ASSINGMENT-1

CURRENT ISSUES IN BUSSINESS

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 ENVIRONMMENTAL ISSUES
This part of the global issues ARTICLES attempts to highlight some of the environmental issues
and concerns that have an affect on all of us — from what we do, to what we don’t do.

ENVIROMENT MEANS WHERE ALL ABOITIC AND BIOTIC LIVE TOGETHER AND
INTERACT WITH EACHOTHER. IN FAVORABLE CONDITIONS.

ARTICLE NO.-1

Biodiversity
Author And Page Information
 by Anup Shah
 This Page Last Updated Tuesday, August 10,
2010
The variety of life on Earth, its biological diversity is commonly referred to as biodiversity. The
number of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, the enormous diversity of genes in
these species, the different ecosystems on the planet, such as deserts, rainforests and coral reefs
are all part of a biologically diverse Earth. Appropriate conservation and sustainable
development strategies attempt to recognize this as being integral to any approach. Almost all
cultures have in some way or form recognized the importance that nature, and its biological
diversity has had upon them and the need to maintain it. Yet, power, greed and politics have
affected the precarious balance.

WHY IS BIODIVERSITIES IMPORTANT?

Why is Biodiversity important? Does it really matter if there aren’t so many species

Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have an
important role to play.

For example, a larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops; greater species
diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms; and healthy ecosystems can better
withstand and recover from a variety of disasters.

And so, while we dominate this planet, we still need to preserve the diversity in wildlife.

At least 40 per cent of the world’s economy and 80 per cent of the needs of the poor are derived
from biological resources. In addition, the richer the diversity of life, the greater the opportunity
for medical discoveries, economic development, and adaptive responses to such new challenges
as climate change.

At least 40 per cent of the world’s economy and 80 per cent of the needs of the poor are derived
from biological resources. In addition, the richer the diversity of life, the greater the opportunity
for medical Ediscoveries, economic development, and adaptive responses to such new challenges
as climate change.

ANALYSIS:-
 AS I THINK BIODIVERSITIES PLAY A IMPORTANCE OF EARTH’S LIFES BECAUSE
IT SUPPORT ECOSYSTEM WHERE ALL PLANTS AND ANIMALS LIVE TOGETHER. IT
PROVIDE A ENVIROMENT WHERE ALL PLANTS AND ANIMALS GROW AND
DEVELOPED THEMSELVES AND LEAD THERE LIVE.BIODIVERSITES PROVIDE
OPPORTUNITIES FOR MEDICAL RESOURCES,ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT,VARITIES OF CROPS AND SEVERAL NUMBER OF VARITIES OF
SPECIES AND RICH DIVESTIES PROTECT US FROM NAUTRAL DISASTERS AND
PROTECT OUR SPECIES WHICH ARE VANISHING RAPIDLY DUE NAUTRE
DEGRADATION.AS IT AS HELP IN DEGRADING POLLUTION AND PROVIDE GOOD
FOOD AND SHELTER FOR ANIMALS.AS ACCORDING TO THE SURVEY OF SOME
NEWS HEADLINES, for e.g.:-
1. Europe: New Permits to Pollute Sought
 by David Cronin (Brussels)
 Thursday, September 16, 2010
 Inter Press Service

Extra permits to pollute the atmosphere would be given to corporations that invest in areas surrounding
tropical rainforests under plans drawn up by one of Europe's most influential pressure groups.

 by Omer Redi (Addis Ababa)

 Thursday, September 16, 2010
 Inter Press Ser
Restoring Ethiopia's Forest Cover
 by Omer Redi (Addis Ababa)
 Thursday, September 16, 2010
 Inter Press Service

Mesfin Mengistu has been growing trees on his two-hectare farm in Menagesha Woreda
for years.

THIS SHOWS THAT HOW GOVERNENT AND PEOPLE ARE TRYING TO PROTECT
OUR ENVIROMENT WHICH IS RAPIDLY DEGRADING AND IMPORTANT FOR
WHOLE WORLD AS WE SAY LIFE OF EARTH.

ARTICLE NO.-2
CLIMATE CHANGES AND GLOBLE WARMING
INTRODUCING
What Is Global Warming And Climate Change?

Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. Natural
events and human activities are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global
temperatures. This is caused primarily by increases in “greenhouse” gases such as Carbon
Dioxide .

