Design Manuel 182.2 Pressure Drop ccross Pain Tbe Berks B2.2 Pressure Drop across Plain Tube Banks 82.2.1 Pressure drop across tube banks is sensitive to the tubefield layout and tube spacing. No reliable theoretical relationships have been developed, and design calculations depend on empirical friction factor curves generated for commonly used tube layouts. The most difficult step in calculating pressure drop across tube bundles is determining the necessary geometric quantities that affect the characteristic mass velocity and the effective number of tuberows crossed. Once these quantities are obtained, pressure drop for tube banks (or tube bundles) is calculated by using Equation (B2.2-1). ar (67%) 2] (822-1) (B2.2-2) Recommended geometry equations are given in the sections that follow. Basic Geometry Table B2.2-1 illustrates the most common tubefield layout patterns. ‘Table B2.2-1. Tube layout dimensions le, degrees |S, P, | 0.866 P, P.-D, P, P ones P.-D, | 0.866 P,| 0.5 P, - ‘Apri 1997 (© Heat Transfer Research, ie. A rights reserved Page 62.2-1 ‘Confident: For HTR member use only.Design Manuel 182.2 Pressure Drop ccross Pain Tbe Berks 45 Piatt P,-D, | 0.707 P, | 0.707 P, « 1.414 P,~D, | 1.414 P, | 0.707 P, P)ID,> 1.7 ee | Z B2.2.1.1 Tube Spacing Terms As Table B2.2-1 shows, the necessary terms for defining tube spacing are functions of the tube pitch, P,, and the outside tube diameter, D,, The transverse dimension, X, is equal to the tube pitch for 30- and 90-degree layouts, 0.866 times the pitch for 60-degree layouts, and 0.707 times the pitch for 45-degree layouts at normal pitch ratios, The longitudinal dimension, X;, is equal to the tube pitch for 90-degree layouts and 0,866, 0.5, and 0.707 times the pitch for 30-, 60-, and 45-degree layouts, respectively. ‘The minimum tube spacing, Sw, is equal to the tube pitch minus the outside tube diameter at normal pitch ratios. B2.2.1.2 Cross-sectional Flow Area, 5, For a rectangular tube bank of width D, and tube length L with an uninterrupted tubefield, the net crossflow area is (82.2.3) For tube bundles, D, is the average chord in cross flow and is approximately equal to 7/4 times the bundle diameter. The tube length term, L, becomes the baffle spacing. The area for pass partition clearances parallel to the flow is deducted if these clearances are blocked or if the Stream Analysis Method [1] is used to determine the actual bundle crossflow (B-stream) rate, I, Detailed calculations used in HTRI computer programs are documented in Section C3.1 B2.2.1.3 Number of Tuberows Crossed in Crossflow, Nox For rectangular tubebanks of height #, with an uninterrupted tubefield, the number of rows crossed is n= te (B2.2-4) x, ‘Apri 1997 (© Heat Transfer Research, ie. A rights reserved Page 82.22 ‘Confident: For HTR member use only.Design Manuel 182.2 Pressure Drop ccross Pain Tbe Berks 82.2.2 For unbaffled tube bundles, H, can be approximated as 7/4 times the bundle diameter. For baffled bundles, the term /, is the average height between baffle tips, calculated as H, ali 2 2) ur. (B2.2-5) 100, The above terms are sufficient to determine crossflow pressure drop. For baffled bundles, the ‘window pressure drop must also be calculated. This less straightforward, more method-dependent quantity is covered in S-SS-3-1 [1] and S-SS-3-4 [2]. For segmentally baffled bundles with normal baffle cut of about 25 percent, the crossflow pressure drop is the dominant term, Isothermal Flow For flow with no heating or cooling, /in Equation (B2.2-1) is equal to f,. The tube bank isothermal friction factors, f, represented graphically in Figure B2.2-1 through Figure B2.2-4, are based on a composite of the data from several sources [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] 10! ive Isothermal friction factor, f,, Colburn j-factor (10-row basis), (j; 1 10! 