EARTH 458: Spring Term Final Exam - August 5, 2005 NAME: STUDENT ID NO.. Time Available: 120 Minutes (4-6 pm) ** Non-programmable calculators permitted *** (No other aids) Answer all questions on the pages provided. If extra space is needed, write on the back side of the pages. Show all your work and state any assumptions for partial credit. Write clearly and label all diagrams. Exam Format Part A: True/False Questions 20 Marks Part B Definitions 10 Marks Short Answer Questions 20 Marks ‘Medium Answer Questions 30 Marks Long Answer Questions 20 Marks 1of 19PART A: TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS Circle the MOST appropriate response. (1 mark each, 20 Total) 1. Inaneffluent stream, groundwater discharges into the stream, By definition, sorption must be a reversible process 3. As demonstrated in class, the capillary fringe in coarse glass beads is larger (or thicker) than in very fine sand, 4. Hyorslev’s analysis for single well response tests includes the influence of water released from storage. The effective diffusion coefficient of a dissolved solute in a saturated porous medium is less than its free-solution value. 6. Diffusion is an important process for contaminant transport in fractured clay. 7. A baseflow stream is a surficial representation of the water table. 8. Actual evapotranspiration is greater than potential evapotranspiration in groundwater discharge areas. 9, The width of a NAPL source zone is related to the lateral dispersion coefficient of the porous medium. 10. In typical groundwater basins, recharge areas tend to be larger than discharge areas, 11. Stagnation points only occur in highly anisotropic (KK, > 100) aquifers. 12, The greater the groundwater flow velocity, the greater the dispersivit 13. Advection of a solute is the process whereby a dissolved contaminant is carried by the bulk movement of groundwater. 14, NAPL free product always moves downgradient along the water table. 20f 1915. 17. 19, 20. It is possible for unsaturated clay to have a greater hydraulic conductivity than unsaturated gravel. The distribution coefficient equals one when there is no contaminant sorption. Biodegradation, sorption and diffusion are three attenuation processes that limit the growth of contaminant plumes. Pulse or shut-in tests are most useful in low permeability sediments. ‘The appropriate boundary condition for the water table is hydraulic head (h) = elevation head (2). In layered regional flow systems, groundwater flow tends to be horizontal in layers of lesser hydraulic conductivity and vertical in layers of greater hydraulic conductivity. 3o0f 19PART B: DEFINITIONS Very briefly (1-2 lines) define the following terms in the context of this course. (2 marks each, 10 Total) Free product Vadose zone Groundwater recharge Infiltration Hydrodynamic dispersion 4of 19Briefly (2-3 lines) answer each of the following questions in the space provided. No diagrams are necessary. (4 marks each, 20 Total) 1. List the two most important influences on regional groundwater flow patterns. Briefly explain what affect each has. 2. Describe the difference between an LNAPL and a DNAPL giving reference to their distribution in the subsurface. Give an example of each. 3. List three (3) major complicating factors that are commonly encountered when conducting or analyzing single well response test data. 5 of 194, List and briefly describe two (2) separate components that contribute to stream flow during a rainfall event, 5. List two common point sources and two common non-point (distributed or linear) sources of groundwater contamination. 6 of 19Briefly answer each of the following questions in the space provided. Feel free to use properly labelled diagrams where appropriate. (6 marks each, 30 Total) 1. Field measured dispersivity values exhibit a “ ale effect”. That is, the greater the distance over which dispersivity is measured, the greater the value that is observed. Using the aid of a diagram, explain this phenomenon, 7 of 192. Groundwater flows in through the left face of a cube of sandstone (1 m on a side) and ‘out the right face with an linear velocity, V, of 10° m/s. The sandstone has a porosity of 0.15 and an effective diffusion coefficient, D’, of 107 m’/s. Assume that a tracer has concentrations of 90, 80, and 70 mg/L at the inflow