Power System by: Roel B.

Calano
Problem 1
A single-phase distribution system is modeled using the circuit below.

a) Compute the voltage required at the source to hold a voltage of 4kV at the load bus.

b) Determine the additional capacitive reactive power required at the load bus to correct the
power factor at the load to 0.98.

Solution to problem 1
(a)
VL = 4 kV

S = (VL )(IL )
∗
→ IL∗ =
(80 +
j 20 ) kVA
= 20 + j 5 → IL = (20 − j 5)A
4 kV
V 1 = VL + IL ⋅ Z 2 = 4 kV + (20 − j 5)(3 + j 2 ) = (4070 + j 25)V
I 1 = V 1Y = (4070 + j 25)(9.6 − j1.9 ) ⋅ 10 −5 = (0.3912 − j 0.0749 )A
IS = IL + I 1 = (20 − j 5) + (0.3912 − j 0.749 ) = (20.3912 − j 5.0749 )A
VS = V 1 + Z 1 ⋅ Is = (4070 + j 25) + (2 + j1)(20.3912 − j 5.0749) = (4115.8573 + j 35.2414 )V
VS = 4116.0082∠0.4906° V

(b)
Additional capacitive reactive power pf = 0.98 at the load bus
S’ = 80 + 80*tan(arcos(0.98)) = 80 + j16.2447 kVA
⇒ Qc = 16.2447 − 20 = − 3.7553kVar

Problem 2
A single-phase distribution feeder supplies a load of 80kW, 20 kVARs. The impedance of the feeder is
Z=(5+j2) ohms. It is required to hold a voltage of 12 kV at the load. Compute the minimum sending-end
voltage that will satisfy the load-end voltage requirement at this load level. Also compute Vreg.
Solution to problem 2
∗
S  80 − j 20 
I =  =  = 6.67 − j1.67 = 6.972∠ − 14.04° A
V   12 
V s = V R + IZ = 12 × 10 3 + (6.67 − j1.67 ) ⋅ (5 + j 2 ) = 12036.7 + j 4.99V

Vsend = 12,037V
12,037 − 12,000
%Vreg = × 100% = 0.31%
12,037

Problem 3
A balanced three-phase industrial load has two components:
1200 kVA at 0.5 power factor lagging
200 kW resistive load

The two loads are supplied by a 13.2 kV feeder.

a) Find the magnitude of the feeder current
b) Determine the capacitive VARs required to correct the power factor of the entire load to 0.80
lagging.

Solution to problem 3
a)
pf = 0 .5 → 0 .5 = cos (θ ) → θ = 60 °
S 1 = P1 + jQ 1 = 1200 (0 .5 + j 0 .866 ) = 600 + j1039 .2
S 2 = P 2 + jQ 2 = 200 + j 0
S T = S 1 + S 2 = 600 + j1039 .2 + 200 + j 0 = 800 + j1039 .2
ST = PT 2 + QT 2 = (800 ) + (1039 .2 ) = 1311 .5 kVA
2 2

I =
1 S
⋅=
(1311 .5 ) ⋅ 10 3 = 57 .4 A
3 V ( )
3 (13 .2 ) ⋅ 10 3
b)
pf = 0 .8 → θ = 36 .9 °
Q ' T = P T tan (θ ) = 800 tan (36 .9 ° ) = 600 VARs
Q C = Q T − Q ' T = 1039 .2 − 600 = 439 .2
Q C = 439 .2

Problem 4
A large industrial customer is connected to the system via a three-phase distribution circuit. The customer
consumes 30 MW at 0.95 power factor lagging during peak conditions. The voltage at the customer is 4
kV. In order to obtain a lower electric energy rate form the supplier, the customer must correct the power
factor to 0.98 lagging. So the customer has decided to install shunt capacitance. Compute the necessary
correction in terms of:

a) 3-phase reactive power

b) susceptance Bc
c) capacitance C
Solution to problem 4
a) So we need 3(-1.2564 MVARs) = -3.769 MVARs of three-phase reactive power.
The negative sign indicates the load is capacitive.
30 MW
For per − phase : P old = = 10 MW @ 0 . 95 pf lagging
3
θ old = cos −1
(0 . 95 ) = 18 . 19 °
Q old = P old tan (θ old ) = 10 tan (18 . 19 ° ) = 3 . 287 MVARs
θ new = cos −1
(0 . 98 ) = 11 . 478 °
Q new = P old tan (θ new ) = 10 tan (11 . 478 ° ) = 2 . 0306 MVARs
Q C = ∆ Q = 2 . 0306 − 3 . 287 = − 1 . 2564 MVARs
b)
− Q1φ 1.2564 ⋅ 10 6
Bc = = = 0.23557
(VL − N )2  4 3
2

