Scenario of Rooftop Solar Power Development in

West Bengal

Prof. Hiranmay Saha

Centre of Excellence for Green Energy and Sensor Systems (CEGESS)

Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST ), Shibpur

Workshop on

Expediting Solar Development in West Bengal for the Eastern

Region and North Eastern Region”, on 25th October 2016, Ecopark

CEGESS, IIEST, Shibpur1

 Talk - Index
 CEGESS, IIEST – at a glance
 Global scenario of Roof Top Solar PV technology
 Indian Scenario of Roof Top Solar PV technology
 West Bengal Scenario of Roof Top Solar PV technology
 Issues and Challenges relating to Roof Top Solar PV in
West Bengal

CEGESS, IIEST, Shibpur

 CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR GREEN ENERGY AND SENSOR
SYSTEMS – at a Glance

• Established : 2010
Objective :
• (a) Cutting Edge Research in Renewable Energy (RE)
( Sponsored R&D Projects )
• (b) Development of Skilled Manpower in RE
( M.Tech , PhD research)
• ( c) Interaction with Industry and other R&D institutions
(Signing MOU and starting collaborative R&D )

CEGESS, IIEST, Shibpur3

 MNRE has sanctioned 4 Centers of Excellence for R&D in
Solar Energy
1. NCPRE, IITBombay : Crystalline Si solar cells, education and training

2. IIEST, Kolkata : Thin silicon solar cells and photovoltaic systems

3. CEPT University – Ahmedabad : Area of solar passive architecture and green

building technologies

4. IIT Jodhpur, Rajasthan : Solar Thermal Research and Education

APEX INSTITUTE : Gurgaon, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SOLAR ENERGY

CEGESS, IIEST, Shibpur

 DST, Govt of India has set up
DST Solar Photovoltaic Hub at IIEST
Participating Institutions and Industries in the HUB:
1. IIT KGP 1. BHEL
2. IIT Mundee 2. SBI
3. IACS 3. AGNI power
5. IIIT, Ahmedabad 4. Sova Power
6. MSIT 5. NKDA
7. HERITAGE 6. ViKRAM SOLAR

CEGESS, IIEST, Shibpur

 Ongoing Programmes of the Centre
R & D Programmes

Solar Cells

1.Enhancement of efficiency of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon

and HIT solar cells using plasmonic and other nano -structures.
2. Study of thin film solar cells of other materials including organic
solar cells. .
P V Systems Engineering

2. Power Conditioning

(a) Design for LED Solar Lighting Systems and other small systems
(b) Single Phase and Three Phase Bidirectional Inverters for Grid Tied Systems
CEGESS, IIEST, Shibpur
(c) Remote Monitoring and PV Array Fault Diagnostic System
 R & D Programmes

PV Systems Engineering (contd)

2. Development of Solar PV Storage

(a) Vanadium Redox Flow battery

(b) Super capacitor Storage System

3. Smart Micro Grid with Distributed RE Sources

(a) Establishing a smart Micro Grid with DGS like Solar PV, Wind, Biomass and
Utility Grid
(b) Stability and other Parametric Studies

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CEGESS, IIEST, Shibpur
SNAP SHOTS OF RABI KUTIR LABORATORY

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Roof Top Solar PV – Global Scenario

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 Global Initiatives
Paris Climate Conference , officially known as the 21st Conference of
the Parties (or “COP”) to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), has recommended a Charter of Action Plans
for Climate Control that have been finally accepted globally.

Paris Agreement’s central aim is to strengthen the global response to

mitigate the threat of climate change by keeping the global temperature
rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels
and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to
1.5 degrees Celsius.

*India has signed the Paris agreement on 2nd October,2016.

Proposed Action Plan for Climate Change is thus Mandatory for India.

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Additional CO2 emission reductions due to PV in the
hi-Ren Scenario

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 PV capacities by region in 2030 and 2050 in the hi-Ren
Scenario (GW)

*As per the Technology Road Map of International Energy Agency Paris, 50%
of the total PV capacity is from Roof Top PV systems

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 Projections for LCOE for new-built rooftop PV systems to 2050
(USD/MWh) in the hi-Ren Scenario

*All LCOE calculations in this table rest on 8% real discount rates as in ETP 2014 (IEA, 2014b)

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Past modules prices and projection to 2035 based on
learning curve

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Roof Top Solar PV – Indian Scenario

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 MNRE support to Grid Connected Solar PV applications

•India has taken a total roof top solar PV target of 40GW out of 100GW
by 2022.

