+unfsljtf– …km]l/ cfpF5' kms{]/Ú zLif{sdf d}gf yfkf, -g_ cf;fj/L sfs8]sf] d/f7Lsljtf–…;w}F
sxLFaf6Ú zLif{sdf–dfof g]kfnL, -k_ nIdLgf/fo0f …dw'kÚsf] lxGbLsljtf–…Ps/ft dxfg\
cfTdfx¿;Fu e]6Ú zLif{sdf–z/brGb| /x]sf 5g\ .
o;/L cg'jfb u/L /flvPsf sljtfx¿ cToGt ;'Gb/ 5g\, ;d;fdlos 5g\, hLjgf]kof]uL
/x]sf 5g\ . oL sljtfsf s]xL gd"gf tn lbOPsf] 5–

!= ljj]s lg/fnfsf] cg'jflbt sljtf –

zAb
3fd tfK5g\
clg xfjfl;t
k/–k/;Dd hfG5g\ zAb
tL zLtn x'G5g\
clg ;'ulGwt x'G5g\ . -zAb – k[i7 #$_
@= k|l;4 slj /jLGb|gfy 7fs'/sf] cg'jflbt sljtf–
hxfF x[bodf lge{otf 5 clg d:ts
cGofosf] ;fd' em'Sb}g
hxfF 1fgsf] d"No nfUb}g
hxfF ;+;f/ 3/sf] ;ª\sL0f{ bLjf/df vl08t
clg ljeSt ePsf] 5}g . -lbJo :jtGqtf – k[i7 *!_
#= gLndl0f km'sgsf] cg'jflbt sljtf–
cfpg'xf];\ sljtf k9f}F
sljtf cd[t dl0f xf], ceo .
kf/fkf/ xLg k|]dsf aLrdf,
cgfljn ;f}Gbo{sf aLrdf
gUg xf}, gUg xf}, :tAw xf}
d'St dg / x[bonfO{ .
clg ltdL cfkm}F eOb]p Pp6f sljtf .
-tkfO{+ cfw'lgs sljtf k9\g'x'G5 – k[=!!%_
…laGb'Ú klqsfleq cg'jfb ul/Psf syfx¿df – -s_ cd[tf k|Ltdsf] lxGbLsyf …ldqfÚ zLif{s
syf z/b\ 5]qL, -v_ uf]ljGb /fh' /fds[i0f /fjsf] t]n]u' syf– …kftÚ zLif{sdf v8\s/fh lu/L, -u_
xl/zÍ/ k/;fO{+sf] lxGbLsyf–…ef]nf/fdsf] cfTdfÚ zLif{sdf – 3gZofd ltdl;gf, -3_ ah/ªnfn
dfnL …czfGtÚsf] lxGbLsyf …5f]/LÚ zLif{sdf ldqb]j zdf{, -ª_ piff lk|o+jbfsf] lxGbLsyf …jfk;LÚ -
k|Tofjt{g_ zLif{sdf b]jsL ltdl;gf, -r_ ljhosf] lxGbLsyf …p;sf] :s]rÚ zLif{sdf dËn l;+x

145
;'Aaf, -5_ 8f=k|ltef /fosf] lxGbLsyf …b|f}kbLÚ zLif{sdf– ljGBf ;'Aaf, -h_ cfrfo{ efujtfgGb
;/:jtLsf] lxGbLsyf– …;hu dfgjÚ zLif{sdf ;'>L nIdL …ldg'Ú, -em_ d'G;L k|]drGbsf] lxGbLsyf –
…lzz'Ú zLif{sdf– tf/fklt pkfWofo, -`_ gf]+yf]Dad s'~hdf]xg l;+xsf] dl0fk'/Lsyf …Pp6f Olnz
df5fsf] :jfbÚ zLif{sdf df]xg ;'j]bL, -6_ vnLn lha|fgsf] …cgf/Ú-n3'syf_ zLif{sdf nf]s]zrGb|
k|wfg, -7_ aGtL z]g;f]jfsf] c;d]nLsyf …hfultsÚ zLif{sdf zflGt yfkf, -8_
k|f]=o'=cf/=cgGtd"lt{sf] …cfdfÚ zLif{s syf–OGb|lu/L Pd=P= -9_ kNnj kqsf/sf] …hGdfGt/Ú
zLif{sdf s]bf/sNk nD;fn, -0f_ /ªjª t]/fªsf] c;dLof syf …k|LtdÚ zLif{sdf 8Da/ bfxfn, -t_
cg'/fwf zdf{ k'hf/Lsf] c;dLofsyf …pkxf/Ú zLif{sdf /lZd/]vf zdf{, -y_ ¿k>Ls]f ef]hk'/L syf
…u'F8b]lv la5f]l8Psf]Ú zLif{sdf nj zdf{ …k|zfGtÚ, -b_ gLnkb\dgfesf] tldn syf …j}u/}Úsf] …laxfgÚ
zLif{sdf–s0f{ yfdL, -w_ xln/fd 8]sfsf] c;dLof syf–…/]Ú 7"n bfOÚ zLif{sdf–uLtf pkfWofo, -g_
z/trGb| r§f]kfWofosf] a+unf syf–…xl/r/0fÚ zLif{s /]jtLdf]xg ltdl;gf, -k_ sfJo>L dxGtsf]
c;dLof syf–…;kgf lagfsf] hLjgÚ zLif{sdf 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL, -km_ /fd;¿k c0fvLsf] lxGbL
syf–…Pd/h]G;LÚ zLif{sdf gf/fo0f k|wfg, -a_ /fh]Gb| cj:yLsf] lxGbLsyf …hg;]jfÚ zLif{sdf
v8\uaxfb'/ 5]qL, -e_ s[i0f rGb/sf] lxGbL syf–…k|m]h;Fusf] Ps e]6Ú zLif{sdf c;Lt /fO{, -d_ k|m}Fh
sfˆsfsf] syf …k|:yfgÚ zLif{sdf c;Lt /fO{n] cg'jfb ug'{ePsf] 5 .
oL ;Dk"0f{ syfx¿ ;d;fdlos ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t eP/ n]lvPsf syf x'g\ . s]xL
syfx¿ n3' cfsf/df klg 5g\ . syfIf]qdf k|l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf n]vsx¿sf syf ;dfj]; ul/Psf]
x'gfn] x[bo 5'g] vfnsf syf /x]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L pkGof;sf/ clgtf b];fO{+sf] Clear Light of
day -lbgsf] ;To k|sfz_ zLif{sdf eSt/fh ;'g'jf/ …d'lvofÚn] cg'jfb ug'{ePsf] 5 . pkGof;sf]
;ª\lIfKttf klg :jo+ Pp6f syf h:t} ePsf] 5 . clGtd c+zn] ;Dk"0f{tf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
æ;dosf] x'/L;Fu;Fu} dflg;sf] hLjgrqm / ult klg ToxL lbzftk{m axG5, eGg] lzIff / Hof]lt
o; pkGof;n] 5g{ ;Ifd ePsf] 5 clg 3/ eGg] s'/f] JolSts} k'/fgf] / phf8 lsg gxf];\ Tof]
3/;Fu ;DalGwt gftfuf]tfsf] ToxfF Pp6f cfgGb / zflGt kfpg], lj5f]l8Psf] kn / 38L Pslqt
x'g] 5xf/L e]6fpF5 . dfof–k|]d–rfxgf / ;kgf k'gM hfu[t x'g ;lsPsf] To; kmn / 38Ln]
ljdnfsf] hLjgdf Pp6f gofF Hof]lt tyf k|sfz NofPsf] x'gfn] g} p;sf] lglDt lbg]sf] ;To k|sfz
eP/ rf/} tkm{ 5l/Psf 5g\ .Æ
of] oyfy{ xf], ;To k|sfzleq ;'Gb/ efjgf JolStPsf] 5 . cg'jfb ul/Psf] eP klg cToGt
;'Gb/ nfUof] . o:t} ljefj/L l;Gxfsf] Joª\Uo n]v …o:tf duGt]x¿;Fusf] lj/lStÚ zLif{sdf pkdfg
a:g]tn] cg'jfb ug'{ePsf] 5 . s'g efiffaf6 cg'jfb ePsf] eGg] geP klg ;'Gb/ n]v 5 . o;df
:j=pd/axfb'/ /fjåf/f uf]vf{ xfO:s"nsf] ;j{]If0f c+u|]hL efiffdf n]lvPsf] n]v x]d hf]zLn] cg'jfb
ug'{ePsf] 5 . cfBf]kfGt To; :s"nsf] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lbFb} z'esfdgf JoSt ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L
ef/tLo /rgfx¿sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb ul/Psf] …laGb'Ú klqsfsf] of] ljz]iffÍsf] cfˆg} dxŒj /x]sf] s'/f
k|:6 b]lvG5 . oxfF pTs[i6 n]v, /rgfx¿ ;dflji6 ePsf 5g\ . ef/tLo dxfg\ n]vs d'G;L
k|]drGbsf] Pp6f syf 5 t/ pxfFnfO{ cfb/ ;Ddfg ;fy cufl8sf] k[i7df kmf]6f];lxt lbOPsf] 5 .
ljleGg efiff–efifLsf n]vx¿nfO{ cg'jfb u/fO{ k|sfzgdf NofOPsf] of] cÍ dxŒjk"0f{ aGg k'u]sf]
5.
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g]kfnL uj{n] eG5g\ s]=aL= xf} lzi6 ;fws .
146
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pbfPsf ;a} Hof]lt k"0f{tfdf k'u];/L .

