ET Lab Manual

Electrical Technology
Laboratory Manual
1ST Year B.Tech.

Course Code: EE1P001
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES

Contents
Page No.
i. Title Page 0
ii. Contents 1
iii. Safety Rules 2
iv. Course Outline 3
v. Instructions to students 4
vi. Points For Maintaining Lab Records 5
vii. Electrical Symbols 6-8
viii. Laboratory Equipment Slip 9
ix. Undertaking 10
x. List of Experiments 11
xi. Familiarization with Lab. Equipments and Basic Measurements 12
xii. Experiments 13-45
[IIT BHUBANESWAR, School Of Electrical Sciences, Electrical Technology Laboratory] Page 1 of 45

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY BHUBANESWAR
Electrical Technology Laboratory
SAFETY RULES
1. SAFETY is of paramount importance in the Electrical Laboratories.
2. Electricity NEVER EXCUSES careless persons. So, exercise enough care and attention in handling electrical
equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. (Electricity is a good servant but a bad master).
3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages. (Otherwise, any such contact
may subject you to electrical shock).
4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally contact a live point,
current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you will be protected from electrical shock).
5. Avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an equipment/instrument and this may lead to an
accident particularly if the equipment happens to be rotating machine)
6. Girl students should have their hair tied firmly or have it in a knot.
7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains. (When you move your
hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or may touch a live point and thereby subject
you to electrical shock)
8. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. (Wet parts of the body
reduce the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of the shock)
9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit. (Otherwise you will be
touching the live parts in the circuit)
10. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit strictly as per the
approved circuit diagram. You can use equipment issue slip available in Lab for this purpose.
11. Check power cords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety plugs and do not
defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using underground plugs.
12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid such defective
leads.
13. Do not defeat any safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it.
Safety devices protect YOU and your equipment.
14. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up and approved
by the staff member.
15. Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket.(To avoid shock in case you accidentally touch two
points at different potentials with your two hands)
16. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.
17. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit (like insulation heating up, resistor heating up
etc.), switch off the power to your circuit immediately and inform the staff member.
18. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch off the power to
your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.
19. Some students have been found to damage meters by mishandling in the following ways:
i. Keeping unnecessary material like books, lab records, unused meters etc. causing meters to fall down
the table.
ii. Putting pressure on the meter (especially glass) while making connections or while talking or listening
somebody.
STUDENTS ARE STRICTLY WARNED THAT FULL COST OF THE METER WILL BE RECOVERED FROM THE
INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS DAMAGED IT IN SUCH A MANNER.
Observe the safety rules yourself and help your friends to observe.

Course Outline
Course Instructors:
Dr. S. Mohapatro
Office#212
Extn. 256
Samantapuri Campus,IIT Bhubaneswar
Email:sankarsan@iitbbs.ac.in
Course Contents: Introduction, DC Networks, Single Phase AC Circuits, Three Phase AC Circuits, Magnetic Circuits,
Transformers, DC Machines, Induction Motor, Electrical Measuring Instruments.
Theory Components:100 Marks
Teacher Assessment: 20 marks, Mid-Term:30 Marks, Term End: 50 Marks
Teacher Assessment: 20 marks (Attendance: 5 Marks,Assignment:5 Marks, Two Class Test:10 Marks)
Laboratory Components: 100 Marks

Attendance: 10 Marks, Reports: 20 Marks, Routine Viva: 10 Marks, Grand Viva and Final Exam:60 Marks
Lab Instructor: Dr. S. Mohapatro
Research Scholar: Mr. Chittaranjan Pradhan
Lab Staff: Mr. Brajamohan Mohapatra, Mr. Santosh Ku. Sahoo, Mr. Dillip Ku. Biswal, Mr. Raimohan Behera
Text Books:
1.Electrical Engg. Fundamentals by Del Toro
2.Electric Circuits by JW Nilsson
3.Basic Electrical Engineering by Nagrath and Kothari

Instruction to Student
 You are required to know the location of the emergency trip switch in the laboratory.
 You are required to be familiar with basic safety procedures for electrical shock.
 You are required to dress safely. No loose garments, nothing that impedes your ability to
work.
 During the lab class, it is required that one student of the group is always at the worktable,
once the experiment has started.
 It is required that you take explicit permission if you have to leave during the class.
 It is not permissible for a first year student to be alone in the laboratory at any time.
 Reports are due every week at the beginning of the lab class hour as per form decided by
your instructor.
 Do not come to class carrying an infection take leave and make up your experiment.
 See to it that your laboratory partner knows your whereabouts. If you are unable to come
class for any reason, inform him/her.
 Any other instructions as and when issued by the lab staff or instructor.

POINTS FOR MAINTAINING LAB RECORDS

1. Maintain the contents properly giving experiment date & submission date
clearly.
2. Draw the circuit diagram clearly using HB pencil.
3. Write the specification of machines (wherever required) & other devices
(such as Variac, Rheostat, Load box, Isolating Switch etc.) properly.
4. Use Pro-circle for drawing all meters & rotating machines.
5. Note down the range & type of meters used in circuit diagram.
6. Name different supply & their range clearly as mentioned below-
a) A.C supply should be clearly indicated by Ph. & N. with frequency.
b) D.C supply should be clearly indicated with polarity (+ & -).
c) 3 φ AC supply should be clearly indicated with proper phase sequence
(R, Y, B or L 1, L 2 L 3) and frequency.
7. Graph should be pasted at left gutter position.
8. Don’t fraction (whenever not required) the Axis when you draw the graph.
9. Resistor & Inductor should be drawn properly. (i.e., Inside two invisible
parallel lines should be clear).
10. All the calculation part should be on left side (plane side) of record.




LABORATORY EQUIPMENT ISSUE SLIP

Group No.- Date:
Aim/Objective:
Circuit Diagram: (Use back side of this page)

Apparatus Required:
Instruments/Equipments:
Sl. No. Instrument/Equipment Type Specification Quantity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Machine Specification:
Sl. No. Machine Specification Quantity
1.
Sl. No. Roll No. Name Signature Signature of Instructor/T.A.

1.
2.
3.
4. Signature of Staff
5.
6.
7.