THE climate is changing. The earth is warming up, and there is now overwhelming
scientific consensus that it is happening, and human-induced. With global warming on the
increase and species and their habitats on the decrease, chances for ecosystems to adapt naturally
are diminishing.

Many are agreed that climate change may be one of the greatest threats facing the planet. Recent
years show increasing temperatures in various regions, and/or increasing extremities in weather
patterns.

This section looks at what causes climate change, what the impacts are and where scientific
consensus currently is.

This section explores some of the effects of climate change. It also attempts to provide insights
into what governments, companies, international institutions, and other organizations are
attempting to do about this issue, as well as the challenges they face. Some of the major
conferences in recent years are also discussed.
 What Is The global warming
The term greenhouse is used in conjunction with the phenomenon known as the greenhouse
effect.
 Energy from the sun drives the earth’s weather and climate, and heats the earth’s surface;
 In turn, the earth radiates energy back into space;
 Some atmospheric gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the
outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse;
 These gases are therefore known as greenhouse gases;
 the greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature on Earth as certain gases in the
atmosphere trap energy.

NEWS HEADLINES:
1.India: Jatropha Boom Yields Tough Lessons
 by Manipadma Jena (Hyderabad, India)
 Sunday, September 19, 2010
 Inter Press Service

With a gas-guzzler of an economy, India had been spending tens of billions of dollars
annually to import petroleum. And so its 2009 policy on biofuels mandated that by 2017,
India would have enough biofuel production to cover at least 20 percent of the country’s oil
consumption.
 2.Argentina: Fighting to Save Glaciers as They Retreat
 by Marcela Valente* - Tierramérica (Buenos Aires)
 Sunday, September 19, 2010

Inter Press Service

Argentina's glaciers, along with Chile's the most extensive of South America, manifest the
damage caused by climate change, while they also face threats from mining and major
transportation infrastructure projects. A law to protect them has been postponed yet ag

What Is The Greenhouse Effect?

The term greenhouse is used in conjunction with the phenomenon known as thegreenhouse

effect.
 Energy from the sun drives the earth’s weather and climate, and heats the earth’s surface;
 In turn, the earth radiates energy back into space;
 Some atmospheric gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the
outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse;
 These gases are therefore known as greenhouse gases;
  The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature on Earth as certain gases in the
atmosphere trap energy.

Carbon dioxide, though not the most potent of greenhouse gases, is the most significant one.
Human activity has caused an imbalance in the natural cycle of the greenhouse effect and related
processes. NASA’s Earth Observatory is worth quoting the effect human activity is having on
the natural carbon cycle, for example:

In addition to the natural fluxes of carbon through the Earth system, anthropogenic (human)
activities, particularly fossil fuel burning and deforestation, are also releasing carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere.

When we mine coal and extract oil from the Earth’s crust, and then burn these fossil fuels for
transportation, heating, cooking, electricity, and manufacturing, we are effectively moving
carbon more rapidly into the atmosphere than is being removed naturally through the
sedimentation of carbon, ultimately causing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to
increase.

Also, by clearing forests to support agriculture, we are transferring carbon from living biomass
into the atmosphere (dry wood is about 50 percent carbon).
The result is that humans are adding ever-increasing amounts of extra carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere. Because of this, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are higher today than
they have been over the last half-million years or longer.

ANALYSIS

AS I ANALYSIS FROM THIS ARTICLE THAT GLOBLE WARMING INCREASE

RAPIDLY DAY BY DAY DUE TO FOLLOWING REASON:-

1.INCREASE IN NUMBERS OF INDUSTRIES WHICH EMITS MORE AND MORE HAR

MFUL GASES IN ATMOSPHERE WHICH DEGRADED OZON LAYER WHICH PROTECT
US FROM ULTRA VIOLET RAYS.