cfk\mg} ;f}Gbo{sf ;fy cu|ufdL ;dfhdf

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sljtf lgs]tg, b]jsf]6f gu/, u'jfxf6L–!!, c;d–ef/tsf g]kfnL efifL, g]kfnL hftLo
slj gj ;fksf]6fsf] k|:t't u|Gysf] …:jsygÚaf6 s] yfxf x'G5 eg] pxfFsf] sljtf ofqfsf] of] t];|f]
r/0f xf] . gj ;fksf]6fn] …====sljtfnfO{ hLjgl;t hf]8\g' g} ;xL /rgfwld{tf xf]Ú eg]/ sfJo
/rgfsf] p2]Zo k|i6 kfg'{eof] . h; cg';f/ g} o; ;+u|xsf ;fgf 7"nf ljleGg zLif{ssf sljtfx¿
oxfF ;+slnt 5g\ . jf:tjdf sfJo /rgf eg]sf] g t sf]/f oyfy{ xf], g t sf]/f sNkgf /
oyfy{sf] ;Ëd g} sfJo xf] . sljn] u/]sf] sfo{ g} sfJo xf] . ;d;fdlos o'ujf]wnfO{ sljn] h;/L
;d]6\g'ePsf] 5, Tof] pTs[i6 5 . xfdL g]kfnL :jb]zdf 5f}+Ù k|jf;df 5f}+ / b]z–b]zfj/df klg 5f}+ .
t/, :jb]zdf a;]/ ljb]zsf] kL8faf]wsf] ;+j]bgzLntf xfdLnfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g, ToxL hLjg
ef]Ug]x¿nfO{ /fd|/L yfxf x'G5 . w]/} cl3 bflh{lnªsf slj cudl;+x lu/Ln] k|jf;sf] kL8faf]wnfO{
o;/L JoQm u/]sf lyP–
g;Dem cfh g]kfnL ;~rn] oxfF afFr]sf]
sfF8fs} dfem kxf8L km"n 5}g / sxfF xfF;]sf]
of] uLtnfO{ k|l;4 ufos cDa/ u'?ªn] ufP/ cem dfld{s agfOlbPsf lyP .
ljj]Ro u|Gydf klg s]xL sljtfdf o:t} kL8faf]w JoQm ePsf] 5 . …cle;f/Úsljtfsf oL
k+lQmx¿nfO{ x]/f}+–
d'6'leqsf] /f]bgnfO{ dw'/ xfF;f]df km]g{ ;Sg'k5{
cfTdkL8fsf] cGt/qmGbgnfO{, d':sfgleq n'sfpg ;Sg'k5{
ef/tjif{df bflh{lnª dfq xf]Og, c;dsf g]kfnLn] klg p:t} kL8f d'6'df ;Fufn]sf 5g\ .
t/ o;f] eg]/ g}/fZo dfq sljtf xf]Og dfgJfLo cj:yf ljz]ifsf cGo efjx¿nfO{ klg sljtfdf
;d]l6Psf] 5 . k|s[ltn] ;Fw} dflg;nfO{ pmhf{ k|bfg u5{, pT;fx k|bfg u5{ dfq} xf]Og k|s[ltsf]
cj:yf ljz]ifdf cfkm"nfO{ kfpF5Ù cg'e"lt u5{ . a]nfotL slj j8{; jy{n] …b 8]kmf]8]N;Ú -u'gs]z/L_
sljtfdf …km'n]sf km"nx¿sf ;fgf–;fgf af]6x¿ xfjf rn]sf] a]nf o;/L xlNn/x]sf lyP dfgf]
;fgf–;fgf gfgLx¿n] xft xNnfP/ clejfb u/]sf x'g\Ú eGf]/ k|s[lt / dfgJfLo cj:yfsf] ;'Gb/
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147
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Åbo dl:tis o;}n] kf5{ k|efljt lr/Gtg
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a8fdxf/fh k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] …a"9f d/] efvf ;/]Ú eg]/ lbPsf] pkb]zsf] dd{ a'‰g Tolt sl7g
kb}{g xf]nf . pkb]zsf] cfjZostf dfG5]n] a'em] klg Tof] 7f8f] efiffdf 5 eg] To;nfO{ w]/}n]
?rfpFb}gg\ . t/ To;}nfO{ 3'dfp/f] kf/fn] sljtf jf uLtsf] nofTds z}nLdf JoQm ul/P ?lrs/
x'G5, of] dfgjLo :jefj xf] . k|:t't ;+u|xdf klg …af dnfO{ dgsf] >[Ëf/ dg k5{Ú / …kfjGbLÚ
zLif{sdf pkb]z efj t 5 t/ 3'dfp/f] / nofTds x'g'sf] ;§f 7f8f] ePsf] cg'e"lt x'G5, x]/f}+,
gofF u/d n'uf rflx+b}g hf8fdf klg
dnfO{ y'k|} lstfk lslglbg'xf];\
ef/t kfls:tfgsf] n8fO{+sf] s]Gb| …sflu{nÚ df n]lvPsf] sljtfdf …cggf]g uf]vf{ lx/f]hsf]
cvf8fÚ k9\bf dnfO{ pQ/ k|b]zsf] g]kfnsf] l;dfgf glhssf] /]nj] :6]zg g}lgtfnsf] ;+emgf cfof]
. oxfF :6]zgleq} pk]lIft ¿kdf ef/t ;/sf/n] …sf/lunÚo'4df ;xLb ePsf uf]vf{nLx¿sf ;–;fgf
:d[lt :tDe agfPsf] /x]5, h;df g t gfd z'4;Fu n]lvPsf] 5, g t To;sf] ;kmf / plrt
Joj:yfkg g} ul/Psf] 5 . t/ lj8Dagf s] eg] ToxL :6]zg aflx/ cs}{ ;lxb -hf] ef/tLo d"nsf
lyP_sf] eJo d"lt{ agfP/ /flvPsf] 5, sflu{n ;lxbsf] . of] lj8Dagf g} xf]Og t <
…gdgÚ sljtfdf g]kfnL hfltsf uf}/j cflb slj efg'eQmsf] ;+emgf ul/Psf] 5 . …efg'Úsf]
;+emgf ePklg df]tL/fd, n]vgfy, b]jsf]6f, afns[i0f ;d, ;"o{ ljqmd 1jfnL, w/0fLw/, kf/;dl0f
h:tf g]kfnL ;flxTosf dxf/yLnfO{ klg ;+emgf ul/Psf] 5 . sljtfn] eG5–
d eG5', x] slj >]i7 efg'eQm Û
ltdL xf}, hftLo slj
xfdL k[lyjLjf;L g]kfnL hfltsf .
jf:tjdf hxfF hxfF g]kfnL hflt /xG5g\, pgLx¿sf Åbodf efg'eQmn] ;bf jf; u5{g\ . of]
oyfy{ xf] .
…sljtfÚ zLif{sdf JoQm ePsf] efjgf sljsf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ af]Sg ;dy{ 5 . t/
…sljtfÚ cfkm}+df s] xf] < sf]dn efjgf k|s6Ls/0fsf] dfWod xf] < jf k|s[ltsf] ljgf;sf/L s7f]/
:j¿k xf] < jf dfgj leqsf] bfgjL k|j[lQsf] ljikmf]6 xf] < slj cfkm}+ cndlnPsf 5g\ . s;/L <
…sljtfÚ sf oL k+lQmx¿af6 k|i6 x'G5–
lxhf] jLeT; ;'gfdL agL, nfvf}+sf] sx/ algg\ sljtf
ljjz cg'xf/df k|s6 x'lG5g\ sljtf
d cfkm}+ sljtf–sljtf ePsf] 5'
d :jod\ efj efjgf ePsf] 5'
…dxfk|f0fÚ df sjLGb| /jLGb|gfyk|lt efjk"0f{ >4fefj ;'Gb/ z}nLdf k|s6 ul/Psf] 5–
;'Gb/d\sf k/d k'hf/L, ;Tok|]dsf dxfg\ cGj]ifL
lzjd\sf clj/n ;+/Ifs, x] dxfdfgj sjLGb| Û
o;/L ;+u|xsf sljtfdf sljn] ljljw kIf / ljifonfO{ dfWod agfO{ cfˆgf efjgf k|s6
u/]sf 5g\ . sljsf ¿kdf dfq geP/ gf6ssf/, cg'jfbs / ;Dkfbssf ¿kdf klg cfˆgf] Ifdtf
k|bz{g ul/;s]sf slj gj ;fksf]6f c;d] g]kfnL ;flxTosf uf}/j x'g\, h;n] ef/tdf g]kfnL
hfltsf] lz/ 7f8f] kf/]sf 5g\ .

148
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slj gj ;fksf]6fsf] k|:t't sljtf +;+u|x sljtf ofqfsf] bf];|f] r/0f xf] . o;sf] k|yd
;+:s/0f g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb, c;dn] k|sflzt u/]sf] /x]5 eg] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f jf0fL k|sfzg
lj/f6gu/, g]kfnn] k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] . ;+u|xdf nfdf 5f]6f %@ j6f sljtf, b'O{ uLt, b'O{ d'Qms
/ rf/ xfOs" ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .
cf/Desf] sljtf …ef/tLotfÚ df sljn] ef/tjif{sf] oyfy{ lrq0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . ljzfn
ef/tdf a:g] ;a} ef/tLo ePklg k+|fGtLojfb / hftLojfb h:tf j}dg:on] efjgfTds ¿kdf
Ps;"qdf afFlwP/ a:g g;s]sf] tYonfO{ k|efjsf/L z}nLdf JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .
9fs/ hlt r'lx;s]sf], 9fqm]sf] l/Qf] 8f]sf]h:tf] 5,
of] ef/tLotf
alg+bf alg+bf lau|]sf], hf]l8+bf hf]l8+b} eTs]sf]
xfd|f] ef/tLotf
eg]/ c;Gt'li6 JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . oltdfq geP/ g]kfnL hfltnfO{ klg ef/tjif{df /fd|f];Fu
;d]6\g g;s]sf] tYonfO{ k|tLsfTds ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] xf] ls em}+ nfU5 oL k+lQmdf–
l6:6fnfO{ x'unLn], slxNo} cfˆgf] ;Dem]g
cyf{t\ bflh{lnª\ -l6:6f_nfO{ x'unL -snsQf_ n] ;Fw} ;f}tfsf] Jojxf/ u/]sf] tYo
Oltxf;af6 g} k|i6 x'G5 . t/klg sljtf eljiok|lt cfzfd'vL 5–
x'Gg x'Gg nf}, 6'lqmg lbg o;/L
o; ljzfn b]znfO{ .
…xfdLÚ sljtfn] stf–stf slj e"kL z]/rgsf] o;} zLif{s ePsf] sljtfsf] ;+emgf cfpF5 .
;fksf]6fhLn] o;f] eGg'eof]–
xfdL, kxf8L vf]nfsf] aUg] kfgL
xf], s]jn kfgL,
nIoxLg alu/xg' xfd|f] afgL
slj e"kLn] klg–
……xfdL jL/ xf}+ t/ a'4' 5f}+
xfdL a'4' 5f}+ To;}n] jL/ 5f}+ÚÚ
eg]/ g]kfnLsf] lgoltk|lt tLvf] Joª\Uo u/]sf] …xfdLÚ ;a}nfO{ yfxf ePs} s'/f xf] .
…k|]drGb–n';'gÚ sljtfdf cfhsf] ljZjdf dfgjdf dfgjLo efjgfsf] cefjk|lt slj
lrlGtt 5g\, To;}n] pgL eG5g\
……ltdL dxfTdf–cft{;]jL dxlif{
xfdL bfgjfTdf–b|Joef]uL cwdL{
ltd|f] cy{gLlt–xfd|f] b|Jo–of]u
ltd|f] …;j]{ ejGt' ;'lvgÚ M–xfd|f] cfTdof]u
…Tof] km]l/ cfpF5Ú sljtfn] uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf] …cfdfsf] ;kgfÚsf] z}nL / efjnfO{
k5\ofPsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . l/dfnsf] …cfdfsf] ;kgfdfÚ Tof] -k|hftGq_ ljxfgsf] ;"o{ h:t} k|sfz 5b}{
cfpg]5 eg] ;fksf]6fsf] sljtfdf Tof] -k|hftGq_ cfpg t cfof] t/ vf]/08f] eP/ cfPsf]df v]b