Undertaking
I have read and understand the rules and procedures set forth for
the ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY.I agree to abide by these
rules and procedures at all times while using these facilities. I understand
that failure to follow these rules and procedures will result in my
immediate dismissal from the laboratory and additional disciplinary action
may be taken according to the Institute policies.
Student’s Signature Date-

Name-
Roll No-

List of Experiments
1. (a) Characteristics of Incandescent Lamp.
(b) Measurement of power consumption of Fluorescent Lamp.
2. (a) Verification of Superposition theorem.
(b) Verification of Thevinin’s theorem.
3. Study of RLC series circuit.
4. Calibration of Energy meter.
5. Three-phase power measurement using 2-Wattmeter method.
6. (a) Power measurement using 3-Ammeter method.
(b) Power measurement using 3-Voltmeter method.
7. Open Circuit and Short Circuit test on 1-Phase Transformer.
8. Speed control of D.C. Shunt Motor by Field Flux control and
Armature Voltage control method.
9. Open Circuit Characteristic of D.C. Generator.
10. External & Internal Characteristics of D.C. Generator.

Familiarization with Lab. Equipments and Basic Measurements
Laboratory Works:
In the first class, please note that: Your lab group has been formed. One/two table has been
assigned to each experiment, so check which table is meant for what experiment.
0.1 You should have the following with you:

 Report of previous class.
 Ensure that along with your report, you have rough lab note which contains the data original
signed by the instructor or the Lab technician in the previous class.
 Graph sheets.
 Pen/paper/graph sheet/pencil/calculator.
 The lab manual.
0.2 You should know the following:
 The experiment that you are about to conduct.
 The location of the experiment table.
 The location of the emergency trip switches.
 Basis safety procedures as given in the handout to you.
 Do not switch on the circuit/experiment until you get it checked once by Technician/
Research Scholar / Instructor.
0.3 At the end of the class hour:
 Clean up your table.
 Switch of all equipment.
 Hand in all components issued to you for the lab session.
 See that the Instructor/Lab Technician have signed your data sheet of the experiment done
on that day.
Get your table checked by the technician before you leave.

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
School of Electrical Sciences
Experiment No- 1(a)
CHARACTERISTICS OF INCANDESCENT LAMP
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
To obtain the Volt-Ampere (V-I) characteristics of Incandescent Lamp.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No Instrument/Equipment Type Specification Quantity
1 Incandescent Lamp Tungsten Filament 200 Watt, 230 V 1 No
2 Voltmeter MI 0 – 300 V 1 No
3 Ammeter MI 0 - 1000 mA 1 No
4 1- Φ variac Iron core 230 V, 4 A 1 No
5 Connecting Wires Cu 1.5 sq. mm As required
THEORY:
If an electric current is passed through a fine metallic wire heat as well as light energy is radiated when the
temperature is very high. The incandescent lamp consists of an evacuated glass bulb having a fine wire filament.
Tungsten is the most commonly used metal for filament lamps. Resistance of the filament can be calculated by below
formula.
𝑽
𝑹=
𝑰
Where, R = Resistance of the filament lamp in Ω.

V = Voltage across lamp in Volt.
I = Current through the lamp in Ampere.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
0 – 1000 mA
Ph
FUSE V LAMP
230V 200 W, 230 V
1-Phase
Supply 0 – 300 V
N
DPST FUSE
SWITCH
1 Phase Variac
Circuit diagram for V-I characteristic of Incandescent Lamp

PRECAUTION:
1. Connection should be right and tight.
2. Check the circuit connection thoroughly before switching on the supply.
3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity and range.
4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment.
5. Be ensured the zero setting of instrument is on right position. Avoid parallax error.
PROCEDURE:
1. Choose the appropriate ratings of the Ammeters, Voltmeters.
2. Set up the circuit as shown in circuit diagram with the lamps and instruments as indicated.
3. Set the variac at zero output voltage before switching on the power supply.
4. Increase the variac output voltage in steps of 20V to 30 V, until the rated voltage is obtained. At each step,
note the readings of Voltmeter and Ammeter and record them in Table- 1.
5. Repeat step- 4 for decreasing output voltage from rated voltage to zero volts.
OBSERVATION: TABLE- 1
Sl. No. Supply Voltage(Volt) Current (Amp.)
Inc. Dec. Mean
REPORTS: Plot ‘I’ as a function of voltage ‘V’.

CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Is V-I characteristic a straight line? Justify your answer.
2. Why do the readings differ for increasing and decreasing values of the lamp voltages?
3. State whether a lamp rated 230V, 60W can be used on both ac and dc supply. Give reasons for your answer.
4. Explain the advantages of using tungsten wire as filament material in incandescent lamps.

Experiment No- 1(b)
MEASUREMENT OF POWER CONSUMPTION OF FLUORESCENT LAMP
a) Connection and measurement of power consumption of a Fluorescent lamp.
b) Measurement of its Pick-up and Cut-off Voltage.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Fluorescent Lamp with Fittings 40 Watt, 230 V 1 No
3 Ammeter MI 0 - 1000 mA 1 No
5 Wattmeter LPF 1 A, 300 V 1 No
THEORY:
The fluorescent tube consists of a glass tube. The tube contains argon gas at low pressure and one or two
drops of mercury and inside surface of the tube is coated with a thin layer of fluorescent material in the form of
powder. The coating material used depends upon the colour effect desired may consists of zinc silicate, cadmium
silicate or calcium tungsten. These organic chemicals are known as phosphorus which transforms shot wave invisible
radiation into visible light. A Choke is connected in series with the tube which acts as ballast in running condition and
provides a high voltage impulse or surge for instantaneous time for starting the tube light. The filament which is
connected with a starter only to start the tube light in the other words it is called as starting switch.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
STARTER
Watt meter CHOKE
A M L
0 – 1000mA
C V FLUORESCENT LAMP40 W
Ph
FUSE V
230 V 1 phase
supply 1 phase 0 – 300 V
variac
N
DPST FUSE
SWITCH

PRECAUTION:
1. All connections should be tightened.
2. Reading of the meter should be taken correctly.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Set the variac to its zero position and switch on the power supply.
3. Gradually vary the variac till the lamp glow. Take the reading of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter. This will
give the pick-up voltage of fluorescent lamp.
4. Go on increasing the voltage using variac to maximum 230V and observe the reading of three meters. The
wattmeter reading will give the power consumed by the fluorescent lamp.
5. Gradually go on decreasing the voltage by variac till the fluorescent lamp glows off. This will give the cut-off
voltage of fluorescent lamp.
6. Switch OFF the supply.
OBSERVATION: TABLE- 2
Sl. Supply voltage in Current in Power consumed in

No. Volts (V) Amp. (I) Watts (P)
Pick-up voltage- ________ Cut-off voltage- ________

CALCULATIONS:
Power consumed (P) = supply voltage × circuit current × Power factor (cos𝛷)
Power factor (cosΦ) = Power consumed (P) / (Supply voltage  circuit current).
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. What is the function of Starter in fluorescent lamp?
2. Write the technical specification of fluorescent lamp and indicate what type of Power is being measured by
Wattmeter?
3. What is the function of Choke [Ballast] in fluorescent lamp?