2. TREES AND PLANTS IS CUTTING DOWN RAPIDLY TO FULFILL OUR NEEDS AND
DEMANDS.

3. DEGRADING NAUTRAL RESOURCES.

THERE ARE SO MANY FACTORS WHICH AFFECTS OR LEAD TO CAUSE GLOBLE

WARMING overwhelming scientific consensus that it is happening, and human-induced. With
global warming on the increase and species and their habitats on the decrease, chances for
ecosystems to adapt.AS THE TEMPRATURE INCREASE ING TEMPRATURE RADILY LED
TO THE MELTING OF HUGE GLACIER IN DAY WHICH IS WILL BECOME A GREAT
DISASTER IN FUTURE AND WE ARE ONLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THAT.SO WE HAVE
TO TAKE MAJOR STEPS FIRST IN ORDER TO STOP IT.AS GOVT. LAUNCHES SO
MANY PROGRAMES SUCH AS AFFORESTATION etc.
ARTICLE NO.-3
Massive Extinctions From Human ACTIVITY
Despite knowing about biodiversity’s importance for a long time, human activity has been
causing massive extinctions. As the Environment New Service, reported back in August 1999
(previous link): “the current extinction rate is now approaching 1,000 times the background rate
and may climb to 10,000 times the background rate during the next century, if present trends
continue [resulting in] a loss that would easily equal those of past extinctions.” (Emphasis added)
A major report, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, released in March 2005 highlighted a
substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on Earth, with some 10-30% of the
mammal, bird and amphibian species threatened with extinction, due to human actions. The
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) added that Earth is unable to keep up in the struggle to
regenerate from the demands we place on it.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) notes in a video that many species
are threatened with extinction. In addition,

 75% of genetic diversity of agricultural crops has been lost

 75% of the world’s fisheries are fully or over exploited
 Up to 70% of the world’s known species risk extinction if the global temperatures rise by
more than 3.5°C
 1/3rd of reef-building corals around the world are threatened with extinction
 Every second a parcel of rainforest the size of a football field disappears
 Over 350 million people suffer from severe water scarcity

Is this the kind of world we want, it asks? After all, the short video concludes, our lives are
inextricably linked with biodiversity and ultimately its protection is essential for our very
survival:

What kind of world do we want?, IUCN, December 2008

In different parts of the world, species face different levels and types of threats. But overall
patterns show a downward trend in most cases.
 Proportion of all assessed species in different threat categories of extinction risk on the IUCN
Red List, based on data from 47,677 species.Source: IUCN, pie chart compiled bySecretariat of
the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) Global Biodiversity Outlook 3, May 2010
As explained in the UN’s 3rd Global Biodiversity Outlook, the rate of biodiversity loss has not
been reduced because the 5 principle pressures on biodiversity are persistent, even intensifying:
1. Habitat loss and degradation
2. Climate change
3. Excessive nutrient load and other forms of pollution
4. Over-exploitation and unsustainable use
5. Invasive alien species

Most governments report to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity that these pressures are
affecting biodiversity in their country (see p. 55 of the report).

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) maintains the Red List to assess
the conservation status of species, subspecies, varieties, and even selected subpopulations on a
global scale.
Extinction risks out pace any conservation successes. Amphibians are the most at risk, while
corals have had a dramatic increase in risk of extinction in recent years.

Threat status of comprehensively assessed species by IUCN.Source: IUCN, compiled

by Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) Global Biodiversity Outlook 3,
May 2010, p. 28 (visit for larger image)

The reasons vary from overuse of resource by humans, climate change, fragmented habitats,
habitat destruction, ocean acidification and more.
 NEWS HEADLINES:

1 India: Jatropha Boom Yields Tough Lessons

 by Manipadma Jena (Hyderabad, India)

 Sunday, September 19, 2010
 Inter Press Service

With a gas-guzzler of an economy, India had been spending tens of billions of dollars
annually to import petroleum. And so its 2009 policy on biofuels mandated that by 2017,
India would have enough biofuel production to cover at least 20 percent of the country’s oil
consumption.

The government has in fact been encouraging the cultivation of jatropha curcas for the past seven
years, believing that would be the fastest way to have the volume of biofuel the country would
need — 13 million tonnes, or 30 times more biodiesel than what is being produced at present.

2. Argentina: 'A Casino Is Not Progress'

 by Marcela Valente (Buenos Aires)
 Friday, September 17, 2010
 Inter Press Service

A small fishing community in the northern Argentine province of Chaco is pressing for a
sustainable development programme to preserve their simple way of life and the natural
habitat, rather than a mega-investment project that would draw upscale tourism instead of
the people who now come to seek peace and quiet on the weekends.
ANALYSIS:

From this article I analysis that: - It has long been feared that human activity is causing
massive extinctions. Despite increased efforts at conservation, it has not been enough and
biodiversity losses continue. The costs associated with deteriorating or vanishing ecosystems will
be high. However, sustainable development and consumption would help avert ecological
problems.