 10 
 3 
− Q 3φ 3.769 ⋅ 10 6
Bc = = = 0.23557
(VL − L )2 (4 ⋅ 10 )
3 2

c)
Bc 0.23557
C= = = 0.000625 F = 625 µF
ω 377

Problem 5
A large industrial facility is consuming 10MW at 0.90 power factor lagging and 5MW at 0.85 power factor
lagging. Compute the capacitive VARs necessary to correct the overall plant power factor to 0.95 lagging.

Solution to problem 5
( )
Q1 = P1 tan θ 1 = 10 tan cos −1 (0.90 ) = 4.84 MVAR
Q 2 = P2 tan θ 2 = 5 tan (cos (0.85)) = 3.099 MVAR
−1

PT = P1 + P2 = 15MW
QTold = Q1 + Q 2 = 7.94 MVAR
(
QTnew = PT tan θ new = 15 tan cos −1 (0.95) = 4.93 )
Qc = QTold − QTnew = 7.94 − 4.93 = 3.01MVAR

Problem 6
A large industrial load that consumes 8 MW and 6 MVAR must correct its power factor to 0.95. How
much additional reactive power is necessary to do this?

Solution to problem 6
cos(θ ) = 0.95 ⇒ θ = 18.19° ⇒ Qnew = P ⋅ tan(θ ) = 8 ⋅ tan(18.19°) = 2.629
∆Q = Qnew − Qold = 6 − 2.629 = 3.371MVAR
Problem 7
A single-phase distribution feeder supplies a load of 1100+j400Ω. The impedance of the feeder is Z =
(5+j2) ohms. It is required to hold a voltage of 12 kV at the load. Compute the voltage regulation of this
feeder.

Solution to problem 7
12 × 10 3
I= = 9.635 − j 3.504 = 10.25∠ − 20°
1100 + j 400
V S = V R + I ⋅ Z = 12,000 + (9.635 − j 3.504 ) ⋅ (5 + j 2 ) = 12055.2∠0.008°V
12,055.2 − 12,000
⇒ %V reg = = 0.46%
12,055.2

Problem 8
Three loads are connected in parallel across a three-phase supply having line-to-line voltage of 12.47kV.
These loads are specified as

Load 1 : Inductive load, 60kW and 660kVAR

Load 2 : Capacitive load, 240kW at 0.8 power factor
Load 3 : Resistive load of 60kW

(a) Find the total complex power consumed by all three loads, and the current and power factor as seen
from the supply. Be sure to indicate whether the power factor is leading or lagging.
(b) A Y-connected capacitor bank is connected in parallel with the loads. Find the total kVAR required
from the capacitor to improve the power factor to 0.8 lagging.

Solution to problem 8
(a) Load 1 : S1 = 60 × 10 3 + j 660 × 10 3
Load 2 : P2 = 240 × 10 3 cos θ = 0.8 ⇒ tan θ = 0.75 ⇒ Q = P tan θ = (240) ⋅ (0.75) = 180
Since load is capacitive, Q2 < 0 ⇒ S 2 = 240 × 10 3 − j180 × 10 3
Load 3 : P3 = 60kW ⇒ S 3 = 60 × 10 3