face, the middle of the block, and the outflow face, respectively. Calculate the advective and the diffusive mass fluxes through the central plane, 8 of 193. On the following diagrams, carefully sketch concentration profiles for the following 1-D solute transport scenarios. Label the position of the CIC, 0.5 point in terms of its location on the distance axis with respect to average groundwater velocity, ¥, and time, t. Assume a continuous input source and the same time for each. i) ii) iil) iv) iii) cic, iv) cic, non-reactive tracer, advection only. non-reactive tracer, weak dispersion. non-reactive tracer, strong dispersion. reactive tracer (R=2), strong dispersion Distance Distance Distance Distance 9 of 194, Draw a cross-sectional flownet for a single Hubert regional groundwater flow system, Show at least three flowlines and three equipotentials, but DO NOT take the time to draw exact curvilinear squares. Label all boundary conditions. Locate and label any groundwater recharge areas, groundwater discharge areas, hinge lines, groundwater divides, or stagnation points. Draw the location of one flowing well and identify the height that the water level in the well would rise to (given a tall enough standpipe). 10 of 195. Sketch the constitutive relation between y-0 for a typical unsaturated soil. Provide one graph showing a typical soil water characteristic curve (i.e., water content versus pressure head) that includes the affect of hysteresis. Be sure to label all axes, curves, and any other relevant components of the graph. On a second diagram, carefully sketch the soil water characteristic curves for a well-graded sand relative to a silty clay. BONUS QUESTION (2 extra marks): How is the capillary fringe related to the air entry pressure head of a soil? Explain or illustrate with a sketch. 11 of 19PART E: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS Answer the following two (2) problems. Use clearly labelled diagrams where appropriate. Show all relevant work, including equations, calculations and units, and state any assumptions you make. (10 marks each, 20 Total) Problem 1 A tracer test has been conducted in a shallow unconfined aquifer using chloride (a conservative tracer) and promethium X. The locations of the chloride and promethium X plumes relative to the injection point after 400 days are given in Figure 1. The aquifer has a hydraulic conductivity of 10° m/s, a porosity of 0.30, and a bulk density of 1.7 g/cm’. You estimate the effective diffusion coefficient of chloride and promethium X to be 2x 10° m/s, a) Calculate the average linear groundwater velocity of the aquifer (in mid). b) Calculate the retardation factor, R, and the distribution coefficient, Ky, for promethium X. mn that the chloride plume is approximately 35 m long, estimate the longitudinal dispersivity of the aquifer? HINT: 99.7% of solute mass is within plus or minus three (3) standard deviations of the mean (or center of mass of the plume). 4) Did diffusion contribute appreciably to the size of the plume? Explain and show calculations to justify your answer. m~ (Groundwater Flow > Injection Well Promethium X a Chloride Figure 1 12 of 19Problem 2 An underground storage tank at a manufacturing facility is leaking contaminants into an unconfined aquifer. The property boundary is located approximately 30 m downgradient from the leaking tank. The owner of the property tells you that the tank contains only dilute benzo-anthra-dimethanol (or BAD) at a concentration of 0.060 mg/L. Previous testing determined that the aquifer has a linear groundwater flow velocity of 0.043 m/d, porosity of 0.28, longitudinal dispersivity of 0.81 m, and bulk density of 1.6 gem’ a) How many days would it take for the advective front of a non-reactive tracer to teach the property boundary? b) A laboratory batch test is conducted for BAD using the aquifer sediments and the isotherm is plotted in Figure 2. Calculate the distribution coefficient for BAD. ©) The site owner tells you that she suspects the tank has been leaking for three (3) years. Calculate the expected concentration of BAD at the property boundary You may use a simplified form of the Ogata-Banks (I-D) transport solution shown below. Also assume you can ignore diffusion. 