• India has launched new initiatives which reflected the growth of approximately 0.525GW
in 2015 and the capacity is expected to rise up to 700MW in 2016.

• India Government has bagged $1.5 billion foreign financial aid for roof top sector and the
plan is to provide 30% capital subsidy for domestic users which includes Government and
private school college and hospital, NGOs, Cooperative and Public Sector Undertakings etc.

• SECI has also announced 1000MW of roof top solar capacity on Government buildings.

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Solar Roof Top in India

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*Data up to 31.12.2014

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Roof Top Solar PV – West Bengal Scenario

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 History of Roof Top Solar PV (RTSPV) in West Bengal
 The Concept of RTSPV came to India in mid 1990s.

 In 1996, one 25 kW grid connected RTSPV was set up at Bidyut Bhavan in Kolkata - the
first grid connected Roof Top Solar PV Project in West Bengal.

 In the year of 2000, another 20 kW RTSPV Project was installed at Bikalpa Shakti
Bhavan (office of WBREDA) as per the MNRE’s sanction.

 In a major development, the first Indian Feed in tariff deliberation took place in Kolkata
in 2006. West Bengal was the first state in India to issue a RTSPV tariff order stating a rate
of Rs.11/unit in 2008-2009 and also net metering. However, at that time the cost of the
RTSPV power was around Rs.17/unit.

 In 2010, the West Bengal Government declared that any Commercial Institution or
Housing Society setting up a RTSPV Plant (>=2 kW) would be incentivized by an instant
connection from the relevant DISCOM on net metering basis – First such project was
10kW at Gurudas College near Phulbagan in Kolkata by CESC Ltd.

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History of Roof Top Solar PV (RTSPV) in West Bengal Contd....

 In 2011, a 50 kW RTSPV plant was installed at Raj Bhawan.

 In 2012, WBSEDCL also accepted the concept of grid connected RTSPV by

net metering for domestic & commercial project promoters.

 In 2013, Govt. of West Bengal has proposed a Solar policy for the state and
incorporated in WBERC.

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Jamuria Solar PV plant of Capacity 2MW, West Bengal - 1st MW scale power plant in India

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CEGESS, IIEST, Shibpur
 Table below shows the Installation programmes of RE technologies
in the state up to 2020-21 and 2030-31.

Sl.No. Source: 2020-21 2030-31

1. Wind Farm and other Small Wind system. 150 MW 250 MW

2. Biomass 150 MW 200 MW

3. Small Hydro 200 MW 100 MW
4. Waste to Energy 50 MW 100 MW
5. Roof Top Solar PV 100 MW 200 MW
6. Solar Farm 1000 MW 1500 MW

7. Solar Water Heating system 150 MW 250 MW

(Electrical (Electrical
equivalent) equivalent)

8. Other Solar Energy programme like Solar Street lights, 200 MW 400 MW
Replacement of Bill Board, Community lights, etc. and
Off grid system.

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List of Solar PV Power Plants in WB

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 List of Mega projects in WB
WBSEDCL has taken a major initiative to set up large size solar
power plants.

**In addition, WBREDA and WBSEDCL jointly installed 400kW of roof top
systems in various part of the state.

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Available Roof space for Roof Top Solar project in urban sector of West Bengal -
Especially Kolkata, Saltlake and Newtown area

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The West Bengal State Electricity Regulatory Commission (WBSERC) has
declared the Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) for all distribution
utilities of West Bengal; as below:

Year Licensees

WBSEDCL CESC Ltd DPL DPSC Ltd DVC

% % % % %

2010-11 2 2 2 2 2

2011-12 3 3 3 3 3

2012-13 4 4 4 4 4

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Issues and Challenges of Implementing RTSPV

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Barriers for large scale Implementation of Roof Top Solar
PV Systems in West Bengal
Lack of awareness among the Consumers and the Producers of electricity about
the facilities available for roof top solar PV. The business model proposed by
MNRE has not yet publicized and implemented in West Bengal.

Solar Power purchase agreement policy is not yet furnished in West Bengal
unlike other states.