149
k|s6 ul/Psf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL ;flxTodf uB sljtfsf] >L u0f]z ug]{ uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf]
kblrGxdf lx+8]sf 5g\ ;fksf]6fsf sljtf jgf]6sf b[li6n] .
…Oltxf; d'v 5f]kL nl8/x]5Ú zLif{s sljtfdf ;fdflhs lj;+ultnfO{ s6' oyfy{ z}nLdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . dfG5] dfG5]df x'g] / ul/g] cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] ljb|"k rl/qsf] lrq0f sljtfdf
;6Ls 9+un] ePsf] 5 .
…lsg n]v"F sljtfÚ df sljn] ;dfhsf, JolQmsf ljljw ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ g;Sg] nf5L
sljtf eg]/ sljtfnfO{ hlt ufnL u/]klg, lgwf]{ sljtf eg]klg To;f] t xf]Og/x]5 eGg] k|df0f
;+u|xsf oL y'k|} sljtf x}gg\ / <
…g5Nsf];\Ú zLif{s uLtdf JoQm ePsf] efj sljsf] efjgfTds k|s6Ls/0f x'g;Snf, t/ s]
k|]dsf] ;':s]/f uLt of sljtfdf x'g' g/fd|f] xf] / < pTs[i6 xf]Og / Û w]/} pTs[i6 dxfsfJo,
v08sfJodf uLtx¿ lj/x, j]bgf–efjn] g} pTs[i6 / nf]slk|o ePsf 5g\ . …d'gfdbgÚ o;sf] pQd
pbfx/0f x}g < cyjf sfnLk|;fb l/hfnsf sltko uLtx¿ h;nfO{ gf/fo0f uf]kfnn] :j/ lbP,
;a} lj/x j]bgfs} sf/0fn] s0f{lk+|o eP, nf]slk|o eP .
b'O{ d'Qmsdf …k|ltljDaÚ hLjgsf] ;Dk"0f{ cy{nfO{ ;"q¿kdf afFWg ;kmn ePsf] 5–
b'Mv bb{sf] aˆofOnf] afkmn]
uxdf cfF;' el/G5
;'v / cfgGbsf] /dfOnf] cfef;n]
d'vdf d':sfg 5l/G5 .
jf:tjdf hLjg eg]s} ;'v b'Mvsf] rqm xf], of] ;j{dfGo oyfy{ xf] .
rf/ xfOs" klg cGtdf ;+slnt 5g\ . t/ of] hfkfgL z}nLn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf k|j]z ug{
yfn]sfn] z}nL k/fO{ t/ o;df JoQm efj g]kfnL xf] eGg dg nfU5 . d'Qms eGbf klg ;fgf]
cfsf/df efjsf] Jofkstf k|:t't ug'{ cfkm}+df sl7g sfo{ xf] . t/ ;fksf]6fHo" o;df ;kmn
x'g'x'G5 . x]/f}+ …dfofÚ zLif{ssf] xfOs"–
w/tLl;t
cfsfzsf] ;DaGw
c6'6\ /fVg] dfWod
o;/L ef/tLo g]kfnL hfltsf] uf}/j a9fpg gj ;fksf]6fn] h;/L l;h{gfTds k|ltef
k|bz{g af}l4s, dfld{s / ;+j]bgzLn z}nLdf k|:t't ug'{ePsf] 5, To;sf nflu xfdL g]kfnsf
g]kfnL klg uf}/jflGjt ePsf] cg'ej u5f}+{ . ca jof]j[4 nf]slk|o ufos wd{/fh yfkfn] cfˆgf]
uLtdf eg]em}+–
sf]xL xfd|f efO 5g\ g}lgtfn
sf]xL /fFlr s'b}{ latfpF5g\ sfn,
g]kfnLn] dfof df¥of] a/L n}
eGg] cj:yf 5}g . sf]xL g]kfnL klg ef/tdf To;} ljtfpFb}gg\ sfn . j? g]kfnL ;+:s[lt,
g]kfnL hfltsf] uf}/j ufyfnfO{ hf]ufpFb} d'6'df k'vf{sf] e"ld / g]kfnL cledfg /fv]/ a;]sf 5g\ .
o;f] eGbf ;xL x'G5 .
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150
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ef/t, c;d, t]hk'/ lgjf;L slj b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf Ps kl/lrt / k|ltli7t
;flxTosf/ x'g\ . & kmfu'g ;g\ !(#& df hlGdPsf l3ld/]sf] kl/ro sljdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g .
pgsf nueu 8]9 bh{g hlt ljleGg ljwf / ljifosf s[lt k|sflzt 5g\ .
u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLlt lj1fgdf :gftsf]Q/ / lqe'jg ljZjljBfno,
sf7df8f}+af6 g]kfnL ;flxTodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n u/]sf l3ld/]sf k|sflzt s[ltx¿dWo]
Pp6f s[ltsf] gfd xf] …zflGtsf] vf]hLdfÚ .
h'g @))* df dgf]h klAns];G; k|f=ln=, rfFbdf/L, t]hk'/, c;daf6 k|yd ;+:s/0fsf
¿kdf k|sflzt o; sljtf ;+u|xdf hDdf #! ljleGg zLif{ssf sljtf 5g\ . sljn] cfˆgf]
cfTdk[i7f dGtJodf pNn]v u/] cg'¿k ;+u|lxt sljtfx¿df cd"t{ lrGtgsf] d"t{ cleJolQm lbg
ljleGg ;6Ls k|tLs ljwfgx¿ k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . 7]6 g]kfnL zAb¿sf] k|of]u clg uBfTds
z}nLdf n]lvPsf sljtfx¿df ;dfh, /fi6«, :jefiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, dfgjtf, /fhgLlt, k|]d, ;f}Gbo{,
;'v–b'Mv h:tf dfgj hLjgsf ljljw kf6fx¿nfO{ ljleGg k|tLs ;Gbe{x¿sf] k|of]u dfkm{t\ pRr
¿kdf l;+uf/]sf 5g\ sljn] .
sljtf ;+u|xsf] klxnf] sljtfsf] zLif{s 5–…sljtfsf] hGdÚ . oxfF sljn] k|;j j]bgfdf
56kl6PsL gjhft lzz'sL cfdf;Fu cfkm"nfO{ t'ngf ub}{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\–
…;Gqf;sf] ue{df uef{wfg x'g]
d]/f] sljtfsf] hGd x]t'
k|tLIff/t 5' dÚ
–…sljtfsf] hGdÚ -k[=!_
cg]sf}+ b'Mv si6 / x08/ v]k]/ sl7g k|;j kL8f kl5 Pp6L cfdfn] lzz' hGdfpFl5g\Ù tL
ddtfdoL cfdfn] lzz' hGdfpFbfsf ofjt\ kL8f lgd]ife/d} lal;{lG5g\ clg cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg
p;s} lgldQ eg]/ :jfy{/lxt tj/n] ;dlk{t ul5{g\ . cfkm"n] hGd lbPsf 5f]/f–5f]/Lsf] :ofxf/–
;';f/ ub}{ ltgsf] ;'Gb/ eljiosf nflu cxf]/fq e"ldsf v]lN5g\ . t/ clxn]sf] kl/j]z lzz'sf]
pGglt / k|ultsf nflu cg's"n b]Vb}gg\ slj . ljZj, ;dfh clg /fi6« ;Gqf;do kl/l:yltdf
afFRg afWo ePsf] 5 . ad, aGb's / /fO{kmnsf] babaf rf/}lt/ 5 . o:tf] ps';d's;sf] ljifd
kl/l:yltdf hGd lng nfu]sf] lzz'sf] eljio s:tf] xf]nf < cyjf p ljBdfg To:tf ;Gqf;sf]
afbn kG5fP/ 3fdsf] Gofgf]kgnfO{ af6f] b]vfpg ;dy{ xf]nf ls gxf]nf eGg] lk/nf] tL cfdfnfO{
k/] em}+ cfkm"åf/f l;h{gf x'g nfu]sf] lzz'¿kL sljtfn] o:tf] cGof}no'Qm dfxf}ndf ;xL ;Gb]z lbg
;Snf ls g;Snf < cyjf sljtf dfkm{t\ cfkm"n] cleJoQm u/]sf pb\uf/x¿ clxn]sf] c;xh
kl/l:yltnfO{ ;xL af6f] b]vfpg k|]/s x'g ;Snfg\ ls g;Snfg\ eGg] lrGtfdf Jofs'n b]lvG5g\ slj
clg eG5g\–
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lvgf}6] efjgfdf u'lDkmt ;fn gfn
cË k|ToË ;j
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151
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a];'/f /fun] aH5 xf]nf
sljtfsf] hGd If0fsf nflu
d Jou| 5'
st} km':;f t x'Fb}g <Ú
–…sljtfsf] hGdÚ -k[=!_
jf:tjdf sljtf zAbx¿sf] d]n dfq xf]Og . s]jn nx8sf nflu dfq klg sljtf n]lvg'
x'Fb}g . cfkm"n] l;h{gf u/]sf] sljtfdf pko'Qm ;Gb]z, ;d;fdlos k|]/0ff, dfgjf]lrt ef]ufO /
;d:ofx¿sf] oyf]lrt ;Daf]wg hLjGt ¿kdf JoQm ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . clg dfq To:tf sljtf
kf7ssf] 9's9'sLdf plrt :yfg kfpg ;dy{ x'G5g\ / :yfoL dxŒj /fv]/ afFR5g\ .
sljtfsf k|:t't x/kmn] em§ sljtf n]v]/ To;nfO{ tTsfn} k|sfzg ug{ xtfl/g] cfhsf
gjf]lbt slj k':tfnfO{ klg ;Gb]z lbg vf]h]sf] 5 . y'k|} s[lt l;h{gf u/]/ l;4x:t eO;s]sf clg
pd]/n] &) gfl3;s]sf jof]j[4 sljnfO{ ;d]t cfˆgf] gjhft l;h{gf …st} km':;f kf] x'g] xf] ls <Ú
eGg] lrGtf 5 eg] h] kfof] ToxL /Ë g 9Ësf sljtf n]Vg' / To;nfO{ 5kfpg xtf/ u/]/ slyt
sljx¿sf] eL8dfem u'dgfd kl/ro dfq agfpg vf]Hg] jt{dfg o'jf k|j[lQk|lt sljn] cfˆgf
zAbx¿ dfkm{t\ ;Gb]z o'Qm k|xf/ ;fy{s kf/fn] u/]sf 5g\ .
;+u|xsf] zLif{ssf ¿kdf rog ePsf] …zflGtsf] vf]hLdfÚ sljtf k|:t't ;+u|xsf] rf}yf]
sljtf xf] . sljtfdf sljn] dflg;n] zflGtsf] vf]hL ef}lts ;+;f/leq eGbf cfˆg} dgleq ug'{kg]{
atfPsf 5g\–
…zflGtsf] vf]hLdf lx+8\b}df
kfOg] xf]Og Tof]
cfkm"leq k:g ;s]
pQ/ kfpg ;lsPnf ls <
Clifd'lgx¿sf] dgdf k;
cyjf ufGwLs} dgdf k;] x'G5
Bf}} zflGt k[YjL zflGtnfO{ a'em
;Tod]j hot] dgg u/Ú
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jf:tjdf zflGt cfkm}+leq vf]Hg'k5{ . sfd, qmf]w, nf]e, df]x k|ltsf] cfzlQm g} zflGtsf
jfws x'g\ eg]/ xfd|f cfWoflTds bz{gx¿n] uxg JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf tTjx¿nfO{ dg}b]lv
lgu|x ug{ ;s] dfG5]n] lrGtfsf] e'ª/f]df lklN;P/ a:g} kb}{g . dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fn] klg
cfˆgf] hLjgsf] clGtd 38Ldf …clv/ >L s[i0f /x]5 PsÚ To;} eg]sf xf]Ogg\ . oxfF pgn]
cfTdf¿kL eujfg s[i0fnfO{ cfkm}+leq vf]h]/ zflGt dxz'z u/]sf lyP . slj l3ld/] klg cfkm"
:jo+nfO{ lrGg cyjf cfˆg} dgleq 5fDg ;s] ckf/ zflGt k|fKt x'g] atfpF5g\ . o; s'/fdf
pgnfO{ k"0f{ ljZjf; klg 5 . olb cfkm}+n] cfkm}+nfO{ lrGg ;s] cyjf xfd|f k|frLg Clifd'lgx¿,
dxfTdf ufGwL h:tf dxfdfgjx¿sf egfO{, Jojxf/nfO{ hLjgdf cfTd;ft\ ug{;s] dfG5]n]
zflGtsf nflu cg]sf}+ ef}lts :ynx¿ rxfb}{ / e8\ls+b} lx+8\g'kg]{ cfjZostf g} kb}{g .
…;[li6 /x:o ljzfn 5
O{Zj/ ;Qf caf]Wo 5