Experiment No- 2(a)
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
To verify the Superposition theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Rheostat Tubular 25, 3A 1 No
2 Rheostat Tubular 26, 4 A 1 No

3 Rheostat Tubular 6, 5 A 1 No
4 Ammeter MC 0 - 1A 1 No
4 Multimeter Digital 1 No
5 Battery Dry Cell 12V, 7.2 AH 1 No
6 Rectifier Unit 0-220V, 10 A 1 No
THEORY:
Superposition theorem states that “current through or voltage across an element in a linear bilateral network is
equal to the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages produced independently by each source”. This theorem is very
handy tool for solving networks with more than one source. The most obvious advantage of this method is that it does
not require use of mathematical methods like determinants to find required current or voltage. Instead superposition
theorem allows us to calculate cumulative effect of multiple sources on an element, by knowing individual effects on
element by each source. Particular attention must be given to polarity of voltages & direction of currents while
applying this theorem.
CIRCUIT R
1 R2 DIAGRAM:
+ R3 +
V  +  V2
1
A
 0–1A
Verification of Superposition Theorem

PRECAUTION:
5. To avoid parallax error note down readings by standing parallel to the meter.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make a circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. The values of resistors and supply as shown in the circuit are
the suggestions only and any other values may be taken depending upon the availability of components in the
laboratory.
2. Remove source V2 and close the circuit through a link preferably through a wire. Measure I3’due to source V1.
Record V1and I3’ in the observation table.
3. Now put V2 in the circuit and remove V1. Close the circuit through a link in place of V1. Measure I3’’due to
source V2. Record V2 and I3’’ in observation table.
4. Now connect both the sources simultaneously and measure I3 record the result in observation table.
5. Compare the measured and calculated values of currents and draw conclusions.
OBSERVATION:
Table-1
Sl. Voltage Voltage Current Current Current I3’ + I3”

No. Source-1 Source-2 through R3 through R3 through R3 in Amp. Remark
(V1) (V2) due to V1 (I3’) due to V2 due to both
in Volt in Volt in Amp. (I3”) sources (I3) in
in Amp. Amp.
CALCULATIONS:
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Can we apply the principle of superposition in a network having more than two sources?
2. Explain why the superposition principle does not work for power in the elements of a circuit?
3. Explain why it is advisable to remove the source and complete the circuit by a link instead of short
circuiting the terminals of the supply while remaining in the circuit.

Experiment No- 2(b)
VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM
To verify Thevenin’s Theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Rheostat Tubular 25, 3 A 1No.
2 Rheostat Tubular 26, 4 A 1 No.
3 Rheostat Tubular 6, 5 A 1 No.
3 Ammeter MC 0-1A 1 No.
4 Multimeter Digital 1 No.
5 Battery Dry Cell 12V, 7.2AH 1 No.
6 Rectifier Unit 0-220 V, 10 A 1 No.

THEORY:
Thevenin’s theorem states that “Any two terminals AB of a network composed of linear, passive& active
elements may be replaced by simple equivalent circuit consisting of an equivalent voltage source V OC in series with an
equivalent resistance RTH. The voltage source VOC is equal to the potential difference between two terminals AB
caused by active network with no external resistance connected to these terminals. The series resistance R TH is
equivalent resistance looking back into the terminals AB with all sources within network made inactive.
𝐕𝐓𝐇
𝐈𝐋 =
𝐑 𝐓𝐇 + 𝐑 𝐋
Where IL = Load current, VOC = Open circuit voltage.

RTH = Thevenin’s Resistance and RL = Load Resistance

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1 R2
RTH
+ RL
+ +
 V1  V2
+  VTH RL
A
 0– 1 A
THEVININ’S EQUIVALENT CURCUIT
Circuit diagram for verification of Thevenin’s Theorem.

PRECAUTION:
3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity.
4. Do not touch any non-insulated part of any instrument or equipment
PROCEDURE:
1. Choose the appropriate ratings of the Ammeters, Voltmeters, and Rheostat as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set up the circuit as shown in Figure.
3. Start the rectifier unit by keeping variable knob at exactly zero point. Increase the rectifier output to a required
supply voltage. Note down the reading of load current (IL).
4. Measure Thevenin’s voltage and Thevenin’s resistance by a voltmeter and Multimeter by following proper
method.
5. Make Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and find out the load current (IL’). Compare it with IL.
OBSERVATION:
Sl. Observed VTH RTH Computed Load Current (IL) Remark
No. Load (V) (From Load Current from equivalent
Current Multimeter) IL=VTH/(RTH+RL) circuit. (in Amp.)
(IL) (Ω) (in Amp.)
(in Amp.)
CALCULATIONS: Vth
The load current IL can be calculated as IL 
Rth  RL
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. What type of ammeter and voltmeter (MI or MC) will you use and why?
2. Can you suggest an alternative procedure for the determination of RTH?
3. Is there any restriction for choice of circuit elements?

Experiment No- 3
STUDY OF RLC SERIES CIRCUIT
Measurement of current, voltage and power in R-L-C series circuit excited by single phase A.C. supply.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Rheostat Tubular 100, 2.5A 1 No
2 Inductor Air core 30 mH, 5 A 1 No
3 Capacitor Oil 70 µF, 660 V 1 No

4 Ammeter MI 0 - 2.5/5 A 1 No
5 Voltmeter MI 0 – 150/300 V 3 Nos
6 Voltmeter MI 0 – 30 V 1 Nos
7 Wattmeter LPF 2.5/5 A, 75/150/300 V 1 No
8 1-Φ variac Iron core 230 V, 4 A 1 No
THEORY:
R L C
+ VR  + VL  +
VC

I
V
A series R-L-C circuit is shown in the above figure. According to Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
V  VR  VL  VC
1
 IR  j ( L  ))
C
 IZ
Where, Z is the impedance of the Circuit.

