ableism 155, |80-81 age 3.6.7, 73,80, 107, 141-63 segregation 152, 157 age of consent 146 for gay men 231 _ inequaltiesin 123 ageism 142, 143-4, 147-8, 160, 161 agriculture 14 alienation 192 altruism 14 anti-racist geographies 8 assimilation 113, 116, |17 asylum seekers 98, 99, 115 authenticity 55, 62 veaury 190-51 biology 97 and age 144 and gender 120 and old age [47-9 bisexuali 23.127 peer body 5, 120. 127, 134 and ageing |47-9 and disability 184, 185 breastfeeding 122. BSE @Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) 193, 205 building societies 217 built environment 27, 157, 210. 273. and community 75 and crime 234-8 design and ideclogy 209-13 and older people [57-8 ra pore ee business culture 23 capitalism 14, 17-22, 25-6 169, 175 and bult environment 21 | and disability 169-71 and gender regimes 124 and home | 4-17, 25-6 and leisure 47-8, 49-50 and old age 146 and patriarchy 127-8 and racism 98 ‘capitalist economics 44 capitalist societies 48, 211, 254 care in the community 160, 173 caring work 127, 128, 171,271, 272 ‘casualzation of labour 268 Chicago school 100 child abuse 132, 153, 246, 249 childcare 129, 271 and leisure 48 and men 130, 134, 137 and women 137, 138 childhood 144, 145 and class 152. and gender 152-3 children 237-42. 250-5 | citizenship 108 city 74, 136, 138, 247 (see abo urban) class & 7. 63. 73.75, 80. 107, 137, 263 conceptions of 20-22 conflct 50 and culture 21, 29-35, 40-41 identties 20-22 and impact of crime 238 and landscapes 197-9 and leisure 53, 63-4 and place 22, 23-5, 31-6 class relations 98, 196, 197 in space |7-25 clubbing 152 commodities 14. 25-6 and class 41 ‘communities 5, 29, 41, 69-93, 136-9, 196,213 boundaries of 73, 78, 80 business 34-5 constituted by external threat 85-9 and ethnicity 89-90, 91, 102-3 flexibility of 90 gayllesbian 85, 127, 138-9 and gender 89 homogeneity of 82, 89 ideal type 82 imagined 78 interaction 79-80, 82 of interest 73, 85, 88 Jewish 90-92 and modemization 89-92 poor 255, 274 private 85, 139 Protestant/Catholic 87 in rural areas 88-9, 204 ‘types of 81-91 virtual 85, 139 ‘community safety 248 303 Copyrighted materialIntroducing Social Geographies community spirit 69, 75, 241 community studies 73, 76, 78, 92 company towns 4 competition between workers 17, 29-30 conservation |94-5 Conservative government 172-3, 174 consumer goods 112 consumption 14, 192, 205 countryside 189, 190, 193-4, 198, 200, 203, 204 Countryside Aliance 62, 88.9, 206 credit unions 272 crime 73, 99, 137, 152. 231-53, 265 areas 234-8 of government 243 hate crimes 231, 245 joumey to 238 prevention and policy 238-48 property 234-43 relationship to fear of crime 243-5 violent 232 245-52 ‘white collar 232, 242 criminal justice 241, 243, 248 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (1994) 66 22 criminal subcultures 239, 241 cultural capital 20, 64 cultural geography 3. 11,123 cultural imperialism 184 cultural studies 4 cultural turn 4,8, 45, 143, 254 and discourses 4 and material life 4,7, 11 and poitical relevance 4 culture industry 50 culture and lifestyles 224-8 defensible space theory 234-8 deindustralization 57 dependency 142, 146 of older people and children 142-3 ratios 142 desegregation | 14 devolution 90 disability 2. 6, 7, 73, 160, 164-86 and access 180 and age 176 and the buit environment 168, 179-81 and care 171 definitions of 166 and economic marginalization 1747 and employment |/5-8 and ethnicity 176 history of 169-72 medical model | 66-7 poitical reproduction of 171-4 and poverty 272 regional patterrs of 176 and sexuality 185 social model | 67-8 and transport 183-4 and unemployment 173 and young people 183 Disability Discrimination Act (1995) 173, 181 304 Disability Rights Commission Bill (1998) 166 Disabled Persons Act (1944) 172 diseblism 165 discourse 4.97, 128 theory 17 discrimination 123 and age 18 and gender 18 and race. 18. 102-3, 103-6, 117 disengagement theory |58-9, 160 dissident sexualities 122. divisions of labour 214 sexual 28 spatial 192 domestic segregation of older people 157-8 domestic service 36 domestic violence 32, 232, 243, 246, 249 same sex 132 domestic work |4-17, 26-7, 28, 29-34, 121, 127-33, 146 domesticity of women 136 drinking 141, 152 drug use 50-51,61, 141, 152, 231, 239, 252 ecstasy 65, 66 marijuana 49 economic flows in space 22-4 (see ako ‘employment: flows in space; labour migration) economic geography 3. 