152
b"wdf gf}gL sxfF 5 <
cfTdf z/L/df To:t} 5Ú
–…zflGtsf] vf]hLdfÚ -k[=%_
lgZro klg o; ljzfn a|Dxf08sf af/]df cg]sf}+ vf]hLx¿ o'uf}+b]lv e}/x]sf 5g\ . t/ klg
o;sf] /x:osf] caf]Wo e]b s] xf] eGg] s'/f v'Ng ;s]sf] 5}g . rGb|dfdf dflg;n] kfOnf 6]s] klg,
dflg;n] lj1fg dfkm{t\ cg]sf}+ ef}+lts cfljisf/ u/]/ hLjgnfO{ ;xh kfl/lbP klg nfvf}+
tf/fd08nsf af/]df oyfy{ hfgsf/L slxn] kfOPnf < s] of] s'/f ;Dej x'g ;Snf / < x'g t
dfG5]sf nflu c;Dej eGg] s'/f x'Fb}g eGg] syg j}1flgsx¿sf] 5 . t/ ltg} dWo]sf Ps dxfg\
j}1flgs cNj6{ cfO{G:6fOgn] eg]sf lyP–…hxfF lj1fgsf] cGTo x'G5Ù cWofTdsf] af6f] ToxL+af6 z'?
x'G5 .Ú O{Zj/Lo ;Qfsf] dxQf klg o;kl5 cf/De x'G5 . b"w, bxL h:tf uf] kbfy{nfO{ cfFvfn] k|i6
b]Vg ;lsG5 t/ ToxfF ePsf] gf}gLnfO{ b]Vg ;ls+b}g . bxLnfO{ dy]kl5 gf}gL :jtM pTkGg x'Fb} hfG5
. To;}u/L z/L/leq /x]sf] cfTdfnfO{ klg k|i6 ¿kn] b]Vg ;ls+b}g . t/ cfTdfsf] gf}gL ¿kL
O{Zj/nfO{ km]nf kfg{ klg dg, a'l4 / lbdfu;Fu} dgnfO{ czfGt agfpg] / lk/f]Ng] tTjx¿ s] s]
x'g\ ltgnfO{ Ps Ps u/L s]nfP/, vf]hL u/]/ dxL dy]sf] h:t} dYg ;Sg'kb{5 . o;f] ug{ ;s]df
ckf/ zflGtsf] cg'ej cfkm}+leqaf6 ug{ ;lsg] ljZjf; lnPsf 5g\ sljn] .
…;'gfdL nx/Ú zLif{s cf7f}+ sljtf k9\bf e/v/} hfkfgdf uPsf] eofgs e"sDksf] ;+emgf
x'G5 . oBlk sljtf w]/} klxn] n]lvPsf] xf] . e"sDkkl5 cfPsf] ;'gfdLn] lgDTofPsf] eoÍ/ ljgfz
6]lnlehgsf kbf{df x]bf{ dfq klg a8f] ddf{xt kfg]{ b[Zo b]lvPsf lyP . ;'gfdLsf] tf08jdf k/]/
l;Ëf] 3/, uf8L / hxfh ;lxt c;+Vo dflg; af9Ldf k/]/ lanfPsf b[Zo emnemnL cfˆg} cfFvfn]
b]lvPsf lyP . To:tf] csNkgLo kL8f ef]Ug]x¿sf c;Xo cg'e"lt s:tf] /Xof] xf]nf eGg] s'/fsf]
j0f{g s;}n] klg ug{ ;Qm}g . slj cfˆg]f dft[e"ld c;ddf klg To:t} ;'gfdLsf] c1ft eon]
lrlGtt 5g\ . clg eG5g\–
…pks'nLo If]q t vtd eof], ;+xfl/of]
s'g} c1ft cfz+sfdf clxn]
k"jf{~rn If]q
To;df klg c;d
hxfF t]n e08f/ c;Ld 5
q:tdfg 5, 7"n} e'OFrfnfsf] cfz+sfdfÚ
–…;'gfdL nx/Ú -k[=!%_
cGo kz'kIfLx¿sf] t'ngfdf dfG5] ;j{>]i7 k|f0fL xf] . o;sf] Pp6} dfq sf/0f s] xf] eg]
p;df /fd|f]–g/fd|f], c;n–v/fj s] xf] eGg] ;f]rljrf/ ug]{ Ifdtf x'G5, a'l4 x'G5 . t;y{ dfG5]n]
;b}j c?sf] enfO{ x'g] sfd dfq ug'{kb{5 . dfgj eP/ hGd lng'sf] ;fy{stf klg oxL xf] . t/
;a}sf nflu sNof0fsf/L x'g'kg]{ dfG5]sf] dlt lxhf]cfh rLnsf] h:tf] lx+;|s aGb} uPsf] 5 .
dfG5]sf] s'dltnfO{ rLn;Fu bfFh]/ k|tLsfTds kf/fdf sljn] o;/L cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\–
…ca ;[li6 hf]ufpg' s;/L <
dfG5]sf] laANofF6f]kgf
kz' kIfLsf] ;ANofF6f]kgf
ldNg uP s;/L <
of] kx]nL ag]/

153
uO/x]5, u'h'lN6/x]5Ú
…rLnsf] 7"F8f] dfG5]sf] d'vÚ -k[=!&_
slj ef/tsf] c;djf;L gful/s ePsfn] pgL cfˆgf] e"uf]nsf] c;dLof lax'\ ;+:s[lt k|lt
klg uj{ u5{g\ .
…c;djf;L hgtf
cfgGbd'v/ x'g]
of] dfbs d'x"t{
pNnf;sf] a]nf
c? hflt ;/x
g]kfnL klg
o; kj{df ;xefuL 5g\
g]kfnL o'js–o'jtLx¿
9f]n, k]kf, xft yk8L tfndf
lax' g[Tosf] ld7f; lng
pqfjn 5g\, k|tLIff/t 5g\ .
–…lax'Ú -k[=!(–@)_
jf:tjdf h'g wtL{n] cfkm"nfO{ hGdfof]Ù hxfF cfˆgf] / cfˆgf k'vf{sf] >d–kl;gf k/]/ pj{/
ag]sf] 5 ToxL+sf] ;+:s[ltdf /Dg] dfgjsf] k|fs[lts :jefj g} xf] . g]kfndf klg kl5Nnf ;dodf
Ps hfltn] dgfpg] rf8 cGo hfltn] klg xflb{stfk"j{s ;dfj]zL ¿kdf dgfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
o:tf] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf;n] :yfgLo ¿kdf Pscsf]{ hfltdf efOrf/fsf] xflb{stfk"0f{ ;DaGw ljsf;
eO{ To;n] /fi6« lxtd} dxTjk"0f{ b]g lbg ;S5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{–dw]z If]qsf g]kfnLn] dgfpg] 57
kj{df clxn] kxf8L ;d'bfosf] klg TolQs} xflb{s ¿kdf ;xeflutf x'g yfn]sf] 5 . 57sf] pdËdf
lxhf]cfh /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+sf] kljq afudtL gbL, /fgL kf]v/L nufotsf cGo s'08, tfn–
kf]v/Lx¿df dw];L ;d'bfosf ;Fu} 57L dfOsf] k"hf kj{df Psfsf/ x'g kxf8L ;d'bfo klg ;fd]n
x'g yfln;s]sf 5g\ . t/fO{ If]qdf t of] qmdn] emg} lj:tf/ ln+b}5 . c;dsf g]kfnL hfltn] klg
cfˆgf] If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ lax' ;+:s[ltnfO{ cFufNg' ;sf/fTds kIf xf] .
t/ o;f] eGb}df slj cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ klg e'Nb}gg\ . bz}+sf] bzfnfO{ pgL o;/L aofg
ug{ k'U5g\–
…nf} bz}+ t cfof] uDs]/
hLafn] ;fgf eN6\ofª\ e'N6'ª\nfO{
cf}+nf efFRt} eg]–
…bz}+ cfof] vfpFnf lkpFnfÚ
bz}+ cfof] egL gfgLx¿
x'g;Dd /dfP, a'lNsP
dL7f] vfg
/fd|f] gfgf nfpg
xf], of] s]6f–s]6Ls} rf8 xf]
plk|mg' kflk|mg' gfRg' xf]Ú