V
The current though the circuit is given by, I 
Z

In a series R-L-C circuit:
1. If L  1/ C then current lags the voltage
2. If  L  1/ C , then current leads the voltage
3. If  L  1/ C , then current and voltage are in phase.
The phasor diagrams for R-L-C series circuit for:
(a) L  1/ C
(b)  L  1/ C
& (c)  L  1/ C , is shown below
VL
V
VL
VL
VL  VC
V
IR I IR I
IR I
VC  VL
VC
VC
V
VC
Fig – (a) Fig - (b) Fig – ( c)

For unity power factor For lagging power factor For leading power factor
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2.5/ 5 A , 75/150/ 300 V
LPF Watt meter L C
R
A M L
0– 5A
C V VL
VR VC
V V V
Ph 0 – 150 V 0 – 30 V 0 – 150 V
FUSE V
230 V 1 phase
supply 1phase 0 – 150 V
variac
N
DPST FUSE
SWITCH
Circuit Diagram for RLC series circuit.

PRECAUTION:
1. All connection should be tight.
2. The meter should of proper range.
3. Check zero setting of all meter.
4. While varying the value of Variac note that current in circuit should not exceed safe limit.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Set the variac to minimum voltage position.
3. Switch on AC Supply.
4. Set the variac output voltage 90 V.
5. Note down the reading of all meters.
6. Change the setting of Rheostat with fixed position of variac take the reading all the meters.
7. Change the setting of variac.
8. Repeat the step 5 and 6.
9. Record the observation as per table.
OBSERVATION:
Sl. Observation Calculation Remarks
No.
V I VR VL VC P R= XL= XC= Cosφ Z= φ
Volt Amp Volt Volt Volt Watt VR/I VL/I VC/I P/VI V/I
REPORTS:
1. Plot the phasor diagram on the graph sheet using the experimental data.
CALCULATIONS:
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. What is power factor in AC circuit and write its importance?
2. What do you mean by Impedance of AC Circuit and what is its units?
3. Define resonance in AC Circuit? What will be consequences when circuit attends resonance?

Experiment No- 4
CALIBRATION OF ENERGY METER
Connection and testing of a 1-ϕ Energy meter by (a) Short run Test (b) Long Run test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Voltmeter MI 0 - 300 V 1 No
2 Ammeter MI 0 – 10 A 1 No
3 Energy meter Induction 230 V, 20 A, 6000 Rev/kWh 1 No

4 Stop watch Standard type 1 No
5 Load box Lamp Load 2 kW, 230 V 1 No
THEORY:
Energy meter is an integrating instrument, which is used to measure the consumption of electric energy
consumed by a residence, business or an electrically powered device. It measures energy in kWh (Kilo Watt-Hour)
and is an integrating meter. The principle of operation of an energy meter is similar to that of a wattmeter except
rotating disc. The number of revolutions made by the disc is counted with the help of a gear train and read on the dial
directly as unit (i.e. 1 unit = 1 kWh). Constructionaly it is nearly same with respect to an induction wattmeter, except
that the pointer of the wattmeter is replaced by a breaking magnet and a spindle.
A single-phase induction type energy meter consists of the following parts:

1. Moving system
2. Operating mechanism
It consists of – (i) Series magnet
(ii) Shunt magnet
(iii) Breaking magnet
3. Recording mechanism

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
L1 Load (PH)
A CC1 CC2
PC1 PC2
0-10A Load (N)
Ph
SINGLE PHASE
FUSE ENERGY METER
230 V 1 phase V
supply
0 – 300 V
N
FUSE 2 kW LAMP
DPST LOAD BOX
SWITCH
L2
Circuit Diagram for energy meter testing
PRECAUTION:
PROCEDURE:
1. Select suitable ranges of the ammeter and voltmeter such that energy meter can be tested over its complete
range.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Before switching on the supply, ensure that the Lamp load switches (all) are open (off).
4. Note down the initial reading of the energy meter.
5. Set the desired load by selecting a suitable combination of Switches on the loading rheostat.
6. Switch on the supply and wait for the red indicator of the energy meter disc to come in the front. At this
moment start the stopwatch. Note down the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
7. Measure the time (T) for (N) revolutions (say 20 revolutions) switch off the stopwatch immediately. Switch
off the supply.
8. By adjusting the loading rheostat take 8 to 10 sets of readings covering the full current range of the energy
meter and tabulate the observation in the table.
OBSERVATION:
Sl. Load Load Time Energy Actual Energy Percentage Error

No. Voltage Current T (s) Recorded Consumed During N rev. (Em-Ea)/Ea x 100
(V) I (A) by the meter Em Ea=(V.I.T)/(1000x3600)

REPORTS:
Plot ‘% Error’ as a function of ‘Load Current’.
CALCULATIONS:
For observation no. : …………
Power consumed by the load = VI watt.
Time taken to complete 20 revolutions = t secs.
Actual energy consumed = VIt/(1000  3600) kwh
Energy read by the energy meter = No. of revolutions/Meter constant
% Error = [(Actual energy-Measured energy) /Actual Energy] 100
Note : Slow speed of rotating disc for positive error – Beneficial for consumer
Fast speed of rotating disc for negative error – Beneficial for supplier
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. What are the possible errors in energy meter?

2. What is creeping error? How to prevent creeping?

Experiment No- 5
THREE PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT
To study about 3-Φ power and to measure the power in a 3-Φ system with balanced and unbalanced loads
separately by Two-Wattmeter Method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Rheostat Tubular 100 , 5A 3 Nos
3 Ammeter MI 0 – 2.5/5 A 3 Nos
4 Wattmeter UPF 2.5/5 A, 600 V 2 Nos
THEORY:
A wattmeter is an instrument with a potential coil and a current coil so arranged that its deflection is
proportional to VI cos, where
V = rms voltage applied across the potential coil.
I = rms current through current coil.
 = phase angle between V & I.
The 3-phase power can be measured by 3-single phase wattmeter’s having current coils in each line and
potential coils connected across the given line and any common function. Since this common junction is completely
arbitrary, it may be placed on any one of the three lines. The wattmeter connected to that line will show a zero
reading.
So according to Blondel’s theorem in an N-wire circuit, only (N-1) number of wattmeters are required to measure
the power.
 So 2-wattmeter method measures the power of 3-phase star/delta connected balanced/unbalanced loads.
 The total power supplied, is given by, W = WA + WB = V3 VLILcos (Algebric sum).