So total load is S 1 + S 2 + S 3 = 360 + j 480VA = S total

480
Power Factor : tan θ = ⇒ θ = 53.1° ⇒ p. f . = cos θ = 0.6 lagging
360
∗

 = (360 − j 480) × 10
 S 3
Current : S T = 3 ⋅ Vφ I φ ⇒ I φ =  T
∗

 3 ⋅ Vφ  12.47 × 10 3 
  3 
3 
 
⇒ I φ = 16.67 − j 22.22 = 27.78∠ − 53.13°
(b) S T = 360 + j (480 − Qc ) cos θ = 0.8 ⇒ θ = 36.87°
480 − Qc
⇒ tan θ = tan 36.87° =
360
⇒ 480 − Qc = 360 ⋅ tan 36.87°
⇒ Qc = 480 − 360 ⋅ tan 36.87°
⇒ Qc = 210kVAR
Problem 9
A customer at the end of a distribution feeder is experiencing voltage regulation problems. Specifically,
under high demand, when the customer's power factor is 0.90 lagging, the voltage magnitude at the
customer's meter is too low. The customer comes to you, the engineer, suggesting that it may be feasible to
correct this voltage magnitude problem by installing a shunt capacitor at the customer's site. Describe

(a) How a shunt capacitor can help the voltage magnitude problem under the indicated conditions.
(b) What calculations you would make to determine whether this is in fact a feasible solution.

Solution to problem 9
(a) Supply reactive power, Q ↓ , pf ↑ , I ↓ , ∆V ↓ , V ↑
(b) 1. Find I, 2. Use pf = 1.0 3. Find V2
Find I at pf = 1.0, V2 = V1 − IZ satisfies voltage requirement or not?

Problem 10
An industrial facility is consuming 100 kW and 48.4 kVAR at a voltage of 480 volts line-to-line.

(a) Compute the power factor of the load. Indicate whether it is leading or lagging.
(b) Compute the additional reactive power necessary from a capacitor bank to correct the power factor
to 0.95 lagging.
(c) Compute the per-phase reactance of the capacitors needed to perform this correction. Assume the
capacitors will be Y-connected at 480 volts.

Solution to problem 10

(a) tan (θ) = 48.4/100 = 0.484 so θ = 25.827 and cos (θ) = 0.90 so pf = 0.90 lagging.

(b) cos (θ) = 0.95 so θ = 18.195 and Q = P tan (θ) = 100tan (18.195) = 32.868 kVAR so the additional
reactive power necessary from the capacitor bank is QC = 48.4 - 32.868 = 15.53 kVAR

(c) QC = |VLL|2/XC so XC = (480)2/15530 = 14.84 ohms

Problem 11
A balanced three phase industrial facility consists of two parallel loads, as follows:
o 1200 kVA at 0.5 power factor lagging
o 200 kW (entirely resistive load)
The two loads are supplied by a three phase, distribution feeder circuit having impedance of 4+j2 ohms per
phase. The load voltage is 13.2 kV line-to-line.
a. Find the magnitude and angle of the feeder current
b. Find the magnitude of the line-to-line voltage at the sending end of the distribution feeder
circuit.
c. Determine the capacitive VARS required to correct the power factor of the entire load to 0.80
lagging.
d. Determine the susceptance of the capacitor necessary to supply these vars at the stated load
voltage.
Solution to problem 11
a)
pf = 0 .5 → 0 .5 = cos (θ ) → θ = 60 °
S 1 = P1 + jQ 1 = 1200 (0 .5 + j 0 .866 ) = 600 + j1039 .2
S 2 = P 2 + jQ 2 = 200 + j 0
S T = S 1 + S 2 = 600 + j1039 .2 + 200 + j 0 = 800 + j1039 .2
ST = PT 2 + QT 2 = (800 ) + (1039 .2 ) = 1311 .5 kVA
2 2

I =
1 S
=
(1311 .5 ) ⋅ 10 3 = 57 .4 A
⋅
3 V ( )
3 (13 .2 ) ⋅ 10 3
∠ I = tan (QT / PT ) = tan −1 (1039 .2 / 800 ) = 52 .41 deg
−1

b)
V LN , Load = (13 .2 ) ⋅ 10 3 / 3 = 7621
V LN , src = 7621 + 57 .4 ∠ − 52 .4 ( 4 + j 2 ) = 7852 - j111.9 = 7853 ∠ − 0 .82 °Volts
| V LL , src |= 7853 3 = 13 .602 kV
c)
pf = 0 .8 → θ = 36 .9 °
Q ' T = P T tan (θ ) = 800 tan (36 .9 ° ) = 600 kVARs
Q C = Q T − Q ' T = 1039 .2 − 600 = 439 .2
Q C = 439 .2kVARS
d)
B = Q C /(V LL ) 2 = 439200 /(13, 200 ) 2 = 0 .00252 mhos