154
 –…bz}+Ú -k[=@#_
bz}+df dgUu] /dfpg] sf]xL x'G5g\ eg] tL ;fgf s]6fs]6L g} x'G5g\ . ;Fw} cefjdf afFRg
afWo g]kfnL hflt jif{sf] Ps kN6 C0f sf9]/} ePklg bz}+nfO{ w'dwfd;Fu dgfpF5g\ . rfx] g]kfn,
ef/t cyjf ljZjsf s'g}klg s'gfdf /x]sf g]kfnL g} lsg gx'g\Ù bz}+;Fu pdË ;f6\g dlxgf}+b]lv
k|tLIff/t /xG5g\ . u[x:y, sd{rf/L ;j}nfO{ o;sf] r6f/f] dlxgf}+b]lv k5{ . g]kfnLx¿sf nflu bz}+
9f]n ag]/ cfpF5 . t/ hfg] a]nfdf C0fsf] ux|f}+ ef/L af]sfP/ hfG5 . cfdbfgL gx'g] u[x:yLx¿sf
nflu t of] kj{ emg} ;s; kfg]{ lsl;dn] cfpF5 .
…otf u[x:y
kfs]sf] kmn em5{ ls eg]/
afF d'v u/]/ a;]sf] 5
p;n] klg hfxfgnfO{ 9fF6\g l;s]sf] 5Ú
–…bz}+Ú -k[=@#_
Psflt/ cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt dfGg}kg]{ afWotf / csf]{lt/ dxFuL, a]/f]huf/L To;dfly cf8Da/L
kgsf] afWotfaLr bz}+ dgfpg u[x:yLnfO{ k/]sf] ;s;nfO{ sljn] o;/L aofg u/]sf 5g\–
…vfg] t 3/leqsf] s'/f xf]
h] h:tf] vfPklg x'g]
t/ nfpg] <
of] t n'sfP/ n'St}g
bz hgfsf] cl3
gofF n'uf nfpg} k¥of]
6Lsfsf] nflu blIf0ff
hf]uf8 x'g} k¥of]
ufn t 6fg}{ k5{
rf8 klg dgfpg} k5{Ú
–…bz}+Ú -k[=@$_
sljdf cfˆgf] ufpmF, ;dfh / /fi6«sf] pGglt / enf] ePsf] x]g]{ pTs6 rfxgf klg 5 .
cfˆgf] snf, ;+:s[lt k|lt klg pgnfO{ uj{ 5 . t/ ;dfh / /fi6«lj/f]wL tTj x/]s /fi6«df x'G5g\Ù
sljsf] ;dfh / /fi6«df klg gx'g] s'/} ePg . To:tf s'tTjx¿k|lt ;hu /xg slj kf7snfO{
cfXjfg u5{g\ / eG5g\–
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;dodf g} hfnL sk6Lx¿sf] rfnf
pbfËf] kf/, Rofltb]pm
olb x'G5 eg]
;t\ af]n, kf]n vf]n
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kf/:kl/s d]ndf dfGotf /fVg] slj ;ÅboL 5g\ . pgL s'g} /fhg}lts jfbdf ljZjf;
/fVb}gg\ . dfgjtfjfb g} pgsf] bz{g xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ pgn] k6s k6s k|i6\ofPsf 5g\ cfˆgf

155
cg'e"ltdf . t/ klg zq'x¿ sdfPsf] s'/fdf eg] crlDdt k5{g\Ù clg cfˆgf zq'x¿k|lt klg
ljgd| x'G5g\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ o:tf] cfXjfg ug{ k'U5g\–
…dnfO{ xf]Rofpg x/38L
tTk/ /xg] x] zq' Û
d]/f] uNtL t cf}+NofOb]p
tf ls d
tyfslyt la/fd
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d t s'g}
/fhgLltsf] …jfbÚ df
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s] sf] lj/f]wfef; <
s] sf] d'd'{/fx6 <
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sljn] cfˆgf] /fi6«sf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't u/]sf k|;Ëdf pNn]v ePsf ljrf/x¿ g]kfnsf
g]kfnLx¿sf nflu klg plQs} ;fGble{s ePsf 5g\ . xfdL g]kfndf clxn] u0ftflGqs gofF
g]kfnsf] ;'gf}nf] eljio lgwf{/0f ug]{ lnlvt b:tfj]h ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf 5f}+ . t/ xfd|f]
dxfg\ uGtJodf bnx¿sf jfbx¿, jfbljjfbx¿ afws eP/ k|:t't eO/x]sf 5g\ . k|hftGqjfb,
;dfhjfb, ;fDojfb, dfcf]jfb, dfS;{jfb, n]lggjfb, dw];jfb, hfltjfb h:tf cg]sf}+ jfbx¿sf]
ljjfbdf k/]/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] dxfg cleofgn] ult lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . cfk;d} dgd'6fj /
j}dg:o lgDTofO/x]sf 5f}+ xfdL . g]kfns} jt{dfg cj:yf;Fu ;Gbe{ ldNg] csf]{ Ps sljtfsf] c+z
o:tf] 5–
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hoGtLdf cfof]hgf ul/g] sfo{qmdx¿ cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt x'Fb} uPsf] s'/fk|lt klg lrGtf
5 . pgsf] o; lrGtfnfO{ g]kfnaf6 b[li6 lb+bf klg of] cfnf]rgf plrt nfU5 . g]kfnL efiff–
;flxTosf] >Lj[l4df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] o:tf dxfk'?ifx¿k|lt ljZjsf x/]s :yfgdf /xg]
g]kfnL efifL / g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ dfof ug]{x¿n] ltgsf of]ubfgsf] oyf]lrt sb/ ug{ e'Ng' x'Fb}g .

156
…efg' hoGtL dgfpg
ghfg] h:tf]
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ufn 6f/] h:tf]Ú
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g]kfnL efiffdf /fdfo0fsf] cg'jfb u/L klxnf]k6s g]kfnL hghgsf af]nLdf leœofpg]
cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] dxTjk"0f{ b]gnfO{ xfdLn] e'Ng' x'Fb}g . g]kfndf klg efg' hoGtLsf
cj;/df jif{sf] Ps k6s pgsf] zflns l;+ufg]{, k|eftkm]/L ug]{ / ;fdfGo :t/sf slj ;Dd]ng
ug]{ h:tf cf}krfl/s ;ef–;df/f]x afx]s 7f]; pknlAwd"ns sfo{qmd x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
k"0f{ ¿kn] c+u|]hL u|x0f ul/g;s]sf] / cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt klg 5fl8g;s]sf] pQ/ cfw'lgstfsf]
kl/l:yltdf xfdLx¿ clxn] afFRg ljjz 5f}+ . o:tf] kl/l:yltnfO{ sljn] a8f] dL7f] kf/fn] o;/L
k|i6\ofPsf 5g\–
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d[To', ldqtf–zq'tf, 5nsk6 nufot dfgj hLjgsf ljljw kf6fx¿nfO{ ljleGg k|tLs
;Gbe{x¿sf] k|of]udfkm{t\ sfJo l;h{gf ug]{ ;fdYo{ sljdf ePsf] tYo k|:t't s[lt k9\bf cjut
x'G5 .
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jl/i7 ;flxTosf/sf af/]df xfn;Dd g]kfnsf ;flxTo cg'/fuL cghfg g} /xg' lj8Dagfs} s'/f
ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL efiff ;flxTodf nfUg] cGo sltko o:tf k|ltefx¿sf] oyf]lrt ;Ddfg, vf]hL /
plrt d"NofÍg x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . of] ;d:of g]kfn / ef/t b'j} e"efudf ljBdfg 5 . cfufdL
lbgx¿df o:tf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' h?/L 5 . b'j} b]zsf ;flxTosf/, g]kfnL efiff–;flxTok|]dL
/ ;/sf/n] klg otfkl§ Wofg k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . cGTodf ;h{s >L b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]nfO{ yk
l;h{gfTds ;fdYo{ / ;jn :jf:Yo nfesf lglDt xflb{s z'e sfdgf k|s6 ub{5' .
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;+uLtf bfxfn