6a £0| ered 38) CaS erp =D 2 { al 2yDe HINT: Remember to use ¥,=¥/R and D, =D,/R as part of your solution, d) To date, BAD has not been detected in any groundwater samples collected from a fence of monitoring wells located at the property boundary. Aside from adsorption, provide two possible mechanisms (one physical and one chemical/biological) that might explain the apparent lack of BAD at the property boundary. HINT: Your solution to (c) used a 1-D transport solution for a 3-D plume. igure 2 - Batch Test Isotherm for BAD ] | 2.0E-08 ~ i g 2 156-08 }~ - ~ 3 \23 2 3 1.06-08 — So \3 a | Be B.0B-09 0 . | a) | 0.0E+00 §.0E-08 1.0E-07 1.5E-07| Cg solute /cm’) _ | 15 of 19Equation Sheet hewtz 1KH & oe Sa r? In(L/R) 21, =f) Hf ok Vr dh a=-K OE E=S,(4r+s) I hy ] for LIR > 8 Shape G Vy Q=O,e" 18 of 19 Che Com = ohoTables of ERF(X) and ERFC(X) for positive values of X X__ERF OX) _ERFC X__ERF 0) _ERFC X__ERF(X) _ERFO 0.00 0.000000 — 1.000000 7.02 0.850838 0.149162 202 0.995719 0.004281 0.02 0.022565 0.977435 1.04 0.858650 0.141350 2.04 0.996086 0.003614 0.04 0.045111 0.954888 1.06 0.866144 0.133856 2.06 0.996423 0.003677 0.06 0.067622 0.932378 1.08 0.873326 0.126674 2.08 0.996734 0.003266 0.08 0.080078 0.809922 4.10 0.880205 0.119795 240 0.997021 0.002979 0.10 0.112463 0.887537 412 0.886788 0.113212 242 0.997284 0.002716 0.12 0.134758 0.865242 1.14 0.893082 0.106918 214 0.997525 0.002475 0.14 0.156947 0.843083, 4.16 0.899086 0.100904 2.16 0.997747 0.002253 0.16 0.179012 0.820988 1.18 0.904837 0.095163 248 0.997951 0.002048 0.18 0.200936 0.799064 120 0.91034 0.089686 2.20 0.998137 0.001863 020 0.222703 0.777297 122 0.915534 0.084466 222 0.998308 0.001692 0.22 0.244296 0.755704 1.24 0.920505 0.079485 2.24 0.998464 0.001536 0.24 0.265700 0.734300 126 0.925296 0.074764 2.26 0.998607 0.001393, 0.26 0.286900 0.713100 1.28 0.929734 0.070268 2.28 0.998738 0.001262 0.28 0307880 0.692120 1,30 0.934008 0.065992 2.30 0.998857 0.001143, 0.30 0.328627 0.671373 1.32 0.938065 0.061935 2.32 0.998966 0.001034 0.32 0.349128 0.650874 1.34 0.941914 0.058086 234 0.999085 0.000935, 0.34” 0.369365 0.630635 1.36 0.945861 0.054439 2.36 0.999155 0.000845 0.36 0.389330 0.610870 138 0.949018 0.050984 238 0.999237 0.000763 0.38 0.409009 0.590991 1.40 0.952285 0.047715 2.40 0.999311 0.000688 0.40 0.428392 0.871608 1.42 0.955376 0.044624 2.42 0.999379 0.000621 0.42 0.447468 0.552532 1.44 0.958297 0.041703 2.44 0.999441 0.000859 0.44 0.466225 0.533775 148 0.961054 0.038946 246 0.999497 0.000503 046 0.484655 0.515345 1.48 0.963654 0.036348 2.48 0.999547 0.000453 0.48 0.502750 0.497250 1.50 0.986105 0.033805 250 0.999583 0.000407 050 0.520500 0.479500 182 0.968413 0.031687 2.62 0.999635 0.000365 0.52 0.537899 0.462101 1.54 0.970586 0.029414 264 0.999672 0.000328 054 0.554939 0.445061 156 0.972628 0.027372 2.56 0.999706 0.000294 058 0.571616 0.428384 158 0.974547 0.025453 2.68 0.999736 0.000284 058 0.587923 0.41207 1.60 0.976348 0.023652 2.60 0.999764 0.000236 060 0.603856 0.306144 1.62 0.978038 0.021962 2.62 0.999789 0.000211, 062 0.619411 0.380589, 1864 0.979622 0.020378 264 0.999811 0.000189 084 0.634586 0.365414 1.66 0.981105 0.018895 2.66 0.999831 0.000168 066 0.649377 0.350623 1.88 0.982493 0.017507 268 0.999849 0.000181 088 0.663782 0.336218 4.70 0.983780 0.016210 270 0.999866 0.000134 070 0.677801 0.322199 172 0.985003 0.014997 272 0.999880 0.000120 0.72 0.691433 0.308567 1.74 0.986135 0.013865 274 0.999893 0.000107 0.74 0.704678 0.295322 1.76 0.987190 0.012810 2.76 0.999905 0.000085 0.76 0.717537 0.282463 1.78 0.988174 0.011826 278 0.999916 0.000084 0.78 0.730010 0.269990 1.80 0.989091 0.010908 2.80 0.999925 0.000075 0.80 0.742101 0.287899 1.82 0.989943 0.010057 2.82 0.999933 0.000067 082 0.753811 0.246189, 1.84 0.990736 0.009264 2.84 0.999941 0.000059 0.84 0.765143 0.234887 1.88 0.991472 0.008528 2.86 0.999948 0.000052 0.86 0.776100 0.223900 1.88 0.992186 0.007844 2.88 0.999954 0.000046, 0.88 0.786687 0.213313 190 0.982790 0.007210 2.90 0.999959 0.000041 0.90 0.796908 0.203092 192 0.993378 0.008622 2.92 0,999964 0.000036 0.92 0.806768 0.193232 194 0.993923 0.006077 294 0.999968 0.000032 0.94 0.816271 0.183729 1.96 0.994425 0.005574 2.96 0.999972 0.000028 096 0.825424 0.174876 1.98 0.994892 0.005108 2.98 0.999975 0.000025 0.98 0.634231 0.165769 2.00 0.995322 0.004678 3.00 0.999978 0.000022 1.00 0.842701 0.167299 We3use__1.0 09 ERFC (-X) = + ERF (X) 19 of 19