SINGLE PHASE
WA WATTMETER
R
√3(𝑊𝐴 −𝑊𝐵 )
 Power factor, cos Φ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )]
𝑊𝐴 +𝑊𝐵
Y
3-phase
Load  If one of the wattmeter tends to read negative, the pressure
coil is reversed, but the reading of the wattmeter must be
B
WB taken on negative.
CURRENT COIL
PRESSURE COIL
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2.5/ 5 A , 600V
UPF Wattmeter
R M L
A
FUSE V 100  , 5 A
R 0– 5A C
V
3 phase
Supply 3 phase 0 – 600 V
Variac
Y A
Y FUSE 100  , 5 A
0– 5A
B
C V
TPST FUSE
B A
SWITCH
M L 100  , 5 A
0– 5A
2.5/ 5 A , 600V
UPF Wattmeter
Fig-1 Circuit Diagram for balanced load
2.5/ 5 A , 600V
UPF Wattmeter
R M L
A
FUSE V 100  , 5A
R 0– 5A C
V V
3 phase
Supply 3 phase 0 – 600 V V1
FUSE Variac 0 – 150 V
Y A
Y 100  , 5 A
0– 5A
FUSE V
B
C V
V2
TPST 0 – 150 V
B A
SWITCH
M L 100  , 5 A
0– 5A
2.5/ 5 A , 600V V
UPF Wattmeter
V3
0 – 150 V
Fig-2 Circuit Diagram for unbalanced load

PRECAUTION:
PROCEDURE:
1. For balanced load:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.- 1
2. Adjust the rheostats for the maximum resistance.
3. Switch on the supply.
4. Read the meters to obtain V , I , I and I . Note the wattmeter reading W and W with multiplying factor.
L 1 2 3 1 2
5. Vary the load resistance and obtain at least five sets of observations, the current should not exceed the limit 5A.
6. Tabulate the readings and check the results by completing the calculations indicated in the table-1.
2. For unbalanced load:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.-2.
2. Adjust the three rheostats at the maximum values.
3. Switch on the supply and set the autotransformer to 415 V.
4. Take five sets of observation for different rheostat settings such that the reading of I , I and I in each set is
1 2 3
appreciably different to create unbalanced loading condition. The current should not exceed the limits in each
arm.
5. Tabulate and check the result by completing the computations indicated in Table:-2.
OBSERVATION: Table-1:
Sl. V in I in I In I in W in W in Calculated power (W) = Error =
L 1 2 3 1 2
No. (V) (A) (A) (A) (W) (W) (Wc) = (V /√3) (I +I +I ) (W1 +W2) W - Wc
L 1 2 3
Wc
*100%
Table- 2:
Sl. VL V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3 W1in W in Calculated power (Wc) (W) = Error =
2
No. in in in in in in in (W) (W) = (V1I1+ V2I2 + V3I3) (W1 +W2) W - Wc
(V) (V) (V) (V) (A) (A) (A) Wc
*100%
CALCULATIONS:
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. What do you understand by a balanced three-phase load?
2. How would you measure power using a) Three watt meters and b) One wattmeter for balanced/unbalanced
loads?
3. Is it possible to measure power factor of the balanced (three –phase load by two-wattmeter method)?

Experiment No- 6(a)
POWER MEASUREMENT USING THREE AMMETER METHOD
To measure the power of a single phase AC circuit by three Ammeter method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Rheostat Tubular 100 , 2.5 A 1 No.
2 Rheostat Tubular 26 , 4 A 1 No.
3 Inductance Air core 60 mH, 5 A 1 No.
4 Ammeter MI 0 - 10 A 1 No.
5 Ammeter MI 0–5A 1No.
5 Ammeter MI 0–2A 1No.
6 Voltmeter MI 0 – 150/300 V 1 No.
7 Wattmeter L.P.F. 10A,300V 1 No.
8 1-Φ variac Iron core 230 V, 10 A 1 No.
THEORY:
We know in a dc circuit, the power is given by the product of voltage and current where as in AC circuit it is
given by the product of voltage, current and power factor. For this reason, it is not possible to find power in an AC
circuit simply from the reading of a voltmeter and ammeter. In ac circuits power is normally measured by Wattmeter.
However, this method demonstrates that the power in a single phase ac circuit can also be measured by using 3-
ammeters.
The phasor diagram of 3-Ammeter method is shown below
I2
I12 = I22 + I32 +2I2I3Cos(Φ)
θ φ
I1 V Power factor (CosΦ) = (I12 -I22 - I32 ) / 2I2I3
I3
Power Consumed by the load = I3*V*CosΦ
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

A
I1 I3 A M L
0– 10A 0– 5A
C V
I2
A
Ph 10A,300V 26 ,4 A
0– 2A LPF Wattmeter
FUSE V
230 V 1 phase
supply 0– 150V
60 mH , 5A
100  , 2. 5A
N
DPST FUSE
SWITCH
1 Ph Variac
Circuit Diagram for three ammeter method
PRECAUTION:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the 1-Φ variac at minimum position.
3. Switch on the supply and vary the output voltage of the variac in such a way that it should not exceed 120 V.
4. Note down the observations and switch off the power supply.
OBSERVATION:
Observation Calculation
Sl. V in I1 in I2 in I3 in Wattmeter Cos Cos P in Q in Volt- S in %Error =
No. (Volt.) (Amp.) (Amp.) (Amp.) (W) Watt Amp- volt- (W-Wc)/Wc
Reactive Amp
(Wc)
REPORTS:
1. Choose the proper current and voltage scales and draw the vectors I, V1, V2& V3 , measure the angle  & 
Or By using triangle law find  & .
CALCULATIONS: %Error = (W-Wc) / Wc W: Wattmeter Meter reading, Wc: Calculated Power
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Draw the Circuit & Vector diagram to measure the power of a single  circuit by 3 Ammeter method
2. Draw and define the power triangle of an AC circuit.

Experiment No- 6(b)
POWER MEASUREMENT USING THREE VOLTMETER METHOD
To measure the power of a single phase AC circuit by three Voltmeter method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Rheostat Tubular 100 , 2.5 A 1 No
2 Rheostat Tubular 26 , 4 A 1 No
3 Inductance Air core 60 mH 1 No
4 Ammeter MI 0-5A 1 No
5 Voltmeter MI 0 – 150/300 V 2Nos
7 Wattmeter L.P.F. 10A, 300V 1 No.