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cfsif{s x'G5 . afn ;flxTosf] o;} ;Gbe{df ef/t c;d, u'jfxf6LsL d'GgL ;fksf]6f ;lrq afn
syf ;+u|x …aNn a'l4 knfof]Ú n]v]/ g]kfnL afn ;flxTosf] Oltxf;df cfˆgf] bx|f] pkl:ylt hgfpg
;kmn ePsL l5g\ .
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efiffdf 5g\ . k|To]s syfn] g}lts lzIff k|jfx u/]sf 5g\ . ;dfhdf c;n / v/fj, ;To / c;To,
u'0fL / u'0fxLg, u'gL / a}u'gL b'j}y/Lsf] pkl:ylt x'G5 . v/fj, u'0fxLgx¿n] c;n / u'0fLx¿nfO{
;tfPklg cGttf]uTjf c;n / u'0fLx¿s} ljho x'G5 . v/fjx¿n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfdsf] b'ikl/0ffd
k|lt kZrfQfk ub}{ cfˆg} cl:tTjsf] nflu cfnfk lanfk ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . of] k|fs[lts lgod
/ ;To xf] . ;To ;Fw} c;xfo / PSnf] x'G5 . t/ k/f:t x'b}g . o;} tYonfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ cfˆgf]
syf lzNKfnfO{ d'GgL ;fksf]6fn] /fd|f];Fu k|:t't u/]sL l5g\ . pgsf syfsf v/fj kfqx¿ cGTodf
bogLo aGb5g\ . kZrfQfksf] ljnfk ug{ yfNb5g\ . syfsf c;n, ljj]sL, u'0fL / cg'zfl;t
kfqx¿ cGttM ljhoL aGb5g\ . ljhosf] cy{ o'4df ljho ePsf] xf]Og . c;t\ kIfsf] k/fho
eP/ ;t\ kIfsf] ljho ePsf] xf] .
…nf]eL cfn]Ú syfdf Pp6f hËndf /x]sL ;'Gb/L gfdsL xfQLsf 5f]/f cfn] / sfn] b'O{
ljk/Lt :jefjsf 5f]/fx¿sf] rl/q lrq0f 5 . cfn] nf]eL x'G5 . pm s;}sf] s'/f ;'Gb}g .
cfTddf}hL vfnsf] x'G5 . cfxf/sf] vf]hdf uPsf p;sf] bfh' sfn] / c? ;fyLx¿ cfxf/f vfP/
kms{G5g\ . t/ cfn] kfs]sf] s]/fsf] 3/Lsf] nf]edf kb{5 . kmls{b}g . s]/f vfP/ kms{g] lh2L ub{5 .
s]/f vfG5 t/ s]/fsf] nf]edf k/]sf] cfn] d'lvofn] xfQL ;dfTg agfP/ /fv]sf] kf;f]df kb{5 . w]/}
nf]e gug'{ …ckl/u|xÚ df /xg' . w]/} ;+u|x / nf]e b'Mvsf] sf/0f xf] eg]/ lxGb' wd{ bz{gn] klg
eg]sf] 5 . cGtdf cfn]sf] lgolt klg To:t} eof] .
…v/fof] / afFb/Ú syfdf agdf k'tnL v/fof] / s}nL afFbgL{ x'G5g\ . b'j}sf] k|uf9 ldqtf
x'G5 . afFbgL{ r~rn :jefjsL lyO{ . To;}n] k'tnL v/fof]nfO{ p;sL cfdfn] s}NfL afbgL{;Fu ;+ut
5f8\g eg]sL klg lyOg\ . p;n] dflgg . s}nLsf] ;+ut 5fl8g . s}nL afFbgL{ l;sf/Lsf] hfndf k5]{
. k'tnL v/fof] kf;f] sf6\g yfNb5] . Tof] b]v]/ l;sf/L l/;fpF5 . lzsf/Lsf] sfF8 nfu]/ k'tnL
v/fof] db{5] . pTkft] s}nL afFbgL{sf] s';+utdf k/]/ p;sf] Tof] ult eof] . s';+ut gug'{ .
s';+utsf] kl/0ffd b'Mvb x'G5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbg of] syf ;kmn /x]sf] 5 . To:t} …aNn a'l4 knfof]Ú
gfds syfdf sflh/ª\ufsf] agdf y'k|} hLjhGt' a:by] . cfk;df d]n ldnfk / ;b\efj lyof] .
‰ofk'Nn] gfdsf] lrDkf~hL ;d]t a:bYof] . 8/nfUbf] lyof] . ;j} 8/fpFy] . agdf kmn]sf] klxnf] kmn
p;n] gvfO{ c?n] vfg klg kfpb}gy] . vfP/ dfq pm ;Gt'i6 x'b}gYof] . xfFuf laFuf efFRg] / kmn
;d]t gfz kfg]{ ub{Yof] . c? ;a} ef]sef]s} kg{ yfn] . hËnd} a:g] rª\vL ;'ufn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx
cg';f/ ;j}hgf xfQL afh]sxfF hfG5g\ . xfQL cltly ;Tsf/ u5{ . p;n] ‰ofk'Nn]nfO{ af]nfP/
;Demfof]Ù ‰ofk'Nn] dfg]g . cfˆgf] Jojxf/ oyfjt\ /fVof] . p;s} Jojxf/n] cGTodf hËndf kmnsf]
sdL x'gyfNof] . c? t xfQL afh]sxfF uP . ‰ofk'Nn]sf] cGtdf hfg] 7fpF ePgÙ hËndf kmn lyPg

158
. csf]{ hËndf uPsf] lyof] . ToxfF p b'Mv kfpF5 . csf]{ hËnsf hLjhGt'n] p;nfO{ ;hfo ;d]t
u5{g\ . cGTodf xfQL afh] cfP/ g} p;nfO{ 5'6fpFb5g\ . unt sfo{sf] kl/0ffd s:tf] x'G5 eGg]
‰ofk'Nn]n] yfxf kfpF5 . p;sf] a'l4 lkmb{5 .
…;fFrf] ;Nnfxsf/Ú gfds syf dfg; gfpF ePsf] c/0odf hË] gfp u/]s]f l;+x /fhfsf]
/fHosf] k|;Ë pNn]v 5 . To;} /fHodf zª\v] gfdsf] dxfTdf afFb/ lyof] . /fhf klg cfkt\–ljkt\df
;Nnfx lng hfGy] . Pslbg zª\v] dxfTdf csf]{ agdfÙ uhfgGb xfQLsf] jgdf tk:of ug{ uPkl5
/fhfsf]df rª\v] Zofnsf] k|j]z x'G5 . /fhf p;sf] rfkn';Ldf g/fd|f];Fu kmF:b5g\ . /fhf k'/fgf
dGqLx¿af6 qmdzM ljd'v x'Fb} uP . rª\v]sf] rª\u'ndf g/fd|f];Fu kg{ yfNf] . /fhf s}bL ;/x x'g
k'u] . hËn g} p/f7 x'g k'Uof] . zª\v] dxfTdf kms{G5g\ . hËnsf] b'b{zf b]v]/ 5Ss kb{5g\ .
dxfTdf /fhfsf]df hfG5g\ . /fhfnfO{ e]6\5g\ . rª\v] :ofnsf] Jojxf/n] /fHo tx;gx; ePsf] s'/f
/fhf yfxf kfpF5g\= . ;fFrf] ;Nnfxsf/sf] ;Nnfx ePg / untx¿sf] ;Nnfx dfGbf s] kl/0ffd
x'G5 syfn] /fd|f] ;Gb]z k|jfx u/]sf] 5 .
…d}gf r/LÚ gfds syfn] u'lgnf] d}gf r/Ln] cfkm"nfO{ pksf/ ug]{ / u'g nufpg]k|lt s;/L
cfˆgf] k|f0f g} u'dfP/ u'g lt/L eGg] s'/fnfO{ syfsf/n] /fd|f];Fu k|:t't u/]s]f kfOG5 . s[t1tf
eGg] s'/f clwsf/ xf]Og, sQ{Jo xf] . eGg] s'/fsf] ;Gb]z k|jfx ug{ of] syf ;kmn 5 .
k|:t't ;ª\sng eGbf cl3 …syf km"naf/LÚ afn syf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt ul/;s]sL d'GgL
;fksf]6f g]kfnL afn aflnsfnfO{ cfˆg} dft[ efiffsf dfWodaf6 k|]/0ffbfoL lzIffk|b / rlvnf
syf k9\g cle?lr hufpg ;kmn b]lvlG5g\ .
c;dsf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf lzIff If]qdf ;d]t d'GgL ;fksf]6fn] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg pNn]Vo
/x]sf] 5 . u'jfxf6Lsf] b]jsf]6f gu/l:yt a8fufpF g]kfnL ljBfnosL k|wfg lzlIfsfsf ¿kdf
ljlzi6 of]ubfg u/] jfkt\ ef/tLo /fi6«klt k|ltef b]jL l;+x kfl6naf6 …/fli6«o lzIfs kbs
@))^Ú åf/f ;Ddflgt ePsL 5g\ pgL . lzIff / ;flxTo b'j} If]qdf d'GgL ;fksf]6fsf ;Tsd{af6
c;d] g]kfnL ;dfh nfeflGjt eO/xg] 5 . pgsf] ;[hgzLntf pQ/f]Q/ pa{/ aGb} hfcf];\ Û
xflb{s z'esfdgf Û
uf}zfnf, sf7df8f}+
kmf]g M (&$!)##$%$

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…lxdflb|Ú k"jf{~rn ef/tsf] c;d, u'jfxf6Laf6 ;g\ !($* h"gb]lv k|sflzt ;flxlTos
klqsf xf] . g/l;+x yfkf, aL=P=sf] ;Dkfbgdf k|sflzt …lxdflb|Ú sf] klxnf] cÍsf] d'vk[i7df
u'jfxf6L o'lgel;{6Lsf /lhi6«f/af6 z'esfdgf ;Gb]z k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L bf];|f] / t];|f] cÍdf
qmdzM dl0fk'/sf sKtfg k|tfkl;+x u'?ª / g]kfnsf tTsfnLg 8fO/]S6/ hg/n ckm klAns
OG:6«S;g, d[u]Gb| zdz]/ hËaxfb'/ /f0ffsf] z'e]R5f k|sflzt 5 . …pTs[i6, lzIffk|b / k|ultzLnÚ
;flxTosf] Psdfq g]kfnL dfl;s klqsf hlgPsf] …lxdflb|Ú g]kfnL ;flxlTos klqsfdf …k|ultzLnÚ
pNn]v ug]{ ;DejtM klxnf] xf] . o;sf hDdf slt cÍ k|sflzt eP eGg]af/] Plsg;fy st}