10 10° 108 105 10° Crossflow Reynolds number, Re, Figure B2,2-1. Tube layout angle = 30 degrees ‘April 2008 (© Heat Transfer Research, ie Al Aight reserved Page 62.23 ‘Confident: For HTR member use only.Design Manuel 182.2 Pressure Drop ccross Pain Tbe Berks _ 0 32 = 2 10 Bs. oe $2 w ae iv" 22 — Co 105 aT 10° 1e 10 10° 10° 10° Crossflow Reynolds number, Re, Figure B2.2-2. Tube layout angle = 45 degrees. 10! aS g Ww z ée i Fw € 10 i z 23 3 1° 10 1e we 10° 10° Crossflow Reynolds number, Re, Figure B2.2-3, Tube layout angle = 60 degrees "aor 2008 © eat se Reser AGN Page 224 ‘Confident: For HTR member use only.Design Manuel 182.2 Pressure Drop ccross Pain Tbe Berks 5 5 WT. 10 & Isothermal friction factor, f, Colburn j-factor (10-row basis), (J,)o q S 10! 18 10 10 10 Crossflow Reynolds number, Re, Figure B2.2-4, Tube layout angle = 90 degrees For convenience, the Colburn j-factors for heat transfer, discussed in Section B3.2, are also plotted. HTRI fit these curves by using the following equations: Pp GKe=C) =| [Ref] (B2.2-6) (B2.2-7) c= a _ (82.28) °Tronares) ‘The constants C; through C,, functions of Re, and the layout angle, are given in Table B2.2-2. ‘April 2008 (© Heat Transfer Research, ie Al Aight reserved Page 62.25 ‘Confident: For HTR member use only.Design Manuel 182.2 Pressure Drop ocross Pain Tbe Berks ‘Table B2,2-2. Constants for isothermal friction factor correlations Reynolds number | NEMEC Ta] a | | a OS tt >10° 10% to 10" Ig wi 30 7.00 | 0.500 10° to 10 <10 > 10° 10" t0 10" Hite ig 45 6.59 | 0.520 10" to 10 =10 [_>10" 10%t0 10" 2 co 60 12.00 | 0.580 10" to 10 <10 10° 10° to 10" 108 to 10° 10° to 107 1010 10 <10 90 6.30 | 0.378 82.2.3 Nonisothermal Flow Because heated or cooled tube walls distort velocity profiles, the isothermal friction factor, fa, from Section B2.2.2 should be corrected by the following equation: S= 5b (922.9) B2.2.3.1 _Nonisothermal Correction, Liquids This fiction of the wall viscosity to bulk viscosity ratio tends to be a stronger correction in cooling than in heating. HTRI uses the following correlations for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: ‘© For heating shellside fluid ut 4, -(4) (B2.2-10) H ‘Apri 1997 (© Heat Transfer Research, ie. A rights reserved Page 82.26 ‘Confident: For HTR member use only.Design Manuel 182.2 Pressure Drop ccross Pain Tbe Berks * For cooling shellside fluid © ay! < 100 4, («J" (B2.2-11) © Me! 2100 = ossa{ He) a (B2.2-12) B2.2.3.2 _Nonisothermal Correction, Gases Few gas pressure drop data have sufficient property variations to develop correlations. For liquids, the corrections for pressure drop and heat transfer are nearly the same. HTRI assumes this relationship also holds true for gases. The following equations are tentatively recommended: ‘© For heating shellside fluid rer - 6,= (=) (B2.2-13) Limited literature and field tests show 1, ranging from 0 to 0.5. HTRI provisionally recommends 1, = 0.25. ‘For cooling shellside fluid ,=10 (B2.2-14) B2.2.4 Calculated Example, Plain Tubes The crossflow pressure drop is calculated for one crosspass of a 24-in, (609.6-mm) diameter shell-and-tube heat exchanger with 3/4-in, (19.05-mm) OD tubes on a 1-in, (25.4-mm) pitch and 30-degree layout. Baffle spacing is 9.6 in. (243.8 mm) and baffle cut is 25 percent. The fluid is n-pentane at an average temperature of 98 °F (36.7 °C) and an average tubewall temperature of 223 °F (106 °C). The crossflow (B-stream) flow rate is 10° Ib/hr (12.6 kg/s). W. = 10° lb/hr (12.6 kg/s) D, 0.75 in.s 0.0625 ft (0.0191 m) 2, 1.0 in, 0.0833 f (0.0254 m) D. 24 in, 2.0 ft (0.6096 m) De 23 in,; 1.916 ft (0.584 m) Be 25 percent Hy == 0 L 9.6 ins 0.8 ft (0.2438 m) th 98 °F (36.7 °C) July 2014 (© Heat Toner Research In, A ENS reserved Page 62.27 ‘Confident: For HTR member use only.