8 1-Φvariac Iron core 230 V, 10 A 1 No
THEORY:
Let I be the reference Vector
V2 in phase with I and V3 leads I by angle  V3
V1=V2+V3 V1
V12 = V22 + V32 +2V2V3Cos(φ)

 
Power factor of the load (Cosφ) = (V12 -V22 - V32 ) / 2V2V3 I
Power Consumed by the load = V3*I*Cosφ V2
Power Factor of entire circuit = cos

Active Power Consumed by the Load W= V3ICos watt
Reactive Power Consumed by the load Q= V3Isin VAR
Apparent Power Consumed by the Load S= V3I VA
Power Consumed by entire circuit = V1ICos watt
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

V2
V
Watt meter 10A , 300V
0– 300 V
A M L
100Ω, 2.5A
0– 5 A
C V
Ph 26Ω, 4A
FUSE V V
230 V 1 phase
supply 0– 300V 0– 75 V
60mH , 5A
N
DPST FUSE
SWITCH
1 Ph Variac
Circuit Diagram for three voltmeter method

PRECAUTION:
PROCEDURE:
2. Set the 1-Φ variac at minimum position.
3. Switch on the supply and vary the output voltage of the variac in such a way that it should not exceed 120 V.
4. Note down the observations.
5. Switch off the power supply.
OBSERVATION:
Observation Calculation
Sl. I in V1 in V2 in V3 in Wattmeter Cos Cos P in Q in Volt- S in %Error=

No. (Amp.) (Volt.) (Volt.) (Volt.) (W) Watt Amp- volt- (W-Wc)/Wc
(Wc) Reactive Amp
REPORTS:
1. Choose the proper current and voltage scales and draw the vectors I, I1, I2 & I3 , measure the angle  & .
Or By using triangle law find  & .
CALCULATIONS: %Error = (W-Wc) / Wc W: Wattmeter Meter reading, Wc: Calculated Power
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Draw the Circuit & Vector diagram to measure the power of a single  circuit by 3 Ammeter method
2. Draw and define the power triangle of an AC circuit.

Experiment No- 7
OPEN-CIRCUIT AND SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST ON TRANSFORMER
(a) To perform open circuit and short circuit test on a 1-Φ transformer.
(b) Calculate the complete parameters of the equivalent circuit of the transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Voltmeter MI 0 – 150/300 V 2 Nos
2 Voltmeter MI 0 – 30/60 V 1 No
3 Ammeter MI 0–2A 1 No
4 Ammeter MI 0 – 10 A 1 No
5 Ammeter MI 0 – 10/20 A 1 No
6 Wattmeter LPF 2 A, 150 V 1 No
7 Wattmeter UPF 10 A, 75 V 1 No
8 1-Φvariac Iron core 230 V, 10 A 1 No
Machine specification:
Sl.No Machine Specification Quantity
1. 1-Φ Transformer 1.5 kVA, 230/115 V, 50 Hz 1 No.
THEORY:
Open circuit test: -
In this test low voltage winding is connected to a supply of normal voltage and frequency and the high voltage
winding is left open. The primary winding draws very low current hardly 3 to 5 percent of full load current when this
condition. As such copper losses in the primary winding will be negligible. Thus mainly iron losses occur in the
transformer under no load on open circuit condition, which are indicated by the wattmeter connected in the circuit.
Hence, total iron losses = W0 (Reading of wattmeter).
Power drawn W0 = Vo I0 cos0

Thus no load power factor cos0 = W0/V0I0
Core loss component of no load current Iw = I0 cos0
Magnetising component of no load current I  = I0 sin0
Equivalent resistance representing the core loss R0 = V0/Iw
Magnetising reactance representing the Magnetising current Xm = V0/ I 
Short circuit test: -
In this test, low voltage winding is short-circuited and a low voltage hardly 5 to 10 percentage of the rated
voltage of the high voltage side is applied such that rated current flows through the winding. This test is performed at
rated current flowing in both the windings. The iron losses occurring in the transformer under this condition is
negligible, because of very low applied voltage. Hence, the total losses occurring under short circuit are mainly the
copper losses of both the winding, which are indicated by the wattmeter connected in the circuit. Let the various
reading be Wsc , Vsc & Isc.
Wsc V
R 2
, Z  sc , X  Z 2  R 2
I sc I sc
Where, R = equivalent resistance,
X= Equivalent leakage reactance,
Z= Equivalent impedance
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2 A, 150 V LPF
WATTMETER
LV HV
A M L
0– 2A C V
0 – 150 V
Ph
V
FUSE V
1 phase
230 V 1 phase variac 0 – 300 V
supply
N
DPST FUSE
SWITCH
Fig-1 Circuit Diagram for O.C Test

10 A, 75 V UPF
WATTMETER
HV LV
A M L
0 – 10 A V
C
Ph
0 – 30 V
V
A
FUSE
230 V 1 phase 0 – 20 A
supply 1 phase
variac
N FUSE
DPST
SWITCH
Fig- 2 Circuit Diagram for S.C Test

PROCEDURE: Open circuit test: -
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Fig-1.
2. Ensure that the setting of the variac is at low output voltage.
3. Switch on the supply and adjust rated voltage across the transformer circuit.
4. Note down the readings of all the meters.
5. Switch-off the a.c. supply.
Short circuit test: -

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig-2.
2. Ensure that the setting of the variac is at low output voltage.
3. Switch on the supply and increase the voltage applied slowly, till the current in the windings of the
transformer is full load value.
4. Note down the readings of all the meters.
5. Switch-off the a.c. supply.
OBSERVATION:
Sl.No. No load test Short circuit test Calculation
Vo Io Wo Vsc Isc Wsc Coso Iw Im Ro Xm R X
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Why indirect testing of large size transformer is necessary.
2. What type of losses occur in the primary and secondary winding of transformer
3. Which parameters of the equivalent circuit of a transformer can be found through Short-circuit test.
4. Why the HV side of transformer is kept open in Open circuit test?
5. Justify that the power drawn by the transformer under no-load is equal to the iron losses and under short
circuit the full load copper losses.
6. What will happen to the transformer, if a ratted voltage is applied during the short circuit test?