11, 45,123 economics 16 institutionalist 22, economy and British regimes 23 layers of 31 in localities 33-4 in nations 31-3 relations within territories 22-4, 28-38 and social life 13-17, 28-36, 38-42 education 27, 172, 258 elder abuse 132, 246, 249 employers see firms employment 13-25, 28-42, 261-4 (see also labour markets) and parr 24,28 casudlization of 36-7 and disabled people 173-4 flows in space 17-18, 22. 37-8 and gender 18, 24, 29, 33-4, 37, 262 and home (3-17, 25-36, 39-42 hours of 19, 29, 36, 41 in places 22-5, 28-32, 34-6, 38 promaticn 19-20 and race 18. 4, 29 security of 19-20, 24-5, 29, 36-8, 41 Engishness 200-201 environmental determinism 235 emironmentalisin 193 anti- 194 ethnic groups differences between 11 1-14 as a replacement labour force 108-9 ethnicity 97-119 and class 113 Copyrighterand naturellandscape exclusion 98 of black people 102-3 financial 265 from space age 151-6 ‘gender 122 viotence 247-9 factory discipline 169 factory system 14 farnily 213. business 15 extended 129, 146 wage 24 farming 88 fear of crime 85 and age 247 and class 247 and disability 247 effect on city 247-8 and gender 243, 247, 249-52 and okier people 243 and single parents 247 young people as feared 153-7 young people's fears 156-7, 251-2 femininities 121-2, 124-5, 128, 133, 136, 137-8 249-50 feminist geographies 8,9, 53, 124-6 feminist thought 16, 120, 124, 213-14, 232, 247, 249 feudalism 13-14 finance 23, 40 firms 14-15, 17-23, 34. 36-8 football hooligans 55 fox hunting 62, 88, 89, 203, 205-6, 232 and class 206 hunt saboteurs 222 Frankfurt school 50 garden cities 221 gated communities 85 Bay areas 138, 139 gay men 123, 197,132, 135, 251 gender 2.6. 7,8, 73, 107, |20-40 (see also ‘emininites; masculinities) and age 128 and class 129, 132 and ethnicity 130, 133 identities 124. 125. 129,249-52 inequalty 120, 136 and other forms of power 251 and poverty 270, roles 120, 121, 128,212 and sexuality 124, 132 gender relations $3, 120. 124, 195, 127, 136, 225 and leisure 63 local forms of 133, 136-7 genetics 120 gentrification 58, 132, 220, 223-5 and class 224, 225 and gender 225 role ofinstitutions 224 and sexual orientation 225 xepul ghettoes 100-107, 110-16, 117 homogeneity of 107-8 Jewish 101 North American black 102-5 slobalzation 54-5, 56 economic 38 government poley s2e state policy grandparenting 146 guest workers 108 harassment 135, 244, 247, 249 ageist 247 homophobic 135,247 racial |16, 247 sexual 135 health 27, 141, 147-9, 160, 190-91, 226, 239, 257, 265, 268 heritage 55, 201 industry 55 heterosexism 127 heterosexudity 123, 127, 132 133, 135-6, 138 and masculinity 251 high modemity 89 high technology industry 133, high-rise flats 208, 209 historical materialism 169 home 5, 125, 127-33, 153, 157, 158-60, 246 home-making 213-15 home-workers 223 relationship with waged work |27-8, 134-5, 135 homelessness 225-7, 257, 265 homophobia 127 homosexuaity 123, 132, 138 231 household 72, 124, |27 alternative forms of 132 structures 224-5 housework see domestic labour housing 6, 39-40, 41, 73, 75, 208-30, 239, 265 (sce also tenure) action trusts 228 associations 223 co-operatives 228-30 design and crime 234-8 and disabled people 1834 and gay men/lesbians 123 markets 209 and older people 157-60 in rural areas 199, 204 sociafcouncil 78, 88, 111, 212, 216 220-23, 234. 