159
pNn]v ePsf] kfOFb}g . st} cÍ b'O{ st} ……;g\ !($* sf] h"g dlxgfb]lv g/l;+x yfkfsf] ;Dkfbgdf
s]xL sfnko{Gt …lxdflb|Ú gfdsf] dfl;s klqsf k|sflzt eof]ÚÚ● eGg];Dd pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
………lxdflb|Úsf] hGd cfsl:ds ¿kn] ePsf] xf] . x'g t o:tf] klqsf k|sfzg ug'{ xfd|f]
cl3b]lvg}sf] pTs[i6 ljrf/ lyof] . t/ pBdsf] cefjn] ubf{x'FbL, Tof] l/Qf] Pp6f sNkgf dfq} lyof]
. cfh Tof] sNkgf jf:tjdf kl/0ft x'Fbf xfd|f] xif{sf] ;Ldf 5}g . kqklqsfn] ;dfh / ;flxTo–
;]jfdf slQsf] ;xfotf u5{, ;f] pNn]v ug{ oxfF cfjZostf 5}g . …lxdflb|ÚnfO{ cfw'lgs ?lr
cg';f/ ;jf{ËL0f ;'Gb/ agfpg e/;s sf]lzz ul/g]5 . oxfF xfd|f kf7s / n]vsx¿n] ;xof]u
lbPdf …lxdflb|Ú n] oxfFx¿sf] ;]jf ub}{ hfg]5 .ÚÚ
…lxdflb|Ú s;}sf] kf6L{–k]k/ x'g]5}g . of] cfˆg} l;4fGtcg';f/ rNg]5 .ÚÚ eGg] o;sf] klxnf]
;DkfbsLo pNn]vgLo 5 . ef/tdf g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] cl:tTjsf] k|Zg p7fP/ n]lvPsf o;sf
;DkfbsLox¿df …c;d ;/sf/L gf]s/Ldf uf]/vfnLx¿Ú, …u|]lh+u l/he{ / uf]/vfnLÚ, …uf]/vfnLo
;fDk|bflos cg'i7fg xf]Og,Ú …k|:tfljt ljwfgdf xfd|f] gful/sx¿ OG;k]S6/ hg/ndf k|yd
uf]/vfnLÚ tyf …8Da/l;+x u'?ªsf] lgwgk|ltÚ h:tf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .
hDDff rf/ cÍ cyf{t\ uf]6fuGtLdf # ;Unf cÍ k|sflzt …lxdflb|Ú sf] t];|f] cÍ aflx/L
d'vk[i7df #–$ ;+o'Qm hgfOPsf] 5 t/ klg leqL k[i7df cÍ # dfq pNn]v ePsf] km]nf kb{5 .
k|yd cÍdf rGb|s'df/L, /fds[i0f zdf{ tyf lj/xL ;'Aafsf tLg sljtf, g/l;+x yfkf,
xl/k|;fb …uf]vf{Ú /fO{, aa/axfb'/ /f0ff, uh/fh s6'jfnsf syf, clg afa'nfn k|wfg, b]js'df/L
l;Gxf, >Ldfg\ pkgfdwf/Lsf tLg n]v–lgaGw k|sflzt 5g\ eg] bf];|f] cÍdf sljtf–ljwfdf lj/xL
;'Aaf, /fds[i0f zdf{, xl/sfGt /fO{, afa'nfn k|wfg / k|sfz /fO{sf sljtf tyf >Ldfg xl/k|;fb
…uf]vf{Ú /fO{ / b]js'df/L l;Gxfsf syfx¿, clg g/axfb'/ /fgf, lzjk|;fb pkfWofo / kf/;dl0f
k|wfgsf vFlbnf n]v–lgaGwx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . …lxdflb|Ú sf] t];|f] cÍdf syfdf k|efs/ u'?ª,
a'l4dfg yfkf / rGb|f, sljtf ljwfdf xl/sfGt /fO{, /fds[i0f zdf{, …dgÚ tfdfª, afa'nfn k|wfg
tyf lqnf]s /fO{ 5g\ . o:t} n]v–lgaGw ljwfdf ljNjk|;fb cfn], /fds[i0f zdf{, g/axfb'/ 5g\ .
:yfoL :tDedfkm{t\ s]xL /rgfx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . dlxnf :tDe cGtu{t k|sflzt xL/fdfof
yfkfsf] …gf/L–;d:ofÚ, afn:tDe cGtu{t k|sflzt …;'lzIffÚ ;jfO{ tyf v]ns'b;DaGwL 1fgj4{s
hfgsf/Lx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . /JfLGb|gfy 7fs'/sf] …:jLsf/f]lQmÚ cfTdsyfsf ;fy} xl/k|;fb …uf]vf{Ú
/fO{sf] cl3Nnf] cÍb]lv k|sflzt x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] pkGof;–c+z …dbgÚ …lxdflb|Ú cÍ @ / # df 5 .
df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ …lxdflb|Ú sf] ;Unf tLg cÍdf aL;hgf n]vs–sljsf sljtf, syf, n]v,
lgaGw ;fy} :tDe–n]vx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . oL dWo] kl5;Dd ;flxTodf lr/:yfoL / k|Voft
x'g]x¿df /fds[i0f zdf{, xl/k|;fb …uf]vf{Ú /fO{, afa'nfn k|wfg, b]js'df/L yfkf, g/axfb'/ /fgf,
kf/;dl0f k|wfg clb dfq b]lvG5g\ .
syf M …lxdflb|Ú sf tLg cÍdf !) j6f syfsf cltl/Qm xl/k|;fb …uf]vf{Ú /fO{sf] b'O{ cÍdf
wf/fjflxs ¿kdf pkGof;sf] c+z k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . z'¿sf cÍdf syf elgP tfklg bf];|f]
cÍdf pkGof; elgPsf] b]lvG5 . pkGof; cfTdk/s z}nLdf n]lvPsf] /f]rs / ;/; ePklg s]xL
cgfjZos s'/fx¿ klg /x]sf]n] pkGof;sf] ¿kdf n]Vg vf]lhPsf] ePklg o;df kl/:s[t /
kl/dflh{t x'g' cufj} k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . klqsfn] ;;fgf sljtf–syf k|sflzt u/]sf] 5Ù h'g
cToGt :jflbi6 5g\ . o;sf ;Dkfbs :jod\ syfsf/sf ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L dlxnf

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g]kfnL lgaGw ofqf–/fdnfn clwsf/L, g]kfnL ;flxTo ;~rlosf !(&%, bflh{lnË, k[i7 !^!

160
:tDe cGtu{t b]js'df/L / /fgLsf b'O{ syf k|sflzt 5g\ . cGo syfsf/x¿df afa'nfn k|wfg,
a'l4dfg yfkf, uh/fh s6'jfn / k|efs/ u'?ªsf syfx¿ pNn]vgLo 5g\ . t/ clxn]sf] cfFvfn]
k9\bf eg] Tolt kl/dflh{t nfUb}gg\ .
sljtf M …lxdflb|Ú df k|sflzt sljtf ljwfdf rGb| s'df/L, /fds[i0f zdf{, xl/sfGt /fO{,
…dgÚ tfdfª, afa'nfn k|wfg / …lj/xLÚ ;'Aaf ;kmn 5g\ eg] sljtf sfJofTds cleJo~hgf /
;'Gb/ k|:t'ltsf ;jn gd"gf klg ag]sf 5g\ .
……sn\ sn\ 5n\ 5n\ zAb t/Ë
5rlNsG5] ha ;+;f/df,
z'is Åbo ha plDnG5
kf]nL ÅbonfO{ Joy{df,
d ?G5' ;DemL d]/f] j]bgf
ha ofb s;}sf] cfpF5 x}ÚÚ
of] sljtf xf] …lj/xLÚ ;'Aafsf] . o:t} afa'nfn k|wfgsf] j8{:jy{sf] n';L sljtfsf]
efje"ldsf] cfwf/df n]lvPsf] …sdnLÚsf] Ps gd"gf–
……jbg xF;]nL z/L/ cunL .
lyOg\ ltgL cs]nL ..
xfF;L–v]nL k+|s[ltdf ldnL .
al:5g\ d]/L tL sdnL ..ÚÚ
g]kfnL ;flxTosf lbUuh ;dfnf]rs /fds[i0f zdf{ ;dfnf]rgfdf hlt xSsL / v/f
:jefjsf b]lvG5g\, Tolts} sljsf] ¿kdf gdgLo, d[b' / ;/; b]lvG5g\ . pgsf] sljtfsf] Ps
c+z M
……s/fn sfnsf] ufF; ag]/ k|f0f of] d]/f]
lgnL hfnf snLn}df ;+emf}nf ta s] ltdL
latfof} tL hlt lbg Ps;fy a;L p7L
kl5 ;Ddg\ ltdL afFr] ;Demf}nL slxNo} ltdL <ÚÚ
n]v lgaGw M n]v lgjGw ljwfdf ( hgf n]vssf !! n]v–lgaGw k|sflzt 5g\ . o;sf
;fy} dlxnf, afn / v]ns"b–:tDe cGtu{t klg Ps–b'O{6f lgaGw k|sflzt 5g\ . n]v–lgaGwx¿
dWo] b]js'df/Lsf] …s0f]{n ljZjgfyÚ, /fds[i0f zdf{sf] …sltko 6Lsf–l6Kk0fL…, ljZjk|;fb cfn]sf]
…slj / sljtfÚ / lzjk|;fb pkfWofosf] …dft[efiffdf lzIffÚ pNn]vgLo 5g\ eg] kf/;dl0f k|wfgsf]
…jL/k"hfÚ, g/axfb'/ /f0ffsf] …lkmln:tfgsf] Oltxf;, k|:tfljt ljwfg / uf]vf{nLÚ /fhgLlts
ljrf/k"0f{ n]v k7gLo 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm afa'nfn k|wfg / >Ldfg\sf] lgaGw klg cWoogLo
5g\ .
ljåfg ;dfnf]rs /fds[i0f zdf{n] sltko 6Lsf–l6Kk0fLdf c;dsf] ;flxTos Oltxf;sf
l6Kk0fL n]v]sf 5g\ .
……c;daf6 klg g]kfnL efiffsf] ;]jf gePsf] xf]Og . >L dl0fl;+x u'?ªåf/f ;Dkflbt …uf]vf{
;]jsÚ / >L kb\dk|;fb pkfWofo lj/lrt k'l:tsfåf/f dft[efiffsf] ;]jf s]xL g s]xL cjZo eof] .
t/ lznfª aflx/ cGoq c;daf6 g]kfnL efiffsf] ;]jf ePsf] 5}g . x'g t cf7 jif{ cl3 >LdtL
h'g'dfof /fO{gLn] c;daf6 a]nf a]nf zf/bfdf n]v 5kfpg'eof] . >L xl/k|;fb …uf]vf{Ú /fO{n] klg