Experiment No- 8
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
To perform the speed control of a DC shunt motor by field flux control & armature voltage control method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2 Rheostat Tubular 100 , 5 A 1 No
3 Ammeter MC 0-2A 1 No
4 Voltmeter MC 0 – 300 V 1 No
5 Tachometer Digital 0 – 5000 rpm 1 No

1. D.C. Shunt Motor 3.7 kW, 1500 RPM, 220 V, 19.7 A , Excitation- 220 V/0 .95A 1 No
THEORY:
If “V” is the applied voltage across the motor terminals, “Eb” is the back e.m.f. developed, then V = Eb + Ia.Ra
Where Ia and Ra are the current and resistance in the armature circuit respectively. φ : flux per pole.
But, Eb = ZNP/60A = KN
Hence V= KN + Ia.Ra
(𝑽− 𝑰𝒂 𝑹𝒂 )
i.e., 𝑵 = 𝑲
𝝋
This shows that:

An increase of Ia.Ra drop will decrease the value of speed if “V” remains constant. Speed varies inversely to
the field flux and hence varies inversely as the exciting current. If below saturation, by increasing the resistance in the
armature circuit, motor can be operated at speed below rated speed. By increasing the resistance in the field circuit a
motor can be operated above rated speed.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3 point starter
L F A
100, 5 A
+ Rheostat
A
+ F1 A1
0– 2 A +
FUSE 200, 1. 5 A
DC SUPPLY V
220 Volt.
Rheostat M
0 – 300 V
-
DPST FUSE F2 A2
SWITCH
Circuit Diagram for speed control of dc shunt motor.
PRECAUTION:
6. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
7. The motor armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
8. The motor should be in no load condition throughout the experiment.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the machine under test as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the D .C supply and start the D.C shunt motor with the help of three point starter by keeping the
external resistance (Field rheostat) in field circuit at its minimum and in the armature circuit at its maximum
position.
Case- A (Field flux control)

1. Adjust the voltage across the armature at its rated value.
2. Keeping this voltage constant, decrease the field current of the motor by varying the field rheostat towards its
maximum value in minimum of 5 steps and note down the experimental data’s.
Case- B (Armature voltage control)

1. Adjust the field current at normal value (corresponding to normal speed).
2. Keeping the field current constant, vary the voltage across the armature by varying the armature rheostat
towards its maximum value in minimum 5 steps and note down the experimental data’s.

OBSERVATION:
Case – A
No. Of Observations Field Current (Amps) Speed (RPM) Armature Voltage (Volts)
Case – B
No. Of Observations Armature Voltage (Volts) Speed (RPM) Field Current (Amps)
REPORTS:
Draw curves showing :
1. “Speed” vs “Field current”, with armature voltage constant.

2. “Speed” vs “Armature voltage”, with field current constant.
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Is it possible to obtain the speed higher than the rated speed by armature control method?
2. Why speed control is essential from industrial point of view?
3. Is it possible to obtain speeds lower than the rated value by using field control?

Experiment No- 9
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTIC OF DC GENERATOR
a) To conduct open circuit test on a given separately excited dc generator and to plot the characteristic curves.
b) To determine critical resistance of the field circuit and critical speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
3 Ammeter MC 0–2 A 1 No
4 Voltmeter MC 0 – 300 V 2 Nos
8 Tachometer Digital 0 - 5000 rpm 1

1. D.C. Motor coupled with D.C. D.C. Shunt Motor :-5 HP , 1500 RPM 1 Set
Generator. 220 V , 19.7 A , Excitation- 220 V/0.95 A
D.C. Generator :-2.2 kW, 220 V, 13.8 A, 1500 rpm
Excitation- 220 V/0.52 A
THEORY:
It is also known as Magnetic or Open-Circuit characteristics (O.C.C.). It shows the relation between the no-
load generated e.m.f. of armature “E0”, and the field or exciting current “If”, at (“N”) rated speed of that machine. It is
just the magnetization curve for the material of the electromagnets. Its shape is practically the same for all generators
whether separately excited or self-excited.
In a separately excited DC generator, the field winding is excited by an external independent source.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3 point starter
L F A
A1 A1
+ F1 F1
+
200Ω,1.5A V
DC SUPPLY FUSE
220 Volt. Rheostat M G
0 – 300 V
- F2
DPST FUSE F2
A2
SWITCH A2
300Ω, 1.7A
FUSE +
A
DC SUPPLY
220 Volt.
+ 0–2A
V
- 0 – 300 V
FUSE
DPST
SWITCH
Circuit Diagram for O.C Test on dc generator
PRECAUTION:
6. The potential divider feeding the field circuit of the generator initially should be zero output voltage.
7. At the time of starting, the generator should be in no load condition.
8. The generator must rotate in proper direction.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the d.c motor and the d.c generator as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the potential divider feeding the field circuit of the generator for zero output voltage.
3. Switch on the d.c supply of the d.c motor and start it using the three point starter.
4. Adjust the speed of the d.c motor to rated value by varying the resistance in the field circuit.
5. Record the generated e.m.f due to residual magnetism.
6. Switch- on the d.c supply across the field circuit of the generator.
7. Vary the field current of generator in steps and record its value and the corresponding generated e.m.f of the
generator. Observations should be continued upto the generated voltage 25 percent higher than the rated
voltage of the generator.
8. To plot the field resistance line, record the voltage across the field of the generator.
9. Switch off the d.c supply, to stop the motor and also to disconnect the generator field.

OBSERVATION:
Sl. No Vo If
CALCULATIONS:
Calculate the critical resistance and critical speed as follows:
S
P
Air gap line
OCC
N
Rsh
A
V1
Nc
B
Voltage
V2
Rc
Vc
O Ifc C
Field current
Procedure to find the Critical field resistance and Critical Speed:

Critical Field Resistance:
The critical resistance is the slope of the critical resistance line or Air gap line.
Vc
Rc 
I fc
Critical Speed:
1. Drawn O.C.C. for given speed N.
2. Draw a line tangential to this O.C.C. say OS.
3. Draw a line representing the given Rsh say OP (point corresponding to rated field current).
4. Select any field current say point C.
5. Draw vertical line from C to intersect OS at A and OP at B.
6. Then the critical speed NC is,

V2
Nc  N
V1
REPORTS:
1. Draw curves showing- Vo Vs If
2. Draw the field resistance line on the magnetization characteristic.
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Initial portions of Open circuit characteristic [O.C.C.] is almost straight line. Why?
2. What is the significance of residual magnetism?
3. Define critical resistance of the field circuit of D.C. Generator.
4. What is “critical speed” of the generator?