THERE ARE SOME REASONS FOR EXTINCTION OF BIODIVERSITY

1. Habitat loss and degradation

2. Climate change
3. Excessive nutrient load and other forms of pollution
4. Over-exploitation and unsustainable use
5. Invasive alien species
Extinction risks out pace any conservation successes. Amphibians are the most at risk, while
corals have had a dramatic increase in risk of extinction in recent years. The reasons vary from
overuse of resource by humans, climate change, fragmented habitats, habitat destruction, ocean
acidification and more. Extinction creates large-scale agricultural problems, threatening food
supplies to hundreds of millions of people. This ecological problem may let to the global
warming situation. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) maintains
the critical endangered to assess the conservation status of species, subspecies, varieties, and
even selected subpopulations on a global scale.the govt. trying to protect endangered species,if
major steps not taken in order to save then we will loss valuble species.

ARTICLE NO. 4

Effects Of Over-Consumption And Increasing Populations

The State of the World, 1999 Report from the Worldwatch Institute suggests that the global
economy could be seriously affected by environmental problems, such as the lack of access to
enough resources to meet growing population demands.Environmental degradation can
contribute to social and political instability, which can lead to security issues. This has not
currently been addressed by the foreign policy of many nations. Already around the world we are
seeing an increase in violence and human rights abuses as disputes about territories, food and
water are spilling into wars and internal conflictsAs the effects of globalization are creating
further disparities and inequalities, around the world we are seeing an increase in violence and
human rights abuses as disputes about territories, food and water are spilling into wars and
internal conflicts. People are fightingfor basic needs.

The following are some of the areas of current and future tension. (Note how in the case of many
of the regions mentioned below, wealthier nations have often been involved to extract and
consume the resources leaving even less in the region for growing populations to contend with.)

 the various conflicts in Africa. It is also feared that conflicts involving water will

increase.
 the Middle East where national interests in the vast oil fields have led to wars and
influence from states like USA and UK.
 the 1998 riots in Indonesia fueled by the current global financial crisis.
 the Nile area, where Egypt rely on downstream water largely controlled by Ethiopia.
  Iraq, Syria and Turkey where there is tension surrounding the water flow of theEuphrates
and Tigris.
 Israel and Jordan, where Israel cut water supplies to Jordan due to sever drought
 Israel and Palestine also are fighting over water resources as well.
 The Chiapas region in Mexico
 Water scarcity in the Gaza region has contributed to the tensions in the Middle East.
 Environmental scarcity and social tensions in Pakistan have led to a worsening situation.
 Tensions in the Narmada region in India between indigenous people and the government.
 Environmental scarcity in Rwanda contributed to the ethnic conflicts in 1994.
 Degradation on the environment and an increase in population is fueling tension inSouth
Africa.
 In Equador, it is predicted that extreme violence is going to be seen at indigenous protests
against giant oil corporations.

ANALYSIS:

FROM THIS ARTICLE I ANALYSIS THAT :-as day by day population increases rapidly which lead
to the over consumption of resources and degraded the natural resources, increase in pollution,
deforestation and increase in global warming Environmental degradation can contribute to
social and political instability, which can lead to security issues. This has not currently been
addressed by the foreign policy of many nations. It is often claimed that population increases
lead to poverty and this is why the poor suffer, but as shown throughout this site, causes of
 poverty are not in population increases, but due to economic and geopolitical reasons.  with
increased consumption (in the wealthier countries, which is not where the majority of the world's
population is to be found), and the way that products are produced, consumed and thrown away
have an impact on the environment around the world, because production is often in the
developing countries (where the majority of the world's populations are to be found). As a result
of degradation to the environment, tensions can increase.

ARTICLES NO.-5

COP13—Bali Climate Conference

Author And Page Information
 by Anup Shah
 This Page Created Tuesday, January 01, 2008

The UN conference on climate change held in Bali, Indonesia in December 2007 led to a final
agreement known as the “Bali Roadmap”.