No mandatory policy has been defined by the state govt. for the installation of
solar PV on the newly constructed roof top of buildings, housing complex etc.
Even in a few corporation/Municipalities where there is a mandatory provision of
Roof top solar PV plant installation, there is hardly any practice of strict
monitoring.

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Barriers for large scale Implementation of Roof Top Solar PV Systems
in West Bengal (Contd…)
The policy of Adoption of Net metering and Gross metering schemes has not been
clearly formulated.

Lack of eagerness of DISCOMs : Potential fear of loss of Revenue and Grid

Instability with large scale solar PV penetration.

 Faulty Hypothesis : 100% grid Stability for which the imported Battery less PCUs
are designed - Potential threat of non availability of electricity in day time in case of
grid failure.

 Lack of motivation in Govt. Departments and public organizations in absence of

firm commitments and budgetary provision.

 Absence of firm policy and incentives in case of private organizations.

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 Commercial Issues
The Business models on Roof Top Solar PV proposed by MNRE, Govt. of India are as follows:
(a) Solar installation owned by the consumer;
(i) Solar rooftop facility owned, operated and maintained by the consumer(s)
(ii) Solar rooftop facility owned by the consumer(s) but operated and
maintained by a third party.
(b) Solar installations owned, operated and maintained by a third party;
(i) Arrangement as a captive generating plant for the roof owners (power sold
to roof owner).
(ii) Solar lease model, sale to grid (rooftop owner gets a rent)
(c) Solar installations owned by the utility;
(i) Solar installations owned operated and maintained by the DISCOM
(Distribution companies).
(ii) Distribution licensee provides appropriate viability gap funds (third party to
implement on behalf of DISCOMs).

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Net Metering

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 Technical Issues

Self Consumption

Shadow effect analysis for Building Roof top Solar PV installation

Inverter constraints

High PV penetration into the Grid – The “DUCK Curve” phenomenon

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 Decentralised PV generation and Self Consumption
The variability of the solar resource, together with the variability of electricity demand,
limits self-consumption and its related benefits for electricity consumers who are also PV
producers (known as “Prosumers”), especially in the residential sector.

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Comparison of area and city-wise consumption - Effect of shadow

(G+4) Building Shadow Analysis at Chennai

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(G +10) Building complex Shadow analysis at Chennai
for Roof Top Solar PV

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 Issues regarding Inverter
 Limitations of Grid tied inverters under Indian Grid conditions
1. Cannot drive local loads in absence of grid availability.
2. No provision for running emergency loads in absence of grid.
3. No Provision of Variable Ramp Up or Ramp Down in the event
of Sudden Cloud Coverage or Dispersion

•Issues Of Maximum Permissible Grid Penetration Of Roof Top Solar PVPP.

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The “DUCK Curve” Phenomenon

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 Possible Steps
•Stick and Carrot Policy for DISCOMs
•Permission of using battery or any other storage with roof top system
approved for CFA and other incentives. Development of Suitable PCUs for
Indian conditions.
•Budgetary allocation of Roof Top systems in Public and Govt Depts and
organisations
•Implementation of RPO, REC , GBI, Refusal to issue CC for newly completed
buildings without Solar Roof Top systems etc.
•Awareness Programs and Demonstration
•Systematic Training Programs for Govt, Public and Private organisations.
• Initiating Time bound and well defined R&D program for Roof Top PCUs and
BOS.

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 Conclusion
 The Roof Top Solar PV is going to be a great resource of electricity supply in coming days

 Govt. of India has already taken remarkable initiatives to drive the Roof Top Solar PV
Projects across the country.

 West Bengal has good potential in solar PV insolation, effective sun hour, suitable and
adequate roof top surface, climate condition etc. to implement this technology in large scale
as required by the present scenario.

 But the awareness of the consumers and producers should be more emphasized.

 MNRE proposed Business models for Roof top solar PV has to be incorporated in the
West Bengal state Solar PV policy.

Technical issues like Self Consumption, shadowing effects and obvious challenges in future
like formation of Duck Curve due to large scale PV penetration etc. need to be taken care of
from now onwards in the structure of Roof top solar PV policy.

 If the aforesaid issues are not deeply focused then West Bengal having the first MW scale
PV power plant in the country, will be driven back in this national level project.

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Thank You
CEGESS, IIEST, Shibpur