Experiment No- 10
EXTERNAL & INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DC GENERATOR
a) To conduct load test on a given separately excited dc generator and to draw the characteristic curves.
b) To deduce the internal characteristic from the above.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Rheostat Tubular 200 , 1.5A 1 No
2 Rheostat Tubular 300 , 1.7A 1 No
3 Ammeter MC 0 – 10/20 A 1 No
4 Voltmeter MC 0 - 300 V 1 No
5 Tachometer Digital 0 – 5000 rpm 1 No
6 Load box Resistive 4 kW, 230 V 1 No
1. D.C. Motor coupled with D.C. D.C. Shunt Motor :-5 HP , 1500 RPM 1 Set
Generator 220 V , 18.6 A , Excitation- 220 V/ 0.95 A
D.C. Generator :-2.2 kW, 220 V, 13 A, 1500 rpm
Excitation- 220 V/0.85 A
THEORY:
The load characteristics on extended characteristics of d.c. generator represents the graphical relationship
between the terminal voltage and the load current, the generator being operated at constant rated speed and with the
same excitation as under no load condition. The nature of this characteristic depends upon the following factors.
1. Voltage drops in the armature winding, Interpol and compensating windings.
2. Voltage drop at the brush contact.
3. Voltage drop due to armature reaction.
External characteristic of the generator indicates the fall in the terminal voltage as the load on the generator increases.

The internal characteristic of shunt generator can be obtained by adding the voltage drop in the armature
winding (IaRa) to the external characteristic plotted experimentally.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3 point starter
L F A + A
0 – 20 A
A1 A1
+ F1 F1
0 – 300 V
+
200  , 1.5 A Resistive
FUSE V
DC SUPPLY Rheostat M G Load Box
220 Volt. 4 kW
- F2
DPST FUSE F2
A2 A2
SWITCH
FUSE
DC SUPPLY
220 Volt.
300Ω, 1.7A
-
DPST FUSE
SWITCH
Fig-1 Circuit Diagram for Load Test on dc generator

PRECAUTION:
6. The potential divider feeding the field circuit of the generator initially should be zero output voltage.
7. At the time of starting, the generator should be in no load condition.
PROCEDURE:
2. Set the potential divider feeding the field circuit of the generator for zero output voltage.
3. Switch on the d.c supply of the d.c motor and start it with the help of 3-point starter.
4. Adjust the speed of the motor to rated value by varying the resistance in the field circuit of the motor.
5. Adjust the field current of the generator by its field rheostat so as to obtain rated voltage at no load.
6. Switch on the resistive load & Note down the load current and the terminal voltage.
7. Repeat step-6 for various values of load current; fill the full load current of the generator.
8. Switch off the load on the generator.
9. Switch of the d.c supply to stat the motor.
10. Measure armature resistance (Ra) of the dc generator using multimeter.

OBSERVATION:
Sl. No Load in Watt Terminal Voltage(VL) Load Current(IL) E = VL+IaRa
REPORTS:
Draw graphs showing-
1. VL Vs IL
2. E Vs IL
CALCULATIONS:
E = VL+IaRa
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION:
1. Why the voltage drop is so sharp in case of shunt Generator?
2. What should be done if the D.C. shunt Generator fails to build up?
3. What are the reasons of fall of terminal voltage of a D.C. Shunt Generator?

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Electrical Technology

1ST Year B.Tech.

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES

[IIT BHUBANESWAR, School Of Electrical Sciences, Electrical Technology Laboratory] Page 1 of 45

[IIT BHUBANESWAR, School Of Electrical Sciences, Electrical Technology Laboratory] Page 2 of 45

Theory Components:100 Marks

Teacher Assessment: 20 marks, Mid-Term:30 Marks, Term End: 50 Marks

Laboratory Components: 100 Marks

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[IIT BHUBANESWAR, School Of Electrical Sciences, Electrical Technology Laboratory] Page 4 of 45

POINTS FOR MAINTAINING LAB RECORDS

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[IIT BHUBANESWAR, School Of Electrical Sciences, Electrical Technology Laboratory] Page 6 of 45

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[IIT BHUBANESWAR, School Of Electrical Sciences, Electrical Technology Laboratory] Page 8 of 45

LABORATORY EQUIPMENT ISSUE SLIP

Circuit Diagram: (Use back side of this page)

Sl. No. Roll No. Name Signature Signature of Instructor/T.A.

[IIT BHUBANESWAR, School Of Electrical Sciences, Electrical Technology Laboratory] Page 9 of 45

Student’s Signature Date-

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[IIT BHUBANESWAR, School Of Electrical Sciences, Electrical Technology Laboratory] Page 11 of 45

Familiarization with Lab. Equipments and Basic Measurements

0.1 You should have the following with you:

[IIT BHUBANESWAR, School Of Electrical Sciences, Electrical Technology Laboratory] Page 12 of 45

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To obtain the Volt-Ampere (V-I) characteristics of Incandescent Lamp.

Sl.No Instrument/Equipment Type Specification Quantity

1 Incandescent Lamp Tungsten Filament 200 Watt, 230 V 1 No

4 1- Φ variac Iron core 230 V, 4 A 1 No

5 Connecting Wires Cu 1.5 sq. mm As required

Where, R = Resistance of the filament lamp in Ω.

[IIT BHUBANESWAR, School Of Electrical Sciences, Electrical Technology Laboratory] Page 13 of 45

Circuit diagram for V-I characteristic of Incandescent Lamp

REPORTS: Plot ‘I’ as a function of voltage ‘V’.

[IIT BHUBANESWAR, School Of Electrical Sciences, Electrical Technology Laboratory] Page 14 of 45

Watt meter CHOKE

[IIT BHUBANESWAR, School Of Electrical Sciences, Electrical Technology Laboratory] Page 15 of 45

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

Sl. Supply voltage in Current in Power consumed in

Pick-up voltage- ________ Cut-off voltage- ________

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2 Rheostat Tubular 26, 4 A 1 No

Verification of Superposition Theorem

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Sl. Voltage Voltage Current Current Current I3’ + I3”

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AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To verify Thevenin’s Theorem.

Sl. No. Instrument/Equipment Type Specification Quantity

1 Rheostat Tubular 25, 3 A 1No.

2 Rheostat Tubular 26, 4 A 1 No.

3 Rheostat Tubular 6, 5 A 1 No.

3 Ammeter MC 0-1A 1 No.

4 Multimeter Digital 1 No.

5 Battery Dry Cell 12V, 7.2AH 1 No.

6 Rectifier Unit 0-220 V, 10 A 1 No.

Where IL = Load current, VOC = Open circuit voltage.

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THEVININ’S EQUIVALENT CURCUIT

Circuit diagram for verification of Thevenin’s Theorem.

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2 Inductor Air core 30 mH, 5 A 1 No

Pick-up voltage- Cut-off voltage-