238 human agency 8 60, 227 humanistic geographies 8, 9, 52, $3, 149,232 identities 3, 5.6.7, 41, 143 (see also ferininities: masculnities) and age 144-5, 149, 151, |56-62 black 103 and childhood 145 dass 20-22 and communities 78, 85, 89 ethnic 17 gender 124, 125, 129, 249-52 and housng 209 305 ighted materIntroducing Social Geographies identities - continued hybrid 124 multiple 89,124, 144 national 200 of place 53-5 politics of 54 regional 54 sewual 132, 133 and violence 245-52 immigration 98, 99, 107-10, 117 immobile production see employment, in places impairments 160 and disabled people 175 distibution 37, 39-41 women's 120, 128-33, 135, 138 index of dissimilarity 101, 111 individualism 29, 40, 69 industrial relations see employment. class relations industrial revolution 47-8, 59 industiaization 192 industrialized buileing 221 industrialized systems 228 inner city 78, 256 decay 76 institutionalization, of disabled people |70-71 intergenerational confict 141 intergenerational relations 53-7 intemet 191, [95 Kibbutzin 129 labelling and age 46-9 Ihbour markets 134, 216 flexible 36-8, 41 segmented 30-33 lhbour migration 22-4, 29, 41 landscapes 189, 195-203 and cultural values 195-6 law 231-2 leisure 13,14, 44-68, (52 as consumption 5 definitions of 46-9 and gender 63 ‘goods and services 44, SO places $2-3 as reproduction 49-50 spaces 61—4, 138, 197, 161, 247 and work 47 lesbian women 123. 127, 132, 133 life course 141-63, 216 Macpherson Report 98 managerial discipline 14, 18-20, 27, 32, 36-7, 40-1 marginalized groups. incorporating voices of 4.8 9, 124 Marxsm 17, 22, 169, 254 Marest geographies 8, 9 masculine working cultures 133-5 rmasculinism 53 of geography 126 rmasculinities 121-2, 124-5, 128, 133, 134-7 and crime 242 306 maternity leave 137 media 54, 98, 99, 124, 142, 153, 191, 195, 197 231, 249 mental maps 80 methodologies for determining ethnicity 103-6 ethnographic 74, 81, 232, 241 qualitative 81, 232, 241, 251 Guaniitative 8.9, 81 for studying crime 232 for studying fear of crime 244, 250 for studying old age 149-50 middle age 144 migration 268, mobile production see employment, flows in space modern societies 192 moral panics 141, 143 national cultures 213 national settlements 31-3, 215. 264, 268 nationalism 55, 90, 118, 200, 201 native 200 naturalization of difference 97, 120 of domination | 8 of landscape 200, 201 of poverty 255, nature |89, 190-95 negative equity 216 218, 220 neighbourhood 5, 72, 75, 92,125, 136-9, 157, 211 22 co-operation 27, 29, 39 effect 265 income differences 33-4, 39 neoliberalism 36-41, 172-3, 175 New Age travellers 222, New Labour 174 ‘New Man’ 124, 130 New Towns 75,212 "New Woman’ 124,130 occupational mobility 89 old age 141-50, 157-60 and class 147, 157, 158, 159, 161-2 and disability 148, 158 16-2, 272 and ethnicity 147 and gender 142, 147, 161-2 and poverty 271-2 and race 142, 158, 161-2 others 117, 126, 184-5, 248 paternity leave 130, patriarchy 120. 124, 138, 249 persions 269, 271, 273 personal pathologies 226 philosophical traditions 9 pink pound 138 place 7,51, 52-3, 69, 78, 118,125. 128, 136, 141 184, 225, 238, 241.245 boundaries of 6 identties of $3-5 public 122. 138 sense of 6, 53 a womans place 128, 129, 135, 249planning $6-7, 71 and crime 236-8 and disabled people 179-81 and fear oferime 236-8, 245-8 feminist 129 and leisure 56-7 for older people 158 utopian 129 playspaces 152 policing 241, 243, 246, 250, 252 and racism 98 political activism 7, 88, 200. 273-5 and black people 274 gayflesbian 138 and older people 223 and women 274 political geography 2. 11, 123. politics 8,9 pollution 265,.223 farm 204-5 Poor Law (1834) 171 positionalty 9, 11, 126 positivism 8, 52, 149, 232 postcolorialism & postmodern approach 8, 9, 143 postmodern pericd 41 poverty 40-41, 117, 120, 176, 239, 254.76 and age 271-2 anti-poverty campaigns 273-5 and capitalist production 262 causes of 260-72 and communities 260-61 and crime 238, 240, 241 cuture of 260 cycle of 260 definitions of 256-9 and disability 272 and employment 261-4, 268 feminization of 271 and gender 270-71 measurement of 258-9 and political action 273-5 poor people's views of 258 and racism 270 and reproduction 264-9 residential geog-aphy of 264-9 and social oppression 2/0-73 and unemployment 261-4 and wages 261-4 power 3.4.6.7,9, 11, 88,245 and meanings of place 5 powerful groups 126, |60, 231 pre-industrial Societies 75, 127, 146 191 private property 25~32, 39-41 privatization 172, 222 problem areas’ and crime 238-41 production 192, 205 (see also economy) psychoanalysis 184 psychology 16 public policy see state policy public services see socal services publi¢private divide 122, 128 xepul queer geographies 127 race 5, 6, 7,73, 97-119, 141 ‘and nature/landscape 200-203 racialization of minorities 106 racism 8, 40, 97, 98, 100, 102-203, 108, 117, 118 and poverty 270 radical geographies 8, 124-7, 149, 254 raves 64, 65-6232, reaism 8 recreation 49, 59 refugees 109, 115, 116 regions, of signifcance 90 relativism 9 rent controls 218-19 rent gap 223-4 reproduction 5, 17, 28-30, 47, 264-9 ‘and employers 33-4 reproductive work 25-8 (see also domestic work sotial services) residential care 160 resistance & 7. 