The conference, more officially known as COP-13, or Conference of the Parties, Thirteenth
session, 3-14 December 2007, Bali, Indonesia.

The meeting drew more than 10,000 participants, including representatives of over 180 countries
and observers from intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, and the media.

The Bali Roadmap outline

The Bali Roadmap outlined a new negotiating process to be concluded by 2009 to feed into a
post-Kyoto (i.e. a post-2012) international agreement on climate change. The Roadmap included
a decision to launch an Adaptation Fund as well as further decisions on technology transfer and
on reducing emissions from deforestation.

But the conference was also accompanied by controversy, including

 The US position being at odds with most of the rest of the world
  Talk of developing countries’ responsibilities (such as China and India) while rich
countries (the source of the problem) have made little progress, themselves.
As Inter Press Service (IPS) summarized:

The deep frustration shared by the members of G-77, a 130-member bloc of developing countries
spanning Africa, Asia and Latin America, to U.S. objections to language in the final text of the
roadmap was best echoed by the delegate from Papua New Guinea. “If you cannot lead, leave it
to the rest of us. Please get out of the way,” a visibly angry Kevin Conrad told U.S. officials to
cheers from other delegates.

It was a dispute over one paragraph in the role of developing countries to help reduce the
emission of greenhouse gases (GhGs).… “The G-77 had accepted a draft last night, but this
morning we noticed there was a change,” Kirit Parikh, member of the Indian planning
commission and a delegate on New Delhi’s team to the Bali meeting, told IPS. “We are not sure
who was behind it. This was unacceptable to us.”

The U.S. government found itself isolated during the final session, as [head of the U.S.
government delegation, Paula] Dobriansky insisted on the mechanics of mitigation in the
developing world being placed as a priority “because developing countries have made statements
(about GhG mitigation) but (there are) no commitments. That is what we want.” The other
powerful player at this meeting, the European Union, threw its weight behind the G-77.

— Marwaan Macan-Markar, US Herded Into Consensus in Bali, Inter Press Service, December
15, 2007
Campaign groups such as Friends of the Earth, many of whom were at the talks themselves,
were disappointed with the outcome, saying targets were watered down to mere footnotes in the
final text.
As I analysis from this article that:-

the conference, more officially known as COP-13, or Conference of the Parties, Thirteenth session, 3-14
December 2007, Bali, Indonesia. . The Roadmap included a decision to launch an Adaptation Fund as well as
further decisions on technology transfer and on reducing emissions from deforestation.

In this conference talks on developing countries’ responsibilities (such as China and India) while rich
countries (the source of the problem) have made little progress. The big countries have to help in reducing
harmful gases emitted by industries or by any other means. That they were not scapegoats for climate change.
For many, many years now, it has been recognized that the rich nations have been mostly at fault for climate
change, because their greenhouse emissions have lingered in the atmosphere for decades. For some rich
countries to want to avoid action until countries like India and China are subject to similar targets has been
seen by much of the world as actually being unfair, especially as the rich nations have not reduced much
emission. In addition to the various links also see the following are:

 Climate Change Special from Down To Earth Magazine, by the Centre for Science and Environment,
December 15, 2007 issue. This 17-part article looks at various issues on the politics of climate change,
leading up to Bali.
 Busines in Bali: The science is clear, it's high time to sort out the politics, from the same Down To
Earth, December 15, 2007 issue, is a shorter version.
 Climate Justice and Equity from this site goes into this developing country perspective in a bit more
detail.
CONCLUSION:-

.Biodiversities boosts ecosystem productive where each species no matter how small all have an
important role play .It provideopportunities for medical resources, economic development,varities of
crops and rich diversities protect us from nautral disaster.

.nautral events and humans activities contributed to an increase in average global temperature.as it
increases it lead to global warming and green house effect it happen to due to deforestation and
emission o f harmful gases

.large number of plants and animals extinct rapidly due loss of forest nautral resources and loss of
diversites.

.due to over population nautral resources decreases and lead to nautral disaster because of over
exploitation of resources.

.in order to save our environment big countries who have creating more pollution and exploitation of
nautral resources have to maintain and save and creat less pollution.

THIS ARTICLES GIVE ME COMPLETE INFORMATION AND KNOWLEGDE ABOUT ENVIROMENTAL ISSUES.