161
lgaGw sxfgL / …d]/f] 8fo/Lsf sof}+ k[i7Ú n]vL g]kfnL efiffk|lt cfˆgf] ?lr / k|]d k|blz{t ug'{eof]
. t/ jxfFsf] k|ltef g]kfnLdf eGbf c;dLof efiffdf km'n]sf] 5, kmqm]sf] 5 . pxfFsf] l;4x:t
n]vgLaf6 c;dLof ;flxTosf efj's uLltsfJo, sxfgL, Oltxf; / k'/ftg ;flxTosf] ljifodf
a]nfa]nf n]v lgSnL g]kfnL ;flxTosf] kmfF6 lj:t[t xf]nf ls eGg] cfzf cem} d}n] Tofu]sf] 5}g .
oBlk d]/f] cfzf k"lt{s/0f ug{ pxfFsf] snd cem} gp7fOPsf] xf];\ . o;kl5 c;dsf gjo'js >L
hz' ;'Aafsf] gfpF pNn]vgLo 5 . >L 6Lsf/fd zf:qL / >L/fdhL 1jfnL h:tf ;+:s[t1af6 klg
a]nfa]nfdf k7gLo n]v lg:s]sf 5g\ . / of] ;a} c;dsf ;flxlTosx¿n] g]kfnL efiffsf] ;]jfdf
lg:s]sf] …lxdflb|Ú sf] ;]jf u/L dft[efiffsf] ;]jfdf c;dsf] uf}/j k'g?Tyfg unf{g\ eGg] cfzf 5 .
h;/L …zf/bfÚ df k|l;4 lxGbL / aËfnL ;flxTosf c;n cËsf] cg'jfb x'G5Ù To:t} c;dLof
;flxTosf c;n cËsf] plrt cg'jfb …lxdflb|Ú df eP o; klqsfn] klg s]xL gofF j:t'sf] af]w
u/fpg ;Sg] lyof]ÚÚ eGg] zdf{Ho"sf] l6Kk0fL P]ltxfl;s 5 .
ljljw M ljljw :tDe cGtu{t dlxnf, afn, / v]ns"b :tDedf k|sflzt / cGo /f]rs
;fdu|Lx¿ pNn]vgLo 5g\ . hz' ;'Aafåf/f cg'jflbt ljZjslj /jLGb|gfy 7fs'/sf] …:jLsf/f]lQmÚ
cfTdsyf, xL/fdfofsf] gf/L–;d:of, ;jfO{ tyf v]ns"b;DaGwL ljljw ;dfrf/ / l6Kk0fLx¿
…lxdflb|Ú sf 1fgj4{s Pjd\ /f]rs ;fdu|Lx¿ x'g\ .
;dli6 ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ …lxdflb|Ún] ;a} :t/sf kf7snfO{ x'g] u/L tof/ ul/Psf :t/Lo Pjd\
/f]rs n]v–/rgfsf ;fy} klqsfsf] ;fh;hfj6 klg Tolt j]nf pknJw k|]; ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot
cg';f/ /fd|} dfGg'kb{5 . t/ tLg cÍd} aGb x'g'kg]{ cj:yf s;/L cfOk¥of]Ù Tof] s'/f klqsfdf st}
v'Nb}g / ljåfg /fds[i0f zdf{n] eg]h:t} ……;fg} ¿kdf ePklg c;d k|b]zn] u/]sf] dft[efiffsf]
;]jfsf] Oltxf; n]lvFbf …lxdflb|Ú sf] gfpF pNn]v ge} /xg] 5}gÚÚ–eGg] ;TonfO{ eg] gsfg{ ;lsGg .
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ljz]if s]xL dlxgf cl3 rfFbdf/L lgjf;L >L bLggfy lg/f}nfHo"sf jf;:yfgdf ;kl/jf/
cfkm";Fu xfd|f] ;f}xfb{|k"0f{ e]63f6 pknIodf xfdLn] c;d] g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Gbe{df sf7df8f}+
cgle1 /x]sf] 5 eGg] u'gf;f] kf]v]sf lyof}+ . ToxL l;nl;nfdf cfkm"n] c;d] g]kfnL ljz]iffÍ k|sfz
ul/lbg] cfZjf;gsf cfwf/df xfdLn] /rgfx¿ k|:t't u/L k7fPsf 5f}+ . oyfzL3| c;d] g]kfnL
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xf];\, ;kl/jf/ cfkm"sf] ;':jf:Yo / bL3f{o' sfdgf u/]+ .
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g]kfnL pkl:ylt ePsf] If]q pQ/k"jf{~rn xf] . pQ/ k"jf{~rnsf c;d, d]3fno, c?0ffrn,
ldhf]/d, gfufNof08, dl0fk'/ / lqk'/f oL ;ft /fHonfO{ …;ft a}gLÚ klg elg+bf] /x]5 . klxn]
dl0fk'/ / lqk'/f afx]s cfhsf] pQ/k"jf{~rnsf ;a} /fHox¿ c;ds} ljleGg lhNnfsf ¿kdf
/x]sf / kl5 ltgnfO{ a]Un} /fHosf] ¿k lbOPsf] /x]5 . ljleGg /fHodf kl/0ft ePtfklg g]kfnL
hgdfg;n] of] If]qnfO{ cf;fd s} gfdn] a'‰g] u/]sf] 5 .
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dgLifLx¿sf of]ubfg af/] g]kfnsf] ;flxTo If]q cgle1 /x]sf] 5 . o; k6ssf] c;d ofqfsf a]nf
ToxfFsf efiff–;flxTo;]jLx¿;Fusf] cGt/s[ofsf cj;/df 68\sf/f] ;Fu of] s'/f p7\of] .
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lznfªsf] eGbf sd of]ubfg c;dsf] 5}g, t/ klg of] If]q ;w}+ pk]lIft g} /Xof] . a]nf–a]nf otf
cfpg] kfx'gfx¿n] o; pk]IffnfO{ lgjf/0f ul/g] cfZjf;g lbPklg ;fy{s sfd ePsf] b]lvPg .Ú
o:t} cfzosf efj c;d] ;|i6fx¿n] JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] . d}n] pxfFx¿nfO{ eg]+–…d …/rgfÚsf]
c;d] g]kfnL ljz]iffÍ k|sflzt u5'{–;fdu|L rog–;+sng–;Dkfbg tkfO{+x¿ ug'{;\ ÛÚ d}n] t cfkm"n]
ug{ ;Sg] s'/f g} eg]sf] lyPF . t/ c¿ c¿sf dL7f cfZjf;g kmnLe"t gePsf pbfx/0f pxfFx¿
;dIf w]/} lyP . To;}n] x'g;S5 xQkQ d]/f] egfO{ kTofOxfNg pxfFx¿nfO{ sl7g ePsf] cfef;
dnfO{ eof] . d sf7df8f}+ kmls{Pkl5 c;d k'u]/ kmls{Psf k|fWofks vu]Gb| n'OF6]n;Fusf]
kmf]gjftf{af6 s] yfxf kfOof] eg]–t]hk'/sf ;|i6fx¿n] d]/f] cfZjf;gnfO{ k"j{jtL{ kfx'gfx¿s}
cfZjf;g ;/x 7fGg'ePsf] /x]5 . t]hk'/ e|d0fsf] ;Gbe{df To;af/] rrf{ rNbf vu]Gb|hLn] …/rgfÚ
;Dkfbssf] egfO / sfd u/fOdf km/s gkg]{ s'/f b/f];Fu /fVg'eP5 . otf d}n] klg ;fdu|L
k7fpg km]l/ cg'/f]w u/]kl5 k|f=b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]n] ;fdu|Lsf] la6f] k7fpg'eof] . k|:t't ljz]iffÍ
k|sfzgsf] ;Gbe{ oxL xf] .
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afx]s csf]{ pkfo lyPg . ptfsf /rgfx¿sf zAb, jfSo / pRrf/0fx¿df :yfgLo g]kfnL efiffsf]
:j¿k / :jfb kfOg] / tL klg g]kfnLsf] dfgs efiff g} ePsf x'Fbf ltgnfO{ klg oyfjt\ /xg lbg'
pko'Qm nfUof] xfdLnfO{ .
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. ljz]iffÍnfO{ pkof]uL / k7gLo agfpg] oyfzSo k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . k|sfzgsf qmddf
163
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ub{5f}+ .
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cj/f]wsf] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] oyfy{ ;Fu kl/lrt eof}+ xfdL . dft[efiffdf k7gkf7gsf] cj/f]w, g]kfnL
k':ts–klqsfx¿sf] Go"g ;'ljwfaLr cToGt sl7g kl/j]zdf ad / af¿bsf] cftÍ a]xf]b}{ ToxfFsf
g]kfnL ;|i6fx¿n] cfˆgf] efiff / ;flxTonfO{ dnhn ub}{} x'sf{Psf dfq 5}gg\ nxnx kf/]/ n6/Dd
km'nfPsf / kmnfPsf klg 5g\ . ;flxlTos / ;fdflhs If]qdf dfq xf]Og z}lIfs, k|zf;lgs,
/fhgLlts, ;}lgs, Jofj;flos, s[lif ofjt\ If]qdf ToxfFsf g]kfnLx¿n] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg uj{sf]
ljifo /x]sf] 5 . pQ/ k"jf{~rn If]qdf kfOnf 6]Sg] hf];'s}n] cg'ej ug]{ s'/f xf] of] .
e"uf]nn] g]kfn / c;dsf g]kfnLnfO{ a]Unfa]Un} /fli6«otfdf cnUofPklg efiff, ;flxTo–
;+:s[ltsf] Pp6} dfnfdf ufFl;Psf km"n xf}+ xfdL . xfd|f] d"n h/f] Pp6} xf] . otf / Totfsf
g]kfnLsf] xflb{stfdf d]rL–dxfsfnLsf] l;df / ef}uf]lns lje]bsf] cfUnf] slxNo} nfu]g / nfUg]
klg 5}g . ljZjsf] h'g s'gfdf 5l/P klg, h'g /fli6«otf cFufn] klg Pp6} k'vf{sf kf}/vL ;Gtfg xf}+
xfdL . …/rgfÚ sf] of] ljz]iffÍ To:t} kf}/vLx¿sf] kf/:kl/s xflb{stfsf] kl/rfos xf] . c;dsf
g]kfnL ;|i6fx¿ ;DaGwL ;[hgf ;FuflnPsf] of] ljz]iffÍn] To; If]qaf6 ePsf] eflifs–;flxlTos
nufotsf of]ubfgsf] kl/ro s]xL dfqfdf ePklg lbg ;Sof] eg] xfdL cfˆgf] k|of; ;kmn ePsf]
7fGg]5f}+ . k|:t't ljz]iffÍ k|sfzgfy{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;j}k|lt cfef/ 1fkg ub{5f}+ . ;fdu|L ;Íng–
;Dkfbgsf] ef/ axg ug'{ePsf k|f=b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] / pxfFsf ;xsdL{x¿af6 k|fKt ;xof]u /
ljZjf;k|lt ljz]if s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5f}+ .
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c;dsf g]kfnL ;|i6f–kf7s / hg;fdfGodf …/rgfÚsf] of] sf];]nL k|:t't ub{5f}+ .

164
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