61-2 90, 159-62, 242, 249, 250 retirement |28, 144, 146, 158, 159, 262 communities 158 rioting 242 rural areas 88-9, 189, 204 communities 7| and crime 238 environments 198 idyll 198 settlements 198 scale ||, 69, 100-101, 120. 137, 138 connections between 5, 32 global 5, 72 international 98 local § rational 72 and political activism 274-5 and poverty 269, 272 Section 28123 segregation 170, 227 ‘and age 152, 157 of disabled people 171, 181 ethnic 100-107, 110-14, 265 residential 88, 223 ‘working class 212 selttbuild 227 selfrealization 14-15 settler watch 202 sex 120,141, 152 sexuality 3.67, 73, 120,123 127, 132, 190 and employment 33-4 and gender 124 and other forms of power 127 share ownership 40 sheltered housing 157-8, 160, 222-3 shopping 51 Sunday trading 51 short-lfe arrangements 228 slavery 98. 102 slum clearance 76, 77, 220, 221, 228 sooal care 141 307 Copyrighted materiIntroducing Social Geographies social conflict 61-2, 64 social construction of age 143, 146-9, 148, 151. of communities 73 of disability 183 of gender 120 of nature and landscape 189 social control 50, 59, 61-2, 63, 64, 66 social Darwinism 97 social deviancy 66 social exclusion 58, 63, 117, 118, 225 social inclusion 63 social polarization 223 social policy 7,9, 71, 73, 79, 92, 141, 158, 160, 236, 250, 269, 271 social regulation 50 social services 27-8, 31-3, 38-40 socialsin 5, 72 socialzation 190 society 5 sociology 4, 16 space 3.7.8, 11, 51, 52, 69, 78 83, 117. 118,12, 125,128 132, 141, 144, 149. 151-63, 178, TBI, 184,234, 235, 243, 249, 250, 254 268, defensible 208 ‘engineering 208, and place 5 private 14, 139, 271 and production L4, 17-20, 22-5 public 14, 141, 151-6, 161, 237, 247,251 and reproduction 209, 210 residential [4 25-8 and society. & squatting 227-8 state 7, 72, 124 state policy 171-4 economic-social interface 34-5 state services see social services stereotypes 98, 108, 122, 142-3, 158, 166, 167, 7238, 250 stigmatization, of areas 239 stranger danger 152, 249 street lighting, and erime 237, 248 structure and agency 60, 227 suburbaniztion 136, 213 of black population 111-13 suburbs 78, 217 garden 212. ‘tenants organizations 228 ‘tenure comneroccupation 40, 78, 213 215, 216 217-18 private renting 216. 218-20, 221, 222 social housing 216, 217-18, 226, 265 structure of 208, 215-23 vatiations in 215 territory, ties 1.2.18 Third space 6. 160 ‘time, orgenisation of 14-15 tounsm 45, 46, 55, 62 tourist gaze 199 trade unions 30, 35, 37 308 transgender 120, 127 ‘transport 153, 268, 271 and women 136 ‘transsexual 120 trespass 232 underclass 261, 263 unemployment 38, 108, 137,239 benefits 269 uneven economic development &9 urban clustering 239 landscapes 57-9 planning 35 regeneration 57-9, 58 renewal 76 villages 78 Urban Development Corporations 57-9 urbanization 74, 75, 192 value gap 223, 224 vicims of erime 240-41 violence 88, 90, 232, 245-52 against people with disabilties 249 domestic 232. 243, 246, 249 homophobic 123, 231, 232, 246, 249 racist 98, 99, 102-3, 232, 246, 249 sexual 124, 153,232, 246 and sport 55 systemic 245, 246 waged work 123, 127, 128, 129, 133 economics of 133, and older people 146 and wornen 135, 137 wages 14, 17-20, 24-6, 29, 31-3, 36-8, 40 Weber 16 welfare dependency 108 services se social services state 75, 141, 171-4, 271 white fight’ 158 white settlers 86 whiteness 98, | 18 wilderness 190, 197 ‘work 13-43 (see also employment; domestic work) unwaged 14-15 workers autonomy 18-19, 37 (see also managerial discipline) competition between 40-41 resistance to employers 29-33 37, 4I kil 18-22, 29-31 workforce 38 feminization of 137 workplace 5, 15.125, 133-6, 152, 247 young people 237-42, 250-51 and class [41 and disability 142 and public space 152-6, 16! youth subcultures 141, 161